(synonymous with drug tolerance)
weakening the effects of drugs when they are repeated. Rapid addiction to drugs (after 2-4 injections) is referred to as "tachyphylaxis".
Drug addiction may be pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic in nature. The basis of pharmacokinetic mechanisms for the development of addiction is a decrease in the concentration of drugs in the region of receptors sensitive to them due to changes in repeated administration of any parameters of the pharmacokinetics (Pharmacokinetics) of drugs, for example, their absorption, distribution, reduced bioavailability due to increased biotransformation, acceleration of hepatic, renal and other types of clearance. Pharmacokinetic mechanisms are of primary importance in the development of addiction to drugs from the group of barbituric acid derivatives, benzodiazepine tranquilizers and some other drugs. With the pharmacodynamic type of addiction to drugs, their concentration in the region of the corresponding specific receptors does not change, but there is a decrease in the sensitivity of organs and tissues to drugs. The reasons for this kind of adaptive response of the organism to drugs are a decrease in the density of specific receptors, a decrease in their sensitivity to drugs, and a change in the process of conjugation of the function of receptors of their intracellular mediators and effector molecular systems. Pharmacodynamic mechanisms are typical for addiction to narcotic analgesics, adrenomimetics, sympathomimetics, adrenoblocking agents, etc. Quite often, addiction to drugs develops both as a result of changes in their pharmacokinetics and as a result of a decrease in the body's sensitivity to them.
Addiction is accompanied by a weakening of various effects of drugs, including their main (pharmacotherapeutic) and side effects. At the same time, the weakening of individual effects in the process of getting used to the same drug may have different temporal dynamics and unequal severity. Weakening of the therapeutic effect of drugs due to addiction to them (for example, the hypotensive effect of ganglioblockers, sympatholytics and adrenoblockers in arterial hypertension, analgesic action, analgesics in chronic pain syndrome, bronchodilator effect of β-agonists in broncho-obstructive syndrome, etc.) is practically undesirable. At the same time, a decrease in the manifestations of the side effects of drugs during addiction (for example, a weakening of the sedative effect of carbamazepine, dyspeptic disorders caused by levodopa, headaches and dizziness caused by nitroglycerin preparations, etc. allows you to achieve the desired therapeutic effect with relatively less pronounced complications of the drug therapy.
Addiction to certain drugs (narcotic analgesics, barbiturates, benzodiazepine tranquilizers, etc.) can be combined with the formation of drug dependence (drug dependence).
One of the main ways to overcome addiction to drugs is to increase their doses as the effectiveness of drugs decreases. In addition, the rate and severity of the development of addiction can be reduced by increasing the intervals between drug administrations, limiting the duration of treatment courses, alternating or simultaneously prescribing addictive drugs with other drugs that are similar in effect, but with different mechanisms of action, or by combined pharmacotherapy, based on various principles of drug interaction (drug interaction). In the case of replacing an addictive drug with another, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of cross-tolerance to drugs that are close to each other in chemical structure.
Bibliography: Amatuni V.N. Properties of pharmacological tolerance, Usp. modern biol., v. 100, no. 3 (6), p. 383, 1985; Lepakhin V.K., Belousov Yu.B. and Moiseev V.S. Clinical pharmacology with the international nomenclature of drugs, M., 1988.

Watch value drug addiction in other dictionaries

beyond means predicative dec.— 1. Evaluation of smth. as very expensive, that it is impossible to buy, that is not in terms of income.
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova

habit cf.- 1. The process of action on the value. verb: get used to. 2. Status by value. verb: get used to.
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova

Conclusion of Current Accounts for the Execution of Cost Estimates for Budgetary Funds — -
procedure before
conclusion of accounts, as a result of which it is necessary to make all the necessary entries and draw up additional postings, ........
Economic dictionary

Economic dictionary

— -
the amount of money determined through the multilateral procedure
clearing, expressed as
obligations or
requirements of a member of the stock market section of the MICEX.
Economic dictionary

Debt to Equity Ratio— Indicator of financial leverage. Used to compare assets provided by creditors with those provided by shareholders. Calculated as a ratio........
Economic dictionary

The procedure for accruing depreciation on fixed assets- - the procedure in which the following options are used for calculating depreciation: 1) according to established standards: 2) using accelerated depreciation of the active part of the main ........
Economic dictionary

Settlement On The Day Of The Transaction For One-Day Funds- Method
calculation on the same day. Federal funds used by a federal trust company to trade in U.S. government securities, short-term........
Economic dictionary

Dealer Cash Limit— - the minimum possible value of the cash position.
Law Dictionary

Net Liability of a Section Member in Cash— - the amount of funds determined through the multilateral clearing procedure, expressed as an obligation or claim of a member of the MICEX stock market section.
Law Dictionary

Cash settlement and clearing activities— Determination of mutual obligations for the supply (transfer) of funds in connection with operations with securities (settlement and clearing activities in cash) ...........
Law Dictionary

addictive-, the inability to control the ingestion or inhalation of a drug, drug or any other substance, which leads to physiological ........
Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

addictive- 1) in physiology - a decrease or disappearance of a reaction to a repetitive stimulus; 2) in toxicology and - the stage of chronic intoxication, characterized by ........
Big Medical Dictionary

Addictive And Novelty Sexual, Loss Of Appeal- a progressive decrease in the level of excitation upon repeated presentation of the same sexual stimulus. This is referred to as habituation, and it is understood that ........
Sexological Encyclopedia

Drug Abuse- Misuse of the drug. It usually refers to the excessive, irresponsible and harmful use of psychotropic drugs and/or........
Psychological Encyclopedia

Conventions, International, On Psychoactive Drugs— - International treaties concerning the control of production and distribution of psychoactive drugs. Early Treaties (General Act of Brussels ..........
Psychological Encyclopedia

International Conventions on Psychoactive Drugs— — See conventions, international, on psychoactive drugs.
Psychological Encyclopedia

addictive- A feature of chronic intoxication states, when a certain dose of a narcotic or toxic substance ceases to give the desired effect and it is required to resort to ........
Psychological Encyclopedia

addiction (habituation)- (habituation) P., or habituation is a relatively stable decrease in the reaction after continuous or (in most cases) repeated stimulation, which is not accompanied by ........
Psychological Encyclopedia

Addictive (mkb 303, 304)- - obsessive urge to use drugs or pleasurable drugs on a regular basis to achieve relief, comfort, excitement or fun, ........
Psychological Encyclopedia

drug abuse addiction— See drug addiction.
Psychological Encyclopedia

addictive, medicinal— Sometimes used as a synonym for geological dependence.
Psychological Encyclopedia

addiction, tolerance- (tolerance) - a decrease or complete absence of a normal reaction to any drug or other substance that causes the manifestation of certain symptoms in the body .........
Psychological Encyclopedia

Laxative Habit (Mcb 305.9)- - the use of laxatives (abuse of them) or as a means of controlling one's own body weight, often combined with "feasts" in bulimny.
Psychological Encyclopedia

Drug tolerance (tolerance)- A state of reduced sensitivity to a particular drug, resulting from its repeated use. If tolerance develops...
Psychological Encyclopedia

addictive- - Literally - having characteristics that contribute to habitual or regular use. The term also means the use of a psychoactive ........
Psychological Encyclopedia

Habituation- (in pharmacology) the state of psychological dependence on a medicinal substance resulting from its repeated use; characterized by a decrease
medical dictionary

Habituation, Tolerance- a decrease or complete absence of a normal reaction to any drug or other substance that causes the manifestation of certain symptoms in the body. For example,........
medical dictionary

Glasgow Communications Group- (Glasgow Media Group) - a group of researchers at the University of Glasgow, which was created in 1974 and whose critical studies on television news and broadcasting ........
sociological dictionary

addictive- -eng. habit formation; German Gewohnung. Learning, the effect of which is the lack of response to a particular stimulus.
sociological dictionary

habituation) P., or habituation is a relatively stable decrease in response after continuous or (in most cases) repeated stimulation, which is not accompanied by reinforcement. For some research. P. is an empirical result, while for others it acts as a hypothetical construct, which is determined by the depth and nature of its study. Fatigue, reaction to drugs and drugs, adaptation and damage, although they cause a decrease in response, are not covered by this term and are considered as completely independent phenomena. However, other terms are also used to refer to phenomena related to P. in other contexts. The orienting reaction reveals the typical characteristics of the P phenomenon. When a strange, unidentified noise alerts a wild animal, it usually stops all its activities, freezes and, with the help of its senses, examines the surroundings in search of the source of this noise, ready to run away at any second. If nothing else happens and the animal hears only the usual rustling, it interprets this as the absence of danger and soon resumes the interrupted activity. Subsequent similar noises, if they do not have important consequences for the animal, will cause similar, but increasingly weaker and shorter alertness reactions, possibly until the final disappearance of the c.-l. external signs of anxiety. This basic reaction, or rudiments of it, can be observed in most biologists. species, up to flatworms, and some researchers declare the existence of P. (habituation) in coelenterates and even protozoa. Most likely, to explain such a similarity in the results, it will be necessary to resort to different mechanisms. The second example, although significantly different in some respects, is essentially similar in others. As a result of repeated strong cooling of one finger, a gradual weakening of the pain associated with cold occurs. This phenomenon is known to environmental physiologists as specific habituation, when the response is limited to the affected organ (in this case finger). General habituation is a change in physiology. "Installation", a cut leads to a decrease in response to a repetitive stimulus. Acclimatization refers to the functional compensation that occurs over a period of time. days or weeks in response to a complex of environmental factors, as in the case of seasonal or climatic changes. Acclimatization refers to the same kind of adaptation, but to c.-l. one environmental condition, as in the case of controlled experiments. The habituation of the orienting reaction is the most widely studied type of P., it represents the theory. interest because it is the most primitive type of learning: a steady change in behavior in response to experience. The most important characteristics of P. include the following: a) after a sufficiently long absence of stimulation, the initial. a strong, but now weakened reaction will again manifest itself in full force (spontaneous recovery); b) the more often and more regularly the stimulation causing reaction, the quicker P. occurs; c) the stronger the stimulation, the slower P., although some near-threshold stimuli may not cause P., and very strong stimuli may cause defensive reactions that differ in their properties from the indicative ones; d) additional stimulation in excess of that which completely cancels the initial reaction (negative habituation), additionally prolongs habituation and delays spontaneous recovery; e) habituation can be extended (generalized) to other similar stimuli; e) the presentation of another, usually stronger (and sometimes more significant. Weaker) stimulus than the one to which P. occurred, can restore the initial reaction (as in the case of "disgabituation"). Several things were done. attempts to shed light on the nature of the neural mechanisms underlying short-term P. According to the model of synaptic depression, sensory input activates small intermediate (intercalary) neurons in the peripheral reticular formation. In turn, they activate those neurons in the central region of the reticular formation, which cause excitation in the cerebral cortex in higher mammals. However, it is first necessary to prove that synaptic depression is possible in principle, and for this purpose it is better to use more primitive animals as a working model. The sea hare (Aplysia) has only a few. easily identifiable ganglia. Research habituations show that repeated stimulation of an individual sensory neuron causes a gradual decrease in the amplitude of excitatory potentials in the postsynaptic membrane. At the same time, no changes occur in the postsynaptic membrane itself. The weakening of the postsynaptic response is associated with a progressively decreasing number of neurotransmitter quanta (acetylcholine) released by each successive action potential into the synaptic cleft. Presumably, something similar to the synaptic depression observed in the bearded seal neural model also occurs in the reticular formation of higher animals. E. N. Sokolov to explain P. proposed a model of coincidence-mismatch, OSN. on the assumption that in higher mammals the stimulus causes its own neural representation, which is relatively stable in nature (being essentially an engram). Nerve traces of subsequent stimuli are compared with the engram of the stimulus that caused the initial reaction of concentration; if these subsequent stimuli correspond to the previous stimulus, excitation of the reticular formation does not occur and P. occurs. works often reveal that the first reaction to an alarming stimulus is not the strongest; the value of the following several. reactions can exceed the value of the first, and only in subsequent samples, the reaction force begins to decrease. In addition, it often turns out that the extinct reaction can be restored by applying another, usually strong stimulus. Initial this dysgabituation was supposed to be simply the removal of P., but now it is seen as a completely different process - the process of sensitization, which underlies the increased response. Accordingly, the response curve is usually complex, showing first an upswing and then a downswing. Its form is due to the combined effect of sensitization and P. P. begins to dominate after several. stimulations, while sensitization remains at a constant level or decreases. A number of data points to the existence of neurons, to-rye give only P.'s reaction and - in the opinion of some - find a noticeable sensitization. See also Accommodation, Adaptation, Fatigue A. Ryapell

to medicines)

Drug addiction may be pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic in nature. The basis of pharmacokinetic mechanisms for the development of addiction is a decrease in the concentration of drugs in the region of receptors sensitive to them due to changes in repeated administration of any parameters of the pharmacokinetics (Pharmacokinetics) of drugs, for example, their absorption, distribution, reduced bioavailability due to increased biotransformation, acceleration of hepatic, renal and other types of clearance. Pharmacokinetic mechanisms are of primary importance in the development of addiction to drugs from the group of barbituric acid derivatives, benzodiazepine tranquilizers and some other drugs. With the pharmacodynamic type of addiction to drugs, they do not change in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe corresponding specific receptors, however, there is a decrease in the sensitivity of organs and tissues to drugs. The reasons for this kind of adaptive response of the organism to drugs are a decrease in the density of specific receptors, a decrease in their sensitivity to drugs, and a change in the process of conjugation of the function of receptors of their intracellular mediators and effector molecular systems. Pharmacodynamic mechanisms are typical for addiction to narcotic analgesics, adrenomimetics, sympathomimetics, adrenoblocking agents, etc. It often develops both as a result of changes in their pharmacokinetics and as a result of a decrease in the body's sensitivity to them.

Addiction is accompanied by a weakening of various effects of drugs, including their main (pharmacotherapeutic) and side effects. At the same time, the weakening of individual effects in the process of getting used to the same drug may have different temporal dynamics and unequal severity. Weakening of the therapeutic effect of drugs due to addiction to them (for example, the hypotensive effect of ganglioblockers, sympatholytics and adrenoblockers in arterial hypertension, analgesic action, analgesics in chronic pain syndrome, bronchodilator effect of β-agonists in broncho-obstructive syndrome, etc.) is practically undesirable. At the same time, a decrease in the manifestations of the side effects of drugs during addiction (for example, a weakening of the sedative effect of carbamazepine, dyspeptic disorders caused by levodopa, headaches and dizziness caused by nitroglycerin preparations, etc. allows you to achieve the desired therapeutic effect with relatively less pronounced complications of the drug therapy.

Addiction to certain drugs (narcotic analgesics, barbiturates, benzodiazepine tranquilizers, etc.) can be combined with the formation of drug dependence (drug dependence).

One of the main ways to overcome addiction to drugs is to increase their doses as the effectiveness of drugs decreases. In addition, the rate and severity of the development of addiction can be reduced by increasing the intervals between drug administrations, limiting the duration of treatment courses, alternating or simultaneously prescribing addictive drugs with other drugs that are similar in effect, but with different mechanisms of action, or by combined pharmacotherapy, based on various principles of drug interaction (drug interaction). In the case of replacing an addictive drug with another, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of cross-tolerance to drugs that are close to each other in chemical structure.

Bibliographer.: Amatuni V.N. Properties of pharmacological tolerance, Usp. modern biol., v. 100, no. 3 (6), p. 383, 1985; Lepakhin V.K., Belousov Yu.B. and Moiseev V.S. Clinical with the international nomenclature of drugs, M., 1988.

1. Small medical encyclopedia. - M.: Medical Encyclopedia. 1991-96 2. First aid. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1994 3. Encyclopedic dictionary of medical terms. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. - 1982-1984.

See what "addiction to drugs" is in other dictionaries:

I Pharmacodynamics (Greek pharmakon medicine + dynamikos strong) is a branch of pharmacology that studies the localization, mechanism of action and pharmacological effects of medicinal substances. The influence of medicinal substances on the functions of organs and systems ... ... Medical Encyclopedia

I Medicines chemical compounds of natural or synthetic origin and their combinations used for the treatment, prevention and diagnosis of human and animal diseases. Medicinal products also include drugs for ... ... Medical Encyclopedia

DEPENDENCE, PSYCHOLOGICAL- Drug addiction, characterized by a fairly strong craving for certain substances. This term is usually defined by exclusion, that is, it is used to refer to types of drug dependence in which there is no ... Explanatory Dictionary of Psychology

(synonymous with drug tolerance)

weakening the effects of drugs when they are repeated. Rapid addiction to drugs (after 2-4 injections) is referred to as "tachyphylaxis".

Drug addiction may be pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic in nature. The basis of pharmacokinetic mechanisms for the development of addiction is a decrease in the concentration of drugs in the region of receptors sensitive to them due to changes in repeated administration of any parameters of the pharmacokinetics (Pharmacokinetics) of drugs, for example, their absorption, distribution, reduced bioavailability due to increased biotransformation, acceleration of hepatic, renal and other types of clearance. Pharmacokinetic mechanisms are of primary importance in the development of addiction to drugs from the group of barbituric acid derivatives, benzodiazepine tranquilizers and some other drugs. With the pharmacodynamic type of addiction to drugs, their concentration in the region of the corresponding specific receptors does not change, but there is a decrease in the sensitivity of organs and tissues to drugs. The reasons for this kind of adaptive response of the organism to drugs are a decrease in the density of specific receptors, a decrease in their sensitivity to drugs, and a change in the process of conjugation of the function of receptors of their intracellular mediators and effector molecular systems. Pharmacodynamic mechanisms are typical for addiction to narcotic analgesics, adrenomimetics, sympathomimetics, adrenoblocking agents, etc. Quite often, addiction to drugs develops both as a result of changes in their pharmacokinetics and as a result of a decrease in the body's sensitivity to them.

Addiction is accompanied by a weakening of various effects of drugs, including their main (pharmacotherapeutic) and side effects. At the same time, the weakening of individual effects in the process of getting used to the same drug may have different temporal dynamics and unequal severity. Weakening of the therapeutic effect of drugs due to addiction to them (for example, the hypotensive effect of ganglioblockers, sympatholytics and adrenoblockers in arterial hypertension, analgesic action, analgesics in chronic pain syndrome, bronchodilator effect of β-agonists in broncho-obstructive syndrome, etc.) is practically undesirable. At the same time, a decrease in the manifestations of the side effects of drugs during addiction (for example, a weakening of the sedative effect of carbamazepine, dyspeptic disorders caused by levodopa, headaches and dizziness caused by nitroglycerin preparations, etc. allows you to achieve the desired therapeutic effect with relatively less pronounced complications of the drug therapy.

Addiction to certain drugs (narcotic analgesics, barbiturates, benzodiazepine tranquilizers, etc.) can be combined with the formation of drug dependence (drug dependence).

One of the main ways to overcome addiction to drugs is to increase their doses as the effectiveness of drugs decreases. In addition, the rate and severity of the development of addiction can be reduced by increasing the intervals between drug administrations, limiting the duration of treatment courses, alternating or simultaneously prescribing addictive drugs with other drugs that are similar in effect, but with different mechanisms of action, or by combined pharmacotherapy, based on various principles of drug interaction (drug interaction). In the case of replacing an addictive drug with another, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of cross-tolerance to drugs that are close to each other in chemical structure.

Bibliographer.: Amatuni V.N. Properties of pharmacological tolerance, Usp. modern biol., v. 100, no. 3 (6), p. 383, 1985; Lepakhin V.K., Belousov Yu.B. and Moiseev V.S. Clinical pharmacology with the international nomenclature of drugs, M., 1988.

Last updated: 07/12/2015

In psychology, habituation refers to the weakening of the response to a stimulus after a certain number of repetitions. For example, a new sound for you at first will not only attract your attention, but even cause irritation. But after a while, you start to get used to this sound, and your reaction to it will weaken.

Habituation Examples

Habituation is the simplest and most common form of learning.

It allows people to switch their attention from less important to more important stimuli. Imagine that you heard a loud bang from your neighbor. An unusual sound will immediately attract your attention, and you will begin to wonder what kind of sound it is.

A few days later, the cotton is heard again, then another and another. And one day you just stop noticing them.

Or remember how you apply perfume in the morning, and after a while you stop noticing it. And you are very surprised when one of your colleagues gives you a compliment or is interested in the brand of perfume / cologne. You are used to the aroma, but for your colleague this aroma will be a new stimulus that he (she) will immediately notice.

Habituation Characteristics

The key features characteristic of habituation include the following:

• If a stimulus to which you are accustomed is not presented repeatedly for a long time, repeated presentation of it again will cause you to have a strong reaction.
• The more often a stimulus is presented, the faster habituation occurs.
• The stronger the stimulus, the slower the habituation. In some cases (for example, with the sound of an alarm clock, a call or a siren), addiction does not occur at all.
• Changing the intensity or duration of the presentation helps to resume the original response.
• Habituation can spread to similar stimuli (because of them).

Why does addiction occur?

Scientists explain the addiction process with several theories.

First of all, this is a one-factor theory of habituation, according to which the regular presentation of a stimulus affects its effectiveness.

The two-factor theory of habituation suggests the existence of certain neural processes that regulate the response to various stimuli. The process of habituation is opposed to the process of resuming sensitivity to the stimulus.

Specialist observations

Habituation is the weakening of the behavioral response to a stimulus that occurs as a result of its regular presentation and does not involve sensory adaptation / sensory fatigue / motor fatigue. Traditionally, a distinction has been made between habituation and sensory adaptation/motor fatigue, mainly due to the withdrawal process; however, this difference can also be explained by the specificity of the stimulus (when this reaction persists to other stimuli) and / or spontaneous recovery of the reaction, which depends on the frequency of presentation.