Rivers of Russia

Abstract on geography was completed by Alpatov Denis

There are over 2.5 million rivers in Russia. They belong to the basins of the three oceans, as well as to the endorheic inland basin of the Caspian. About 2/3 of the area of ​​Russia belongs to the Arctic Ocean basin, where such large rivers as the Ob (tributary of the Irtysh), the Yenisei (tributaries of the Angara, Nizhnyaya Tunguska and Podkamennaya Tunguska) and the Lena (tributaries of the Vilyui and Aldan) flow. In its upper course, these are typically mountain rivers.

About 4/5 of the rest of the territory of Russia falls on the Pacific Ocean. Among those flowing into this ocean, the largest are the Amur and Anadyr. The rivers of the Pacific basin, unlike other rivers of the country, are shorter and have a higher flow rate.

About 5% of the country's territory falls on the Atlantic Ocean basin. The rivers of this basin are characterized by a flat flow pattern. Among them, the Don River has the longest.

The endorheic internal basin of the Caspian occupies a large part of European Russia in Russia. The largest river in this region is the Volga. On the territory of the country, the largest basins are near the Lena (2 million 400 thousand km) and the Yenisei (2 million 580 thousand km2). As for the Ob River, which has a large basin, a significant part of it lies outside the country.

The density of the river network on the territory of Russia depends on many natural conditions, such as relief, climate and vegetation. The relief affects the nature of the current. Most of the major rivers of the country are flat, their valleys are wide, the slope of the rivers is small, and the flow is slow. The Ob has the smallest slope (4 cm per 1 km), and the largest is the Yenisei (37 cm per 1 km). The rivers flowing in the mountains have narrow valleys and a rapid current, a large slope.

The influence of climate affects through the amount of annual runoff and the nature of nutrition. The greatest runoff is typical for rivers flowing in mountainous areas, and for rivers flowing in the north of the East European Plain. As for the nature of nutrition, most of the rivers in Russia have mixed nutrition (snow, rain and groundwater), although in most areas snow nutrition prevails (often more than 50% of the runoff). The regime of most lowland rivers in Russia is characterized by spring floods; flash floods are possible in summer and autumn. Rivers with summer floods associated with the melting of glaciers, precipitation of cages and late snowmelt in the mountains are typical for the mountains of the Baikal region, Transbaikalia, Kamchatka, the high mountain regions of the Caucasus, Altai and North-Eastern Siberia. Summer floods are also characteristic of the rivers of the Far East, where the climate is monsoonal: during the summer rains, floods occur on the Amur and its tributaries. The climate of the rivers of Yakutia is peculiar: a small snow cover in spring does not melt, but evaporates, and the spring flood is weakly expressed. In the summer, during the rainy season, strong floods pass along the rivers.

Heavy rains, amicable melting of snow can lead to natural disasters - floods. Frequent and severe floods occur on the rivers of the Far East.

A river is a directed flow of fresh water flowing in a certain relatively fixed channel and replenished mainly due to precipitation. The source of the river is the place where the river originates. The source can be a spring, another reservoir - a lake or a swamp, a melting glacier. Occasionally, the source of a river may be the confluence of two other rivers. The mouth of the river is where […]

Large and medium-sized rivers are constantly monitored at different points, since rivers are very changeable. The level and flow of water in them depend on the weather: the amount of rain and the melting of snow cover. For protection from floods and floods, it is necessary to study the behavior of rivers. For this purpose, a huge network of stations has been created in the world, which continuously monitor changes in […]

How many rivers on Earth, no one knows. It all depends on what is considered a river. So, on the territory of Russia there are more than 130 thousand rivers with a length of 10 km or more, but if we count rivers with a length of less than 10 km, then there will already be more than 2 million, and the total length of the rivers is approaching 7 - 8 million [... ]

Large section on rivers. Rivers usually originate from barely noticeable springs, in swamps or lakes, glaciers in the mountains. The river begins with a small stream, which is then joined by other streams. Gradually, this stream becomes a full-flowing, and often a mighty river. Large rivers usually flow from large lakes, such as the Neva from Lake Ladoga. Majority […]

Of the surface waters, rivers are of the greatest importance in human life and economic activity. Rivers contribute to the economic development of states. Since ancient times, people have created their settlements along the banks of the rivers, from time immemorial and still the rivers serve as communication routes. The waters of the rivers are used to supply the population with drinking and technical water, for fishing and human hygiene, and in recent […]

A river is a natural stream of water flowing in the same place constantly or intermittently during the dry season (drying rivers). The place where a river begins is called its source. The source can be lakes, swamps, springs, glaciers. The place where a river flows into a sea, lake or other river is called a mouth. A river that flows into another river is called a tributary. Mouths […]

Waterborne solids enter rivers as a result of soil erosion from the surface of the catchment area, as well as from the erosive activity of the stream in the riverbed. The amount of sediment contained in a unit volume of water determines its turbidity, which is expressed in g/m3. The turbidity of the rivers during the year varies widely, with the highest turbidity of the rivers of the plains […]

The chemical composition of river waters in Russia depends on a set of physical and geographical conditions. Of particular importance are climatic conditions, the composition of the soil cover and geological rocks that make up the basin, the conditions of underground feeding of rivers, as well as human economic activity (quantity and quality of emissions). A characteristic feature of the hydrochemical regime (composition) of river waters in the plain regions of Russia is the presence of latitudinal zonality, the essence of which […]

Russia has significant reserves of fresh water. River waters are used most widely in the national economy. Within Russia there are about 3 million rivers with a total length of almost 10 million km. In terms of total river runoff, Russia is in second place in the world after Brazil. The average long-term flow of all rivers is 4290 km3 per year, which is 13% […]

The water basin of the Caspian Sea includes seven rivers: Volga, Ural, Sulak, Samug, Kuma, Uluchay. The largest and most full-flowing is the great Russian river Volga, all other rivers do not differ in either the width of the channel, or the depth, or the full flow. Mentions of the Volga can be found in many literary works of Russian writers, a huge number of paintings with Volga landscapes and scenes […]

More than thirty Russian rivers with their tributaries belong to the Atlantic Ocean basin. Most of these rivers are rather shallow, with slow flow and shallow depths. The largest and most significant river flowing into the Atlantic is the Don River, praised by many writers and poets of Russia. The Don River originates in the Tula region for a long time there were heated debates regarding the […]

What is the source and mouth of the river, the river valley?

Source of the river - the place where the river originates

The mouth of the river is the place where the river ends, flowing into another, larger body of water: a river, a lake, a sea, an ocean.

River valley - lowering of the relief from the source to the mouth. A river system is a river with all its tributaries.

How are river valleys formed?

River valleys are formed as a result of the erosive and accumulative activity of the flowing waters of the river. The river deepens, and river sediments are deposited along the banks.

What major rivers do you know?

Amazon, Nile, Mississippi, Yellow River, Yangtze, Indus and Ganges, Amur, Ob, Yenisei, Amur, Volga.

Find and show on the map in the atlas the sources of the Kuban, Volga, Neva, Amur. Find other examples of different types of river sources.

Volga - Valdai Upland, Kuban - the confluence of the rivers: Ullukam and Uchkulan (Elbrus), Neva - Lake Ladoga, Amur - the confluence of the rivers: Argun and Shilka.

Find and show on the physical map of Russia the largest right and largest left tributaries of the Volga. What are their names?

The largest left tributary is the Kama, the right one is the Oka.

Using a physical map of the world, compare the river systems of the Amazon and the Nile. Which of these rivers has a more extensive and long river network? Why do you think?

The longest and most extensive river network is near the Amazon River. This is due to the fact that the river flows in equatorial latitudes with a large amount of precipitation.

Questions and tasks

1. What is a river? Is an irrigation canal a river?

A river is a constant stream of water flowing in a deepening - a channel - developed by it. An irrigation canal is not a river. A channel is an artificial depression.

2. Show on the map the source and mouth of the rivers: Angara, Yenisei, Ob, Don, Amazon.

Angara: source - lake. Baikal, mouth - Yenisei.

Yenisei: the source is the confluence of the Big and Small Yenisei, the mouth is the Kara Sea.

Ob: the source is the confluence of the Biya and Katun rivers, the mouth is the Gulf of Ob.

Don: source - Central Russian Upland, mouth - Taganrog Bay.

Amazon: the source is the confluence of the Maranion and Ucayali rivers, the mouth is the Atlantic Ocean.

3. Does the water of the Volga River enter the World Ocean?

Volka's water enters the Internal Drainage Basin, not the ocean.

4. What is a river system and a river drainage basin?

A river system is a river with its tributaries flowing into it.

The drainage basin of a river is the area of ​​land from which water flows to the main river and its tributaries.

5. According to Figure 160, determine what elevations the watershed between the Don and Volga basins passes through?

The watershed between the Don and Volga basins runs along the Volga and Central Russian Uplands.

6. Using the physical map of Russia, determine which watersheds of the river basins run along the ridges of the Ural Mountains, which - along the Valdai Upland.

The watershed between the Volga, the Pechera, the northern Dvina and the Ob passes through the Ural Mountains.

The watershed between the Volga and the Dnieper runs along the Valdai Upland.

Abstract of a lesson in geography

Grade: 6

Subject: Rivers of the world

Teacher: Kheichieva L.V.

Practical work "Designation on the contour map of the rivers of the world"

Geography. Elementary geography course 6th grade. Edited by T.P. Gerasimova, N.P. Neklyukov.

Lesson Objectives:

To form an idea about the river, its parts, parts of the river system and the valley, basins and watershed, about the nutrition of the river and its flood regime.

Lesson objectives:

Educational tasks:

To teach to determine the left and right banks, the tributaries of the left and right, to determine the territory of river basins, to find the watersheds of rivers.

Development tasks:

Develop the ability to work with a geographical map and contour maps.

Educational tasks:

Cultivate respect for nature.

Equipment:

Visual aids, atlases, textbooks, "Physical map of the world" and "Physical map of Russia",

During the classes:

Organizing time.

Checking homework. Knowledge update.

You already know that in nature there is a constant cycle of water. Water is constantly moving from one natural component to another. Let's remember what types of water cycle in nature we distinguish?

Small circle, big circle.

Frontal survey "on the topic of groundwater".

The study of new material in the form of a lecture with elements of a conversation.

Without water, nothing living on Earth can exist. A person needs clean fresh water, which makes up about 2% of the hydrosphere.

Starting with this lesson, we will get acquainted with the waters of land.

Let's think about what types of land waters do we know?

Rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers, groundwater, permafrost, reservoirs, ponds, canals.

Rivers contain only a small part of the hydrosphere. But it is easier for a person to use water from rivers for his needs. Therefore, the importance of rivers is immeasurably greater.

You know that people have always preferred to settle along the banks of rivers, which also served as sources of water supply and food, transport arteries and defensive lines.

What is a river and river system? (Children express their ideas)

River - this is a natural constant flow of water flowing in a recess designed by him - a channel.

river valley – a relatively narrow, elongated, winding depression formed by water flowing along the channel.

Channel - the lowest part of a river valley through which water flows. The deep places of the channel are called stretches, and the shallow ones are called rifts.

source - the beginning of a river, the place from which a constant flow of water appears in the channel.

Mouth - the place where a river flows into another river, sea, ocean, lake, reservoir.

The water flow carries a lot of erosion products all the time. River sediments are called alluvial deposits. They mainly accumulate in river valleys in the lower reaches.

There are different types of mouths.

Estuaries- funnel-shaped mouth of the river, expanding towards the sea. Occurs when sediment carried by a river is carried away by tidal currents and the adjacent sea is deep enough that sediment does not accumulate.

Delta – the shape of the mouth of the river with channels into which the main channel is divided, having the shape of the Greek letter Δ in plan. Deltas are of different types in shape, more often they have a triangular or fan-shaped shape. Deltas are formed in shallow areas of the sea, lakes at the confluence of the river, which carries a large amount of sediment.

4. Consolidation of new material. Work in a notebook.

Open atlases and give examples of rivers that have a mouth in the form of a delta or estuary. Write in a notebook in the form of a diagram.

		estuary

5. Continued study of new material.

We have almost answered the question of what a river system is. Let's learn how to determine which bank of the river is right and which is left, and find out what tributaries are and what they are.

Let's make a trip along the river from the source to the mouth, the right bank of the river will be located to the right of us, and the left bank to the left. The river on the right and on the left receives tributaries. Right tributaries flow into our movement, and left tributaries flow to the left.

What do you think the river system is called?

(Children make different guesses)

A river with all its tributaries is called river system.

The area from which the river system collects water is called river basin.

6. Fixing the material. Practical work.

Let's find on the physical map of the rivers of the world and Russia the Volga, Ob, Lena and Yenisei, Amazon, Nile, Indus, etc.

Let us single out the basins of the Volga, Ob, Yenisei and Lena rivers.

What is the basin of the river. Ob?

West Siberian Plain.

What separates the Yenisei and Lena rivers?

Central Siberian plateau.

What separates the Ob and Volga rivers?

Ural mountains.

Introduction of a new concept.

The boundary between river basins is called watershed.

Let's think about a river valley corresponding to a decrease or increase in relief?

Decline in relief.

Does a river basin correspond to a decrease or increase in relief?

Decline in relief.

Does a river watershed correspond to a decrease or increase in relief?

Elevation in relief.

Where does the water come from, do you think?

From springs, precipitation, glaciers.

7. Continued study of new material.

The flow of water into a river is called feeding the river.

Most of the rivers have a mixed supply.

The water level in most rivers varies with the seasons.

The change in the state of the river during the year is called river regime.

High water - the annual continuous rise in the water level in a river (in the same season).

high water- a short-term rise in the water level in the river, (in any season).

Threshold - shallow rocky section of the river, (hindering navigation and rafting).

8. Educational practical work "Designation on the contour map of the rivers of the world: Nile, Amazon, Mississippi with Missouri, Congo, Yenisei, Volga, Lena, Amur, Ob, etc. »

9. Summing up the lesson.

Let's sum up our work in today's lesson and repeat the learned concepts.

1. Let's remember the parts of the river.

2. What is: source, mouth, river, channel?

Grading a lesson.

10. Homework:

1. Paragraph 30, answer questions.

2. Be able to show rivers on the map.