03May

Hello! In this article we will talk about the types of activities of an individual entrepreneur.

Today you will learn:

• What are the types of activities according to OKVED;
• What type of activity to choose;
• How to add and change the type of IP activity;
• What is for activities.

What are the types of activities (OKVED) for individual entrepreneurs

The main reason for the impossibility of using a particular system is the type of activity in which the individual entrepreneur is engaged.

Taxation by type of activity is presented in the table:

Tax regime	Prohibited activities of IP
Basic system of taxation
Simplified taxation system	Banking; Insurance services; Non-state pension funds; Investment organizations; Work with securities; activity of pawnshops; Production of excisable goods; Extraction and sale of minerals; gambling establishments; Lawyer activity
Patent taxation system	Almost all types of activities that are aimed at the production of something other than: the production of business cards, pottery, the production of sausages, the production of clothes and shoes
A single tax on imputed income	Currency exchange; gambling establishments; Production and sale of excisable goods; Extraction, production and sale of precious metals and stones; Extraction and sale of minerals; Banking; Management activities; Communication services; Retail trade type of activity trade in objects of art, antiques; Tour organization
Agricultural tax	Everything except agricultural production

However, despite the variety of modes, you will need to take into account many conditions, such as the maximum number of staff members, maximum turnover, classifier restrictions.

In addition to taxes, there is also an obligation to pay contributions to off-budget funds for oneself, and this must be taken into account when choosing a favorable tax regime.

What are IP contributions for yourself? These are your contributions to medical and pension funds. That is, regardless of whether you worked this year, made a profit or not, you will be required to pay these contributions to the state in a fixed amount.

In 2018, the amount of contributions will be 32,385 rubles. And if, for example, income for the whole year was more than 300,000 rubles, contributions to the pension fund will be calculated additionally, at the rate of 1% of income in excess of the limit.

Summing up the choice of the most favorable taxation regime, it is best to make an individual tax calculation for individual entrepreneurs within each system.

The following parameters will need to be taken into account:

• If there are workers, then their number;
• Which region of the Russian Federation do you belong to;
• The taxation system used by your future partners and clients;
• The area of ​​the trading floor;
• The use of transport in transportation, etc.

Considering the issue of taxes, it is impossible not to touch on the topic of the so-called “tax holidays”, which have come into effect since 2015. For many, this innovation is very useful and applicable. “Tax holidays” involve the exemption of individual entrepreneurs from paying any tax, lowering the percentage on other taxes. However, not all individual entrepreneurs can take advantage of the benefit.

Conditions for granting "tax holidays":

• Your type of activity is the production of goods, scientific work or social activity;
• You are registering an IP for the first time;
• IP exists no more than two years;
• Your region is included in the list of regions of the Russian Federation where this benefit has been introduced and your IP was registered after the adoption of the law in your region on “tax holidays”;
• You are using USN or a patent.

It should be borne in mind that the regional authorities have the right to introduce certain restrictions regarding the number of employees, the maximum income per year, and the activities of the IP.

Do they confirm the type of activity of the IP

We will not torment you and immediately say that. The main direction of the activity of the IP is fixed during its registration, when the businessman enters the number of the activity in the USRIP, after which this information comes to the FSS.

However, if you decide to change the main activity of the enterprise, then you need to apply to the tax office with an application for a change in the direction of activity in order to secure the change.

Why do it? You must receive payment for services rendered and manufactured products strictly according to the business activity code declared in the Federal Tax Service. Otherwise, this income will be considered as received outside the declared OKVED code, and will be taxed at 13% of personal income tax.

Also, the amount of insurance premiums for injuries depends on the code of the main activity. Now experts identify 32 points, which determine the amount of contributions in various areas of activity. The amount of payments depends on the degree of danger and complexity of work.

Thus, we can conclude that it is necessary to confirm the main type of activity in order to correctly make deductions for injuries to the FSS in the current year without overpaying if the percentage differs from the previous year.

How to change and add an IP activity type

The enterprise develops along with the market, and now you are no longer doing what you used to, which means that you need to think about changing OKVED. It's easy, now we'll take a closer look at how to do it.

To begin with, you will have to generate a number for a new type of activity, and then fill out an application for a change in the direction of activity.

To do this, follow these steps in sequence:

• Go to the subsection “Registration of individual entrepreneurs” on the resource of the Federal Tax Service;
• Download the form, this is your application, and fill in the fields with information (in virtual or paper format, in the second case it will need to be printed out after filling out).

The application consists of four pages. The first page is the title page, here we write our first name, last name and patronymic, indicate the OGRNIP and. The second sheet is for recording a new line of business. On the third sheet, it is necessary to cancel the old direction of the enterprise. All three pages of the document are mandatory.

Now you need to collect the missing documents for the tax.

These include:

• The passport;

If you are sending a trustee to the tax office, then attach a notarized power of attorney and your representative's passport.

And the last stage is to deliver all this wealth to the tax office. You can do this yourself, through a representative (do not forget about the power of attorney), using mail or the Internet. But remember that you need to contact the same tax office in which you registered the IP.

But that's not all. If you are an entrepreneur with employees, you need to confirm the main type of activity of the individual entrepreneur by submitting a certificate to the FSS. If your individual entrepreneur does not have employees, then such a certificate is not needed.

And what to do if OKVED has not changed, but only new areas of doing business have been added. We simply add side lines of business to the existing list. To do this, fill in only the lines for the auxiliary areas of activity of the IP on the second page in the P24001 form. The third page should be completed only if you want to exclude any type of activity.

The man of modern society is engaged in a variety of activities. In order to describe all types of human activity, it is necessary to list the most important needs for a given person, and the number of needs is very large.

The emergence of various types of activity is associated with the socio-historical development of man. The fundamental activities in which a person is included in the process of his individual development are communication, play, study, work.

• * communication - the interaction of two or more people in the process of exchanging information of a cognitive or affective-evaluative nature;
• * game - a type of activity in conditional situations that imitate real ones, in which social experience is assimilated;
• * learning -- the process of systematic mastery of knowledge, skills, abilities necessary to perform work;
• * labor-an activity aimed at creating a socially useful product that satisfies the material and spiritual needs of people.

Communication is a type of activity consisting in the exchange of information between people. Depending on the age stage of human development, the specifics of the activity, the nature of communication changes. Each age stage is characterized by a specific type of communication. In infancy, an adult exchanges an emotional state with a child, helps to navigate in the world around. At an early age, communication between an adult and a child is carried out in connection with object manipulation, the properties of objects are actively mastered, and the child's speech is formed. In the preschool period of childhood, a role-playing game develops interpersonal communication skills with peers. The younger student is busy with educational activities, respectively, and communication is included in this process. In adolescence, in addition to communication, a lot of time is devoted to preparing for professional activities. The specificity of the professional activity of an adult leaves an imprint on the nature of communication, demeanor and speech. Communication in professional activity not only organizes, but also enriches it, new connections and relationships between people arise in it.

The game is a kind of activity, the result of which is not the production of any material product. She is the leading activity of a preschooler, because through her he accepts the norms of society, learns interpersonal communication with peers. Among the varieties of games, one can single out individual and group, subject and plot, role-playing and games with rules. Games are of great importance in people's lives: for children they are mainly of a developmental nature, for adults they are a means of communication and recreation.

Teaching is a type of activity, its purpose is to acquire knowledge, skills and abilities. In the process of historical development, knowledge was accumulated in various fields of science and practice, therefore, in order to master this knowledge, teaching became a special type of activity. Teaching affects the mental development of the individual. It consists of assimilation of information about the properties of surrounding objects and phenomena (knowledge), the correct choice of techniques and operations in accordance with the goals and conditions of activity (skill).

Labor is historically one of the first types of human activity. The subject of psychological study is not labor itself as a whole, but its psychological components. Usually labor is characterized as a conscious activity, which is aimed at the implementation of the result and is regulated by the will in accordance with its conscious purpose. Labor performs an important formative function in the development of the individual, as it influences the formation of his abilities and character.

The attitude to work is laid in early childhood, knowledge and skills are formed in the process of education, special training, and work experience. To work means to show oneself in activity. Work in a certain field of human activity is associated with a profession.

Thus, each of the above types of activity is the most characteristic for certain age stages of personality development. The current type of activity, as it were, prepares the next one, since it develops the corresponding needs, cognitive capabilities and behavioral characteristics.

Depending on the characteristics of a person's relationship to the world around him, activities are divided into practical and spiritual.

Practical activity is aimed at changing the surrounding world. Since the surrounding world consists of nature and society, it can be productive (changing nature) and socially transformative (changing the structure of society).

Spiritual activity is aimed at changing individual and social consciousness. It is realized in the spheres of art, religion, scientific creativity, in moral deeds, organizing collective life and orienting a person towards solving the problems of the meaning of life, happiness, well-being.

Spiritual activity includes cognitive activity (obtaining knowledge about the world), value activity (determining the norms and principles of life), prognostic activity (building models of the future), etc.

The division of activity into spiritual and material is conditional. In reality, the spiritual and the material cannot be separated from each other. Any activity has a material side, since in one way or another it correlates with the outside world, and an ideal side, since it involves goal setting, planning, choice of means, etc.

By spheres of public life - economic, social, political and spiritual.

Traditionally, there are four main areas of public life:

• § social (peoples, nations, classes, gender and age groups, etc.)
• § economic (productive forces, production relations)
• § political (state, parties, socio-political movements)
• § spiritual (religion, morality, science, art, education).

It is important to understand that people are simultaneously in different relationships with each other, connected with someone, isolated from someone when solving their life issues. Therefore, the spheres of the life of society are not geometric spaces where different people live, but the relations of the same people in connection with various aspects of their life.

The social sphere is the relationship that arises in the production of direct human life and man as a social being. The social sphere includes various social communities and relations between them. A person, occupying a certain position in society, is inscribed in various communities: he can be a man, a worker, a father of a family, a city dweller, etc.

The economic sphere is a set of people's relations arising from the creation and movement of material goods. The economic sphere is the area of ​​production, exchange, distribution, consumption of goods and services. The relations of production and productive forces together constitute the economic sphere of the life of society.

The political sphere is the relations of people connected with power, which provide joint security.

The elements of the political sphere can be represented as follows:

• § political organizations and institutions - social groups, revolutionary movements, parliamentarism, parties, citizenship, presidency, etc.;
• § political norms - political, legal and moral norms, customs and traditions;
• § political communications - relations, connections and forms of interaction between participants in the political process, as well as between the political system as a whole and society;
• § political culture and ideology - political ideas, ideology, political culture, political psychology.

The spiritual sphere is the sphere of relations that arise in the production, transfer and development of spiritual values ​​(knowledge, beliefs, norms of behavior, artistic images, etc.).

If the material life of a person is connected with the satisfaction of specific daily needs (for food, clothing, drink, etc.). then the spiritual sphere of human life is aimed at meeting the needs for the development of consciousness, worldview, and various spiritual qualities.

The inclusion of society - mass, collective, individual.

In connection with the social forms of association of people in order to carry out activities, collective, mass, and individual activities are distinguished. Collective, mass, individual forms of activity are determined by the essence of the acting subject (a person, a group of people, a public organization, etc.). Depending on the social forms of association of people in order to perform activities, they establish individual (for example: management of a region or country), collective (ship management systems, work in a team), mass (an example of mass media is the death of Michael Jackson).

Dependence on social norms - moral, immoral, legal, illegal.

Conditionality from the conformity of activities to existing general cultural traditions, social norms differentiate legal and illegal, as well as moral and immoral activities. Illegal activity is everything that is prohibited by law, the constitution. Take, for example, the manufacture and production of weapons, explosives, the distribution of drugs, all of this is an illegal activity. Naturally, many try to adhere to moral activity, that is, to study conscientiously, to be polite, to value relatives, to help the old and the homeless. There is a vivid example of moral activity - the whole life of Mother Teresa.

The potential of the new in activity is innovative, inventive, creative, routine.

When human activity affects the historical course of events, with social growth, then progressive or reactionary, as well as creative and destructive activities are distributed. For example: The progressive role of the industrial activity of Peter 1 or the progressive activity of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin.

Depending on the absence or presence of any goals, the success of the activity and the ways to accomplish it, they reveal a monotonous, monotonous, patterned activity, which in turn proceeds strictly according to certain requirements, and a new one is most often not given (Manufacturing of any product, substance according to the scheme at the plant or factory). But the activity is creative, inventive, on the contrary, it carries the character of the originality of the new, previously unknown. It is distinguished by specificity, exclusivity, originality. And elements of creativity can be applied in any of the activities. An example is dancing, music, painting, there are no rules or instructions, here is the embodiment of fantasy, and its implementation.

Types of human cognitive activity

Teaching or cognitive activity refers to the spiritual spheres of human life and society. There are four types of cognitive activity:

• ordinary - consists in the exchange of experience and the images that people carry in themselves and share with the outside world;
• Scientific - characterized by the study and use of various laws and patterns. The main goal of scientific cognitive activity is to create an ideal system of the material world;
• Artistic cognitive activity consists in the attempt of creators and artists to assess the surrounding reality and find shades of beauty and ugliness in it;
• Religious. Its subject is the man himself. His actions are judged from the point of view of pleasing God. This also includes moral norms and moral aspects of actions. Given that the whole life of a person consists of actions, spiritual activity plays an important role in their formation.

Types of human spiritual activity

The spiritual life of a person and society corresponds to such activities as religious, scientific and creative. Knowing the essence of scientific and religious activity, it is worth considering in more detail the types of human creative activity. This includes artistic or musical direction, literature and architecture, directing and acting. Every person has the makings of creativity, but in order to reveal them, you need to work long and hard.

Types of human labor activity

In the process of labor, a person's worldview and his life principles develop. Labor activity requires planning and discipline from the individual. Types of labor activity are both mental and physical. There is a stereotype in society that physical labor is much more difficult than mental labor. Although outwardly the work of the intellect does not manifest itself, in fact these types of labor activity are almost equal. Once again, this fact proves the diversity of professions that exist today.

Types of professional activity of a person

In a broad sense, the concept of a profession means a diverse form of activity performed for the benefit of society. Simply put, the essence of professional activity is that people work for people and for the benefit of the whole society. There are 5 types of professional activity.

• 1. Man-nature. The essence of this activity is in interaction with living beings: plants, animals and microorganisms.
• 2. Man-man. This type includes professions in one way or another related to interaction with people. The activity here is to educate, guide people, and provide them with information, trade and consumer services.
• 3. Man-technique. A type of activity characterized by the interaction of a person and technical structures and mechanisms. This includes everything related to automatic and mechanical systems, materials and types of energy.
• 4. Man - sign systems. The activity of this type consists in interaction with numbers, signs, natural and artificial languages.
• 5. Man is an artistic image. This type includes all creative professions related to music, literature, acting, and visual arts.

Types of economic activities of people

Human economic activity has recently been strongly contested by environmentalists, since it is based on natural reserves, which will soon exhaust themselves. The types of human economic activity include the extraction of minerals, such as oil, metals, stones, and everything that can benefit a person and cause damage not only to nature, but to the entire planet.

Types of human information activity

Information is an integral part of human interaction with the outside world. The types of information activities include the receipt, use, dissemination and storage of information. Information activity often becomes a threat to life, because there are always people who do not want third parties to know and disclose any facts. Also, this type of activity can be provocative in nature, and also be a means of manipulating the consciousness of society.

Types of human mental activity

Mental activity affects the state of the individual and the productivity of his life. The simplest type of mental activity is a reflex. These are habits and skills established through constant repetition. They are almost imperceptible, in comparison with the most complex type of mental activity - creativity. It is distinguished by constant diversity and originality, originality and uniqueness. Therefore, creative people are so often emotionally unstable, and professions related to creativity are considered the most difficult. That is why creative people are called talents that can transform this world and instill cultural skills in society.

Culture includes all types of transformative human activity. There are only two kinds of this activity - creation and destruction. The latter, unfortunately, is more common. Many years of man's transforming activity in nature have led to troubles and catastrophes.

Only creation can come to the rescue here, which means at least the restoration of natural resources.

Action distinguishes us from animals. Some of its types are beneficial to the development and formation of the personality, others are destructive. Knowing what qualities are inherent in us, we can avoid the deplorable consequences of our own activities. This will not only benefit the world around us, but will also allow us to do what we love with a clear conscience and consider ourselves people with a capital letter.

Activity is exclusively human activity, which is regulated by consciousness. It is generated by needs, and is aimed at transforming the world around us, as well as its knowledge.

Man, using his motives and needs, one way or another transforms the external environment, and this process is creative. At this time, he becomes a subject, and what he masters and transforms becomes an object.

In this article, we will look at the basic human as well as their forms, but before proceeding to that, it is necessary to clarify a few points.

1. activities are inextricably linked: the essence of a person is manifested in his activities. Inactive people do not exist, just as activity itself does not exist without a person.
2. Human activity is aimed at transforming the environment. B is able to organize such living conditions himself so that he is comfortable. For example, instead of gathering plants or catching animals daily for food, he raises them.
3. Activity is a creative act. Man creates something new: cars, food, even displays new types of plants.

Basic human and structure

There are three types of human activity: play, work and study. They are the main ones, and its activities are not limited only to these species.

There are 6 structural components of activity, which are formed in a hierarchical order. First, there is a need for activity, then a motive is formed, which is clothed in a brighter and more concrete form in the form of a goal. After that, a person looks for means that can help him achieve what he wants, and, after finding it, he proceeds to action, the final stage of which is the result.

human: labor

There is a separate science that is aimed at studying the working conditions of a person and optimizing his work.

Work refers to activities that are aimed at obtaining practical benefits. Work requires knowledge, skills and abilities. Moderate work has a good effect on the general condition of a person: he thinks faster and orients himself in new areas, and also gains experience, thanks to which he is capable of more complex activities in the future.

It is believed that labor is certainly a conscious activity in which a person interacts with the outside world. Any work is expedient and requires a focus on results.

Types of human activity: teaching

Teaching has one main goal - the acquisition of knowledge or skills. This type allows a person to start more complex work that requires special training. Teaching can be both organized, when a person consciously goes to school, enters a university, where he is taught by professionals, and unorganized, when a person gains knowledge in the form of experience in the process of work. Self-education is singled out in a separate category.

Human activities: game

Simply put, it's a vacation. A person needs it, because the game allows you to relax the nervous system and psychologically distract from serious topics. Games also contribute to development: for example, active games teach dexterity, and intellectual ones develop thinking. Modern computer games (action) improve concentration and attention.

Forms of human activity

There are many forms of human activity, but they are divided into two main groups: mental and physical labor.

It involves information processing. The process requires increased attention, good memory and flexible thinking.

Physical labor requires a lot of energy, since muscles are involved in its process, there is a load on the musculoskeletal system, as well as the cardiovascular system.

Thus, we can conclude that activity is a necessary and unique life parameter that contributes to human development.

Activities are certain actions that are performed by a person in order to produce something significant for himself, or for the people around him. This is a meaningful, multi-component and quite serious occupation, which is fundamentally different from recreation and entertainment.

Definition

The main discipline that studies human activity within the framework of the course is social science. The first thing you need to know in order to correctly answer a question on this topic is the basic definition of the concept under study. However, there may be several such definitions. Another says that activity is such a form of human activity, which is aimed not only at adapting the body to the environment, but also at its qualitative transformation.

All living beings interact with the environment. However, animals are only capable of adapting to the world and its conditions; they cannot change it in any way. But man differs from animals in that he has a special form of interaction with the environment, which is called activity.

Main Components

Also, for a good answer to a question in social science about human activity, you need to know about the concepts of object and subject. The subject is the one who performs the action. It doesn't have to be a single person. The subject can also be a group of people, an organization or a country. The object of activity in social science is that on which the activity is specifically directed. It can be another person, and natural resources, and any spheres of public life. The presence of a goal is one of the main conditions under which human activity is possible. Social science, in addition to the goal, also highlights the action component. It is carried out in accordance with the goal.

Action types

The expediency of activity is an indicator of whether a person is moving towards the result that is important to him. The goal is the image of this result, to which the subject of activity strives, and the action is a direct step aimed at realizing the goal facing the person. The German scientist M. Weber identified several types of actions:

1. Purposeful (in other words - rational). This action is carried out by a person in accordance with the goal. Means to achieve the desired result are chosen consciously, possible side effects of activity are taken into account.
2. Value-rational. Actions of this kind occur in accordance with the beliefs that a person has.
3. affective is an action that is caused by emotional experiences.
4. Traditional- based on habit or tradition.

Other Activity Components

Describing human activity, social science also highlights the concepts of the result, as well as the means to achieve the goal. The result is understood as the final product of the entire process carried out by the subject. Moreover, it can be of two types: positive and negative. Belonging to the first or second category is determined by the correspondence of the result to the goal.

The reasons why a person can get a negative result can be both external and internal. To external include a change in environmental conditions for the worse. Internal factors include such factors as setting an initially unattainable goal, the wrong choice of means, the inferiority of actions, or the lack of the necessary skills or knowledge.

Communication

One of the main types of human activity in social science is communication. The purpose of any kind of communication is to get some result. Here, the main goal is often the exchange of necessary information, emotions or ideas. Communication is one of the basic qualities of a person, as well as an indispensable condition for socialization. Without communication, a person becomes asocial.

The game

Another type of human activity in social science is a game. It is common to both humans and animals. Situations of adult life are modeled in children's play. The main unit of children's play is the role - one of the main conditions for the development of consciousness and behavior of children. Play is a type of activity in which social experience is recreated and assimilated. It allows you to learn the methods of carrying out social actions, as well as master the objects of human culture. Play therapy has found wide distribution as a form of correctional work.

Work

It is also an important type of human activity. Without labor, socialization does not occur, but it is important not only for the development of the individual. Labor is a necessary condition for the survival and further progress of human civilization. At the level of a single individual, work is an opportunity to ensure one's own existence, to feed oneself and one's loved ones, as well as the opportunity to realize one's natural inclinations and abilities.

Education

This is another important type of human activity. The topic of social science devoted to activity is interesting because it considers its various types, allows you to consider the whole variety of types of human activity. Despite the fact that the process of human learning originates in the womb, over a certain period of time this type of activity becomes purposeful.

For example, in the 50s of the last century, children began to be taught at the age of 7-8 years; in the 90s, mass education was introduced in schools from the age of six. However, even before the start of purposeful learning, the child absorbs a huge amount of information from the outside world. The great Russian writer L. N. Tolstoy emphasized that at the age of up to 5 years, a small person learns much more than in the rest of his life. Of course, one can argue with this statement, but there is a fair amount of truth in it.

The main difference from other types of activity

Often, schoolchildren receive a social science question as their homework: "Activity is a way of people's existence." In the process of preparing for such a lesson, the most important thing to note is the characteristic difference between human activity and the usual adaptation to the environment, which is characteristic of animals. One of these types of activity, which is aimed directly at transforming the world around us, is creativity. This type of occupation allows a person to create something completely new, qualitatively transforming the surrounding reality.

Activity types

The time when students go through the social science topic "Man and Activity", according to the Federal State Educational Standard - grade 6. At this age, students, as a rule, are already old enough to distinguish between types of activity, as well as to understand their importance for the overall development of a person. In science, the following types are distinguished:

• Practical- is aimed directly at the transformation of the external environment. This type, in turn, is subdivided into additional subcategories - material and production activity, as well as social transformation.
• Spiritual- an activity that is aimed at changing the consciousness of a person. This type is also subdivided into additional categories: cognitive (science and art); value-oriented (determining the negative or positive attitude of people to various phenomena of the surrounding world); and predictive (planning for possible changes) activities.

All these types are closely related to each other. For example, before carrying out reforms (relate to it is necessary to analyze their possible consequences for the country (forecasting activities.

Introduction 2

1. The concept of human activity 4

2. Human activities 8

Conclusion 15

Literature 17

Introduction

In psychology, there is such a thing as activity. In order to consider this concept, it is necessary to find out what exactly such a science as psychology considers. Any person, based on his own experience, is aware that he is somehow able to perceive, cognize the world around him, various objects and phenomena.

The normal state of a person, unless he is sleeping, is an active, active state. While a person lives, he constantly acts, does something, is busy with something - he works, studies, plays sports, plays, communicates with people, reads, etc. In a word, he shows activity - external (movements, operations, muscle efforts) or internal (mental activity, which is observed even in a motionless person, when he thinks, reads, remembers, etc.). However, one can only conditionally distinguish between external and internal activity. Studies have shown that the work of thought, even when a person is not outwardly active, is associated with speech-motor micro-movements (which can be registered). What we call "thinking to oneself" is speaking "to oneself", since the thinking of an adult normal person exists in speech form. Therefore, any human activity.

Activity is the activity of a person aimed at achieving consciously set goals related to satisfying his needs and interests, to fulfill the requirements for him from society and the state.

Without activity, human life is impossible. In the process of activity, a person learns the world around him. Activity creates the material conditions of a person's life, without which he cannot exist - food, clothing, housing. In the process of activity, spiritual products are created: science, literature, music, painting. In the process of activity, a person changes the surrounding reality, transforms the world around him with his work: deserts become flowering gardens, rivers change their course and direction, cities arise in the tundra and taiga. Human activity forms and changes him, his will, character, abilities.

1. The concept of human activity

Human activity is fundamentally different from animal behavior, even if this behavior is quite complex. First, human activity is conscientious nature a person realizes the goal and ways to achieve it, foresees the result. Secondly, human activity is connected with the manufacture, use and storage of tools. Thirdly, human activity is of a social nature, it is carried out, as a rule, in a team and for the team.

Activity is determined (determined) by socio-historical conditions. Depending on the requirements of society, human activity acquires a different character. Consider, for example, human labor activity. At all times and epochs, man has been engaged in labor activity. But in the conditions of a capitalist society, the working man becomes an appendage of the machine, and his activity is directed by the capitalist only in order to make a big profit.

In our country, in connection with the change in social conditions, labor activity itself is becoming more and more a human need, it reveals the best aspects of the personality of Soviet people. They know the happiness of work.

The nature of such an activity as teaching has also changed. The pre-revolutionary school taught the younger generation what was necessary to consolidate the domination of the "class of oppressors. And the teaching itself was in the nature of cramming and drill. The teaching in the Soviet school is of a completely different nature. It gives the knowledge necessary for a person to fulfill his social duty - work for the common And the training itself is of a developmental nature, it is focused on the formation of active, independent, creative thinking in schoolchildren.

The necessary conditions for human activity are mental processes. On the one hand, they are an obligatory characteristic of any human activity: whether a child plays, whether a schoolboy studies, whether a person works - all types of activity are always inextricably linked with attention, perception, memory, thinking, imagination, without which no human activity can be carried out. . On the other hand, all mental processes take place, are formed and regulated in activity. This is how the relationship between mental processes and human activity is carried out.

Activity is usually considered from the point of view of its structure (composition). First of all, distinguish goals and motives activities.

Any activity of a person is determined by the goals, tasks that he sets for himself. If there is no goal, then there is no activity. Activity is caused by certain motives, reasons that prompted a person to set a particular goal and organize activities to achieve it. The goal is that. what does a person act for? motive is why a person acts. Consider from this angle your teaching in the pedagogical school. What is your goal? Successfully complete it and get the profession of a teacher. Why did you start studying? Why did you set a goal to graduate from a pedagogical school? And immediately in your memory there will be motives that prompted you to this decision. They may be different, but all will have some motives that determined the goal setting of your learning activities.

Usually, human activity is determined not by any one motive and one goal, but by a whole system of goals and motives - immediate and more and more general and distant.

For example, you are studying this textbook. The immediate goal is to master the content of this chapter. Behind it is a more distant goal - to know psychology well. Behind it is an even more general and distant one - to become a well-educated specialist teacher, and, finally, the most general goal - to benefit the Motherland, the people. It is important that a person sees not only immediate prospects, goals, but also distant ones - this gives strength to fight difficulties and overcome obstacles, and achieving an intermediate result does not demobilize a person.

Activities are also assessed by the level of motivation, by whether the motives are social or pronounced narrowly personal in nature. In a well-educated person, social motives acquire a personal meaning, and become his personal affair.

component, or, in other words, a separate act, activity is called action. Human actions are also committed for one reason or another and are aimed at achieving certain goals. Human actions are always conscious, but the degree of awareness of actions can be different. Actions are quite conscious when the goal is set and realized, the order and sequence of movements are outlined, and certain results of the action are assumed. Actions are not fully conscious when the goal, sequence of movements and control are not sufficiently conscious. Such little conscious actions, produced under the influence of strong feelings, powerful stimuli, often unexpected, are called impulsive. From the classroom window you can see the old park, the trees of which descend to the pond. Snow. There is silence in the classroom, students solve problems on their own. Someone shouted: “Hare, dogs!” Immediately the heads of the guys turned to the window, then everyone jumped up and rushed to the windows. The hare was pursued by the Dogs, he rolled down the hill to the pond in a white lump, and the dogs followed him. At the sight of this picture, the children and the teacher involuntarily moved to the window, looked and could not tear themselves away until the hare disappeared into the bushes. Under the influence of a strong and sudden stimulus, the actions of the students and the teacher (their movement towards the window) took place without a clearly conscious goal, without deliberation, which indicates their lack of awareness. These are impulsive actions. Distinguish actions practical and mental. They are closely related. Practical actions (manipulation of objects, constructive actions, actions on the school site, etc.) are of great importance in cognitive activity (in perception and thinking). From an early age, the child begins to master practical actions with objects and ways of handling them, and thereby learns these objects. Practical actions with objects do not lose their significance in the student's educational work, they help to better understand and assimilate the educational material. So, when solving mathematical problems, the student turns to practical actions with objects. On the basis of practical actions arise mental actions-actions in the mind. Mental cognitive activity allows a fuller and deeper knowledge of the studied objects and phenomena of reality. Human actions are inseparable from speech activity. Speech activity, the word (including inner speech, mental pronunciation) regulate the behavior and activity of a person, help him to realize his actions, verbally formulate the tasks of the action and outline his plan, change the nature of the action, correct the mistakes made. In any activity, the following components (components, links, stages) can be distinguished: goal setting phase(clear awareness of a specific task); work planning stage choice of the most rational way of action; stage of implementation, implementation of activities, accompanied by ongoing monitoring and restructuring of activities if necessary; followed by verification, results, correction of errors, if they were comparison the results obtained with the planned, summarizing work and her grade. All these components are easy to trace by analyzing the specific learning activity of the student (of course, if it is properly organized by the teacher).