The concept of needs. Basic human needs

Starting from birth, a person has needs that only increase with age and can change. No other living beings have as many needs as humans. To realize his needs, a person moves to active actions, thanks to which he better knows the world and develops in different directions. When it is possible to satisfy the need, a person experiences positive emotions, and when not, then negative ones.

What needs does a person have?

Everyone has primary needs, regardless of position, nationality, gender and other characteristics. This includes the need for food, water, air, sex, and so on. Some appear immediately at birth, while others develop throughout life. Secondary human needs are also called psychological, for example, it can be a need for respect, etc. Some desires are, as it were, intermediate, being at the boundary of primary and secondary needs.

The most popular theory that allows you to understand this topic was proposed by Maslow. He presented them in the form of a pyramid divided into five sections. The meaning of the proposed theory is that a person can realize his needs, starting from the simple ones themselves, which are at the base of the pyramid, and moving to more complex ones. Therefore, it is impossible to move to the next stage if the previous one has not been implemented.

What are the human needs?

Physiological. This group includes the need for food, water, sexual satisfaction, clothing, etc. This is a certain base that can provide a comfortable and stable life. Every person has these needs.
The need for a secure and stable existence. Based on this group of human needs, there was a separate branch, which is called psychological security. This category includes both physical and financial security. It all starts with the instinct of self-preservation and ends with the desire to protect loved ones from trouble. To move to another level of needs, a person must feel confident in the future.
Social. This category includes the need for a person to have friends and a loved one, as well as other attachment options. Like it or not, but people need communication and contact with others, otherwise they cannot move to the next stage of development. These human needs and abilities are a kind of transitional stage from primitive to higher levels.
Personal. This category includes needs that are able to distinguish a person from the crowd and reflect his achievements. Firstly, it concerns respect from loved ones and oneself. Secondly, trust, social status, prestige, career growth, etc. can be added here.
Needs for self-realization. This includes the highest human needs, which are of a moral and spiritual nature. This category includes the desire of people to apply their knowledge and express themselves through creativity, achieve their goals, etc.

In general, the needs of a modern person can be described as follows: people satisfy hunger, earn a living, get an education, start a family and get a job. They try to reach certain heights, to earn recognition and respect from others. Satisfying his needs, a person forms character, willpower, becomes smarter and stronger. We can summarize and say that needs are the basis for a normal and happy life.

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SAINT PETERSBURG UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT

YAKUT INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS

Department of State Municipal Management

TEST

ON THE DISCIPLINE "ECONOMIC THEORY"

On the topic: "Human needs, their types and means of satisfaction"

Completed by a student:

Pavlova A.A.

Teacher:

Sibileva E.V.

Yakutsk 2015

A powerful engine of the economy are the needs of society.

Needs - a lack or need for something necessary for the life of people.

Human needs have important distinguishing features that distinguish it from the rest of the animal world. What are they?

First feature. The needs of people change historically quantitatively and qualitatively. These changes are noticeable during the transition from one era of development of the economy and culture of society to another. Take, for example, people who lived at the beginning of the last century.

They did not even imagine in their fantasies that there could be such extraordinary things that have become familiar to our contemporaries - televisions, computers, space stations and much more.

The second feature. A person's needs change a lot throughout his life. It is one thing for an infant who experiences predominantly physiological needs, and it is completely another for an adult who has mastered a certain specialty.

Third feature. People of even the same age very often have needs, requests, preferences that do not match. It is no coincidence that in Russia there are popular sayings and expressions: “There are no comrades for taste and color”, “Tastes do not argue”. Fourth feature. Modern civilization (the level of material and spiritual culture) knows several levels of human needs:

physiological needs (food, water, shelter, etc.);

the need for security (protection from external enemies and the need for social contacts (communication with people who have those interests; in friendship and love);

the need for respect (respect from other people, self-respect, in acquiring a certain social position);

the need for self-development (in improving all the capabilities and abilities of a person).

What is a need?

Need - a type of functional or psychological need or lack of any object, subject, individual, social group, society. Being internal activators of activity, needs are shown differently depending on a situation. Needs are manifested in the form of emotionally colored desires, drives, aspirations, and their satisfaction - in the form of evaluative emotions. Needs are found in the motives that motivate a person to activity. The education of needs is one of the central tasks of personality formation. A vivid example is thirst - an acute feeling of need for water that occurs when the animal's body is depleted of it or when the normal concentration of mineral and organic substances in the blood exceeds.

The physiological mechanism of this feeling is the effect of increased general and osmotic pressure, a change in the concentration of sodium ions, the drinking center in the brain is excited, causing neuro-humoral reactions of water conservation in the body, the search for water by an individual. As one needs is satisfied, a person develops other needs, which allows us to assert that, in general, needs are unlimited.

Needs are associated with a person's feeling of dissatisfaction when a person lacks what is required. The presence of a need is accompanied by emotions: first, as the need intensifies - negative, and then - if it is satisfied - positive. Needs determine the selectivity of perception of the world, fixing a person's attention mainly on those objects that can satisfy his needs. Throughout life, human needs change and increase. The presence of unsatisfied needs in a person is associated with tension and discomfort, a discrepancy between the internal (desired) and external (real), which are the stimuli and motivation of activity. The presence of unsatisfied vital, vital needs can lead to death. The need can be understood as a kind of hypothetical variable, which, according to circumstances, manifests itself either as a motive or as a trait. In the latter case, the needs are stable and become qualities of character.

Types of needs

The basic human needs are biological needs.

These needs are the basis for the formation of specific needs of people (the need to satisfy hunger gives rise to the need for certain types of food). The first task of economic activity was the satisfaction of these needs.

The main human needs are:

in clothes;

in safety;

in the treatment of diseases.

These needs are necessary for the simple survival of people, but they are also a very difficult task. Until now, people cannot completely solve these problems; millions of people on Earth are still starving, many do not have a roof over their heads and basic medical care.

In addition, human needs are much more than just a set of conditions for survival. He wants to travel, have fun, a comfortable life, a favorite pastime, etc.

Any human need initially represents the organic interweaving of biological, physiological and psychological processes, which determines the presence of many types of needs, which are characterized by strength, frequency of occurrence and ways to satisfy them.

Most often in psychology, the following types of human needs are distinguished: need vital satisfaction need

depending on the origin, natural (or organic) and cultural needs are distinguished;

according to their orientation, material and spiritual needs are distinguished;

depending on the area to which they belong (fields of activity), they distinguish the needs for communication, work, rest and knowledge (or educational needs);

according to the object, the needs can be biological, material and spiritual (they also distinguish the social needs of a person);

By their origin, needs can be endogenous (they arise from the influence of internal factors) and exogenous (caused by external stimuli).

Maslow's Pyramid

Initially, while still in the womb, we are completely and completely dependent on her. We grow, we form, using the nutrients that our mother gives us. Being born, we find ourselves in a large and uncomfortable world and become dependent on food, air, other significant people, warmth and comfort. The more we grow up, the more addictions surround us in everyday life. Therefore, we are dependent from the beginning! From the moment of our conception to the last breath, as it is difficult to imagine a person who could survive without meeting the basic needs of water, food, air, sex. The so-called "Maslow's Pyramid" tells us the same thing.

Maslow is a well-known psychologist, whose research innovation was that he began to study not pathological, unhealthy personalities, unlike most of his colleagues, but personalities who were fully realized in life. Successful and prosperous. They have made a huge contribution to the development of mankind. It was the study of healthy individuals that allowed him to describe the hierarchy of needs on which these individuals relied in the process of their development. Gradually satisfying their needs, these people achieved incredible achievements in their lives. Receiving complete satisfaction from her, and practically did not need artificial stimulation from the outside.

1. Maslow referred the so-called vital needs to the primary needs - the need for food, air, water. Without the satisfaction of these needs, each of us would simply die as a physiological organism.

2. Maslow attributed the need for security to the secondary needs. The need for protection, housing, warmth, clothing, the ability to defend their territory and defend their borders. It is important for each of us to have clothes, a hearth, a protected room in which he is the master and may not be afraid of an invasion of his territory.

3. To the next, third level in this hierarchy, Maslow attributed social needs.

The opportunity to take place as a respected person, as a professional in your field, to receive recognition from your family, parents, society, to occupy an important position and influence the development of your society. Whether it's a house council or the State Duma. Becoming significant in the eyes of others is of great importance to each of us. Self-respect and self-esteem of a person directly depend on this.

4. The fourth level in Maslow's hierarchy is the self-realization of the individual. When all previous needs are fully satisfied, a person has the opportunity to realize himself in creativity. And it can be varied. Cultural needs, hobbies, development of one's creative potential. There is not a single person in whom potential was not originally laid. The development of talents, the development of a sense of beauty and harmony is inherent in everyone.

5. And to the supreme, standing at the head of the pyramid of needs, are the needs in the spiritual life. To be a part of something much bigger than the person himself. A certain global idea that exceeds all acceptable limits. Confess and share with others certain moral and ethical values. To believe in something miraculous and inexplicable. Fantastic, loving and caring. And accordingly, live by applying these principles in your life.

If you enter a person into this pyramid of needs, then you can easily imagine how he gradually straightens up, gradually satisfying his needs from the bottom up. For a person, in principle, it is enough that the vital and spiritual needs are satisfied. This allows the person to stand. Faith in something more and everything that is necessary for survival is enough for a person to live, gradually filling in the gaps in other areas.

Means of satisfaction of needs

Man, like any other living being, is programmed by nature to survive, and for this he needs certain conditions and means. If at some point in his existence a person does not have these conditions and means, then a state of need arises, which causes the appearance of a selective response of the human body. This selectivity ensures the emergence of a person's response to stimuli (or factors) that are currently the most important for normal life, survival and further development. The experience by the subject of such a state of need in psychology is called a need.

So, the manifestation of a person's activity, and, accordingly, his life activity and purposeful activity, directly depends on the presence of a certain need (or need), which requires satisfaction. But only a certain system of human needs will determine the purposefulness of his activities, as well as contribute to the development of his personality. The very needs of a person are the basis for the formation of a motive, which in psychology is considered as a kind of “engine” of a personality. The motivation of human behavior and activity directly depends on organic and cultural needs, and they, in turn, give rise to an interest that directs the attention of the individual and its activity to various objects and objects of the surrounding world with the aim of their knowledge and subsequent mastery.

Conclusion

The essentiality of the system of needs is that a person or society as a whole has a set of needs, each of which requires its own satisfaction. This seemingly simple thesis takes on a serious color if we analyze modern times and history. What we have achieved in any area, even at the cost of world wars, World crises are ultimately the result of simple desire or lack, or shifts in internal chemistry. In parallel, the law of increasing needs lies. This law is based on the needs of a particular person, and they characterize the needs of the whole society. And at the same time, this law is the driving force economic growth, due to the fact that a person always needs more than he has achieved.

The dialectical relationship between the activities and needs of society is the root source of both their mutual development and all social progress, it is an absolute and eternal condition for the existence and development of society. That is, their relationship has the character of a general economic law. Human society, along with other laws, in its functioning and development is regulated by such an important law as the law of subordination of the entire system of activity to the system of society's needs, requiring the subordination of the entire aggregate activity of society to the satisfaction of its socially necessary, objectively urgent, real needs of society that have arisen in the course of the activity of society. Therefore, the absolute goal of society is to satisfy its needs .

So, the needs of a person, there are imprints in his own mind of the felt need to ensure that the comfortable and current conditions of his existence correspond.

References

1. Spirin A.D., Maksyukova S.B., Myakinnikov S.P. Man and his needs: Textbook. Kemerovo: KuzGTU, 2003.

2. Man and his needs Compiled by G. V. Chekmareva, 2003.

3. Godfroy J. What is psychology.: In 2 vols. - T. 1. M .: Mir, 2002.

4. Dzhidaryan I. A. On the place of needs, emotions, feelings in the motivation of the individual. //Theoretical problems of personality psychology. / Ed. E. V. Shorokhova. - M.: Nauka, 1974.

5. Kaverin S.V. Psychology of needs: Educational and methodological manual, Tambov, 2006.

6. Berezhnoy N.M. Man and his needs / Ed. V.D. Didenko, SSU Service - Forum, 2001.

7. Marchenko T.A. Need as a social phenomenon. - M.: Higher school, 2005.

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What it is?

What does the term "need" mean? Human survival depends on the availability of appropriate conditions and means.

If at a certain moment they are absent - this is causes a state of need.

Ultimately, the human body begins to respond to irritating factors and show activity, since by nature it is programmed to preserve life and further survival.

The state of need, leading to the activity of the subject, is called need.

Not a single living being on the planet there are not as many needs as people. To realize them, a person is forced to act actively, as a result of which he develops and cognizes the world around him in different directions.

Satisfying a need is accompanied by positive emotions, otherwise negative ones.

Regardless of gender, nationality or position in society, every person has needs. Some of their types appear at birth, others in the course of later life.

With age, the list of needs changes. Among the primary include the need for air, water, food, sex. Secondary needs are directly related to psychology. These include the need for respect, success, recognition.

Classification

The question related to human needs has been studied by many scientists and at different times. In this regard, there are many theories and interpretations that describe the relationship between needs, needs and the process of their satisfaction in different ways.

Main types of needs:

According to Simonov

In the scientific work of psychologist P. V. Simonov, the following classification of human needs is given:

For others;
for myself.

Ideal needs, consisting in the desire to know the truth, do not contain such a division.

Since the true meaning of things and processes implies them the only form.

In the study of human needs in our time, an integrated approach and a full arsenal of scientific methods are used.

Without knowing the reliable reasons for the origin and formation of needs and the degree of their influence on brain activity, it is impossible to effectively solve the following tasks:

prevention and treatment of mental disorders;
prevention of antisocial and inappropriate behavior;
right upbringing.

Concept of hierarchy

Hierarchy of needs brought psychologist Abraham Maslow. He arranged numerous needs and desires of people in a form that clearly demonstrated his scientific view on this problem. In the pyramid, Maslow placed needs as they increase.

The scientist was sure that while an individual is in dire need of primitive things, he does not think about the needs of a higher level. Maslow gave examples to prove his theory.

The individual begins to search for a social group, belonging to which could satisfy his desires and save him from loneliness.

The fourth level is associated with prestigious needs of people. These are the needs that a person satisfies as a result of his activity. These include:

Each member of society needs recognition of his abilities and talents from those around him. Human seeks self-respect and begins to believe in his own strength when he achieves certain results in life.

They are on the fifth level. Here are:

self-identification;
self-expression;
self-realization;
self-affirmation;
self-development.

Maslow is convinced that the need for self-expression manifests itself in a person only after all lower needs are fully satisfied.

In accordance with the theory of the scientist, the individual acts in strict accordance with the hierarchy given in the pyramid. Most people do just that.

However, there are exceptions. There is a narrow group of individuals who put their ideals above everyday problems.

This includes people of science and art, striving for self-realization and development, despite deprivation and hunger. Typically, these individuals have personal hierarchy of needs by which they live.

Differences between lower and higher

What is the difference between higher and lower needs? Lower needs are associated with natural needs of the body.

The need for basic conditions for survival - food, air, water - is determined by nature itself.

What are the highest needs? higher needs go far beyond necessary for physical survival and to support the functioning of the body.

The need of an individual for development, care for other people and love, self-realization is no longer just a series of important needs, but a list of values that are not directly related to the needs of the body.

Objects and means of satisfaction

For physical survival and a comfortable existence, a person needs to satisfy needs. To achieve this goal, people learn different means and learn different ways to achieve what they want.

Goods are the objects and means of satisfying human needs. These are things or means that are designed to satisfy certain human needs.

In this capacity are:

spiritual;
intellectual,
educational and informational.

Detection Options

How can people's needs be identified? Natural needs are most fully described by Maslow.

They are characteristic of the vast majority of people. An effective way to identify needs is to carefully analyze the characteristics and actions of a particular person:

motive;
dominant;
customs;
skills;
tastes.

Natural needs are an integral part of human existence. It does not matter what level he is at the moment and what he needs.

If you have difficulty meeting basic needs, the individual to go down a step. And it will stay there until it fully satisfies this need.

Fundamental human needs and their satisfaction:

Man is the whole world, if only the basic impulse in him were noble.

A need is a condition caused by the need for certain conditions of human life and development.

Needs are the source of activity and activity of people. The formation of needs occurs in the process of education and self-education - familiarization with the world of human culture.

Needs can be very different, unconscious, in the form of drives. A person only feels that something is missing or experiences a state of tension and anxiety. Awareness of needs is manifested in the form of behavioral motives.

Needs define the personality and guide its behavior.

A need is a perceived psychological or physiological deficiency of something, reflected in a person's perception.

Basic human needs: to have, to be, to do, to love, to grow. The motive of people's activity is the desire to satisfy these needs.

Have — manifestation of need at two levels:

1st - people want to have things necessary for survival (housing, food, clothing), for themselves and their families and to maintain a standard of living acceptable to themselves. The main source of motivation in this case is the opportunity to earn money;

2nd - people make prestigious acquisitions (works of art, antiques).

To be- most people develop, often subconsciously, the desired image of a person, how they want to be and look in the eyes of others (famous, powerful).

Do- every person wants to be appreciated, to live a full life (professional success, raising children).

Be in love Every person wants to love and be loved, desired.

Grow The realization of opportunities comes at the expense of growth. A small child says: "I'll grow up and ...", an older one says: "I myself ...". This need reaches its peak in adulthood and determines the range of human capabilities.

This list of needs is based on the views of Abraham Maslow. In 1943, the American psychophysiologist of Russian origin A. Maslow conducted research on the motives of human behavior and developed one of the theories of the needs of human behavior. He classified needs according to a hierarchical system - from physiological (lower level) to self-expression needs (higher level). Maslow depicted the levels of needs in the form of a pyramid. The base of the pyramid (and this is the foundation) - physiological needs - the basis of life.

The ability to satisfy their needs in people is different and depends on the following general factors: age, environment, knowledge, skills, desires and abilities of the person himself.

Hierarchy of human needs according to A. Maslow

1st level- physiological needs - ensure the survival of a person. This level is absolutely primitive.

1 - breathe,

2 - there is,

3 - drink,

4 - highlight,

5 - sleep, rest

2nd level- the needs of safety and security - concern for maintaining living standards, striving for material reliability.

6 - be clean

7 - dress, undress

8 - maintain body temperature

9 - to be healthy

10 - avoid danger, disease, stress

11 - move

Many people spend almost all of their time meeting the needs of the first two levels.

3rd level- social needs - the search for one's place in life - these are the needs of most people, a person cannot "live in the desert."

12 - communication

4th level- The need for respect from others. A. Maslow had in mind the steady self-improvement of people.

13 - success

5 - th level - the top of the pyramid - the needs of self-expression, self-actualization - the expression of oneself, service, the realization of a person's potential.

14 - play, study, work,

Maslow defined his theory: any person has not only lower needs, but also higher ones. These needs are self-satisfied throughout life.

Human personality device

3 - knowledge

M - worldview

A - social activity

3 + A - M = careerism

M + A - 3 = fanaticism

Z + M - A = "rotten intelligentsia"

You can educate a person only in activity, yes-vaya knowledge.

Theory McClelland - 3 types of needs:

1 type- the need for power and success (or influence) - the desire to influence other people; good speakers, organizers, frank, energetic, defending the original positions, there is no tendency to tyranny and adventurism, the main thing is to show your influence.

type 2- the need for success (or achievement) - the desire to do their job in the best way, these are "hard workers". Before such people it is necessary to set certain tasks, and upon achievement, be sure to encourage them.

3 type- the need for involvement - the most important thing is human relationships, it is important for them not to achieve, but to belong, get along well with others, avoid leadership positions.

To live in harmony with the environment, a person must constantly satisfy his needs:

Follow a healthy lifestyle;

To live in harmony with the social and cultural environment, with oneself;

Raise material and spiritual values. The nurse should encourage the patient and his family members to meet the needs of self-care, help maintain independence and independence.

The basis of the theory of W. Henderson is the concept of human vital needs. Awareness of these needs and assistance in meeting them are prerequisites for the nurse to act in order to ensure the patient's health, recovery or a dignified death.

W. Henderson leads 14 fundamental needs:

1 - breathe normally;

2 - consume enough fluids and food;

3 - excrete waste products from the body;

4 - move and maintain the desired position;

5 - sleep and rest;

6 - independently dress and undress, choose clothes;

7 - maintain body temperature within normal limits;

8 - observe personal hygiene, take care of appearance;

9 - ensure their safety and not create dangers for other people;

10 - keep in touch with other people;

11 - perform religious rites in accordance with their faith;

12 - do what you love;

13 - relax, take part in entertainment, games;

14 - satisfy your curiosity, which helps to develop normally.

A healthy person, as a rule, does not experience difficulties in meeting his needs.

In his model of nursing, unlike Mas-low, V. Henderson rejects the hierarchy of needs and believes that the patient himself (or together with his sister) prioritizes violated needs, for example: adequate nutrition or good sleep, lack of general -niya or personal hygiene, study / work or rest.

Taking into account the peculiarities of Russian health care, domestic researchers S.A. Mukhina and I.I. Tarnovskaya offered nursing assistance for 10 fundamental human needs:

1) normal breathing;

3) physiological functions;

4) movement;

6) personal hygiene and change of clothes;

7) maintaining normal body temperature;

8) maintaining the safety of the environment;

9) communication;

10) work and rest.

According to the theory of D. Orem, “self-care” is a specific, purposeful activity of an individual either for himself or for his environment in the name of life, health and well-being. Each person has certain needs to maintain their livelihoods.

D. Orem identifies three groups of needs for self-care:

1) universal - inherent in all people throughout life:

Sufficient air intake;

Sufficient water intake;

Sufficient food intake;

Sufficient allocation capacity and needs associated with this process;

Maintaining a balance between activity and rest;

Prevention of danger to life, normal life, well-being;

Stimulation of the desire to correspond to a certain social group in accordance with individual abilities and limitations;

Time alone is balanced with time in the company of other people.

The level of satisfaction of each of the eight needs is individual for each person.

Factors influencing these needs: age, gender, stage of development, health status, cultural level, social environment, financial opportunities;

2) needs associated with the phase of development - satisfaction by people of their needs at different life stages;

3) needs associated with health disorders - types of disorders:

Anatomical changes (pressure sores, swelling, wounds);

Functional physiological changes (shortness of breath, contracture, paralysis);

Change in behavior or daily life habits (apathy, depression, fear, anxiety).

Each person has individual abilities and opportunities to meet their needs. Basic needs must be satisfied by the people themselves, and in this case the person feels self-sufficient.

If the patient, his relatives and friends cannot maintain a balance between his needs and opportunities for self-care, and the needs of self-care exceed the capabilities of the person himself, there is a need for nursing intervention.

Topic: Hierarchy of human needs according to A. Maslow

Kadyrova R.K.

Questions:

The concept of needs.

Various theories and classifications of needs.

Hierarchy of needs according to A. Maslow.

Description of basic human needs.

Basic needs for daily human activities.

Conditions and factors influencing the way and efficiency of satisfaction of needs.

Possible reasons for the need for care (illness, injury, age).

The role of the nurse in restoring and maintaining the independence of the patient in meeting his basic needs

The role of the nurse in improving the lifestyle of the patient and his family.

The concept of needs

The normal life of a person, as a social being, representing a holistic, dynamic, self-regulating biological system is provided by a combination of biological, psychosocial and spiritual needs. Satisfaction of these needs determines the growth, development, harmony of man with the environment.

Human life depends on many factors that are ordered in time and space and are supported by the life support systems of the human body in the environment.

Need- this is a conscious psychological or physiological deficiency of something, reflected in the perception of a person, which he experiences in the attraction of his whole life. (MANGO Glossary, edited by G.I. Perfilieva).

Basic theories and classifications of needs

The authors of the need-information theory, which explains the causes and driving forces of human behavior, are Russian scientists Simonov and Ershov. The essence of the theory is that needs are motivated by the conditions of the organism's existence in a constantly changing environment.

The transition of a need into deeds and actions is accompanied by emotions.

Emotions are indicators of needs. They can be positive and negative to the satisfaction of needs. Simonov and Ershov divided all needs into three groups:

Group - vital (The need to live and provide for one's life).

group - social (the need to take a certain place in society)

group - cognitive (the need to know the external and internal world).

The American psychophysiologist A. Maslow, of Russian origin, identified 14 basic human needs in 1943 and arranged them according to five steps (see diagram)

Physiological needs are the lower needs controlled by the organs of the body, such as breathing, food, sexual, the need for self-defense.

Security needs - the desire for material security, health, provision for old age, etc.

Social needs - the satisfaction of this need is biased and difficult to describe. One person is satisfied with very few contacts with other people, in another person this need for communication is expressed very strongly.

The need for respect, awareness of one's own dignity - here we are talking about respect, prestige, social success. It is unlikely that these needs are met by an individual, this requires groups.

V. The need for personal development, for the realization of oneself, self-realization, self-actualization, in understanding one's purpose in the world.

Hierarchy of needs (development stages) according to a. Maslow. Essence of needs theory a. Maslow. Characteristics of basic human needs

Life, health, happiness, of a person depends on the satisfaction of needs for food, air, sleep, etc. These needs are self-satisfied throughout life. They are provided by the function of various organs and systems of the body. A disease that causes a dysfunction of one or another organ, one or another system, interferes with the satisfaction of needs, leads to discomfort.

In 1943, the American psychologist A. Maslow developed one of the theories of the hierarchy of needs that determine human behavior. According to his theory, some human needs are more essential than others. This allowed them to be classified according to a hierarchical system; from physiological to self-expression needs.

Currently, in countries with a high level of socio-economic development, where the priorities in meeting basic needs have changed significantly, it is not so popular. For our conditions today, this theory remains popular.

In order to live, a person needs to satisfy the physiological needs for air, food, water, sleep, excretion of waste products, the ability to move, communicate, with others, feel touch and satisfy their sexual interests.

Oxygen requirement- normal breathing, one of the basic physiological needs of a person. Breath and life are inseparable concepts.

With a lack of oxygen, breathing becomes frequent and superficial, shortness of breath appears cough. A prolonged decrease in the concentration of oxygen in the tissues leads to cyanosis, the skin and visible mucous membranes become bluish. Maintaining this need should be a priority for the healthcare worker. A person, satisfying this need, maintains the gas composition of the blood necessary for life.

Needin food is also essential for maintaining health and well-being. Rational and adequate nutrition helps eliminate risk factors for many diseases. For example, coronary heart disease is caused by regular consumption of foods rich in saturated animal fats and cholesterol. A diet high in grains and fiber may reduce the risk of colon cancer. The high protein content of food promotes wound healing.

The health worker must educate the patient and give advice on rational and adequate nutrition to meet the person's need for food.

Restrict: the use of egg yolks, sugar, sugary foods, salt, alcoholic beverages.

Food is better to cook, bake, but not fry.

It must be remembered that an unmet need for food leads to a violation of health.

Fluid requirement- this is drinking liquids, 1.5-2 liters daily - water, coffee, tea, milk, soup, fruits, vegetables. This amount makes up for losses in the form of excretions of urine, feces, sweat, fumes during breathing. In order to maintain the water balance, a person must consume more fluids than he excretes, otherwise there are signs of dehydration, but not more than 2 liters, so as not to cause dysfunction of many organs and systems. The patient's ability to avoid many complications depends on the ability of the nurse to anticipate the danger of dehydration or the formation of edema.

The need to excrete waste products. The undigested part of the food is excreted from the body in the form of urine, feces. Selection modes are individual for each person. Satisfaction of other needs may be delayed, but excretion of waste products cannot be delayed for a long time. Many patients find the process of excretion of waste products intimate and prefer not to discuss these issues. When satisfying a violated need, the nurse must provide him with the opportunity for privacy, respect the patient's right to confidentiality,

Need for sleep and rest- with lack of sleep, the level of glucose in the blood decreases, the nutrition of the brain deteriorates and thought processes slow down; attention is scattered, short-term memory worsens. Studies conducted by American experts show that in a person who did not sleep half the night, the number of blood cells responsible for phagocytosis is halved. Sleep is more necessary for a free person, because it helps to improve his well-being. Despite the fact that a person's susceptibility to external stimuli during sleep is reduced, this is a fairly active state. As a result of research, several stages of sleep have been identified.

Stage 1- slow sleep. Light sleep and last only a few minutes. At this stage, there is a decline in the physiological activity of organisms, a gradual decrease in the activity of vital organs, metabolism. A person can be easily awakened, but if the dream is not interrupted, then the second stage occurs after 15 minutes.

Stage 2– slow sleep. Light sleep, lasts 10-20 minutes. Vital functions continue to weaken, complete relaxation sets in. It's hard to wake someone up.

Stage 3– slow sleep. The deepest stage of sleep, lasting 15-30 minutes, is difficult to wake the sleeper. Continued weakening of vital functions,

Stage 4– slow sleep. Deep sleep, lasting 15-30 minutes, is very difficult to wake the sleeper. During this phase, the restoration of physical strength occurs. Vital functions are much less pronounced than during wakefulness. Stage 4 is followed by stages 3 and 2, after which the sleeper enters stage 5 sleep.

Stage 5- fast sleep. Bright, colorful dreams are possible 50-90 minutes after the first stage. There are rapid eye movements, changes in heart rate and breathing, and increases or fluctuations in blood pressure. Decreased skeletal muscle tone. During this phase, the mental functions of a person are restored, it is very difficult to wake the sleeping person. The duration of this stage is about 20 minutes.

After stage 5 sleep for a short time comes 4, 3, 2nd, then again the 3rd, 4th and 5th stages, i.e. the next sleep cycle.

Several factors can influence a person's sleep; physical ailment, drugs and drugs, lifestyle, emotional stress, environment and exercise. Any disease that is accompanied by pain, physical discomfort, anxiety and depression leads to sleep disturbance. The nurse should acquaint the patient with the effect of prescribed drugs and their effect on sleep.

Relaxation- a state of reduced physical and mental activity. You can relax not only lying on the couch, but also during a long walk, reading books or when performing special relaxing exercises. Loud noises, bright lights, and the presence of other people in a health care facility can make it difficult to relax.

The need for rest and sleep for human life, knowledge of its stages and possible causes that cause a violation of the usual functions of the human body, will enable the nurse to help the patient and satisfy his need for sleep with the means available to her.

Need in movement. Limited mobility or immobility creates many problems for a person. This condition can be long or short, temporary or permanent. It can be caused by trauma followed by splinting, limb traction with the use of special devices. Pain in the presence of chronic diseases, residual effects of cerebrovascular accident.

Immobility is one of the risk factors for the development of bedsores, impaired function of the musculoskeletal system, the functioning of the heart and lungs. With prolonged immobility, there are changes in the digestive system, dyspepsia, flatulence, anorexia, diarrhea or constipation. Intensive straining during the act of defecation, to which the patient must resort, can lead to hemorrhoids, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest. Immobility, especially when lying down, interferes with urination and can lead to bladder infections, bladder stones, and kidney stones.

And the main problem of the patient is that he cannot communicate with the environment, which has a significant impact on the formation of a person's personality. Depending on the degree and duration of the state of immobility, the patient may develop certain problems in the psychosocial sphere, the ability to learn, motivation, feelings and emotions change.

Nursing care aimed at the maximum possible restoration of mobility, independence when moving using crutches, sticks, prostheses, is of great importance for improving the patient's quality of life.

Sexual need. It does not stop even with illness or old age.

The sexual health of a person can be directly or indirectly affected by his disease, developmental defects. Nevertheless, many people are reluctant to talk about this topic even in the presence of serious sexual problems.

Solving actual or potential sexual problems can help the patient achieve harmony in all aspects of health.

It is necessary when talking with a patient:

develop a solid scientific basis for understanding healthy sexuality and its most common disorders and dysfunctions;

understand how a person's sexual orientation, culture, and religious beliefs affect sexuality;

learn to identify problems that are beyond the competence of nursing, and recommend to the patient the help of an appropriate specialist.

The need for security. For most people, safety means reliability and convenience. Each of us needs shelter, clothing and someone who can help. The patient feels safe if the bed, wheelchair, wheelchair are fixed, the floor covering in the ward and in the corridor is dry and there are no foreign objects on it, the room is sufficiently lit at night; with poor eyesight, there are glasses. The person is dressed according to the weather, and the dwelling is warm enough, and if necessary, assistance will be provided to him. The patient must be sure that he is able not only to ensure his own safety, but also not to harm others. Avoid stressful situations.

Social needs- these are the needs for family, friends, their communication, approval, affection, love, etc.

People want to be loved and understood. Nobody wants to be abandoned, unloved and alone. If this happened, it means that the social needs of a person are not satisfied.

With severe illness, incapacity for work or in old age often arises vacuum, social contacts are broken. Unfortunately, in such cases, the need for communication is not satisfied, especially in the elderly, and lonely people. One should always keep in mind the social needs of a person, even in cases where he prefers not to talk about it.

Helping a patient to solve a social problem can significantly improve his quality of life.

The need for self-respect and respect. Communicating with people, we cannot be indifferent to the assessment of our success by others.

A person has a need for respect and self-respect. But for this it is necessary that work bring satisfaction to him, and rest be rich and interesting, the higher the level of socio-economic development of society, the more fully the needs for self-esteem are satisfied. Disabled and elderly patients lose this feeling, since they are no longer of interest to anyone, there is no one to rejoice in their success, and therefore they have no opportunity to satisfy their need for respect.

The need for self-expression is the highest level of human need. Satisfying their need for self-expression, each believes that he is doing better than others. For one, self-expression is writing a book, for another it is growing a garden, for a third it is raising children, and so on.

So, at each level of the hierarchy, the patient may have one or more unmet needs, the nurse, when drawing up a plan for caring for the patient, must help him realize at least some of them.

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