93. Division of Africa into sub-regions

As already mentioned, Africa forms the largest geographic region of the planet in terms of territory. Therefore, it is quite natural to strive to subdivide it into separate large parts. In its most generalized form, this usually leads to the isolation Northern and Tropical Africa(or sub-Saharan Africa). There are quite sharp natural, historical, ethnic, and socio-economic differences between these two parts. Especially when you consider that Tropical Africa is the most backward region of the entire developing world, in which even today the share of agriculture in the formation of GDP exceeds the share of industrial production. Of the 47 least developed countries in the world, 28 are in sub-Saharan Africa. Here is the largest number of countries (15) that do not have access to the sea. A kind of modification of this two-term division is the three-term subdivision of Africa into northern, tropical and South which, apparently, should be considered more correct.

As for the actual regionalization, i.e. subdivisions of Africa into separate rather large sub-regions (macro-regions), then its five-member division is actually generally accepted - into North, West, Central, East and South. At the same time, each of the five subregions has specific features of nature, population and economy.

North Africa goes to the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean and Red Seas, and this contributed to its long-standing ties with Europe and Asia Minor. It is located for the most part in subtropical latitudes, which determines the specialization of its agriculture in the production of cotton, olives, citrus fruits, and grapes. Industry is associated with both the extraction of mineral raw materials and their processing. North Africa is inhabited mainly by Arabic-speaking peoples, who have rich traditions in crafts, irrigated agriculture, nomadic animal husbandry, and an original culture. Sometimes North Africa is also called the Maghreb, but this is not entirely accurate.

West Africa covers the zones of tropical deserts, savannahs, equatorial rainforests, located between the Sahara desert and the Gulf of Guinea. It is one of the largest sub-regions of the continent in area and the largest in terms of population, with an extraordinary variety of natural conditions; the ethnic composition of its population is also the most complex. In the past, it was the main region of the slave trade. The modern "face" of the subregion is determined both by agriculture, which is represented by the production of plantation cash crops and consumer crops, and by a fairly developed industry, primarily mining.

Central Africa, as its name itself shows, it occupies the central (equatorial) part of the mainland. It is located in the zones of humid equatorial forests and savannas, which largely predetermined its economic development. This is one of the regions richest in various mineral resources not only in Africa, but throughout the world. Unlike West Africa, it has a homogeneous ethnic composition of the population, 9/10 of which are Bantu peoples related to each other.

East Africa located in subequatorial and tropical climate zones. It has access to the Indian Ocean and has long maintained trade relations with India and the Arab countries. Its mineral wealth is less significant, but the overall diversity of natural resources is very large, which largely determines the variety of types of their economic use. The ethnic composition of the population is also very mosaic.

South Africa occupies the southern part of the continent, the furthest from Europe, America and Asia, but on the other hand, leading to that important world sea route that goes around the southern tip of Africa. It is located in the tropical and subtropical latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere and also has a wide range of natural resources, among which minerals stand out in particular. The main "core" of South Africa forms the Republic of South Africa - the only economically developed country on the continent with a significant population of European origin. The vast majority of the population of the subregion are Bantu peoples.

Rice. 143. Subregions of Africa (according to Yu. D. Dmitrevsky)

Approximately such a scheme of regionalization was adhered to and adhered to by the majority of domestic African geographers: M. S. Rozin, M. B. Gornung, Yu. D. Dmitrevsky, Yu. G. Lipets, A. S. Fetisov and others. individual sub-regions between them is by no means complete unity.

Exploring the mineral wealth of Africa, M. S. Rozin in the early 1970s. traditionally considered North Africa as part of five countries, but included Zambia, closely connected with Zaire in terms of minerals and raw materials, in Central Africa, and Mozambique in eastern Africa. In the mid 1970s. in his monograph on Africa, Yu. D. Dmitrevsky singled out not even five, but six macro-regions, which are distinguished by significant internal homogeneity (Fig. 143). It is easy to see that he singled out the East African island region as the sixth macroregion. As for the macro-regions on the mainland, attention is drawn to the strong "cutting" of the Central sub-region, as well as the inclusion of Egypt in the North-East and Angola in South Africa. In the early 1980s M. B. Gornung proposed a zoning grid in which Sudan, Western Sahara and Mauritania - which can be justified primarily from ethnographic positions - were included in North Africa, which, thus, was turned into the largest sub-region in terms of area. East Africa was greatly reduced in size, but included Zambia. In the mid 1980s. Moscow State University geographers proposed their own version of zoning, which differed from the previous one in such significant details as the inclusion of not only Zambia, but also Zimbabwe and Mozambique in East Africa, and Mauritania in West Africa. Some of these regionalization grids have found application in educational literature, primarily in textbooks for universities and pedagogical universities, as well as in popular science publications, for example, in the 20-volume geographic and ethnographic series “Countries and Peoples”.

Rice. 144. Sub-regions of Africa allocated by the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa

Such discrepancies in the regionalization of Africa can be considered to some extent natural. At the same time, they are explained not so much by differences in the goals of individual scientists, but by the general insufficient development of scientific approaches to such regionalization. It also follows from a particularly complex combination of various natural resource, historical, ethnic, socio-economic, geopolitical factors in Africa. It should also be taken into account that the process of formation of integral economic regions is still in its initial stage here.

Table 49

SUBREGIONS OF AFRICA

* Including SADR.

Recently, domestic African geographers in their research are increasingly using the scheme of macroeconomic zoning of Africa, which is now adopted by the UN, more precisely, by its Economic Commission for Africa (ECA). This scheme is also five-membered and covers the same five regions (Fig. 144). For their development, ECA has established five regional centers in Africa: for North Africa in Morocco, for West Africa in Niger, for Central Africa in Cameroon, for East Africa in Zambia and Rwanda. As can be seen from Figure 144, the UN distribution of countries among the five sub-regions is quite different from the patterns discussed above. It is on the basis of ECA macro-zoning that Table 49 was compiled.

1. On the map of peoples, determine the ethnic composition of the population of Tropical Africa.

In terms of ethnic diversity, the considered region of Africa is second only to Asia. There are several hundred peoples belonging to the large Negroid race. The largest of them are the Yoruba, Hausa, Fulbe, for in West Africa, the Amhara in Ethiopia, etc. Closely related Bantu peoples live in Central Africa.

2. What is the past of the countries of Tropical Africa?

In the recent past, all the countries of this sub-region were the possessions of European powers (France, Germany, Belgium, Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, Italy). The process of decolonization of Africa began after the Second World War. Only since the 60s. 20th century the formation of their state sovereignty began. 1960 was declared the year of Africa - the year of the liberation of the largest number of colonies.

3. What are the features of the nature of the countries of the region?

The natural conditions of the region are so diverse that they cannot be assessed unambiguously. Thus, the relief is generally favorable for the economic development of the territory, but in most of it, climatic conditions and the uneven distribution of water resources adversely affect people's lives and their economic activities. Large areas are occupied by arid regions, vast areas are subject to periodic droughts (the Sahel zone south of the Sahara, some areas in South and East Africa). In the equatorial zone, however, the amount of precipitation is so high that excessive moisture makes it difficult for the economic development of the territory. The nature of Africa is characterized by increased environmental vulnerability. In contrast to the Asian and American tropics, where intensive agricultural systems were developed, which ultimately led to the formation of stable cultural landscapes, in Tropical Africa, the centuries-old practice of fallow farming and pastoralism led to extremely negative anthropogenic changes in local landscapes.

4. What are the demographic problems facing the countries of Tropical Africa?

In terms of natural population growth, Tropical Africa is ahead of all other regions of the world. The dynamics of the population of Tropical Africa is characterized by an exceptionally high birth rate - sometimes more than 30%. Only in the second half of the XX century. Africa's population has increased more than 3 times, which has led to a sharp aggravation of food and other social problems.

Many countries of Tropical Africa inherited from the colonial period the mismatch of state and ethnic borders, many closely related peoples turned out to be “cut” by state borders. In terms of illiteracy, the region ranks first in the world, it has the highest infant mortality and the shortest life expectancy.

5. What are the specifics of the economy of the countries of the region?

In terms of the structure of the economy, most countries are agrarian, in some the mining industry has developed, and only in a few the manufacturing industry is emerging. Speaking about the geography of the economy, one should keep in mind a few relatively developed territories - metropolitan regions, places of extraction and export of mineral raw materials.

The leading branch of agriculture is agriculture, which in many countries has a monocultural character, associated with specialization mainly in one crop. Animal husbandry, occupying one of the first places in the world in terms of livestock, is characterized by extensiveness, low productivity and low marketability.

One of the reasons for the backwardness of agriculture is archaic agrarian relations. Here, communal land ownership and subsistence farming are preserved, which are slowly being transformed into small-scale peasant farming.

6. Why is agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa monocultural?

The monocultural nature of agriculture in the countries of Tropical Africa is a direct consequence of their colonial past, in which it met the specific food needs of the metropolises.

7. What explains the diversified nature of the South African economy?

The development of diversified industry was facilitated by the exceptional wealth of mineral resources (gold, diamonds, uranium ore, platinum, etc.). Only 15% of the area of ​​South Africa is suitable for agriculture. However, it can be said that, unlike most other countries in Africa, where soil erosion occurs, this 15% is used wisely - advanced agrotechnical achievements of South Africa and the leading countries of the world are used to protect soils and efficient agriculture. Compared to other African countries, South Africa has a developed transport network. External transportation is carried out through large seaports - Durban, Port Elizabeth, Cape Town, to which railways lead.

8. The national composition of the countries of Tropical Africa is different:

a) relative homogeneity; b) extreme diversity.

9. Determine which statements apply to the countries of Tropical Africa:

1) The region includes most of the world's least developed countries.

2) The leading industry is the automotive industry.

3) Large areas are occupied by arid regions.

4) The region is rich in minerals.

5) Railway transport is developed in the region.

b) The food problem is an urgent one for the countries of the region.

All but 2 and 5.

11. Give the economic and geographical characteristics of South Africa. To do this, use the text of the textbook, atlas maps, materials from periodicals.

The Republic of South Africa is a state in the southern part of the African continent. In the north it borders on Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, in the northeast - on Mozambique and Swaziland. Inside the territory of South Africa is the state-enclave of Lesotho.

South Africa is the most developed on the African continent and at the same time the only country that is not classified as a Third World. GDP for 2009 amounted to 505 billion dollars (26th in the world). GDP growth was at the level of 5%, in 2008 - 3%. The country is still not among the developed countries of the world, despite the fact that its market is actively expanding. In terms of purchasing power parity, it ranks 78th in the world according to the IMF (Russia 53rd), according to the World Bank 65th, according to the CIA 85th. It has a huge stock of natural resources. Telecommunications, electric power industry, financial sphere are widely developed.

Main import items: oil, foodstuffs, chemical products; exports: diamonds, gold, platinum, machinery, vehicles, equipment. Imports ($91 billion in 2008) exceed exports ($86 billion in 2008).

It is a member of the international organization of ACT countries.

The purpose of the lesson:

1. The study of the subregions of Africa, familiarity with the regional division of the African continent. Identification of the features of the North African region.
2. Development of skills in working with a map, skills to generalize, work with a computer.
3. With the help of ICT, cultivate interest in the subject of geography.

Materials and equipment: textbook, atlases, computer, screen, projector, presentation, laptops, Internet access via Wi-fi.

During the classes

I. Organizing time.

Today's lesson is unusual, today's lesson will be held in the form of a master class. In a short time we will test all our knowledge.

II. Actualization.

Let's remember what regions of the world we have studied?

• In the 10th grade of the country of Foreign Europe
• Overseas Asia
• North America
• Latin America
• Started exploring Africa

Let's repeat the topics studied. To do this, look at the screen / test tasks are shown on the screen /.

Choose the correct answer.

A1. The country is the largest in terms of population:

1. Indonesia
2. Japan
3. Brazil

A2. Country with the highest natural population growth:

1. Italy
2. Brazil
3. China
4. Nigeria

A3. In which country is the policy aimed at population growth:

1. Algeria
2. India
3. France
4. Kenya

A4. Steel smelting using predominantly imported raw materials and fuel is carried out in:

1. Japan and Italy
2. China and Russia
3. Germany and Brazil
4. Ukraine and USA

A5. In the energy balance of which state is generated the most electricity at nuclear power plants?

1. Italy
2. Germany
3. France
4. Russia

A6. Intensive dairy farming is typical for the country:

1. Algeria
2. India
3. Mexico
4. Finland

A7. The main cargo carried by Worldwide Sea Transport is:

1. Machinery and equipment
2. Oil
3. Ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores
4. Corn

A8. Among the listed countries, select 3 countries in which the automotive industry is an industry of international specialization:

BUT) Italy
B) Colombia
AT) Sweden
D) Sudan
D) France
E) Nigeria

A9. Write the correspondence between the seaport and the country of its location:

A10. Why is Brazil one of the world's leading aluminum producers? Give at least 2 examples.

III. Exploring a new topic.

Divide the class into 4 groups. Each group is given certain tasks and 4 laptops. Tasks are performed independently according to the textbook (pp. 54-59, 113-118, 129-135, 252-253), atlas. You can use materials from the Internet.

Division of Africa into sub-regions:

North Africa	West Africa	Central Africa	East Africa	SouthAfrica
				Botswana
West Sahara
Mauritania
				Swaziland
			Tanzania
		Republic of the Congo		Zimbabwe
	Burkina Faso	Equatorial Guinea		Mozambique
	Ivory Coast			Madagascar
		Sao Tome and Principe

Describe the plan:

• Group 1: the main features of North Africa, the countries that make up the territory
• Group 2: characterize the peoples of North Africa
• Group 3: characterize the natural resources and economic development of the region
• Group 4: describe the economic activity of North Africa

Characterization plans are sent to each group by e-mail:

Outline of the characteristics of the main features of Africa

1. Mainland area
2. Number of countries in Africa
3. Countries with access to the seas and oceans
4. Countries that do not have access to the seas and oceans
5. Countries - monarchies
6. Number of countries with a republican form of government
7. Number of countries with a unitary administrative-territorial structure
8. What and for what purpose was an organization created in 1963 to strengthen the unity and cooperation of the states of the African continent, to preserve their integrity and independence.

Character plantiki peoples of north africa

1. The total population of Africa. The population of the region.
2. How many times has the population increased in the 20th century? What is Africa's place in the world in terms of population?
3. List countries with a population of over 25 million
4. Give a brief description of the age and sex composition of the population
5. In what countries do women outnumber men?
6. Africa's average population density? Average population density of North Africa? Which areas have the highest population density?

Plan for characterization of natural resources and economic development of the region

1. Economic and geographical position.
2. Natural conditions and resources (developed and promising). Oil and natural gas producing countries
3. Energy production cycles, stages of their development.
4. Development prospects.
5. Environmental problems associated with the industry and ways to solve them.

Farm Characterization Plan

1. Branches of crop production in agriculture, main crops
2. Livestock, main industries
3. Development of industries
4. Oil, gas industry. OPEC countries
5. Environmental problems of the region

IV.Physical education minute

v.Consolidation.

1. Drawing up a diagram on the topic of resource availability of the regions of the world.

(Offered to one team member according to the following data).

The game "Who is faster"

1 student from each team is invited to the board. A geographical term, an object is called. You must be the fastest to find and show on the map.

1. In which country is the highest point in Africa located? / Tanzania/
2. The most abundant river in Africa - ...... / Congo/
3. What separates Africa from Europe? / strait of Gibraltar/
4. Where is the hottest and driest region in Africa located? / in the Sahara Desert, North Africa/
5. What river is Victoria Falls on? / Zambezi, Zambia/
6. Identify the country by its brief description: This small country is the largest in terms of population on the continent. Its capital is not the largest city in the country. The main wealth of the country is oil. The country is a member of OPEC. / Nigeria/
7. This is a small African country whose name is the same as the name of its capital. It has a variety of mineral resources, including iron lead-zinc ores, phosphorites. It also produces oil, but the country is not a member of OPEC. ITS diverse recreational resources, unique monuments of antiquity and the warm sea contributed to the transformation of tourism into the leading branch of its economy. / Tunisia/
8. In which region are the countries of Algeria, Libya, Egypt? / North Africa/
9. A large territory of this country is located on a mountainous area, the country is the birthplace of many varieties of wheat, rye, coffee. / Ethiopia/
10. Which city has geographical coordinates: 30 ° S, 32 ° E. / Cairo/

VI. Generalization.

Despite the abundance of natural resources, labor resources, Africa is a backward continent in terms of economic development. Therefore, one of the problems of modern mankind is the elimination of the economic backwardness of the mainland.

VII.Homework:

1. On a contour map, mark the borders and countries of the regions of Africa.
2. Make a description of one of the countries of North Africa according to the plan.
3. Make a test of 5 questions for African countries.

Africa is the second largest continent after Eurasia, washed by the Mediterranean Sea from the north, the Red Sea from the northeast, the Atlantic Ocean from the west and the Indian Ocean from the east and south. Africa is also called the part of the world, consisting of the mainland Africa and adjacent islands. The area of ​​Africa is 29.2 million km², with islands - about 30.3 million km², thus covering 6% of the total surface area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe Earth and 20.4% of the land surface. On the territory of Africa there are 55 states, 5 unrecognized states and 5 dependent territories (islands).

General economic and geographical characteristics of African countries

A feature of the geographical position of many countries in the region is the lack of access to the sea. At the same time, in countries facing the ocean, the coastline is slightly indented, which is unfavorable for the construction of large ports.
Africa is exceptionally rich in natural resources. Especially large are the reserves of mineral raw materials - ores of manganese, chromites, bauxites, etc. Fuel raw materials are available in depressions and coastal regions. Oil and gas are produced in North and West Africa (Nigeria, Algeria, Egypt, Libya). Enormous reserves of cobalt and copper ores are concentrated in Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo; manganese ores are mined in South Africa and Zimbabwe; platinum, iron ores and gold - in South Africa; diamonds - in the Congo, Botswana, South Africa, Namibia, Angola, Ghana; phosphorites - in Morocco, Tunisia; uranium - in Niger, Namibia.
In Africa, there are quite large land resources, but soil erosion has become catastrophic due to improper processing. Water resources across Africa are distributed extremely unevenly. Forests occupy about 10% of the territory, but as a result of predatory destruction, their area is rapidly declining.
Africa has the highest rate of natural population growth. The natural increase in many countries exceeds 30 persons per 1,000 inhabitants per year. A high proportion of children's ages (50%) and a small proportion of older people (about 5%) remain.
African countries have not yet succeeded in changing the colonial type of the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy, although the pace of economic growth has somewhat accelerated. The colonial type of the sectoral structure of the economy is distinguished by the predominance of small-scale, consumer agriculture, the weak development of the manufacturing industry, and the lag in the development of transport. African countries have achieved the greatest success in the mining industry. In the extraction of many minerals, Africa holds a leading and sometimes monopoly place in the world (in the extraction of gold, diamonds, platinoids, etc.). The manufacturing industry is represented by light and food industries, other industries are absent, with the exception of a number of areas near the availability of raw materials and on the coast (Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Nigeria, Zambia, DRC).
The second branch of the economy, which determines Africa's place in the world economy, is tropical and subtropical agriculture. Agricultural products make up 60-80% of GDP. The main cash crops are coffee, cocoa beans, peanuts, dates, tea, natural rubber, sorghum, spices. Recently, grain crops have been grown: corn, rice, wheat. Animal husbandry plays a subordinate role, with the exception of countries with arid climates. Extensive cattle breeding prevails, characterized by a huge number of livestock, but low productivity and low marketability. The continent does not provide itself with agricultural products.
Transport also retains a colonial type: railways go from the regions of extraction of raw materials to the port, while the regions of one state are practically not connected. Relatively developed rail and sea modes of transport. In recent years, other types of transport have also been developed - automobile (a road has been laid across the Sahara), air, and pipeline.
All countries, with the exception of South Africa, are developing, most of them are the poorest in the world (70% of the population lives below the poverty line).

Problems and difficulties of African states

Swollen, unprofessional and inefficient bureaucracies have emerged in most African states. Given the amorphous nature of social structures, the army remained the only organized force. The result is endless military coups. The dictators who came to power appropriated untold wealth. The capital of Mobutu, the President of the Congo, at the time of his overthrow was $ 7 billion. The economy functioned poorly, and this gave room for a "destructive" economy: the production and distribution of drugs, illegal mining of gold and diamonds, even human trafficking. Africa's share in world GDP and its share in world exports were declining, output per capita was declining.
The formation of statehood was extremely complicated by the absolute artificiality of state borders. Africa inherited them from the colonial past. They were established during the division of the continent into spheres of influence and have little in common with ethnic boundaries. The Organization of African Unity, created in 1963, realizing that any attempt to correct this or that border could lead to unpredictable consequences, called for these borders to be considered unshakable, no matter how unfair they may be. But these borders have nevertheless become a source of ethnic conflict and the displacement of millions of refugees.
The main branch of the economy of most countries in Tropical Africa is agriculture, designed to provide food for the population and serve as a raw material base for the development of the manufacturing industry. It employs the predominant part of the region's able-bodied population and creates the bulk of the total national income. In many states of Tropical Africa, agriculture occupies a leading place in exports, providing a significant part of foreign exchange earnings. In the last decade, an alarming picture has been observed with the growth rates of industrial production, which allows us to speak about the actual deindustrialization of the region. If in 1965-1980 they (on average per year) amounted to 7.5%, then for the 80s only 0.7%, a drop in growth rates took place in the 80s both in the extractive and manufacturing industries. For a number of reasons, a special role in ensuring the socio-economic development of the region belongs to the mining industry, but even this production is reduced by 2% annually. A characteristic feature of the development of the countries of Tropical Africa is the weak development of the manufacturing industry. Only in a very small group of countries (Zambia, Zimbabwe, Senegal) does its share in GDP reach or exceed 20%.

Integration processes

A characteristic feature of the integration processes in Africa is the high degree of their institutionalization. At present, there are about 200 economic associations of various levels, scales and directions on the continent. But from the point of view of studying the problem of the formation of subregional identity and its relationship with national and ethnic identity, the functioning of such large organizations as the West African Economic Community (ECOWAS), the South African Development Community (SADC), the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), etc. The extremely low effectiveness of their activities in previous decades and the advent of the era of globalization required a sharp acceleration of integration processes at a qualitatively different level. Economic cooperation is developing in new - in comparison with the 70s - conditions of contradictory interaction between the globalization of the world economy and the increasing marginalization of the positions of African states within its framework and, naturally, in a different coordinate system. Integration is no longer seen as a tool and basis for the formation of a self-sufficient and self-developing economy, relying on its own forces and as opposed to the imperialist West. The approach is different, which, as mentioned above, presents integration as a way and means of including African countries in the globalizing world economy, as well as an impulse and indicator of economic growth and development in general.

Article tags:

North Africa
1) Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Sudan.
2) Access to the Mediterranean, Red Sea.
3) The population is concentrated in the cities: Algiers, Tripoli, Rabat, Casablanca. (approximately from 1 to 5 million people.). Mostly Arab peoples.
4) This sub-region is located in the tropical zone. In the zone of semi-deserts and deserts, occasionally hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs. Iron ores, oil, phosphorites, natural gas, polymetallic ores, gold.
5) Pastures with pockets of cultivated land, in the far north - cultivated land and oases. Manufacture of machines, devices, equipment, wood and timber products, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, oil products.
6) a large area of ​​underutilized land, the development of gas and oil fields.

West Africa
1) Morocco, Mauritania, Senegal, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Ghana.
2) access to the Atlantic Ocean
3) The population is concentrated in cities and rural settlements: Dakar, Conakry, Monrovia, Abidjan, Ouagadougou. Mostly peoples: Akan, Yoruba, Hausa, Fulbe and Arab.
4) This region is located in the tropical, subequatorial and equatorial belt. In the zone of deserts, savannahs and woodlands, variable-moist forests. Iron ores, Phosphorites, gold, aluminum ores, manganese ores, diamonds.
5) Pastures with pockets of cultivated land, forests with pockets of cultivated land, cultivated lands and oases. Production of wood and timber products, meat products, cocoa and banana distribution area.
6) a large area of ​​underutilized land, the absence of any large-scale production, the potential for the development of the timber industry.

Central:
1) Nigeria, Niger, Chal, Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea.
2) access to the Atlantic Ocean.
3) The population is concentrated in cities and rural settlements: Malabo, Yaounde, Brazzaville, Kinshasa and others. Mostly peoples: Tubu, Azande, Hausa.
4) This region is located in the subequatorial and equatorial belt. In the zone of savannas and light forests, variable-moist forests, areas of altitudinal zonation, permanently humid forests. Oil, Manganese ores, Aluminum ores, Uranium ores.
5) Forests with pockets of cultivated land, pastures. Manufacture of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, oil products, wood and timber products. The area of ​​distribution of rubber-bearing, cotton and bananas.
6) potential for the development of uranium ores and oil production, problems: soil erosion, poaching, undrinkable water.

East Africa
1) Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia.
2) access to the Indian Ocean.
3) The population is concentrated evenly in cities and towns, there is no urbanization. Mostly peoples: Amhara, Somalis.
4) This region is located in the subequatorial zone, the equatorial zone. In the zone of savannahs and light forests, altitudinal zonation, semi-deserts. Gold, Phosphorites, Diamonds, Titanium ores.
5) Pastures with pockets of cultivated land. Leather production. Area of ​​distribution of bananas, coffee, date palm. Breeding of camels and cattle.
6) Problems: overgrazing, desertification, widespread poaching. Potential for breeding camels, cattle and for the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals.

South
1) South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Angola, Zambia.
2) access to the Atlantic, Indian Ocean.
3) The population is concentrated in cities: Cape Town, Pretoria, Durban, Lusaka, Harare. Mostly peoples: Bantu, Bushmen, Afrikaners, Gotentots.
4) This region is located in the subequatorial, tropical, subtropical zone. In the zone of savannahs and light forests, altitudinal zonation, semi-deserts and deserts. Manganese ores, Diamonds, Polymatal ores, Gold, Copper ores, Cobalt ores, Chrome ores, Asbestos, Coal, Iron ores.
5) Grassland with pockets of cultivated land, cultivated land and oases. Manufacture of machines, equipment, devices, ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Distribution area: cotton. Breeding: sheep, cattle.
6) Problems: limited supply of drinking water, deforestation, soil erosion, water pollution, excessive use of pastures. The potential for the production of meat products, the development of hydroelectric power stations and nuclear power plants (there are deposits of uranium).