The participle is a special form of the verb with the following features:
1. Denotes a sign of an object by action and answers the questions which? What is doing, what is doing?, what is done?.
2. It has the morphological features of a verb and an adjective.
The features of the verb are
Type (SV and NSV),
Transitivity (the sign is relevant for real participles),
recurrence,
Time (present and past).
Voice (active and passive).
In school grammar, voice is considered as a feature that is not characteristic of all verb forms, but only participles, while in scientific grammar the feature of voice is seen in the verb in any form (cf.: Workers are building a house - The house is being built by workers) - see reflexivity of the verb .
The features of the adjective are
Case (for full participles),
Completeness / brevity (only for passive participles).
3. Participles agree with nouns like adjectives and in the sentence they are the same members as adjectives, that is, the definition and nominal part of the compound nominal predicate (short participles are only part of the predicate).
Dependence of the number of participial forms on transitivity and the form of the verb
A verb can have from one to four participial forms, depending on its transitivity and aspect.
Transitive verbs can have forms of real and passive participles, intransitive verbs have only forms of real participles.
CB verbs have only past participles (that is, CB verbs cannot have any present tense forms - neither in the indicative mood, nor in participial forms), NSV verbs can have both present and past participles. Thus,
transitive verbs NSV have all 4 participles (reading, reading, reading, reading),
intransitive verbs NSV have 2 participles - real present and past tense (sleeping, sleeping),
transitive verbs CB also have 2 participles - real and passive past tense (read, read).
intransitive verbs CB have only 1 participial form - the real participle of the past tense (overslept).
Valid participles
Real participles denote a sign of an object that itself produces an action: a boy reading a book.
The real participles of the present tense are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs NSV from the stem of the present tense using suffixes
Usch-(-yushch-) for verbs of the I conjugation: run-yush-y, run-yush-y,
Ash-(-box-) for verbs of the II conjugation: lying-ash-th, hundred-box-th.
The real past participles are formed from the transitive and intransitive verbs NSV and SV from the basis of the past tense using suffixes
Vsh- for verbs with a stem ending in a vowel: chita-vsh-y,
Sh- for verbs with a consonant stem: carried-sh-th.
Verbs can form real past participles from another stem:
Some verbs in -sti (lead, acquire) form the participles under consideration from the stem of the present / simple future tense (and not from the stem of the past tense): having gained (the stem of the future tense has found-ut, the stem of the past has found-la), who led;
The verbs to go and fade form these participles from a special stem that is not equal to any other: walked-sh-th, fade-sh-th.
Some verbs can form two participles from different stems: one from the stem of the past tense dried up and the other from the stem of the infinitive dried up, and the choice of the suffix is carried out in accordance with the above rule.
Passive participles
Passive participles denote a sign of the subject to which the action is directed: a book read by a boy.
Passive present participles are formed from the transitive verbs of the NSV, from the basis of the present tense with the help of the suffix
I eat- (sometimes -om) for verbs of the I conjugation: read-em-th, ved-ohm-th,
Im- for verbs of II conjugation: store-im-th.
Passive participles can be formed from single intransitive verbs: led and managed are formed from intransitive verbs to lead and manage (the meaning of the object with these verbs is expressed by the noun in the form not V. p., but T. p.: to manage, manage the plant).
The passive participles of the present tense do not have verbs to beat, write, sew, revenge and others.
The passive present participle of the verb to give is formed from a special stem (give-em-th).
The verb move has two passive participles in the present tense: moved and moved.
Passive past participles are formed from transitive verbs NSV and SV (participles from NSV verbs are few) from the stem of the past tense using suffixes
H (n) - from verbs on -at, -yat and -et: read-nn-th,
En (n) - from the bases to the consonant and -it: carried away-yonn-th, built,
T- from the bases to -nut, -ot, -eret and from monosyllabic verbs and their derivatives: close-t-th, ring-t-th, locked-t-th, bi-t-th, break-t- th.
Passive past participles are not formed in the verbs love, seek, take.
For some verbs in -sti, -st, passive past participles are formed from the basis of the present / future tense: given, acquired, spun, stolen.
Passive present and past participles can also be formed by adding the postfix -sya to the active form:
Passive participles have a full and short form: a letter written by me - a letter written by me. Short participles have the same grammatical properties as short adjectives, that is, they do not change by case and act in the sentence mainly as a nominal part of the predicate.
Participles and verbal adjectives
Both forms of participles and verbal adjectives can be formed from the same verb. If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is not difficult to distinguish them: from the verb to burn with the help of the suffix -yash- the participle burning is formed, and with the help of the suffix -yuch- - the adjective combustible. If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn- or -im-), it is more difficult to distinguish between them.
However, there are differences between participles and adjectives in this case.
1. Participles denote a temporary attribute of an object associated with its participation (active or passive) in an action, and adjectives denote a permanent attribute of an object (for example, “arising as a result of an action”, “capable of participating in an action”), cf .:
She was brought up in strict rules (= She was brought up in strict rules) - communion;
She was educated, educated (= She was educated, educated).
2. A word in full form with the suffix -n-(-nn-), -en-(-enn)- is a verbal adjective if it is formed from the verb NSV and does not have dependent words, and is a participle if it is formed from the verb SV and/or has dependent words, cf.:
unmowed meadows (adjective)
not mowed slanting meadows (participle, because there is a dependent word),
sloping meadows (communion, because ST).
3. Since passive participles of the present tense can only be found in transitive verbs of the NSV, words with the suffixes -im-, -em- are adjectives if they are formed from the verb CV or an intransitive verb:
waterproof boots (adjective, because the verb to get wet in the meaning of “let water through” is intransitive),
invincible army (adjective, since the verb is to defeat the NE).
Sacrament Communions established by the Lord Himself last supper- the last meal with the disciples on Easter night before His arrest and crucifixion.
“And while they were eating, Jesus took bread, and having blessed it, broke it, and giving it to the disciples, he said, Take, eat: this is my body. And taking the cup and giving thanks, he gave it to them and said: drink all of it from it, for this is My Blood of the New Testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins” (Matt. 26:26–28), “…do this in remembrance of me” (Luke 22:19). In the Sacrament of the Flesh and Blood of the Lord ( Eucharist - Greek. “thanksgiving”), there is a restoration of that unity between the nature of the Creator and creation, which existed before the fall; this is our return to the lost paradise. It can be said that in Communion we receive, as it were, the germs of a future life in the Kingdom of Heaven. The mystical mystery of the Eucharist is rooted in the Sacrifice of the Cross of the Savior. Crucifying His Flesh on the Cross and shedding His Blood, the God-man Jesus brought the Sacrifice of Love for us to the Creator and restored the fallen human nature. Thus, the communion of the Body and Blood of the Savior becomes our participation in this restoration. « Christ is risen from the dead, death by death correcting, and bestowing life on those in the tombs; and gave us eternal life..
The partaking of the Flesh and Blood of Christ in the Sacrament of the Eucharist is not a symbolic action (as Protestants believe), but quite real. Not everyone can accommodate this mystery.
« Jesus said to them, “Truly, truly, I say to you, unless you eat the Flesh of the Son of Man and drink His Blood, you will not have life in you.”
Whoever eats My Flesh and drinks My Blood has eternal life, and I will raise him up at the last day.
For My Flesh is truly food, and My Blood is truly drink.
Whoever eats My Flesh and drinks My Blood abides in Me, and I in him.
As the living Father sent me, and I live by the Father, so the one who eats me will live by me.
This is the bread that came down from heaven. Not as your fathers ate manna and died: he who eats this bread will live forever.
…………………………………………
Many of His disciples, hearing this, said, What strange words! who can listen to it?
…………………………………………
From that time on, many of His disciples departed from Him and no longer walked with Him” (John 6:53-58, 60, 66).
Rationalists try to "get around" the mystery by reducing mysticism to a symbol. The proud perceive what is inaccessible to their minds as an insult: Leo Tolstoy blasphemously called the sacrament "cannibalism." For others, this is a wild superstition, for someone an anachronism. But the children of the Church of Christ know that in the Sacrament of the Eucharist, under the guise of bread and wine, they truly partake of the Body and Blood of Christ in Their essence. Indeed, it is not common for a person to eat raw flesh and blood, and therefore, at Communion, the Gifts of Christ are hidden under the image of bread and wine. Nevertheless, under the outer shell of corruptible matter, the imperishable substance of the Divine nature is hidden. Sometimes, by special permission, the Lord reveals this veil of mystery, and makes it possible for those who doubt to see the true nature of the Holy Gifts. In particular, in my personal practice there were two cases when the Lord wanted to let those who communicant see His Body and Blood in their true form. Both times these were first communions; in one case, psychics sent a person to the Church for their own reasons. In another, the reason for coming to the temple was a very superficial curiosity. After such a miraculous event, both became faithful children of the Orthodox Church.
How can we at least roughly understand the meaning of what is happening in the Sacrament of Communion? The nature of creation was created by the Creator to be related to Himself: not only permeable, but also, as it were, inseparable from the Creator. This is natural given the sanctity of the created nature - its initial state of free unity and submission to the Creator. In such a state are the angelic worlds. However, nature our of the world is distorted and perverted by the fall of its guardian and leader - man. Nevertheless, she did not lose the opportunity to reunite with the nature of the Creator: the clearest evidence of this is the incarnation of the Savior. But a person fell away from God voluntarily, and he can also reunite with Him only in free will (even the incarnation of Christ required the consent of a person - the Virgin Mary!). In the same time deification
inanimate, free-willed nature, God can do in a natural way, arbitrarily
. Thus, in the God-established Sacrament of Communion, the grace of the Holy Spirit at the established moment of worship (and also at the request of a person!) descends on the substance of bread and wine and proposes
them into a substance of a different, higher nature: the Body and Blood of Christ. And now a person can accept these highest Gifts of Life only by demonstrating his free will! The Lord gives Himself to everyone, but those who believe in Him and love Him, the children of His Church, accept Him.
Thus, Communion is the gracious communion of the soul with the higher nature and in it with eternal life. Relegating this greatest mystery to the realm of an everyday image, we can compare Communion with the "nourishment" of the soul, which it must receive after its "birth" in the Sacrament of Baptism. And just as a person is born in the flesh once into the world, and then eats until the end of his life, so Baptism is a one-time event, and we must resort to Communion regularly, preferably at least once a month, possibly more often. Communion once a year is the minimum acceptable, but such a “hungry” regimen can put the soul on the brink of survival.
How is Communion in the Church?
To participate in the Eucharist, it is necessary to properly prepare. Meeting with God is an event that shakes the soul and transforms the body. Worthy communion requires a conscious and reverent attitude to this event. There must be a sincere faith in Christ and an understanding of the meaning of the Sacrament. We must have reverence for the Sacrifice of the Savior and awareness of our unworthiness to accept this great Gift (we accept Him not as a well-deserved reward, but as a manifestation of the mercy of a loving Father). There must be pacification of the soul: you need to sincerely forgive everyone in your heart who in one way or another “saddened us” (remembering the words of the Our Father prayer: “And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors”) and try to reconcile with them as much as possible ; even more so for those who, for one reason or another, consider themselves offended by us. Before Communion, one should read the prayers determined by the Church and compiled by the holy fathers, which are called: “Following to Holy Communion”; these prayer texts are present, as a rule, in all editions of Orthodox prayer books (collections of prayers). It is advisable to discuss the exact amount of reading of these texts with the priest to whom you turn for advice and who knows the specifics of your life. After the celebration of the Sacrament of Communion, it is necessary to read the "Prayers of Thanksgiving for Holy Communion." Finally, preparing to receive into oneself - into one's flesh and into one's soul - the Mysteries of the Body and Blood of Christ, terrible in their grandeur, must be cleansed in body and soul. Fasting and confession serve this purpose.
Bodily fasting involves abstaining from eating fast food. The duration of fasting before Communion is usually up to three days. Directly on the eve of Communion, one should refrain from marital relations and from midnight it is not supposed to eat any food (in fact, do not eat or drink anything in the morning before the service). However, in specific cases, significant deviations from these norms are possible; they should be discussed, again, individually.
Communion in the Church
The Sacrament of Communion itself takes place in the Church at a divine service called liturgy . As a rule, the liturgy is performed in the first half of the day; the exact time of the beginning of the services and the days of their performance should be found out directly in the temple where you are going to go. Services usually begin between seven and ten in the morning; the duration of the liturgy, depending on the nature of the service and partly on the number of communicants, is from one and a half to four to five hours. In cathedrals and monasteries, liturgies are served daily; in parish churches on Sundays and church holidays. It is advisable for those preparing for Communion to be present at the service from its beginning (for this is a single spiritual act), and also to be at the evening service the day before, which is a prayerful preparation for the Liturgy and the Eucharist.
During the liturgy, you need to stay in the church without a way out, prayerfully participating in the service until the priest leaves the altar with a cup and proclaims: “Come with the fear of God and faith.” Then the communicants line up one by one in front of the pulpit (first the children and the infirm, then the men and then the women). Hands should be folded crosswise on the chest; it is not supposed to be baptized in front of the cup. When the turn comes, you need to stand in front of the priest, give your name and open your mouth so that you can put in a liar with a particle of the Body and Blood of Christ. The liar must be carefully licked with the lips, and after the lips are wet with the board, with reverence kiss the edge of the bowl. Then, without touching the icons and without talking, you need to move away from the pulpit and take a “drink” - St. water with wine and a particle of prosphora (in this way, the oral cavity is washed, so that the smallest particles of the Gifts are not accidentally expelled from oneself, for example, when sneezing). After communion, you need to read (or listen to in the Church) prayers of thanksgiving and in the future carefully keep your soul from sins and passions.
The participle is used in many Indo-European languages, Arabic, Hungarian, and also in many Eskimo languages (for example, in Sireniki). In other languages, together with the gerund, it forms a special part of speech - English. Participle, German Partizip.
In russian language
The question of the status of participles has been and is being resolved ambiguously in Russian studies, however, linguists agree that participles are formed from a verb. The formation of participles is closely related to the category of aspect and transitivity. For example, present and past participles can be formed from imperfective verbs, and only past participles can be formed from perfective verbs. In addition, passive participles can only be formed from transitive verbs. The present participles are formed from the stem of the present tense. Active voice forms are formed using suffixes -usch- growing) and -ash- holding). Passive forms of the present tense are formed with the help of suffixes -om- , -eat- for verbs of the first conjugation ( slave) and -them- - for verbs of the second conjugation ( persecuted).
Past participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive. Active participles are formed with the suffix -vsh- for verbs whose stem ends in a vowel ( holding). With a suffix -w- such participles are formed from verbs with a stem into a consonant ( growing up).
Some verbs have specificity in the formation of participles, such verbs include verbs in -st , during the formation of which the original basis is truncated ( shrunken). From verbs with suffix -well- it is possible to form two forms of participles, for example, extinguished - extinguished.
Passive past participles are formed using suffixes -nn- (from verbs in -at : read, Lost), -enn- (from verbs in -it and -whose : baked), -t- (from monosyllabic verbs: crumpled).
Passive participles, as a rule, have full ( verified) and short ( verified) forms. Short forms vary by gender and number. However, not all passive participles of the present tense have a short form. Since the passive participles of the present tense ( slave, readable) refer mainly to book speech, there are some stylistic restrictions on the formation of such forms. Therefore, from colloquial and some neutral verbs (for example, beat, cover, feed and so on) passive participles of the present tense are often not formed. Also, not all verbs form passive past participles in Russian.
Adjectivation
Adjectivation the transition of various parts of speech into an adjective is called, but it is participles that undergo adjectivation to a greater extent. When adjectivized, participles lose their verbal categories and begin to designate a permanent, static, unchanging sign, thus, participles are rethought. Allocate:
- participles that have turned into adjectives with a figurative meaning ( brilliant career);
- participles that have turned into adjectives with new, additional meanings ( thinking being);
- participles that have turned into adjectives with a designation of purpose for performing some action ( typewriter);
- participles that have turned into adjectives with the meaning of the ability to be exposed to any effect ( inflected nouns);
- participles that have turned into adjectives with the meaning of a state caused as a result of some action ( condensed milk).
Grammar signs
The participle changes according to the features of the adjective. It changes by numbers, by cases, by gender in the singular. The participle can be perfective and imperfective, past and present; these signs do not change; for the sacrament they are constant.
Examples of a valid participle
- Rain, watering earth.
- Horror, flying on the wings of the night.
- Man, having read book.
- Fallen leaves from the tree.
- Birch, declining over wet bushes.
Examples of the passive participle
- Earth, watered rain.
- Plant, cultivated in the garden.
- Book, read everyone.
Perfect
The short form of the passive past participle of perfective verbs is used in Russian to form the passive forms of the perfect: book read(present perfect) the house was built(past perfect) the road will be laid(perfect future tense).
Subjunctive participle
The question of the existence in the Russian language of the participle of the subjunctive mood, formed by adding a particle to the real participle of the past tense would, is debatable. However, similar forms are sometimes found in the works of N.V. Gogol, and in the form of a stable turnover would do honor- many other authors.
Participial
The participle with dependent words is called participle turnover. In the sentence, participial turnover and participle are a separate or non-separate agreed definition.
In Russian, the participial turnover is often separated by commas. If the participial turnover is after the word being defined, it is separated by commas on both sides. When the participial turnover is in front of the word being defined, commas are not put, except when the word being defined is expressed by a personal pronoun.
- Program, hastily written, performed an invalid operation.
- Hastily written The program performed an illegal operation.
Complex sentences can be overloaded with participial phrases:
- Woodpecker, gouging wood, growing in the forest, bombarded snow, falling from the branches, very frozen.
Verbs have a special participle form. For example: working, working (from the verb to work); building, building (from the verb to build). A participle is a form of a verb that has the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective.
Like an adjective, a participle denotes a sign of an object. But unlike the adjective, the participle denotes such a sign of an object that indicates the action or state of the object; working man, i.e. the person who works; sleeping baby, i.e. the child who sleeps.
The participle has a number of features of the verb: 1) the participle is present and past tense: working- present tense worked- past tense; 2) the sacrament can be perfect and imperfect: worked- imperfect species, worked- perfect view; 3) the sacrament can be recurrent; washable; 4) the participle requires the same case as other verb forms: reading (what?) a book; compare: read a book, read a book, read a book (but reading a book).
On the other hand, the participle has a number of features of an adjective: 1) the participle changes by gender and number, like an adjective: working, working, working, working (compare: mighty, mighty, mighty, mighty); 2) the participle is declined like an adjective: working, working, working etc.
In a sentence, the main role of the participle is the same as that of the adjective: it usually serves as a secondary member of the sentence (definition).
Real and passive participles.
Real participles can be formed from both transitive and intransitive verbs. Passive participles are formed only from transitive ones.
A real participle is a participle showing a sign of an object that itself produces or performed an action: a student who draws a painter (or a painter) of a picture.
A passive participle is a participle showing a sign of an object that is being acted upon by another person or object: a picture drawn (or painted) by a student.
Perfect and imperfect participles.
Active and passive participles retain the form of the verb from which they are formed: read-reader, read, readable(imperfect view); read - read, read(perfect view). At the same time, participles of both present and past tenses are formed from imperfective verbs. And from perfective verbs, only past participles are formed.
Formation of real participles of the present and past tense.
I. The real participles of the present tense are formed from the stem of the present tense using the suffixes -usch-(-yush-) for verbs of the 1st conjugation, -ash- (-yash-) for verbs of the 2nd conjugation.
1) Carrying - carrying 2) Holding-at-holding
Work-yut-working Vid-yat - seeing Bor-yut-sya - struggling Build-yat-sya - under construction
II. Real past participles are formed from the stem of an indefinite form using the suffix -vsh- if the stem ends in a vowel, and the suffix -w- if the stem ends in a consonant: read - read, see - seen, carry - carried.
The real present and past participles of reflexive verbs retain the particle -Xia: fighting-fighting; fight - fought.
The case and generic endings of participles are the same as those of adjectives.
Note. Communion on shchy (powerful, lying) penetrated into the literary language from the Old Church Slavonic language. In the Old Russian language, these participles corresponded to participles in -chiy (mighty, recumbent), which later turned into ordinary adjectives, i.e. with. have lost their time value. Therefore, in Russian there are such pairs: standing-standing, current - fluid, piercing - prickly. The first word of each pair is of Old Slavonic origin, the second is Russian.
The formation of passive participles of the present and past tense.
Passive participles are formed from transitive verbs.
I. Passive present participles are formed from the stem of the present tense using the suffix -em- for many verbs of the 1st conjugation and the suffix -im- for verbs of the 2nd conjugation: kita-yut, read-em-th; see, view-im-th.
Note. From some verbs of the 1st conjugation, passive participles of the present tense are formed using the suffix -om: Ved-ut, Ved-om-th; attracted-ut, attracted-ohm-th. These sacraments are bookish in nature.
II. Passive past participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb:
a) using the suffix -nn-, if the stem of the indefinite form of the verb ends in -а(-я), -е: read-be-read; sow-th - sown; see-th- seen.
b) With the help of the suffix -enn- (-enn-), if the stem of the indefinite form of the verb ends in a consonant or in and (moreover, the suffix -i- is omitted): carried away - carried away; baked - baked; paint-th - painted; illuminate - illuminated; convince - convinced; glorify-th- glorified.
At the same time, the verbs of the 2nd conjugation have alternations of sounds (s-sh, s-zh, t - h - u, d-zh-zhd, v-vl, etc.).
c) From some verbs, passive past participles are formed using the suffix -t- we-th - washed; vi-t - twisted; mya-th - crumpled; touch - touched; tere-th- grated; lock up - locked; mo-mo-th - ground; koloty - chipped.
Notes. 1. The verbs of group c) include verbs of the 1st conjugation, if the stem of the indefinite form ends in and, s, u, oh, and also i(a), alternating with n or m: vi-t - twisted, we-t - washed, throne-t-touched, prick-t - chipped, mt-t (mn-y) - crumpled, compress (compress-u, compress-u ) is compressed.
2. For verbs whose stem of the indefinite form ends in -ere-, the final e of the stem is omitted: tere-t - grated.
Short form of passive participles.
Passive participles have two forms - full and short: read - read; open - open.
The full form of participles in a sentence is usually a definition. The short form of passive participles is not declined and serves as a predicate in a sentence.
Compare: 1. Noisy forest entangled in fog. - The forest is shrouded in mist. (The word shrouded is a definition, and the word shrouded is a predicate.) 2. The children went to the open door. -The door is open. (The word open is a definition, and the word open is a predicate.)
Passive participles of the short form are formed using the suffix -i- or less often -t-.
Unlike full participles, short participles have one n: book read - book read, floors painted - floors painted.
Declension of participles.
Full participles have the same case endings as adjectives.
The past participles are also declined: fought, fought, fought etc.
Transition of participles into nouns and adjectives.
The participle can be used in the sense of an ordinary noun or adjective. For example, in sentences: 1. The working people of the USSR joyfully meet the May Day holiday, 2. The students are preparing for the spring tests - the words of students and workers have the meaning of nouns.
The participle, which turns into an adjective, loses the meaning of time and denotes a permanent property of the subject. Passive past participles are especially often used in adjectives. For example: baked bread, loaded barge. Such participles do not carry explanatory words. Passive participles without prefixes, which have turned into adjectives, are written with one n. For example, a wounded beast (compare: a beast wounded by a bullet); baked bread (compare; well-baked bread).
Passive participles with prefixes are always written in two n (-НН-): frozen, reinforced, red-hot, chosen, educated. Participles with the suffix -ovanny, even if they have turned into adjectives, are also written with two organized team, skilled worker.
Particle spelling not with sacraments.
Particle not with participles in full form is written separately if the participle has an explanatory word with it.
Particle not with participles it is written together if the participle does not have explanatory words with it.
Winding led to the garden uncleared track.
On the uncut the meadow was full of flowers..
unfinished a glass of milk was on the table. Winding led to the garden, not cleared by anyone track.
In the meadow, more not mown by collective farmers, dazzled flowers.
Not drunk by a child a glass of milk was on the table.
With participle in short form negation not written separately: Work not finished. Required materials more not collected.
Notes. 1. With explanatory words denoting the degree (extremely, absolutely, absolutely, very, extremely, extremely etc.), not with participle is written together, for example: a completely unresolved issue, an extremely rash act.
2. If it is not part of amplifying negations - far from, far from, not at all and others standing before the sacrament, then the negation is not written separately, for example: far from a thoughtful decision, not at all a settled issue.
For others.
Interpretations of participles are different. Some authors believe that participles are a special form of the verb, others consider them as an independent part of speech. These views are reflected in textbooks. Do not be surprised, therefore, if, when you pick up a textbook by another author, you see a different interpretation. Deciding which point of view to follow depends on the answers to some questions:
- How many parts of speech are distinguished in Russian?
- What form: the indefinite form of the verb or participle in the form of m.r. unit I.p. - consider the initial form?
- What are the boundaries of verb words, how many forms does the verb have?
- Because he sees no reason to separate them into a separate part of speech.
- Because he patriotically adheres to the views cultivated at the philological faculty of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov.
- Because he considers this position not only scientifically sound and consistent with common sense and a broader linguistic context, but also practically useful for children.
My scientific preferences may not interest anyone, but practical considerations are relevant for many. Therefore, it is worth dwelling on the last statement. For practical literacy, it is important that the children easily, automatically correlate participles with the verbs from which they are formed. This is necessary, firstly, to determine the conjugation of the verb: the spelling of the suffixes of the present participles depends on this information. Secondly, to determine the stem of the infinitive: the suffix of the verbal stem of the infinitive must be known to determine the vowels in the past participles. The ability to correctly find the indefinite form of the corresponding verb is one of the universal skills. It will be required constantly: from the 6th grade to the 11th. If we consider the participle as a verb form, then the question of finding the initial form, which constantly arises in the course of learning, will contribute to the development of the child, the awareness of the unified nature of verb forms, the originality of the verbal categories of aspect, transitivity, reflexivity, tense, conjugation. In this case, children better feel the verbal nature of these categories and are easier to orient themselves in distinguishing between participles and verbal adjectives. Finally, it is important for the development of linguistic thinking in general, the study of foreign languages (attributing participles to verb forms has common origins), since such an interpretation is supported by the material of foreign languages, such as English.
§2. General characteristics of the sacrament
1. Meaning: sign of the object by action. Questions: what? doing what? what did he do? what did he do?
2. Morphological features: Features of the morphological form: participles have the features of both a verb and an adjective.
- Constant (immutable) features are the features of the verb:
- type: SV and NSV,
- transitivity,
- recurrence,
- tense (present and past)
- pledge.
- Non-permanent (changeable) signs are signs of an adjective:
- number,
- case,
- fullness-brevity (for passive participles).
3. Syntactic role in the sentence. In a sentence, full participles, like full adjectives, are either a definition or part of the predicate, and short participles, like short adjectives, are only part of the predicate.
More:
for verbal morphological features, see Section 11. Morphology. Verb.
for morphological features of the adjective, see Section 8. Morphology. Adjective.
§3. Participle forms
Participles are: real and passive.
What does it mean?
We know that the participle denotes a sign of an object by action.
A noun denoting an object is a defined word, and a participle is a definition that expresses the attribute of an object by action. By action - means that the participle does not express any sign, but only one that in a real situation is associated with an action. Loving mother- this is the one who loves, sleeping baby- this is the baby who sleeps, studied at school items are subjects that are studied. In this case, two fundamentally different situations are possible:
1) the action is carried out by the object itself,
2) the action is performed on the object by some producer of the action.
Valid participles
If the action is carried out by the object itself, then the participle is called valid. Examples:
Boy sitting on the windowsill...
defined word boy, definition sitting on the windowsill (the boy himself performs the action: sits)
Girl talking on the phone...
defined word girl, definition chatting on the phone (the girl herself performs the action: chatting)
Passive participles
If the action is directed at an object, and its producer is someone else, then the participle is called passive. Examples:
Dishes, washed in the dishwasher, sparkled like new.
Defined word dishes, the definition of dishwasher-washed (dishes didn't wash themselves, someone else did).
Essay, what I wrote last week is lost.
Defined word essay, definition written by me last week(the essay was written by the speaker, it did not write itself).
Passive participles have a full and short form.
§4. Full - short form of passive participles
Varieties of tulips bred in Holland are highly valued all over the world.
bred- full form
These varieties of tulips are bred in Holland.
withdrawn- short form
The full and short forms of passive participles change in the same way as the full and short forms of adjectives.
Full forms vary by numbers, by gender (in the singular), and by cases. Examples:
Variety dark, almost black rose, bred in France, called Edith Piaf.
bred- unit, m.r., I.p.
We are living in the country occupying one sixth of the land.
occupying- sing., w.r., p.p.
Our Houses, located in the neighborhood, were not at all similar.
located- pl., I.p.
Short forms change in numbers and in singular. by birth. Short forms cannot have cases. Examples:
The book was written and submitted to the publisher.
The novel has been written and has already been published.
The essay was written and published in a magazine.
Letters written and sent.
§5. Participle formation
Different verbs have a different number of participial forms. It depends on the form and transitivity of the verb.
NSV transitive verbs have 4 forms of participles:
reading,
reading
3) passive participle of the present tense: readable,
4) passive past participle: read.
Verb read NSV. From the NSV verbs, forms of both the past and the present tense are possible.
Transitive verbs ST have 2 forms of participles:
1) real past participle: bought,
2) passive past participles: bought.
Verb buy ST. Present tense forms from CB verbs are not possible.
Intransitive verbs NSV have 2 forms of participles:
1) real participle of the present tense: walking,
2) real past participle: walking.
Verb walk NSV. From the NSV verbs, forms of the past and present tense are possible.
Intransitive verbs ST have a single participle form:
real past participles: absentee.
Verb take a walk NSV. The present tense form is impossible from it.
Attention:
Past participles are possible from CB verbs. From NSV verbs, both past and present participles are possible. Participles do not have a future tense.
From transitive verbs, forms of both real and passive participles can be formed. From intransitive - only real participles. The formation of passive participles from intransitive verbs is impossible.
Exceptions:
- some transitive verbs do not have passive present participle forms, for example: beat, write, sew, revenge. Beaten, hand-written, sewn, swept- forms of passive participles of the past tense;
- some transitive verbs do not have passive past participle forms, for example: love, seek. beloved, desired- forms of passive participles of the present tense;
- from the verb take forms of passive participles are not formed.
Such exceptions are recorded in dictionaries. For example, see: Borunova S.N., Vorontsova V.L., Eskova N.A. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms. Ed. R.I. Avenesov. 4th ed. M.: Russian language. 1988.
For the spelling of participle suffixes, see Spelling participles.
§6. Participles - not participles: verbal adjectives
Learn to distinguish between participles and verbal adjectives.
Participle - if the object is involved in the action, the characteristics of the verb are relevant for participles: type, time.
Adjective - if the action is no longer relevant, the result has become a permanent sign: frozen products, dried mushrooms, boiled meat.
1. Full form
one). The word in full form with suffixes -n-, -nn-, -e-, -enn- is:
- verbal adjective, if it is formed from the verb NSV and does not have dependent words: uncut grass(from mow- NSV);
- participle, if it is formed from the verb SV or has dependent words with it: bought newspapers (buy - SV), grass not cut until mid-July ( until mid July- dependent words)
2). The word in full form with the suffixes -im-, -em- is:
- verbal adjective, if it is formed from an intransitive verb: combustible (from burn down- intransitive gl.), conceivable (from think- intransitive gl.), unfading (from fade- intransitive gl.);
- participle, if it is formed from the transitive verb NSV: declined (from incline), called (from call), indelible (from sweep), unforgettable (from forget), - participles, because transitive verbs NSV.
2. Short form
In short participles, as in full participles, there remains a verbal component of meaning associated with aspect and tense. The film was shot., The letter was written., The picture was hung., The linen was washed.(action in the past, the result is relevant in the present). Can add: just now, for example: The letter is written just now. It can be transformed into a passive construction without changing the meaning: The film was shot., The letter was written., The picture was hung.
In short adjectives, the sign is constant: She is well-mannered and educated. I.e her these characteristics are common. Can't add: just now. Cannot be transformed into a passive construct.
§7. Participial
A participial turnover is a participle with a dependent word or dependent words.
Do not confuse:
The dependent word and the defined word are different words. The word being defined is the word to which the participle belongs, on which its form depends. The dependent word is the word that propagates the participle. Its form depends on the form of the sacrament.
Fog, which fell on the river at night, dissipated during the day.
Defined word - fog. Participle - drooping, the form depends on the form of the word being defined: fog(which?) drooping- unit, m.r., I.p. Dependent words - on the river at night, the form of dependent words, if they are changeable, depends on the participle: drooping(for what?) to the river- V.p.
Participial - descended on the river at night.
test of strength
Check your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is it correct to assume that verbal morphological features are permanent participle features?
Is it correct to assume that participles change like adjectives?
What are the names of words whose form depends on participles?
- Defined word
- dependent word
What participles do not have short forms?
- Valid
- In the suffering
- Everyone has
How do short forms of participle change?
- By cases
How do the full forms of the participle change?
- By cases
- By numbers and in the singular - by gender
- By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender
What determines how many participial forms do different verbs have?
- From recurrence of verbs
- From verb conjugation
What verbs have all 4 forms of participles: real present tense, real past tense, passive present tense, passive past tense?
- Transitional NAFs
- Transitional SW
Which verbs have only 1 participle form: real past tense?
- Intransitive NSV
- Intransitive SW
- Transitional NSV
- Transitional SW
How many forms of participles can be formed from transitive verbs CB?
How many forms of participles can be formed from intransitive verbs NSV?
Right answers:
- dependent word
- Valid
- By numbers and in the singular - by gender
- By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender
- From the aspect and transitivity of verbs
- Transitional NAFs
- Intransitive SW
- A16. Vowels in personal verb endings and participle suffixes
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