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His Imperial Majesty's own Chancellery and Provisional Committees.
During the reign of Nicholas I, the "His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery", pushing the Council of State and the Senate into the background. As early as 1812, it concentrated cases subject to “highest discretion”: all reports on almost all departments went to the tsar through this body. Until 1825 it was managed by Arakcheev.
Under Nicholas I, it became a body that carried out direct instructions from the emperor on all the most important issues of state administration.
In the reign of Nicholas I, bills began to be developed in His Imperial Majesty's own chancellery, ministries and special committees. Their discussion in the State Council acquired a formal character. There were frequent cases when bills were submitted to the State Council with the resolution of the king: “It is desirable for me that it be adopted,” or even adopted without discussion.
The apparatus of the office grew, and departments appeared in its structure: the First, Second and Third - in 1826, the Fourth - in 1828, the Fifth - in 1836 and the Sixth - in 1842.
First branch exercised control over the ministries, prepared bills, was in charge of the appointment and dismissal of senior officials (with the approval and approval of the king).
Before the second division task was to codify laws. In it, under the guidance MM. Speransky (returned from exile in 1821), were prepared " Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire » (1830) and Code of Laws of the Russian Empire » (1835).
Gained notoriety Third branch , which was headed by Adjutant General Count A.Kh. Benkendorf.
He also became the chief of the Separate Corps of Gendarmes, created in 1827. The Third Branch performed the functions of a secret political police, especially in the fight against the revolutionary movement, and the Separate Corps of Gendarmes served as the main power tool of autocratic power within the country.
Fourth branch was in charge of charitable institutions and women's educational institutions.
Fifth branch was created to develop a project for reforming the management of state peasants.
Sixth branch from 1842 to 1845 prepared proposals for the management of the Caucasus.
Own e.i.v. the office with its branches gradually acquired the features of an organ of supreme power.
3. Local administrative and judicial authorities
Reform 1810-1811 approved a system of departmental management throughout the country. Provincial institutions became simultaneously subordinate to various ministries, which led to great confusion.
In 1837, a new " Order to governors ”, which more clearly defined their legal status, functional duties.
In 1837-1838, in order to streamline the leadership of state peasants, chambers of state property were established in the provinces; in uyezds - district departments of state property.
Volost boards elected by peasant assemblies were subordinate to them. Members of the volost board were subject to approval by the provincial chamber of state property.
Some changes are taking place in the judicial system. Compared with the judicial system, one link in the judicial system was liquidated according to the “Institution for the Administration of the Province”: in the first half of the 19th century. the upper zemstvo court, the provincial magistrate, and the upper massacre were abolished.
Head of the judiciary Senate , which loses the bulk of administrative powers. Decree of September 8, 1802, declares the Senate to be the "repository of laws". It was assumed that he should monitor the compliance of newly adopted decrees with the current legislation. However, already in 1803 this right was withdrawn. Only the first department of the Senate retained administrative functions, in particular, it appointed revisions of individual provinces. The remaining departments performed the functions of the appellate instance.
middle link judicial system - the provincial Chambers of civil and criminal courts, like the Senate, were non-estate institutions. They considered cases of lower courts on appeal and, at first instance, the most complex cases (for example, murder cases).
bottom link the system was the county court - for the nobility; city magistrate - for citizens; court court - for officials in the capitals; conscientious court - at that time considered mainly cases of minors.
The patrimonial, military, spiritual justice was still preserved. There were departmental courts: military, sea, mountain, forest, communications, as well as spiritual and volost peasant courts. Judicial administration was in the hands of the Ministry of Justice established in 1802.
The Chamber of the Civil Court, in addition, took over the performance of some notarial functions.
With 1808 commercial courts began to be created, which considered bill of exchange cases, cases of commercial insolvency, etc. In 1932, the Charter of Commercial Court Proceedings was adopted, which established a uniform system of commercial courts. The main advantage of commercial courts was that long before the judicial reform of 1864, an adversarial process was implemented in them.
Reformation of the central government.
In 1811, under the leadership of M. M. Speransky, a document was published "General Establishment of Ministries", which defined legal status these organs. The power of ministers was designated in it as top executive, directly subordinate to the emperor. The ministries were divided into departments(presence) in areas of activity and office, in which business was carried out. Founded in 1812 Committee of Ministers(Cabinet), which, in addition to ministers, included the chairmen of the departments of the State Council, the Secretary of State (head of the State Council) and some of the highest dignitaries of the empire appointed by the king. Under Nicholas I, the heir to the throne was a member of the Committee of Ministers.
The committee considered bills, reports of ministries, and solved personnel problems. All his decisions were approved by the emperor, except for various kinds of petty matters (appointment of pensions, benefits, etc.). The Committee of Ministers replaced the emperor in his absence, and in his presence supervised the highest governing bodies. Thus, in the face Committee of Ministers Russia received at the beginning of the XIX century. the highest administrative legislative body, which was abolished only in April 1906 in connection with the establishment of the State Duma.
Under Alexander I, attempts were also made to reform legislative power. At first, it was supposed to give legislative rights to the reformed Senate but in 1810, after M. M. Speransky was involved in the development of state reform projects, as an analogue of Western parliaments, State Council(existed until 1917) with the number of members from 40 to 90 (in different years). But it was not an elected body. Members of the State Council were appointed by the emperor from among the highest officials of the empire, and the emperor himself presided over its meetings and approved the laws adopted by him.
The main work on the preparation of bills was carried out in the First law department, staffed by professional lawyers. The remaining four departments were in charge of military affairs, civil and spiritual affairs, and the economy. The Fifth Department managed the affairs of the Kingdom of Poland. Under Alexander 1, the State Council dominated the system of ministries.
Under Nicholas I, the entire system of central branch government bodies was headed by His Imperial Majesty's own chancellery. The State Council and the Committee of Ministers were forced to go into the shadows. S.E.I.V. The Chancellery consisted of six departments, whose activities covered all spheres of public life. First controlled the ministries, was in charge of the appointment and dismissal of senior officials. It had the legislative initiative and drafted laws. Second Branch carried out coding work, summarized legal practice. The Third Division led the fight against state crimes, with the “revolution”, exercised control over the activities of religious sects, supervised certain categories of citizens, including unreliable persons, and monitored places of detention. The police and the gendarmerie, created in 1827, were subordinate to the Third Division. Operational work was carried out in seven gendarmerie districts into which the Russian Empire was divided. In the provincial and port cities, teams of gendarmes operated, whose task was to "pacify the violence and restore violated obedience", as well as "disperse the law-prohibited crowds."
Fourth Branch S.E.I.V. The office was engaged organization of charitable activities and women's education. Fifth Division prepared and carried out a reform of the management of state peasants. AT Sixth Division concentrated Caucasian affairs. In general, S.E.I.V. The office actually stood above the entire administrative apparatus, and the rights of its branches did not differ from the rights of the ministries.
Under Alexander I, on the initiative of Speransky, an attempt was also made to reform the process of promotion of state officials through the ranks. Until 1909, this promotion to the rank of state councilor (grade 5 - the lowest general rank) was carried out according to the principle seniority. An official who served the required number of years received the next rank, regardless of the place he occupied, and on his real merits. Everyone moved up: both negligent and ignorant. There was no incentive to try especially hard to fulfill one's duty, for the one who had entered the service earlier, though not so capable and dishonest, was beyond the reach of those who followed him.
By decree of 1909, for civil ranks, educational qualification. Starting with a collegiate assessor (8th grade - the lowest staff officer rank), it was necessary to have a higher university education or pass the appropriate exam. For the production of state councilors, another 10 years of service was required, including 2 years in responsible positions.
The exam assumed “grammatical knowledge of the Russian language and the correct composition in it”, “knowledge of at least one foreign language and the convenience of translating from it into Russian”, “thorough knowledge of the rights of natural Roman and private civil rights with the latter attached to Russian legislation”, “information in state economy and criminal laws", "a thorough knowledge of national history", universal history with geography and chronology, "the initial foundations of statistics" and "knowledge of at least the initial foundations of mathematics and general information about the main parts of physics". All this knowledge was supposed to contribute not only to the improvement of the mental and business qualities of officials, but also to morality. And although this law, hated by the inert mass of bureaucrats, was repealed in 1834, it played a role in developing the criteria that a responsible statesman invested with power and filled with a sense of duty had to meet. According to the authoritative opinion of contemporaries, he contributed to raising the cultural level of officials.
At the end of the lesson, the teacher answers questions on the lecture material and announces a task for self-study:
1. Study on your own the following questions: His Imperial Majesty's own chancellery in the system of government bodies of the Russian Empire. Peasant question in the reign of Nicholas I.
2. Finalize the abstract.
3. Repeat material.
Developed
Deputy Head of Department
PhD in Law
major of the internal service T.V. Zhukov
Department Lecturer
Candidate of Historical Sciences A.A. Smirnova
"______" _______________ 2012
|
RUSSIAN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS MINISTRY |
|
SAINT PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY |
|
FIRE SERVICE |
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery(abbreviated Own E.I.V. office) - the personal office of the Russian emperors, eventually modified into one of the central authorities. Was created at Peter I, reformed at Catherine II, abolished Alexander I when creating ministries; however, in 1812 it was re-established to work with cases that required the personal participation of the sovereign. Functions of the Own E. I. V. Office of the Emperor Nicholas I were greatly expanded. She lasted until collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917. From 1826 to 1881, the Private Chancellery was divided into several independent departments, the value of each was equal to the ministerial one.
Imperial Cabinet
Office of Alexander I
Office of Nicholas I and Alexander II
New development Own office received in the reign Nicholas I, when special tasks were assigned to it, for which six departments of the office were gradually formed, which had an independent position, and in their significance equal to the ministries. In 1826, the former Private Office received the name first branch Own E. I. V. office; in the same year, the second and third departments of the Own Chancellery were established, in 1828 - the fourth, in 1836 - the fifth and in 1842 - the sixth (the last two departments are temporary).
Four departments of the Own Chancellery existed until the early 1880s, when all departments, except for the first, were transferred to the respective ministries.
First branch
Second branch
Third branch
Fourth branch
The sixth branch was established in 1842 temporarily. Engaged in organizing a peaceful life in the Transcaucasian region.
Office of Alexander III and Nicholas II
The first branch in 1882 again received the name Own H.I.V. office, which served as the personal office of the emperor. She was in charge of:
- execution of orders and instructions received from the sovereign,
- production in some cases of the highest decrees, rescripts, orders, letters;
- presentation to the sovereign of papers received by the office in the name of the highest name on some of the highest state institutions, as well as reports from the heads of the provinces;
- declaration (in certain cases) of the monarch's will according to the aforesaid ideas;
- consideration of statements about unfulfilled royal decrees and orders;
- consideration and submission at the discretion of the emperor of petitions from charitable institutions that were not directly under the jurisdiction of ministries or main departments (primarily those under the patronage of the highest persons);
- initial consideration and further direction of issues related to general, predominantly formal conditions of civil service, as well as awards;
- other issues related to the internal work of the Own Office.
In 1892, a committee was established at the Private Office to consider submissions for awards (since 1894 - a committee on the service of civil servants and awards). The proceedings on cases submitted to this committee were entrusted to the inspection department of the Own Office, restored in 1894.
At the end of the 19th century, E. I. V.’s own office was under the command of the Secretary of State, who was in charge of it. This position was held K. K. Rennenkampf(1889-96) and A. S. Taneev(since 1896).
Sources
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 tons (82 tons and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
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An excerpt characterizing His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery
"Hurrah ah ah!" a drawn-out cry resounded along our line and, overtaking Prince Bagration and each other, our people ran in a discordant, but cheerful and lively crowd downhill after the upset French.The attack of the 6th Chasseurs ensured the retreat of the right flank. In the center, the action of Tushin's forgotten battery, which managed to light the Shengraben, stopped the movement of the French. The French extinguished the fire carried by the wind and gave time to retreat. The retreat of the center through the ravine was carried out hastily and noisily; however, the troops, retreating, were not confused by teams. But the left flank, which was simultaneously attacked and bypassed by the excellent forces of the French under the command of Lann and which consisted of the Azov and Podolsky infantry and Pavlograd hussar regiments, was upset. Bagration sent Zherkov to the general of the left flank with orders to retreat immediately.
Zherkov briskly, without taking his hand off his cap, touched the horse and galloped off. But as soon as he drove away from Bagration, his forces betrayed him. An insurmountable fear came over him, and he could not go where it was dangerous.
Having approached the troops of the left flank, he did not go forward, where there was shooting, but began to look for the general and commanders where they could not be, and therefore did not give orders.
The command of the left flank belonged in seniority to the regimental commander of the very regiment that presented itself under Braunau Kutuzov and in which Dolokhov served as a soldier. The command of the extreme left flank was assigned to the commander of the Pavlograd regiment, where Rostov served, as a result of which there was a misunderstanding. Both commanders were greatly irritated against each other, and at the same time that the right flank had long been going on and the French had already launched an offensive, both commanders were busy with negotiations that aimed to offend each other. The regiments, both cavalry and infantry, were very little prepared for the upcoming business. The people of the regiments, from a soldier to a general, did not expect a battle and calmly engaged in peaceful affairs: feeding the horses in the cavalry, collecting firewood in the infantry.
“He is, however, older than me in rank,” said the German, a hussar colonel, blushing and turning to the adjutant who drove up, “then leave him to do as he wants. I cannot sacrifice my hussars. Trumpeter! Play Retreat!
But things were getting rushed. Cannonade and shooting, merging, thundered from the right and in the center, and the French hoods of Lannes' shooters were already passing the mill dam and lined up on this side in two rifle shots. The infantry colonel with a shuddering gait approached the horse and, mounting it and becoming very straight and tall, rode to the Pavlograd commander. The regimental commanders arrived with courteous bows and hidden malice in their hearts.
“Again, colonel,” said the general, “however, I cannot leave half the people in the forest. I beg you, I beg you,” he repeated, “take position and prepare for the attack.
“And I ask you not to interfere with your own business,” the colonel answered, getting excited. - If you were a cavalryman ...
- I'm not a cavalryman, Colonel, but I'm a Russian general, and if you don't know...
“Very well known, Your Excellency,” the colonel suddenly cried out, touching the horse, and turning red-purple. - Would you like to join the chains, and you will see that this position is worthless. I don't want to destroy my regiment for your pleasure.
“You are forgetting, Colonel. I do not observe my pleasure and I will not allow it to be said.
The general, accepting the colonel's invitation to the tournament of courage, straightening his chest and frowning, rode with him in the direction of the chain, as if all their disagreement was to be decided there, in the chain, under the bullets. They arrived at the chain, several bullets flew over them, and they silently stopped. There was nothing to see in the chain, since even from the place where they had previously stood, it was clear that it was impossible for the cavalry to operate through the bushes and ravines, and that the French were bypassing the left wing. The general and the colonel looked sternly and significantly as the two roosters, preparing for battle, looked at each other, waiting in vain for signs of cowardice. Both passed the test. Since there was nothing to say, and neither one nor the other wanted to give a reason to the other to say that he was the first to get out from under the bullets, they would have stood there for a long time, mutually experiencing courage, if at that time in the forest, almost behind them, the rattle of guns and a muffled, merging cry were heard. The French attacked the soldiers who were in the forest with firewood. The hussars could no longer retreat with the infantry. They were cut off from the retreat to the left by a French line. Now, however inconvenient the terrain was, it was necessary to attack in order to make their way.
The squadron, where Rostov served, who had just managed to get on his horses, was stopped facing the enemy. Again, as on the Ensky bridge, there was no one between the squadron and the enemy, and between them, separating them, lay the same terrible line of uncertainty and fear, as it were, a line separating the living from the dead. All people felt this line, and the question of whether or not they would cross the line and how they would cross the line worried them.
A colonel rode up to the front, angrily answered something to the questions of the officers, and, like a man desperately insisting on his own, gave some kind of order. No one said anything definitive, but rumors of an attack swept through the squadron. There was a command to build, then sabers screeched out of their scabbards. But still no one moved. The troops of the left flank, both the infantry and the hussars, felt that the authorities themselves did not know what to do, and the indecision of the commanders was communicated to the troops.
“Hurry, hurry,” thought Rostov, feeling that at last the time had come to taste the pleasure of the attack, about which he had heard so much from his comrades hussars.
- With God, g "fuck," Denisov's voice sounded, - g "ysyo, magician" sh!
In the front row, the croups of horses swayed. Grachik pulled the reins and set off on his own.
On the right, Rostov saw the first ranks of his hussars, and even further ahead he could see a dark stripe, which he could not see, but considered the enemy. Shots were heard, but in the distance.
- Add lynx! - a command was heard, and Rostov felt how he was giving in backwards, interrupting his Grachik at a gallop.
He guessed his movements ahead, and he became more and more cheerful. He noticed a lone tree ahead. This tree was at first in front, in the middle of that line that seemed so terrible. And so they crossed this line, and not only was there nothing terrible, but it became more and more cheerful and lively. "Oh, how I will cut him," thought Rostov, clutching the hilt of the saber in his hand.
– Oh oh oh ah ah!! - voices boomed. "Well, now whoever gets caught," thought Rostov, pressing Grachik's spurs, and, overtaking the others, let him go all over the quarry. The enemy was already visible ahead. Suddenly, like a wide broom, something lashed the squadron. Rostov raised his saber, preparing to cut, but at that time the soldier Nikitenko, galloping ahead, separated from him, and Rostov felt, as in a dream, that he continued to rush forward with unnatural speed and at the same time remained in place. Behind him, the familiar hussar Bandarchuk galloped up at him and looked angrily. Bandarchuk's horse shied away, and he galloped past.
"What is this? am I not moving? “I fell, I was killed ...” Rostov asked and answered in an instant. He was already alone in the middle of the field. Instead of moving horses and hussar backs, he saw around him motionless earth and stubble. Warm blood was under him. "No, I am wounded and the horse is killed." Rook got up on his front legs, but fell, crushing his rider's leg. Blood was flowing from the horse's head. The horse struggled and could not get up. Rostov wanted to get up and fell too: the cart caught on the saddle. Where were ours, where were the French - he did not know. Nobody was around.
He freed his leg and stood up. “Where, on what side was now that line that so sharply separated the two troops?” he asked himself and could not answer. “Has something bad happened to me? Are there such cases, and what should be done in such cases? he asked himself, getting up; and at that time he felt that something superfluous was hanging on his left numb hand. Her brush was like someone else's. He looked at his hand, searching in vain for blood. “Well, here are the people,” he thought happily, seeing several people running towards him. “They will help me!” Ahead of these people ran alone in a strange shako and in a blue overcoat, black, tanned, with a hooked nose. Two more and many more fled behind. One of them said something strange, non-Russian. Between the rear of the same people, in the same shakos, stood one Russian hussar. He was held by the hands; his horse was kept behind him.
HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY'S OWN OFFICE, the highest state institution in Russia XIX - present. 20th century It was under the direct control of the emperor. In the end of the XVIII century. took shape as the personal office of Paul I. It acquired national functions from 1812.
I department(1812-1917) was in charge of the preparation of imperial decrees, the reporting of ministers and the affairs of supervising the service of officials. Small in number, but consisting of especially experienced and trusted officials, it provided its employees with the most favorable conditions for a career and proximity to the court. The chief executives of the 1st department were: gr. A. A. Arakcheev (1812-1825), N. N. Muravyov (1825-1832), A. S. Taneev (1832-1865), S. A. Taneev (1865-1889), K. K. von Rennenkampf (1889-1896), A. S. Taneev (1896-1917).
II department(1826-1882) was engaged in the codification of laws, including the publication of the Complete Collection of Laws and the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. The service in this department, which was considered the highest school for officials, consisted of the most professional and erudite lawyers. The chief managers of the II department were: M. M. Speransky (1826-1839), D. V. Dashkov (1839). gr. D. N. Bludov (1839-1861), bar. M. A. Korf (1861-1864). gr. V. N. Panin (1864-1867), book. S. N. Urusov (1867-1881), F. M. Markus (1881-1882).
III department(1826-1880) managed the political investigation and investigation in the empire. In addition to political investigation, he was in charge of oversight of schismatics and sectarians, of foreigners living in Russia, the fight against corruption in the state apparatus and economic abuses, the collection of information about all incidents in the empire, supervision of peasant affairs (until 1861), as well as theater censorship (until 1865). The III branch exercised control over literature (especially the periodical press), performing censorship functions in special cases. While rooting out free-thinking, it attracted both paid and unpaid voluntary agents and collected through them information about the harmful trend of minds. Section III received a legal copy of all periodicals published in Russia. The staff of the department itself was relatively small, but it was in charge of the Separate Corps of Gendarmes. The chief head of the III department was at the same time the chief of the gendarmes. The chiefs were: A. H. Benckendorff (1826-1844), c. A. F. Orlov (1844-1856), book. V. A. Dolgorukov (1856-1866), gr. P. A. Shuvalov (1866-1874), A. L. Potapov (1874-1876), N. V. Mezentsov (1876-1878), A. R. Drenteln (1878-1880).
In 1880, Section III was abolished, and its functions were transferred to the Police Department of the Ministry of the Interior, under whose jurisdiction the Separate Corps of Gendarmes was also transferred. From 1867, provincial gendarmerie administrations were created throughout the empire (except for the outskirts) instead of the district system, and from 1866 in St. Petersburg and from 1880 in Moscow and Warsaw - security departments.
