G.I. Larionova,
applicant,
Department of Social Pedagogy,
Omsk State Pedagogical University
Nyagan, Russia,

G.I. Larionova,
the applicant,
Department of Social Pedagogy,
Omsk State Pedagogical University
Nyagan, Russia,
Email: [email protected]

The problem of social integration of the individual is one of the main ones in sociology, which studies the mechanisms established and operating in society for the transfer of social experience from generation to generation. In the article, based on the analysis of existing concepts and theories of foreign and domestic scientists, the concept of "social integration" is defined, which can be considered, on the one hand, as a process of active inclusion of an individual in the social life of society, and on the other hand, as a process of active assimilation by an individual of social norms and values.

The continuing state of economic, political and social instability in society necessitates the search for effective measures aimed at increasing the level of social integration of the individual.

Society as a social system is characterized by the organic interaction of various communities, groups and strata. One such group is the youth. Philosophical analysis of emerging integration preferences reveals many problems of social integration of young people in modern conditions.

Keywords: socialization, social integration, society, social problems, social behavior, social experience

Social integration: the concept, the essence, the direction

The problem of social integration of the personality is a major in sociology that studies the mechanisms established and the transfer of social experience of operating in a society from generation to generation. The article based on the analysis of the existing concepts and foreign and domestic scientists theories defined the concept of "social integration", which can be seen on the one hand, as a process of active involvement of the individual in social life, and on the other hand - as a process of active assimilation of individual social norms and values.

The continuing state of economic, political and social instability in society is the need to find effective measures aimed at improving the social integration of the individual.

Society as a social system characterized by organic interfaces between different communities, groups and layers. One such group is the youth. Philosophical analysis of evolving preferences of integration brings many problems of social integration of youth in modern conditions.

keywords: socialization, social integration, society, social issues, social behavior, social experience

Social integration of personality: concept, essence, directions

The problem of social integration of the individual is one of the main ones in sociology, which studies the mechanisms established and operating in society for the transfer of social experience from generation to generation. According to the views of T. Parsons, social integration is an organic part of socialization. In sociology, many theories have been developed that reflect various scientific directions for explaining this phenomenon of social reality.

The concept of "integration" came to the social sciences from the natural - physics, biology and others, where it is understood as the state of connectedness of individual differentiated parts into a whole and the process leading to such a state.

In psychology, the concept of integration was introduced by Carl Gustav Jung. By integration, he understood: a) awareness of the conflict between fragments of consciousness; b) acceptance of the conflicting parties as equal in importance. The meaning of integration lies in the fact that the area of ​​consciousness that was repressed, suppressed by the personality, was no longer rejected. That is, integration means the acceptance and awareness of the material of psychic reality that was expelled from the sphere of the Ego into the unconscious with the help of protective mechanisms (suppression, repression).

In modern sociological literature, the concept of social integration, as noted by Z. T. Golenkova, E. D. Ikhitkhanyan, is given insufficient attention, and there is no clear definition of the conceptual apparatus. Most often, social integration is understood as (from Latin integratio - connection, restoration) the state and process of unification into a single whole, the coexistence of previously disparate parts and elements of the system together, based on their interdependence and complementarity, including as a process of harmonizing relations between various social groups.

In foreign sociology, scientists O. Comte, G. Spencer and E. Durkheim for the first time clearly defined the foundations of the functional approach to the concept of social integration. According to O. Comte, cooperation based on the division of labor performs the function of maintaining social harmony and establishing "general consent" (consensus) in society. G. Spencer singled out two sides of any development process: differentiation (structural and functional) and integration, which ensures the consistency of more and more specialized institutions. E. Durkheim, defining society as an integrated whole, consisting of interdependent parts, singled out two types of societies: with mechanical (archaic society) and organic (industrial society) solidarity. Organic solidarity is a consensus, that is, the cohesion of the team, is born as a result of differentiation or is explained by it. Solidarity was considered by Durkheim as a condition for the survival and stability of society, and he considered the main function of social institutions to be integrative. The division of labor in modern societies lays the foundation for a new type of social integration.

T. Parsons argued that the process of formation and maintenance of social interactions and relationships between actors (agents) is one of the functional conditions for the existence of a social system. For T. Parsons, integration is a fundamental property or functional imperative of a social system (social society), it ensures the solidarity of members of society and the necessary level of their loyalty towards each other and towards the system as a whole. Social society, being the core of society, provides "different orders and levels of internal integration." "The social order requires a clear and definite integration in the sense of a coherent normative order on the one hand, and social 'harmony' and 'coordination' on the other." Also, according to the views of T. Parsons, the central point of the process of social integration as an organic part of socialization is the internalization of the culture of the society where the individual was born, who “absorbs” common values ​​(axiological patterns) in the process of communicating with “significant others” or adopts them. from "other". As a result, adherence to generally valid normative standards becomes part of the motivational structure of the individual, his need.

Professor of Michin University I. Kh. Cooley considered the concept of "social integration" through the initial unity of social consciousness and the unity of the individual and society. And, as the scientist noted, “the unity of social consciousness” does not consist in similarity, but in the organization, mutual influence and causal connection of its parts.

The most viable kind of social integration, as noted by Z. T. Golenkova and E. D. Ikhitkhanyan, consists of the unity of diversity, the formation of integrity based on the coincidence of the goals and interests of various social groups, and concepts close to it are consent, social cohesion, solidarity, partnership . An individual in society is valuable not so much in itself, but depending on which social whole he belongs to, which professional group, organization, etc. The individual is considered as an element of the whole, his value is determined by his contribution to the whole.

But, as E. Durkheim points out, in modern society it is difficult to resolve the issue of the integrity of any phenomenon. Everything is determined by a specific social situation, the behavior of others, a specific type of activity.

The British sociologist E. Giddens interpreted the concept of "integration" not as a synonym for cohesion or consensus, but as a process of interaction. The scientist distinguishes between the concepts of "system integration" and "social integration". Social integration is the interaction between actors of action. It is defined as a system on a personal level, which implies the spatial and temporal co-presence of interaction agents. System integration is the interaction of groups and collectives, which forms the basis of the systemic nature of society as a whole.

Domestic scientist N. N. Fedotova believes that any definitions of social integration are not universal, since they take into account very few of the elements that function in society. The scientist considers social integration as a set of processes due to which heterogeneous interacting elements cohesion into a social community, whole, system, as a form of maintaining a certain stability and balance of social relations by social groups. At the same time, the two most important approaches are the interpretation of integration based on common values ​​(T. Parsons) and on the basis of interdependence in a situation of division of labor (E. Durkheim).

An interesting concept of social integration is presented in the studies of Russian sociologists B. G. Zhogin, T. F. Maslova, V. K. Shapovalova. According to this concept, social integration acts as a measure of the coincidence of goals, interests of various social groups, individuals. From the point of view of D. V. Zaitsev, the consideration by scientists of the unity of goals, values, views and beliefs of individuals as one of the main grounds for their integration into society is not sufficiently legitimate, since there is an association of individuals with different habitus. Considering that each person has his own system of views, values, preferences, and the process of integration into society involves, first of all, the organization of joint activities based on interpersonal interaction, mutual adaptation, and it is necessary, the author believes, to be considered as a defining feature of social integration.

Thus, the space of social integration contributes to the development of a person’s communicative culture, provides an opportunity for conscious and unconscious learning of the necessary, adequate and productive practices of social interaction, through previously mastered social roles, and forms in an individual social behavior expected by society and conditioned by social status, that is, social status. a position associated with certain rights and obligations and cultural norms. In general, social integration comes down, firstly, to the unification of people based on the existence of common values ​​and interdependence, and secondly, to the emergence of interpersonal relationships, interaction practices, mutual adaptation between social groups and integrated individuals. At the same time, the level of social integration, from the point of view of E. Durkheim, is determined by the degree of the individual's sense of belonging to a social group or collective based on shared norms, values, and beliefs.

Analyzing and summarizing the views of researchers directly related to the problems of integration, we come to the conclusion that there are many theories that can basically be reduced to two approaches: societies (E. Giddens, O. Comte, T. Parsons, P. Sorokin and others); b) theories about the emergence and development of relationships between the individual and society - the assimilation of the value-normative system of society (E. Durkheim, I. K. Cooley, J. Habermas, etc.). However, there is no integral and unified theory that would explain what grounds are universal for the integration of both the individual and society as a whole. The concept of "social integration" can be considered, on the one hand, as a process of active inclusion of an individual in the social life of society, and on the other hand, as a process of active assimilation by an individual of social norms and values.

In the 20th century, in the domestic and foreign socio-philosophical and sociological literature, certain directions were outlined in the study of the problems of social integration. One of the first directions in the development of problems of social integration is connected with the analysis of trends and patterns of change in the social structure of society. In Soviet philosophical science, these works were begun in the 1920s, during the formation of Soviet society, and are associated with the names of A.A. Bogdanov and N.I. Bukharin.

In the early 90s of the last century, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, a large number of publications appeared in Russian literature on the problems of social integration and sociocultural identification of the individual in a transforming society. Russian scientists carried out the analysis and testing of well-known foreign theories and methods in new socio-cultural conditions. The works of such researchers as Z.T. Golenkova, G.G. Diligensky, I.M. Drobizheva, T.I. Zaslavskaya, I.G. Ionin, P.M. Kozyreva, Yu.A. Levada, V.A. Yadov and others.

Of particular interest to us is the concept of the domestic psychologist G.M. Andreeva. It is based on the approaches of foreign researchers E. Durkheim, T. Parsons, C. Cooley and others. Andreeva distinguishes two forms of socialization: socialization as adaptation to certain social conditions and socialization as integration into a certain environment, the latter involves active entry into society. Also G.M. Andreeva defines the differences between the upbringing and socialization of the individual, emphasizing that upbringing is a purposeful process, and socialization is a spontaneous process, whether we want it or not, the phenomena of reality in the political, social, cultural sphere do not leave us indifferent, we cannot "fence ourselves off" from them; education is a discrete process, i.e. discontinuous, socialization is a continuous process and is carried out until the end of a person’s life; education is carried out here and now by specific subjects of education, and socialization is carried out throughout life, starting from birth and continuing throughout life. The processes of upbringing and socialization proceed in parallel and at the same time independently of each other, they are aimed at the formation of the personality, the acquisition by a person of his place in life, the path of social and professional self-determination. The purpose of education is the development of a personality ready for socialization in the form of integration.

The continuing state of economic, political and social instability in society makes it necessary to find effective measures aimed at increasing the level of social integration. Understanding integration in the most general sense as the unification of system elements into a single whole, social philosophy considers it as the most important element of the stabilization and development mechanism, one of the conditions for social reproduction.

Society as a social system is characterized by the organic interaction of various communities, groups and strata. One of these groups is young people who play a certain role in social reproduction. Integrating into the social structure, young people carry out not only simple reproduction, but also expanded, thanks to their innovative potential. Expanded reproduction as the most important condition for social development can be successfully carried out in an integrated society. Consequently, the integrity and stability of society largely depends on how actively and freely young people are included in social structures, and on the degree of their solidarity with them.

A philosophical analysis of the emerging integration preferences of young people shows that the personal self-identification of young people is characterized by such qualities as instability, lack of final formation, higher reactivity in relation to changes in the sociocultural environment compared to older age groups. But at the same time, it is young people who have a whole set of social resources that contribute to a higher adaptability of this social group in the context of transformations: young age, education, social activity, willingness to take risks, etc. It is the youth, having such a socio-cultural potential, that can act as a conductor of social innovations necessary to stabilize social development.

The problems of social integration of youth were of interest to such Russian sociologists as S. Grigoriev, I.M. Ilyinsky, L.V. Koklyagina, T.I. Kukhtevich, V.T. Lisovsky, L.Ya. Rubina, V.V. Semenovich, V.I. Chuprov, V.N. Shubin and many others, but there are not enough studies presenting the social aspect of the integration and self-identification of the younger generation.

Thus, at present there is a need to study the problems of social integration of young people in the context of social changes in modern society. The problem lies in the contradiction that arises between the objectively inherent desire of young people to take appropriate positions in the social structure, to acquire a certain social status, and the obstacles to its effective integration into society, which are formed in conditions of social instability and economic crisis.

Despite the controversy of the final conclusions about overcoming class differences and achieving social homogeneity, Soviet and Russian scientists made a significant contribution to the development of the theory and practice of social integration of the individual, revealed in their research, within the framework of various approaches, individual, specific aspects of the social integration of young people. However, it should be noted that the issues of social integration of the individual are currently insufficiently developed in connection with the changed socio-cultural situation in Russia.

Bibliography

1. Andreeva G.M. Social psychology.- M.: Nauka, 2004.
2. Golenkova Z.T., Igitkhanyan E.D. Processes of integration and disintegration in the social structure of Russian society. Sotsiologicheskie issledovanija. 1999. No. 9.
3. Durkheim E.O. On the division of social labor: the method of sociology. M., 2000.
4. Zaitsev D.V. Socio-educational integration of atypical children: social conclusions and prospects // Russian society and sociology in the XXI century: social conclusions and alternatives: V3 vol. M.: MGU, 2003. V.2.
5. Cooley Ch. X. Public organization. Deep Mind Exploration. // Texts on the history of sociology of the XIX-XX centuries. Reader. - M .: Nauka, 1994.
6. Parsons T. Action Coordinate System and General Systems Theory: Culture, Personality and the Place of Social Systems // American Sociological Thought. M., 1996.
7. Tabylginova L.A. Scientific notes of ZabGGPU // Basic scientific approaches to the concept of "social integration". Gorno-Altaisk, 2011.
8. Jung K.G. On the Formation of Personality // Jung Carl Gustav. Psyche: structure and dynamics / Per. A.A. Spector; scientific ed. per. M.V. Marischuk. M.: AST: Mn.: Harvest, 2005.

Social interest (from Latin socialis - public and interest - important) is the interest of any social subject (individual, social group, class, nation) associated with its position in a certain system of social relations.

These are conscious needs, the real causes of actions, events, accomplishments, behind the immediate internal motives (motives, thoughts, ideas, etc.) of individuals, social groups, classes participating in these actions. According to A. Adler's definition, social interest is an element of the motivational-requirement sphere, it acts as the basis for integration into society and the elimination of feelings of inferiority. It is characterized by a willingness to be imperfect, to contribute to the general welfare, to show trust, care, compassion, a willingness to make responsible choices, to be creative, close, collaborative and inclusive.

Of paramount importance are class interests, which are determined by the position of classes in the system of production relations. However, any social interests, incl. and class, are not limited to the sphere of production relations. They cover the entire system of social relations and are associated with various aspects of the position of their subject. A generalized expression of all the interests of a social subject is his political interest, which expresses the attitude of this subject to political power in society. A social group seeking to realize

interests may come into conflict with other groups. Therefore, often private interest takes the form of public or even universal. Then it takes the form of a legitimate, legitimate interest and is not subject to discussion. Any social transformation of society is accompanied by a sharp change in the balance of interests. The conflict of class, national, state interests underlies social revolutions, wars and other upheavals in world history.

Socio-economic interests - a system of socio-economic needs of the subject (individual, team, social group, society, state). Interest expresses the integrity of the system of socio-economic needs and in this capacity is a stimulus for the activity of the subject, determining his behavior. Awareness of one's own socio-economic interests by the subject is a historical process. Thus, the awareness of commodity producers of their interests leads to their implementation and, accordingly, is the basis of the mechanism of a market economy. The realization of socio-economic interests by the working class contributes to the creation of a system of social guarantees for the entire society.

In society, there is a complex dialectic of interaction between private, collective and common interests. Thus, private socio-economic interests, being an incentive to the action of individuals, thereby ensure the realization of the general interest.

The interdependence and interdependence of interests is even more evident in the dialectic of collective and common interests, the interests of social groups and the national interest. However, in such a complex social organism as society as a whole, by no means always and not in everything the collective, and even more so, private interest coincides with the general interest. The state, in the interests of all social groups and strata, as well as individuals, regulates and controls both private and group (collective) interests, forming and protecting state interests.

The purpose of any legal norm comes from the social interest. In this sense, it is the main component of the state will. Social interest belongs to the fundamental categories of sociology. It can be represented as a concept that characterizes the objectively significant, necessary for the individual, family, team, class, nation, society as a whole. Interest and need are not the same. Objective socio-economic needs act as incentives for people's volitional activity, but they determine it only when they manifest themselves in social interests.

Society is characterized by a meaningful nature of all the actions of its members. Interest is what binds members of civil society together. Social interests determine the goals of people's activities. As a result, certain relations are established, a certain social system, political and legal organization of society, culture, morality, etc., which ultimately correspond to the economic conditions of society. Consequently, social interest is the starting point for the purposeful activity of people and the determinant of its social significance. This property of the category of interest determines its role in the formation of law as the main criterion for identifying the objective basis of the content of law, its social essence.

Social interest, being conscious and enshrined in the rules of law, predetermines the operation of law. The ratio between social interests as an objective reality and interest in law is explained by the ratio of objective and subjective in the interest itself. There are three points of view on this issue in the legal literature. Some authors consider interest to be an objective phenomenon; others - subjective; the third - the unity of the objective and the subjective. Depending on the bases of classification, economic, political, spiritual, class, national, group, personal interests are distinguished. In its turn

Each sphere of the life of society has its own subgroups of the most important social interests.

More on the topic 1. Social interests of social groups as the real reasons for their actions:

1. | Reason and purpose in law (to solve the problem of studying law as a real phenomenon, it is necessary to investigate not only the chain, but also the reason in law]

Paragraph 6 deviant behavior

Questions to the text of the paragraph:

1) What are the causes of deviant behavior?

2) What is the social danger of crime?

3) Why is organized crime a particular danger to the individual, society, state?

4) What is social control?

5) What is the meaning of self-control?

1) What new does the source give you compared to the educational text?

2) What do the words “going into the shadows” mean in the text of the document? How do you understand the words in quotation marks: “roofs”, “racket”, “roll forward”, “rollback”? Why does the author use them in sociological research?

3) Why do you think the market reforms in Russia were accompanied by the criminalization of society?

4) What information in this source confirms the particular danger of organized crime for society and the state?

5) What measures do you consider as a priority for combating organized crime?

Paragraph 7 Social interests

Questions to the text of the paragraph:

1) Expand the content of the concept of "social interest".

2) Name the main forms of social interactions.

3) List the features that characterize social cooperation.

4) Describe rivalry as a form of social interaction.

5) What is the common cause of social conflicts?

6) What are the main stages of social conflict?

7) What are the consequences of social conflicts?

8) Name the main conflict resolution methods and illustrate each of them with an appropriate example.

Questions and tasks to the source:

2) Based on the text of the paragraph and the document, formulate the basic principles of compromise conflict resolution.

3) Explain the meaning of the last phrase of the text and give examples to support your judgment.

Deviant behavior and social control

People's behavior does not always correspond to social norms. You probably remember that behavior that is not consistent with the norms, does not correspond to what society expects from a person, is called deviant behavior. Sociologists also give another definition: deviant behavior is a form of disorganization of the behavior of an individual in a group or category of persons in society, which reveals a discrepancy between established expectations, moral and legal requirements of society. The problem of deviant behavior is also studied by psychologists, devoting a significant place to the study of its motives. The attention of lawyers is directed to the study of one of the most dangerous manifestations of deviant behavior - crime. In this section, we will consider the problem mainly from the standpoint of sociology, which also studies the mechanism social control , which provides a targeted impact on people's behavior in order to strengthen order and stability, including the mitigation of deviations from accepted norms that arise in society.

DEFECTIVE BEHAVIOR

Negative deviations from social norms at the individual level are manifested primarily in crimes and other offenses, in immoral acts. At the level of small social groups, these deviations are manifested in deformations, violations of the normal relationships between people (strife, scandals, etc.). In the activities of state and public organizations, such deviations are manifested in bureaucracy, red tape, corruption and other phenomena.

Deviations from the norms can also be positive, i.e. have consequences that are useful for society (for example, initiatives, innovative proposals aimed at improving social relations). There are also purely individual, not harmful features of the behavior of an individual: eccentricity, eccentricity.

The manifestations of negative deviant behavior are varied. Their common feature is harm, damage to society, a social group, other people, as well as a person who allows negative deviations.

Especially dangerous are social deviations as a mass phenomenon. Drug addiction, religious fanaticism, racial intolerance, terrorism - these and other similar negative processes in the development of society bring incalculable damage to humanity.

What are the causes of deviant behavior? Researchers have different points of view on this issue.

At the end of the XIX century. was put forward biological explanation reasons for deviations: the presence in some people of an innate predisposition to violations of social norms, which is associated with the physical characteristics of the individual, criminal temperament, etc. These theories were subsequently subjected to convincing criticism.

Other scholars have searched psychological explanation reasons for deviations. They came to the conclusion that the value-normative representations of the individual play an important role: understanding the world around, attitude to social norms, and most importantly, the general orientation of the interests of the individual (remember what the orientation of the individual is and what significance it has). The researchers came to the conclusion that the basis of behavior that violates established norms is a different system of values ​​and rules than that enshrined in law. For example, a psychological study of such motives for unlawful acts as cruelty, greed and deceit showed that these qualities are most pronounced among criminals, and their permissibility or necessity is justified by them (“It is always better to show your strength”, “Beat your own so that strangers are afraid! ”, “Take everything you can from life!”).

Scientists have come to the conclusion that these deformations of the personality are the result of its abnormal development. For example, cruelty can be the result of a cold, indifferent attitude towards the child on the part of parents, and often the cruelty of adults.

Studies have shown that low self-esteem, self-humiliation in adolescence is compensated in the future by deviant behavior, with the help of which it is possible to draw attention to oneself, gain approval from those who evaluate violation of norms as a sign of a “strong” personality.

Widely recognized sociological explanation reasons for deviations from social norms. The well-known sociologist E. Durkheim showed the dependence of deviant behavior on crisis phenomena in social development. During crises, radical social changes, in conditions of disorganization of social life (unexpected economic ups and downs, business decline, inflation), a person's life experience ceases to correspond to the ideals embodied in social norms. Social norms break down, people become disoriented, and this contributes to the emergence of deviant behavior.

Some scholars have linked deviant behavior to conflict between the dominant culture and the culture of a group (subculture) that denies generally accepted norms . In this case, criminal behavior, for example, may be the result of an individual's predominant communication with carriers of criminal norms. The criminal environment creates its own subculture, its own norms that oppose the norms recognized in society. The frequency of contacts with representatives of the criminal community affects the assimilation by a person (especially young people) of the norms of antisocial behavior.

There are other explanations for deviant behavior. Think about these points of view and try to explain for yourself the reasons for the deviation of behavior from social norms.

In relation to persons who allow a negative deviation from the norms, society applies social sanctions, i.e. punishment for unapproved, unwanted actions. Weak forms of deviant behavior (oversight, deceit, rudeness, negligence, etc.) are corrected by other people - participants in the interaction (remark, suggestion, irony, censure, etc.). More significant forms of social deviations (offences, etc.), depending on their consequences, entail condemnation and punishment, coming not only from the public, but also from state bodies.

Of the many manifestations of deviant behavior, let's take a closer look at one of the most dangerous - crime.

CRIME

Crime is a manifestation of deviant behavior that causes the greatest damage to society. The word "crime" is derived from the word "crime", which in Russian has always meant "an act contrary to the law, lawlessness, crime". Recall that from a legal point of view, a crime is a guilty socially dangerous act, prohibited by the Criminal Code under the threat of punishment. The totality of crimes committed in a given society and in a given period of time is denoted by the concept of "crime". Crime is not just the sum of crimes, but a mass phenomenon that has the laws of its existence and development, causes, conditions that contribute to it. This phenomenon is social, as it is rooted in the depths of social relations, reflects the characteristics of social life, acts as an extreme expression of the contradictions and shortcomings in the development of society. It causes grave consequences for society and its members, like none of the other negative phenomena of social development. Feature of crime: the presence of a certain contingent of persons - criminals for whom criminal activity has become professional.

The types of crimes provided for by the criminal codes of different countries are very diverse. Two groups predominate, occurring in all countries: acquisitive crimes (theft, theft, fraud, bribes, etc.), violent aggressive crimes (murder, bodily injury, rape, etc.).

These types of crimes account for 75 to 90% of all intentional crimes. Increasingly widespread in the world are economic crimes that infringe on the interests of consumers, causing damage to the environment, local and international terrorism , including hostage-taking and the destruction of state property. There are manifestations of racial discrimination, torture, kidnappings and massacres.

Of particular danger is organized crime . In a broad sense, it refers to any group of persons organized on a permanent basis to extract funds in an illegal way. American criminologists (“criminal” is a word of Latin origin, meaning “criminal crime”) distinguish an organized group according to the following criteria:

1) these are two or more people who have united to commit crimes of material and mercenary orientation;

2) the group is built on the principle of hierarchy, it has certain norms of behavior;

3) an organized criminal structure, as a rule, has its own material and technical base, which includes funds, vehicles, communications and weapons;

4) the group has channels for money laundering;

5) the presence of corruption, i.e. communications with representatives of authorities and administrations who either act or are inactive in the interests of this group;

6) the division of spheres of influence between individual groups, either on a territorial or sectoral basis.

Organized crime is characterized by a particular danger to the individual, society, state.

Personal danger consists in the suppression of her rights and freedoms by acts of violence and other means. This is manifested in the destruction of small entrepreneurs who refuse to pay money to receive "protection" from criminals (racketeering); forcing women and teenagers into prostitution; extending influence and control, for example over trade unions; the possibility of complete suppression of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens through physical, moral and material terror.

Danger to society consists in intercepting the rights of ownership and disposal of the material values ​​of the whole society by organized criminal communities and corrupt groups of officials (especially in the areas of trade, extraction and distribution of strategic raw materials, precious metals, production and circulation of weapons); the ability to manipulate significant capital, infiltrate the realm of legitimate business, and bankrupt one's competitors through price controls; planting the ideology of the underworld, its romanticization, the cultivation of mafia and corrupt relations, violence, cruelty, aggressiveness, which creates the conditions for "social infection" with criminal customs and traditions.

The danger of organized crime for the state manifests itself in the creation at the regional level of parallel illegal power structures, illegal armed formations; preparation, financing and organization of direct anti-constitutional actions in the form of inciting ethnic hatred; organization of riots, conspiracies to seize power; encouraging such state crimes as banditry and smuggling; penetration into political parties and the state apparatus; corruption of politicians and public officials; a desire to weaken federal power in order to facilitate the control of organized crime over entire regions.

Sociologists and criminologists who study the causes of crime pay attention primarily to real life conditions, the contradictory development of the economy, the social sphere, and spiritual culture. In the 90s. 20th century in Russia and other CIS countries, the negative consequences of market reforms were manifested: the impoverishment of large sections of the population as a result of a deep economic crisis; the growth of nationalism, which in a number of cases led to armed confrontation; breaking the consciousness of people in the conditions of democratic transformations, the need to abandon the usual life attitudes; ignoring legislative norms by central and local authorities; complicating the work of law enforcement agencies, the low level of their technical equipment.

But in such difficult conditions, not everyone becomes a criminal. The personality of a person is also important. Criminologists identify the most characteristic features of a person who is psychologically ready to break the law:

• limited needs and interests;
• imbalance between their different types;
• a distorted idea of ​​"what is good and what is bad";
• recognition of the possibility of using antisocial ways to meet their needs and interests;
• lack of a sense of social responsibility, the habit of uncritical assessment of one's behavior.

As for recidivist criminals (that is, those who commit repeated crimes), experts in this category of persons note the following features: a negative attitude towards basic social norms; deeply ingrained negative perceptions of social attitudes and values; negative traits of personal experience; increased aggressiveness and excitability; primitive desires and intemperance in their satisfaction. Such a complex of personality traits leads to the choice of an illegal way to achieve one's goals.

In modern conditions, the fight against crime is of great importance. This is a social-regulating activity, which is carried out so that citizens do not commit acts prohibited by criminal law. It includes, firstly, measures of a political, economic, social, socio-psychological, managerial, cultural nature, which make it possible to eliminate the conditions conducive to crime; secondly, the development of the legal consciousness of citizens; thirdly, special preventive activities aimed at identifying and eliminating the immediate causes of crime; fourthly, the application of criminal law in relation to persons who have committed crimes.

Growing crime has become a real threat to Russia's national security. Solving this problem is one of the most important national tasks.

SOCIAL CONTROL

Social norms constitute one of the elements of the mechanism for regulating relations between the individual and society, which is called social control . In the first lessons of the course, we talked about the fact that society is a complex system that includes many different elements. The purposeful influence of this system on the behavior of people in order to strengthen order and stability is provided by social control. How does the mechanism of social control work?

Any activity is diverse, each person performs many actions, interacting with the social environment (with society, social communities, public institutions and organizations, the state and other individuals). These actions, individual actions, behavior of a person are under the control of the people around him, groups, society. As long as they do not violate public order, existing social norms, this control is invisible. However, it is worth breaking the established customs, rules, deviating from the patterns of behavior that are accepted in society, social control manifests itself. One person ran across the street in front of a moving vehicle, another smoked in a cinema hall, a third committed theft, a fourth was late for work... In all these cases, other people may react: remarks, other manifestations of dissatisfaction on the part of others, appropriate actions by the administration, the police, the court. This reaction of others is due to the violation of relevant social norms, rules, traditions. The people who reacted to these situations reflect the attitudes of the public consciousness (or public opinion) that maintains order, protected by norms. That is why a reaction of condemnation of these actions followed on their part.

The expression of dissatisfaction, the announcement of a reprimand, the imposition of a fine, the punishment imposed by the court - all these are sanctions; along with social norms, they are the most important element of the mechanism of social control. Sanctions mean either approval and encouragement, or disapproval and punishment aimed at maintaining social norms. In other words, sanctions are either positive, aimed at encouraging, or negative, aimed at stopping undesirable behavior. In both cases, they are classified as formal if they are applied in accordance with certain rules (for example, awarding an order or punishment by a court sentence), or informal sanctions if they manifest themselves in an emotionally colored reaction of the immediate environment (friends, relatives, etc.). neighbors, colleagues).

Society (large and small groups, the state) evaluates the individual, but the individual also evaluates society, the state, and himself. Perceiving the assessments addressed to him by the people around him, groups, state institutions, a person accepts them not mechanically, but selectively, rethinks through his own experience, habits, previously learned social norms. And the attitude to the assessments of other people turns out to be purely individual for a person: it can be positive and sharply negative. Recall what was said at the beginning of the course: a person constantly evaluates himself, while self-esteem can change depending on the maturity of the individual and the social conditions in which he acts. A person correlates his actions with social patterns of behavior approved by him in the performance of those social roles with which he identifies himself.

Thus, along with the highest control on the part of society, group, state, other people, the most important is internal control , or self-control , which is based on norms, customs, role expectations, assimilated by the individual.

In the process of self-control, conscience plays an important role; feeling and knowing what is good and what is bad, what is fair and what is unfair; subjective awareness of the conformity or inconsistency of one's own behavior with moral standards. In a person who, in a state of excitement, by mistake or succumbing to the temptation of a bad deed, conscience causes a feeling of guilt, moral feelings, a desire to correct a mistake or atone for guilt.

The ability to exercise self-control is the most valuable quality of a person who independently regulates his behavior in accordance with generally accepted norms. Self-control is one of the most important conditions for self-realization of a person, his successful interaction with other people.

So, the most important elements of the mechanism of social control are social norms, public opinion, sanctions, individual consciousness, self-control. Interacting, they ensure the maintenance of socially acceptable patterns of behavior and the functioning of the social system as a whole.

Basic concepts: deviant behavior, social control.

Terms: crime.

1. One of the foreign works on the problem of deviant behavior says: “Deviations are a natural part of social life. And condemnation, regulation and prohibition, moral improvement do not reduce deviations, since more stringent norms of behavior arise. Specific deviations may disappear, while others appear ... The disappearance of major crimes will lead to increased attention to smaller ones. Do you agree with the stated point of view? Is it possible to rid society of deviations? Explain your answer.

2. Expand the meaning of the statement of the English historian G.T. Buckla (1821–1862): "Society prepares the crime, the criminal commits it." Do you share this point of view? Explain your position with an example taken from newspapers.

3. Do you agree with the statement of the French playwright J. Racine (1639–1699): “Large crimes are always preceded by small ones. No one has ever seen timid innocence suddenly turn into rampant debauchery”? Justify your answer.

During the period from 1989 to 1994, a significant increase in juvenile delinquency was observed in Russia. The number of crimes increased by 41.1%, and the number of adolescents who committed crimes increased by 35.5% (from 150,000 to 203,300). What are the reasons for this phenomenon? What is its social danger? What, in your opinion, should be done to reduce juvenile delinquency?

5. There was a discussion about the fight against crime.

One point of view: it is necessary to toughen punishments. Look at Singapore. They caught you with drugs - capital punishment, with illegal weapons, even if you did not use them - too. In some Muslim countries, according to the law, the hand is cut off for theft. And no one has been stealing there for a long time.

Another point of view: the cruelty of punishments will make crime more cruel. The main thing is the inevitability of punishment. If everyone knows that any crime will be solved, crime will drop dramatically.

What do you think about it?

6. On June 9, 2002, hooligan football "fans" after the failure of the Russian team in the match with the Japanese team staged a pogrom in the center of Moscow, where thousands of fans gathered around a huge screen. As a result, bystanders were beaten, many of whom had to be hospitalized. 8 cars were burned and 40 smashed, 36 shop windows, payphones, as well as plafonds and door glasses in the subway. In connection with these events, various reasons were given: some said that the instigators were "skinheads" who were part of gangster groups, others believed that natural riots were associated with the sale of alcoholic beverages, others believed that the pogrom provoked a video shown on the screen, in which a man smashes a car with an axe.

What do you think: what are the reasons for these events? What should be done to prevent such occurrences?

Work with the source

Read an excerpt from the work of the Russian sociologist R. V. Rybkina on crime in Russia.

The entire course of the reforms was accompanied not only by an increase in the number of crimes, but also by serious changes in the very structure of crime. In particular, the “weight” of organized crime has sharply increased. But most importantly, it has turned from a purely criminal force into a self-organizing social system, integrated into all power and economic structures and practically not controlled by law enforcement agencies, moreover, into a social institution of Russian society. This means that it gave rise to: 1) its own, specific for it organizations - "roofs"; 2) special norms of shadow behavior (such as "racket", "roll", "rollback", etc.); 3) special social roles to which the implementation of these norms is assigned, and 4) special social relationships between members of criminal communities that they enter into in the implementation of certain criminal operations, as well as special relationships between crime and power.

The main process that testifies to the institutionalization of criminal activity is its growing fusion with power. This process takes place at all levels - both at individual enterprises and firms in the regions of the country, and in the highest bodies of legislative (parliament) and executive (government) power. This allows us to talk about two new processes for Russia that arose in the era of economic liberalization: the first process is the shadowization of society, i.e., the increasing withdrawal of various social structures into the shadows ... and the second process is the criminalization of society, i.e. the increasing strengthening of the role of criminal elements in it, associated with certain political, legal, economic and other structures of society.

Ryvkina R. B. The drama of change. - M., 2001. - S. 37–38.

Questions and tasks to the source:

1) What new does the source give you compared to the educational text? 2) What do the words “going into the shadows” mean in the text of the document? How do you understand the words in quotation marks: “roofs”, “racket”, “roll forward”, “rollback”? Why does the author use them in sociological research? 3) Why do you think the market reforms in Russia were accompanied by the criminalization of society? 4) What information in this source confirms the particular danger of organized crime for society and the state? 5) What measures do you consider as a priority for combating organized crime?

Social interests and forms of social interaction

Social interest and social interaction is the subject of a comprehensive study of various social sciences and the humanities. So, sociology explores the essential characteristics of social interaction as a generic concept of social science, studies its varieties and principles of regulation, analyzes the means of exchange, general types and forms of interactions. Social Psychology considers social interaction as an interactive side of communication, focusing on the psychological content, structure and mechanisms of this process.

SOCIAL INTERESTS

As you already know, interest is one of the forms of personality orientation. A person is interested in what can satisfy his needs. Social interests are one of the important driving forces of the activity of any social subject (individual, group, any social community, society as a whole). They are inextricably linked with the need of this community. Recall that, unlike needs, aimed primarily at satisfying a certain set of material and spiritual goods, human interests, as a rule, are aimed at those social conditions that allow satisfying the corresponding need. These include: social institutions, institutions, norms of relationships in society, on which the distribution of objects, values ​​and benefits (power, votes, territory, privileges, etc.) depends.

The social nature of interests is due to the fact that they always contain an element of comparison of a person with a person, one social group with another. Thus, we can talk about social interests, i.e. interests of people who make up any social community (stratum, ethnic group), one or another team, association (political party, professional association, etc.). A set of specific social interests, along with a set of certain rights and obligations, is an indispensable attribute of each social status. First of all, these social interests are aimed at preserving or transforming those institutions, orders, social norms on which the distribution of benefits necessary for a given social group depends. Therefore, the difference in interests, as well as the difference in the level of income, working and leisure conditions, the level of prestige and the opening prospects for advancement in the social space, refers to manifestations of social differentiation.

Social interest underlies all forms of competition, struggle and cooperation between people. Habitual, well-established interests recognized by public opinion are not subject to discussion, thus acquiring the status of legitimate interests. For example, in multinational states, representatives of various ethnic groups are interested in preserving their language and their culture. Therefore, schools and classes are being created in which the study of the national language and literature is conducted, and cultural-national societies are being opened. Any attempt to infringe on such interests is perceived as an attack on the vital foundations of the relevant social groups, communities, and states. Historical experience shows that, as a rule, none of the social groups sacrifice their interests voluntarily, on the basis of moral and ethical considerations or calls for humanism, to take into account the interests of the other side, other groups or communities. On the contrary, each of the groups seeks to expand its interests, to consolidate the success achieved and its development, as a rule, at the expense of the interests of other groups and communities. (Illustrate this with examples.)

The modern world is a complex system of interaction of real social interests. The interdependence of all peoples and states has increased. The interests of preserving life on Earth, culture and civilization come to the fore.

Interest socially th(from lat. socialis - public and interest - important) - this interest any socially wow subject (person, socially oh group, class, nation) associated with its position in a particular system of social relations. These are perceived needs. real reasons for action, events, accomplishments, behind the immediate internal motives (motives, thoughts, ideas, etc.) participating in these actions individuals socially th groups, classes. By A. Adler's definition socially th interest- an element of the motivational-required sphere, it acts as the basis for integration into society and the elimination of feelings of inferiority. It is characterized by a willingness to be imperfect, to contribute to the general welfare, to show trust, care, compassion, a willingness to make responsible choices, to be creative, close, collaborative and inclusive.
The most important are class interests, which are determined by the position of classes in the system of production relations. However, any socially interests, including and class, are not limited to the sphere of production relations. They cover the entire system of social relations and are associated with various aspects of the position of their subject. The generalized expression of all interests socially wow subject becomes his political interest, which expresses the attitude of a given subject to political power in society. Social Group, striving to realize
mine interest, may come into conflict with others groups. Therefore, often private interest takes on the form of a social or even universal. Then it takes on the appearance of a legal, legitimate interest and is non-negotiable. Any socially and I the transformation of society is accompanied by a sharp change in the balance interests. The conflict of class, national, state interests underlies socially s revolutions, wars and other upheavals in world history.
Socio-economic interests- system socially o-economic the needs of the subject (individual, team, socially oh group, society, state). Interest expresses the integrity of the system socially about- economic needs and in this capacity is a stimulus for the activity of the subject, determining his behavior. Awareness of one's own socially o-economic interests the subject is the historical process. So, awareness by commodity producers of their interests leads to their implementation and, accordingly, is the basis of the mechanism of a market economy. Implementation socially o-economic interests working class contributes to the creation of a system socially s guarantees of the whole society.
In society there is a complex dialectic of mutual actions private, collective and general interests. Yes, private socially o-economic interests, as an incentive to action individuals, thereby ensure the implementation of the common interest. Interdependence and Interdependence interests manifests itself even more in the dialectic of the collective and the general interest, interests socially groups and national interest. However, in such a complex socially ohm body, as society as a whole, by no means always and not in everything collective, and even more so private interest coincides with the general interest. State in interests all socially groups and layers, as well as individuals, regulates and controls as private as well as group(collective) interests, shaping and protecting public interests.
The purpose of any legal norm is socially wow interest. In this sense, it is the main component of the state will. Social interest belongs to the fundamental categories of sociology. It can be imagined as a concept that characterizes what is objectively significant, necessary for an individual, family, team, class, nation, society as a whole. Interest and need are not the same. objective socially about- economic needs are motivating reasons volitional activity of people, but determine it, only manifesting itself in socially interests.
Society is characterized by the meaningful nature of all action its members. Interest is what binds members of civil society together. Social interests determine the goals of human activity. As a result, certain relations are established, a certain social system, political and legal organization of society, culture, morality, etc., which ultimately correspond to the economic conditions of society. Hence, socially th interest- the starting point of the purposeful activity of people and its determinant socially oh significance. This category property interest due to its role in the formation of law as the main criterion for identifying the objective basis of the content of law, its socially oh entities.
Social interest, being conscious and enshrined in the rules of law, predetermines action rights. The ratio between socially s interests as objective reality and interest in law is explained by the ratio of objective and subjective in the interest. There are three points of view on this issue in the legal literature. Some authors consider interest an objective phenomenon; others - subjective; the third - the unity of the objective and the subjective. Depending on the basis of classification, economic, political, spiritual, class, national, group, personal interests. In its turn
each sphere of the life of society has its own groups the most important socially th interests.

Social interest

Gemeinschaftsgefuhl, or S. i., is one of the most original and unique concepts proposed by Alfred Adler in his theory of individual psychology. It refers to the innate potential ability of people. identify with other people and share their feelings. This concept covers not only the feelings of people. in relation to his immediate circle of loved ones and friends, but also to humanity as a whole, both present and future. It is assumed that this quality, although innate, develops only in the social. context, and especially through the infant's early interactions with mother and father.

S. i. manifests itself in various forms. One of them is the readiness of to cooperate and help even under adverse and difficult circumstances. The other is the inclination of people. give others more than they demand. Finally, it can manifest itself in the ability of one person. to an empathic understanding of the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of another. A. Adler considered the main task of the life of every person. be public in nature. Therefore, he believed that the successful response to the challenges that friendship, career, and intimacy throws at us depends on the ability of each to establish contacts with other people and cooperate with them.

See also Adlerian psychology, Altruism, Empathy, Prosocial behavior

F. D. Kelly

See what "Social interest" is in other dictionaries:

- (from lat. socialis public and interest is important) an element of the motivational need sphere, author A. Adler. According to Adler, social interest is the basis for integration into society and the elimination of feelings of inferiority. Him… … Psychological Dictionary

social interest- Etymology. Comes from lat. socialis public and interest is important. Author. A. Adler. Category. An element of the motivational need sphere. Specificity. According to Adler, social interest is the basis for integration into society and ... ...

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Adler (Adler) Alfred- (02/07/1870, Vienna 05/28/1937, Aberdeen, Scotland) Austrian psychiatrist and psychologist, one of the leading figures in psychoanalysis, founder of individual psychology. Biography. In 1895 he defended his doctoral dissertation in medicine in Vienna. From 1902 to 1911 ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia

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