Scheme of the direction of foreign policy in 1725 1762. Foreign policy of Russia in the second quarter of the 18th - 19th centuries

Russia in the XVIII century Kamensky Alexander Borisovich

2. Foreign policy 1725-1741

The nature and direction of foreign policy during these years were determined primarily by unresolved problems in the south and southeast. Even under Peter I, the advance of Russia in the south was continued, where, as a result Persian campaign Derbent and Baku were captured. At the same time, Turkey occupied part of the Persian possessions in Transcaucasia. In 1724, an agreement was signed with her on the delimitation of spheres of influence in this region. A new clash with the Ottoman Empire was, however, inevitable, but in the first years after Peter's death, the country's government, busy resolving financial and economic issues, tried to avoid aggravating relations. However, in 1726 an agreement was signed with Austria, according to which Russia recognized pragmatic sanction and both sides agreed to pursue a joint policy in Europe, including with regard to Turkey. This treaty predetermined the direction of Russian foreign policy for several decades to come.

Already in 1733, in alliance with Austria and Saxony, Russia entered the war with France for the Polish inheritance, the reason for which was the election of the Polish king after the death of Augustus II. The goal of the allies was to prevent the election of the French protege Stanislav Leshchinsky, whose daughter was the wife of King Louis XV, to the Polish throne. The result of the actions of the Russian troops that captured Torun and Gdansk was the transition of the majority of Polish magnates to the side of the Saxon Elector Augustus III, who occupied the Polish throne. The war ended with the signing of the Peace of Vienna in 1738, which allowed Russia to further strengthen its influence in Poland.

By the mid-1730s, when Russia decided to return to Persia the previously seized lands, for the development of which it did not have enough funds, relations with the Ottoman Empire again aggravated. Turkey, with the help of its ally the Crimean Khan, tried to take these territories under its control, which led to Russo-Turkish war of 1735–1739. The war was quite successful for Russia, but at a high cost, as a result of which, by the end of it, the government began to strive at all costs to make peace. According to the Belgrade peace, signed under pressure from European powers that were not interested in strengthening Russia, she had to give up all the territories conquered during the war and managed only to bargain for the return of Azov.

During the reign of Anna Leopoldovna, a new Russian-Swedish war of 1741-1743 began, caused by the desire of the Swedes to try to achieve revenge and return the Baltic lands in the conditions of political instability in Russia. The war ended already in the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna with the Peace of Abo, according to which Russia not only retained all the acquisitions of Peter I in this region, but also slightly expanded them.

From the book History of Russia. XVII-XVIII centuries. 7th grade author

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Lesson 23

Class: seventh.

ChapterIV. Russia in 1725-1762.

Quarter (trimester): _________.

Number of hours: 1.

The date: ____________

Lesson: № 23.

Teacher:

Target - to consider the main directions and results of Russia's foreign policy in 1725-1762.

Plan

I. The main directions of foreign policy.

II. Russia and the Commonwealth.

III. Russian-Turkish war of 1735-1739.

IV. Russian-Swedish war of 1741-1743.

V. Russia's advance to the East.

VI. Russia in the Seven Years' War of 1756-1762.

VII. Results of foreign policy.

Equipment: Textbook, "History of Russia, Grade 7".

During the classes

Remember

1) What changes were made in the system of central government in 1725-1761? What caused them?

2) What was the strengthening of the position of the nobility under Anna Ioannovna?

3) What was new about the peasants under Elizaveta Petrovna?

4) What prompted the new reform of city government?

5) What new things have been done for the development of manufactories?

I.The main directions of foreign policy.

After the death of Peter I, Russia's foreign policy as a whole retained its former direction.

The continued weakening of the Ottoman Empire contributed to the intensification of Russia's struggle for access to the Black Sea.

The political struggle that engulfed Poland prompted Russia to actively interfere in its internal affairs in order to ensure the reunification of Ukrainian and Belarusian lands with Russia.

Sweden's unwillingness to put up with the results of the Northern War made one of the important tasks of the foreign policy of the Russian Empire the preservation of Peter's conquests in the Baltic states.

They demanded their solution to the problem of securing Russia in the Caucasus, which remained unresolved after the Persian campaign.

Finally, Russia continued its advance to the East.

II.Russia and the Commonwealth.

After the death of the Polish king August II in 1733, the usual struggle of Polish noble groups for power began in such cases. Behind them stood the interests of the great European powers. France supported the candidacy Stanislav Leshchinsky in order to finally isolate itself from Russia by a whole bloc of countries hostile to it (Sweden, the Commonwealth and Turkey). Russia and Austria, not interested in this, supported the son of the deceased king - august. However, Leshchinsky was elected, which was the reason for the war for the "Polish inheritance" (1733-1735). With the support of Prussia, Austria and Russia, August III won this fight.

III.Russian-Turkish war of 1735-1739.

In 1735, Anna Ioannovna, in order to strengthen relations with Persia (on whose support she counted on in the fight against Turkey), returned to her the Caspian coast, occupied even under Peter I. Upon learning of this, the Crimean Khanate sent a 40,000-strong army through the southern territories of Russia to capture these territories. Crimea was left without protection. Taking advantage of the violation of its borders, Russia declared war on Turkey and in the fall of 1735 sent a 40,000-strong army under the command of General Leontiev towards the enemy. However, the deterioration of the weather, interruptions in the supply of the army, a high incidence of illness forced it to return, without reaching the Crimea.

In the spring of 1736, a new Crimean campaign began. At the head of the army was placed the president of the Military Collegium, Field Marshal General, who had just proved himself in the Polish campaign.

Burchard Christoph Minich ( 1683-1767) was born in the county of Oldenburg. He began military service in the Russian army in 1721 with the rank of general engineer. On behalf of Peter, he supervised the construction of the Ladoga Canal, and under his grandson Peter II, he became the governor-general of Ingermanland. In 1730, thanks to friendly relations with him, he was appointed president of the Military Collegium and received the rank of Field Marshal. The largest military event for Minich was the command of the Russian army in the Crimea and Bessarabia during the Russian-Turkish war of 1735-1739, when he managed to capture almost the entire Crimean peninsula and occupy its capital, Bakhchisarai. After the death of Anna Ioannovna, Minich led the coup that brought Anna Leopoldovna to power, and became first minister for a short time. After the accession of Elizabeth Petrovna, Minich fell into disgrace and spent twenty years in exile.

At the cost of heroic efforts, the Russian army crossed the Perekop Isthmus and occupied the capital of Crimea, Bakhchisarai. Meanwhile, the Crimean army hastily left the North Caucasus and moved back to the Crimea. Fearing he was "locked" on the peninsula, Minich gave the order to retreat.

In the summer of 1736, Russian troops occupied Azov, during the battles in 1737 - the fortress of Ochakov, and in 1739 - the fortress of Khotyn. Turkey was forced to make peace. According to the Belgrade Peace Treaty (1739), Russia regained Azov, but had to destroy its fortifications. In addition, insignificant territories of the Right-Bank Ukraine, previously occupied by Turkey, were annexed to Russia. Kabardian lands in the North Caucasus and the Azov territories were declared a "barrier" between Russia and Turkey. However, Russia never received either access to the Black Sea or the right to have fortresses and a fleet in the Sea of Azov.

IV.Russian-Swedish war of 1741-1743.

In July 1741, Sweden, pushed by France and Prussia, declared war on Russia. Her troops entered the territory of Finland. A 20,000-strong army was sent against them. , which in August defeated the Swedish troops. The war did not stop even after Elizabeth Petrovna came to power. Moreover, in the fight against Sweden, she successfully used the Finnish population, promising that in the event of the defeat of the Swedes, Finland would be granted independence. The Swedish army was forced to retreat, surrendering one fortress after another. In August 1742, she capitulated near Helsingfors. Under the terms of the Treaty of Abo, concluded in August 1742, Sweden confirmed the Baltic acquisitions of Russia and transferred part of the territory of Finland to it.

v.Russian advance to the East.

The second quarter of the XVIII century was the time of the beginning of joining Russia Kazakh lands.

During this period, called by the Kazakhs "the years of the great disaster", they had a fierce internecine war. The political fragmentation of the Kazakh tribes made them easy prey for stronger neighbors. The raids of the Dzungars, Kalmyks, Cossacks, Bashkirs, Khiva and Bukhara khans led to large material losses, casualties among the population.

In the internecine struggle, the Kazakh feudal lords often turned to the governors and central authorities of Russia for help, who were interested in the tranquility of their eastern borders.

AT 1731 Russia included the lands of the Kazakh Younger Zhuz (unification of tribes), and in 1740-1743 - the Middle Zhuz. To ensure the security of the new borders, Orenburg and a number of fortresses in southeastern Russia were built.

VI.Russia in the Seven Years' War of 1756-1762.

By the mid-1950s, the alignment of political forces in Europe had changed. With the weakening of Austria, her relations with France strengthened. At the same time, the contradictions between France and England, which were fighting for American possessions, became the main ones. Strong concern among the European monarchs caused the strengthening of Prussia in Europe. Army of the Prussian King FriedrichII was considered invincible and posed a serious threat to the neighbors.

In 1756-1757, two coalitions of European states were formed that opposed each other: Prussia and England, on the one hand, and on the other, France, Austria, Russia and Saxony (Sweden also joined them in 1757).

Russia participated in this alliance in order to protect its Baltic acquisitions from Prussia, which the Prussian king dreamed of taking possession of.

The war was started by Frederick II. He chose the only possible tactic: quickly transferring his strong army from one front to another, he threatened to deal with opponents one by one with swift blows. This plan was also facilitated by the inconsistency in the actions of the allies. As a result, in August 1756, Frederick was able to quickly defeat the Saxon army and thereby withdraw one of the coalition countries from the war.

In July 1757 Russia entered the war with Prussia. Russian army led by Field Marshal General by order of the empress, she went to East Prussia and occupied Memel, Tilsit and other cities. She was tasked with taking the capital of East Prussia, Koenigsberg, near which there was a 40,000-strong Prussian army. On August 19, 1757, one of the largest battles of the Seven Years' War took place near the small village of Gross-Eegersdorf. During his Prussian army was defeated. The decisive role was played by the blow of the reserve brigade under the command of . However, knowing about the illness of the empress and about the sympathy for Frederick II on the part of the heir to the throne, Peter Fedorovich, Apraksin not only did not pursue the defeated enemy, but also gave the order to retreat. As a result, the Germans managed to reassemble the remnants of the defeated army in a short time and send it against the Russians. Meanwhile, the empress recovered, and Apraksin was removed from command and put on trial.

General-in-chief was appointed the new commander of the army . A month later, he managed to occupy Koenigsberg and all of East Prussia. Elizaveta Petrovna in January 1758 issued a decree on the annexation of East Prussia to Russia.

In August 1758, the Russian troops, despite the flight from the battlefield of their commander Fermor, not only withstood the onslaught of the Prussian army led by Frederick II near the village of Zorndorf, but also forced it to a hasty retreat. In 1759 the Russian army under command won a brilliant victory over the Prussians in the battle of Kunersdorf.

And in September 1760, Russian troops entered Berlin. After the capture of the Kolberg fortress by the Russians in 1761, there was a threat of a complete military defeat of Prussia in the war.

Frederick II, in desperation, either tried to poison himself or abdicate. However, in the midst of the final stage of the war, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna died. Having ascended the throne, Peter III immediately ceased hostilities and entered into an alliance with Frederick II against yesterday's allies of Russia. Only a coup in the summer of 1762 allowed Russia to avoid a new protracted war. Catherine II terminated the alliance with Prussia, but did not start a fight with her again. Russian troops returned home.

VII.Summing up the lesson.

1. Findings. Results of foreign policy.

The main result of Russia's foreign policy in 1725-1762 can be considered the fact that Russia firmly established itself in the Baltic states and, during the numerous wars of this period, again showed itself to be one of the militarily strongest powers in Europe. She also managed to expand her territory at the expense of the Kazakh and some Far Eastern lands. Turkey and Persia recognized as "disputed" the North Caucasian lands of Kabarda and Dagestan, as well as the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov.

At the same time, Russia never achieved access to the Black Sea. The "Ukrainian" and "Belarusian" issues were not resolved.

The solution of these problems fell on the period of the reign of Catherine II.

2. Questions and tasks of self-control.

1) What determined the main directions of Russia's foreign policy in the period 1725-1762?

2) Why did Russian-Turkish relations become the main direction of foreign policy?

3) What caused the Kazakh khans to accept Russian citizenship?

4) Give a general assessment of Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War.

5) Give a general assessment of the results of Russia's foreign policy in 1725-1762.

VIII.Document.

SOLDIER'S SONG ABOUT THE CAPTURE OF BERLIN

That the Prussian king stood on a steep mountain,

What looked - looked at Berlin-city!

“Oh! Father fortification, Berlin-city!

Who are you, my fortifier, will you get?

My fortification went to the white king,

And also Generalushka Krasnoshchekomu!”

How Red-cheeked walks with a merchant at a bargain,

Buys Red-cheeked lead-gunpowder,

Red-cheeked loads forty cannons,

Breaks the red-cheeked stone wall,

Takes out the Red-cheeked King of Prussia:

Like a Prussian king under the table

Sitting as a gray cat;

From the chambers he flew out like a Black Raven;

On the blue of the sea he melted with a gray drake.

question for the document

1. Which of the military campaigns of the era does the soldier's song tell about?

IX.Homework.

Prepare for retelling § 23 "Foreign policy of Russia in 1725-1762", answer the question to the document (p. 169).

As a result of the Northern War, Russia took a strong position as a great European power. Now, in the words of the French envoy Camperdon, "at the slightest demonstration of his (Peter - D.A.) fleet, at the first movement of his troops, neither the Swedish, nor the Danish, nor the Prussian, nor the Polish crown will dare to make a movement hostile to him, nor move with places his troops ... He is one of the northern sovereigns in a position to force respect for his flag. After the death of Peter, his successors faced the most difficult task - to preserve and consolidate the position of a great power. This task consisted of two components:

1. maintaining access to the Baltic Sea;

2. strengthening its influence in Poland;

3. solutions to the Black Sea problem, i.e. control of the shores of the Black Sea.

The main enemy in this period is France.

1734 - 1735 - the war for the "Polish inheritance". (After the death of Augustus II the Strong, his son Augustus claimed the Polish throne (in whose favor Russia and Austria spoke out, interested in maintaining a weak Poland, torn apart by gentry contradictions)) and Stanislav Leshchinsky, a former ally of Charles XII, now supported by France. As a result of Russian military intervention, Augustus (who became King Augustus III) took the throne and Russian influence in Poland became predominant.

1735 - 1739 Russian-Turkish war. Russia and Austria opposed Turkey, which had sharply strengthened with the support of France. Russian troops under the command of Munnich and Lassi broke through into the Crimea three times, but each time they were forced to retreat, fearing encirclement. Under the conditions of the likely performance of Sweden, incited by France, and the weakening of Austria, Russia was forced in 1739 to conclude the Belgrade peace, according to which Russia returned Azov, but disrupted its fortifications. Almost all the gains of this war had to be given away.

1741 - 1743 Russian-Swedish war. France and Prussia pushed Sweden to war and, at the same time, tried to persuade Elizabeth to give up her father's conquests in the Baltic. The Swedish troops started the war under the pretext of protecting the rights of Elizabeth, but the war continued after the coup in her favor. Russian troops under the command of Lassi won victory after victory in Finland, and in 1742 the Swedish army capitulated near Helsingfors. Peace was concluded in 1743 in Abo. Russia received a number of Swedish fortresses in Finland.

1757 - 1763 Seven Years' War. Reasons: sharp Austro-Prussian and Anglo-French contradictions. Two opposing alliances are formed - Austria and Prussia - on the one hand, and Austria, Russia, France and Saxony - on the other.

1725, January. The problem of a successor after the death of Peter the Great. His grandson Peter, the son of Tsarevich Alexei and the only possible male heir, was only nine years old. Supporters of the reforms call Catherine the successor, their opponents - the former queen Evdokia. Finally, under pressure from the guards, the old nobility compromises with the "thin" nobles from the late emperor's entourage and proclaims Catherine the Empress.

June. Marriage between the eldest daughter of the Empress Anna Petrovna and Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp.

1726, February. Establishment of the Supreme Privy Council, which takes away a number of powers from the Senate. The Empress herself is considered the chairman of the Council, and among its seven members there are two favorites: Alexander Menshikov and Pyotr Tolstoy.

1727, May. The death of Catherine I. The throne was left to the twelve-year-old Peter II Alekseevich. Through the efforts of the almighty Alexander Menshikov, Pyotr Tolstoy was exiled. The right to appoint to the highest military positions passes to the Supreme Privy Council.

September. The fall of Menshikov, who. in turn, exiled to Siberia. The Dolgorukys, who have regained power, are striving to regain the former rights of the old nobility. The yard moves to Moscow.

1728 Supreme Privy Council continues to expand its power; collegiums are subordinated to him. The abolition of the Little Russian Collegium and the restoration of the hetmanship. The Council decides to convene deputies to Moscow to complete work on legislation.

1730 Repeal of the law on primacy in the inheritance of estates.

January. Death of Peter II. Ignoring the will of Catherine I, who indicated Anna and Elizabeth, daughters of Peter the Great, as possible successors to Peter II, the Council gives the throne to Anna Ioannovna, widow of the Duke of Courland, who accepts the conditions drawn up by Prince Dmitry Golitsyn, limiting her and leaving all control in the hands of the Supreme Secret council ("Mitavian conditions"). The dissatisfaction of wide circles of the nobility, demanding the limitation of the supreme power in their favor.

February. Using the split in the nobility, Anna Ioannovna refuses the Mitav conditions and accepts "autocracy"

March 4 (15). Anna Ioannovna abolishes the Supreme Privy Council and restores the powers of the Senate.

April. Dolgoruky removed from power.

July. A cadet corps was established to allow the children of the nobility to avoid the soldier's "strap".

18 (29) October. The Cabinet of Ministers was established, to which the functions of the Supreme Privy Council were transferred.

1731 Manifesto of Anna Ioannovna, in which her niece Anna Leopoldovna, the future Duchess of Brunswick, is called the heir to the throne.

1732 The court and the higher authorities are transferred back to St. Petersburg. Creation of a commission to control the activities of governors. Changes to the recruiting system: one recruit per 350 peasants with the possibility of redemption.

1734 The hetmanship in Little Russia is again abolished, and its administration is entrusted to the Provisional Commission, which means a return to centralization.

1735 Approval of the supreme authority of the Cabinet of Ministers: in the absence of the Empress, its decrees acquire the force of law.

1736 Law restricting the service of the nobility and allowing one of the sons to remain on the estate.

17 (28) October. Death of Anna Ioannovna. Biron was appointed regent for the two-month-old Ivan Antonovich, whom it was prescribed to address as "Your Highness."

8 (19) November. Field Marshal Minich orders Biron to be arrested and imprisoned in the Shlisselburg fortress, Anna Leopoldovna is proclaimed regent, and Minich himself becomes the first minister.

1741, January. Another redistribution of powers between ministers; Minikh was left only in command of the troops, and foreign policy was transferred to the jurisdiction of A. I. Osterman.

November 25 (December 6). Palace coup by Elizabeth Petrovna, daughter of Peter the Great. In the manifesto she released, she substantiates her right to the throne with the will of Catherine I. The emperor and his family are taken into custody.

1742, January. Osterman and Munnich, originally sentenced to death, were exiled with Biron to Siberia. The management of foreign policy was entrusted to A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin.

April. Coronation of Elizabeth in Moscow.

November. In her manifesto, Elizabeth appoints her nephew, the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, as heir to the throne.

December. The abolition of the Cabinet of Ministers and the restoration of the rights of the Senate, which was expanded to 14 members. Dolgoruky is again among the close associates of the Empress.

1743 Creation of the Conference of Ministers, to which the functions of the abolished Cabinet are transferred, the Senate continues to play an important role.

1750, February. Kirill Razumovsky, brother of the morganatic husband of Elizabeth Petrovna Alexei, was elected hetman of Ukraine.

1757 Recruitment changes; previously limited to ten Russian provinces, it is now extended to Little Russia and the Baltic provinces.

Foreign policy

1725, March 31 (April 11). Catherine I gives an audience to the French envoy Campredon, offering to conclude an alliance between Russia and France, which would be sealed by the marriage of Elizabeth Petrovna and Louis XV.

1726, July. The expulsion from Mitava of Moritz of Saxony, whom the Diet of Courland repeatedly elected Duke.

July 26 (August 6). Accession of Russia to the Treaty of Vienna, concluded by 1725 between Emperor Charles VI of Habsburg and Spain. Russia puts a 30,000-strong army at the disposal of the allies in exchange for support in the event of a war with the Ottoman Empire.

1727, February. The Sejm of Courland confirms the election of Moritz of Saxony and again rejects A. Menshikov, Catherine's candidate.

August. Treaty of eternal peace with China on the basis of the territorial status quo, the establishment of regular trade relations.

1731 Transition under the protection of Russia of the Lesser Kazakh Zhuz.

1732, June. During the Russian-French negotiations, Osterman opposes Biron and insists on remaining loyal to the alliance with Austria.

1733, August. Russia supports the candidacy of August III for the Polish throne against the French-backed Stanisław Leshchinsky.

1734, June. Fulfilling his obligations against France during the war for the "Polish Succession". Anna Ioannovna sends her fleet to the Baltic Sea, which at Danzig defeats the French squadron that was going to the aid of Stanislav Leshchinsky.

1736, May. Minich's campaign against the Crimean Tatars. October. Russia, in alliance with Austria, starts a war against Turkey.

1737, March. The Diet of Courland elects Biron Duke. In July this election was ratified by Augustus III.

1738 Resumption of Russian-French diplomatic relations. The Russian envoy Prince Cantemir arrives in Paris.

1739, September. Belgrade treaty to end the war between Russia and Austria with Turkey. Thanks to the victories won by Minikh (Azov, Ochakov, Yasy), Russia regains Azov and Zaporozhye, lost under Peter I.

1741-1742 Russian-Swedish war.

18 August. The signing of an agreement in Abo between Russia and Sweden, which ceded the southeastern corner of Finland (the provinces of Kymengard, Vilmanstrand and Nislot).

December. The resumption of Russian-French diplomatic relations, interrupted during the war with Sweden; the return of the French ambassador, the Marquis de la Chétardie.

1744, January 24 (February 4). On the initiative of Bestuzhev-Ryumin, an agreement was concluded between Russia and Saxony, drawing Russia into the Anglo-Austrian coalition. New break with France.

December 28 (January 8, 1745). Elizabeth joins the Warsaw Pact between Austria, Saxony, England and Holland.

1746, May 22 (June 2). Austro-Russian defensive alliance: the parties undertake to provide each other with a 30,000-strong contingent of troops. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, the main organizer of this treaty, receives 6,000 ducats from the emperor.

1747, June 1 (12). Anglo-Russian subsidy treaty: Russia receives £100,000 to equip its army.

1748, April. For the first time in its history, Russia is directly involved in a conflict in Western Europe by sending its troops to the Rhine.

December 31 (January 11, 1757). Russia joins the Treaty of Versailles (on the union of France and Austria).

1757 January 11 (22). Austro-Russian convention: each side undertakes to field an army of 80,000 in the event of a joint war with Prussia.

August 19 (30). The Russian army under the command of S.F. Apraksin and Rumyantsev defeats the Prussian troops at Gross-Egersdorf. Instead of developing success and occupy Pomerania, Apraksin retreats to Tilsit.

14 (25) August. The Russian army, surrounded by Prussian troops, manages to break out of the ring after a bloody battle near Zorndorf.

1759 February 25 (March 8). Russo-Swedish convention, joined by France and Denmark. Its goal is to close access to the Baltic for all foreign warships.

July. The Russian army under the command of Saltykov defeats the troops of the Don at Palzig and opens its way to the Oder, Frankfurt and Berlin.

July 30 (August 10). Saltykov, together with the Austrian troops of Lauden, utterly defeats the Prussian army of Frederick II near Kunersdorf. Disagreements among the allies prevent them from developing success.

September 28 (October 9). Saltykov enters Berlin. After capitulation, the city is given over to plunder and undertakes to pay 1.5 million thalers.

1760, 12 (23) March. Choiseul is negotiating with Austria, seeking to get Russia from Poland the right bank of the Dnieper and, as compensation from Frederick II, East Prussia.

wiki.304.ru / History of Russia. Dmitry Alkhazashvili.