The fleet has always been the pride of our state - both in the times of the Russian Empire, and the USSR, and in modern times. We know that our sea, ocean expanses, coastlines are reliably protected. We invite you to talk about what the Russian fleet is like in modern times. We learn about its tasks, structure, prospects, command.

Russian fleet

This is what is called now, in the days of the Russian Federation, the successor to the Navy of the USSR, the Navy of the Russian Empire, the naval forces of our country. Leads its modern history since January 1992. The Navy is subordinate to the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

The main headquarters of the Russian fleet is located in the northern capital - St. Petersburg. The current admiral is Vladimir Korolev. In 2016, 148 thousand people served in the ranks of the Navy.

The Russian fleet in its short history managed to take part in a number of military operations:

• First and second Chechen wars.
• Armed conflict in 2008 in South Ossetia.
• Fight against Somali pirates.
• Participation in the Syrian military operation.

Russian Fleet Day is the last Sunday in July. This is a professional holiday for those who stand guard over the open spaces and coastlines, and for all those who have connected their lives with the preparation of ships, and members of the families of sailors, and workers, employees of naval enterprises, and dear veterans of the Navy.

Goals of the Russian Navy

In its activities, the Russian fleet pursues the following goals:

Associations of the Navy

The Russian fleet is represented by the following components - see table.

We continue to disassemble the system of the Russian fleet.

Structure of the Russian Navy

The naval forces of the Russian Federation are a system of operational-strategic formations. Let's get to know them briefly.

Surface forces. This structure has the following tasks:

• Protection of sea lanes.
• Confrontation of the mine danger (including the setting of minefields).
• Cover and transportation of troops.
• Assistance to submarine forces: ensuring the exit and deployment of the latter, as well as their return to base.

underwater forces. The main goals are reconnaissance activities, as well as surprise strikes against continental and sea targets. Their basis is nuclear submarines, which are equipped with cruise and ballistic missiles.

Naval aviation. Represented by two groups - coastal and deck. The main tasks are the following:

Naval coastal troops. They consist of two divisions - the marines and coastal defense troops. They have two main tasks:

• Participation in combat operations as part of air, sea, airborne assault forces.
• Defense of objects on the coast - ports, coastal objects, basing systems.

Other divisions. The Russian navy also includes:

• Subdivisions and parts of the rear.
• Special parts.
• Hydrographic Service. It belongs to the Main Department of Oceanography and Navigation of the Russian Ministry of Defense.

Command

Let's get acquainted with the command of the Navy:

Modernity and prospects

The Russian Navy reached its peak of power in 1985. Then it included 1561 ships. The fleet occupied an honorable second place in the world (after the USA). In the 2000s, its gradual weakening began. As a result, in 2010 the Russian fleet owned only 136 warships.

In 2011, the former commander V.P. Komoyedov bitterly noted that the superiority of one Turkish fleet over the domestic one is estimated at 4.7 times. And the combined forces of NATO are 20 times stronger. The main tasks of the fleet were only the protection of the coast and the fight against maritime terrorism.

But in our time, Russia has already resumed its naval presence in the oceans. In 2014, the National Defense Control Center of the Russian Federation was founded. The objectives of its activities are as follows:

In 2013, the Operational Command of the Permanent Mediterranean Unit of the Russian Navy (Mediterranean Squadron) was created.

As for development prospects, the State Armaments Program until 2020 plans to allocate about 4.5 trillion rubles to the Navy for these purposes. Active funding has already begun in 2015. One of the main tasks is to increase the number of warships in the Navy by 70%.

The fleet of the Russian Federation is still the pride of our Fatherland. Today it is going through difficult times - it is in the process of rebirth, striving for its former power.

At all times, war has been one of the main areas of human activity. Of course, its consequences have always been extremely negative, nevertheless, in the social environment, it was quite popular. This is due to the fact that through war one can obtain land, power, resources, etc. In addition, many international political conflicts have been resolved through military action. Thus, armed struggle is an important part of social activity.

Throughout history, society has modernized its capabilities in the field of martial arts. This led to the creation of standard troop formation rules that are still in use today. According to one of them, all the armed forces of any state are divided into three components: sea, land and air. In this article, the author would like to talk about which today occupies a significant place in the world ranking of such troops.

What is a navy?

Today in the Russian Federation there are a large number of military formations that have inherently different tasks and functions. This raises a completely logical question: what is a naval fleet? At its core, this is an integral part of the naval forces of any state, in our case, the Russian Federation. This component is divided into two main elements: surface and underwater. It should be noted that a large number of traditions and features of this formation are largely due to the development of maritime relations and the territorial features of the country. In this regard, the Russian Federation has a fairly long history of the formation of naval military formations, which will be discussed below.

Fleet of the Russian Empire

The Russian Imperial Navy existed from 1721 to 1917. During this time, the formation participated in many naval battles. In addition, the imperial fleet was distinguished by a high level of combat training and efficiency in warfare on the water.

The first representatives of the formation were ships built for combat operations in the framework of the Northern War. The main bases for managing the imperial fleet at that time were Kronstadt, Revel, Abo and Helsingfors. Already by the beginning of 1745, the forces of His Imperial Majesty at sea consisted of 130 sailing ships, 36 ships of the line, as well as 9 frigates and ships of other types. The navy of the Russian Empire lived according to a special charter.

In the history of the imperial fleet, there are many famous personalities, for example, Admiral Nakhimov. This man distinguished himself with heroism and competent construction of tactical defense during the siege of Sevastopol in 1854-1855. Today, Admiral Nakhimov is the unspoken symbol of the Russian fleet.

It should also be noted that the formation was used in the Crimean and Russo-Japanese wars. In addition, the final stage in the development of the Imperial Navy was its participation in the First World War.

Military formations of the Soviet Union, based on the sea, existed from 1918 to 1992. The main task of the USSR fleet was to protect the borders of the state from external aggression. The formation included units of submarines, naval aviation, surface ships, rocket and artillery troops, as well as marines. The command was carried out from the headquarters of the Navy, located in the city of Moscow. During its existence, the fleet participated in the largest military conflict - the Second World War.

At the end of the 80s, the formation included the following number of equipment: 160 surface ships, 113 submarines, 83 missile carriers, and about 12 thousand marines. The naval fleet of the USSR had its peak of development by 1985. At that time, it was second in terms of the number of courts after the United States of America.

The tasks of the fleet at the present stage

The modern navy of the Russian Federation is one of the main elements of the armed forces of the state. In accordance with this, the performance of a number of inherently specific tasks falls entirely on him:

Comprehensive deterrence of any use of military force at sea;

Permanent protection of state borders, as well as the sovereignty of the Russian Federation in the areas of the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf;

Ensuring safety in the implementation of maritime economic activities on the territory of the World Ocean;

Ensuring and maintaining the military presence of the Russian Federation on the territory of the World Ocean;

Participation in peacekeeping and military missions, if they meet the interests of the Russian Federation;

As we can see, the Russian maritime fleet has a fairly wide range of basic tasks that need to be implemented everywhere.

Structure of the Navy of the Russian Federation

The naval fleet of the Russian Federation has its own structure, which ensures the effectiveness of the use of this formation in the conditions of military operations on the water. But it should be noted that in its composition the Navy has a large number of units, which, in turn, are endowed with a number of rather specific functions. consists of the following elements:

1. Surface forces, which include units that use surface assets in their work, that is, ships.

2. Underwater forces.

3. The third element is naval aviation, which, in turn, is subdivided into smaller structural units.

4. Coastal troops related to the navy.

At the same time, as mentioned earlier, each of the presented components performs its own functional tasks to ensure the effectiveness of the Navy as a whole.

Purposes of using surface and submarine forces

As you understand, the main forces of the Russian Navy are surface and underwater units. It is they who implement the main tasks of this part of the armed forces. But in the structure of the Navy of the Russian Federation, surface and underwater units implement a number of their own specific functions. For example, the first type of formations is used, as a rule:

To cover the landing of troops, as well as their transfer to the point of landing and evacuation;

Protection of the territorial borders of the state;

Establishment of barriers from mines;

Ensuring the activities of underwater units.

Submarine formations are the second, no less important in terms of their effectiveness, subdivisions within the Navy of the Russian Federation. Their main task is to explore the depths of the sea in peacetime, as well as to damage water and ground targets in wartime. It is worth noting that nuclear submarines are the key equipment in the composition of submarine units. They are armed with fairly serious weapons, namely ballistic and cruise missiles.

Naval aviation

For many people, the existence of maritime aviation is an incomprehensible factor. Many confuse this component with a separate branch of the military, which is a mistake. It is worth noting that the armed forces include the army, the navy, and at the same time, the units of the same name in the structure of the Navy have nothing in common with the last element of the RF Armed Forces. Naval aviation has a whole range of its own functional tasks, for example:

Countering enemy surface forces;

Implementation of strikes against enemy coastal targets;

Reflection of air strikes.

Thus, naval aviation is a special unit created to carry out functions within the framework of the Navy.

Features of the Marine Corps

The history of the navy at all times has been inextricably linked with the development of marine units. Formation refers to the structure of coastal troops. In fact, such units are designed specifically to conduct combat operations through amphibious assault. Marine Corps were known during the reign of Peter the Great. In those distant times, the number of this unit was about 20 thousand personnel.

To date, this figure is at around 8,000 people, who are divided into four main brigades. The main task of the Marines is amphibious activity, that is, short-term landings to perform certain tasks, as well as the protection of coastal tactical objects and surface vehicles.

The main groupings of the Navy

The fleet can not be seen throughout the state. The forces and means of this element of the armed forces are distributed in accordance with tactical necessity. Simply put, the main groups are located in those places where the Russian Federation is washed by water. Based on this important factor, the entire Russian Federation is divided into the following separate groups:

1. The Northern Fleet is based at the Belomorsk military base in the city of Severodvinsk. Its main task is to protect the territorial interests of the Russian Federation in the same part of the world.

2. The Pacific Fleet is based mostly in the east of Russia, in cities such as Vladivostok, Danube, Sovetskaya Gavan.

3. The Baltic group is located near the cultural capital of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg. The place of base is no less significant historical monument. In this case, we are talking about Kronstadt.

4. The Caspian fleet is based in Astrakhan and Kaspiysk.

5. As for the Black Sea grouping, it is based in the area of ​​the sea of ​​the same name. The fleet is located on the territory of Sevastopol, which once belonged to Ukraine. It should be noted that this group of the Navy has a rather important tactical significance. Its main goal is to protect the interests of Russia in the regions of the Black and Mediterranean Seas. The commander of the Black Sea Fleet today is Admiral Alexander Viktorovich Vitko.

Emblem and flag of the Russian Navy

The symbolism of the Russian Navy causes a lot of questions and disputes all over the world. It should be noted that the main designation of the fleet today is its flag. It depicts an oblique St. Andrew's cross. Few people know that the almost identical symbol is the flag of Scotland. The symbol became the banner of the navy in 2001.

The emblem of the Russian Navy also has a special symbolic connotation. It is a golden heraldic eagle with crossed anchors in the background. This emblem of the Russian Navy is generally recognized and is used in all groupings of the corresponding type of troops.

Conclusion

So, in the article we tried to consider all aspects and characteristics of the Navy of the Russian Federation. Today, this part of the armed forces is one of the strongest in the world, which indicates the high level of military power of the Russian Federation as a whole.

The Navy of the Russian Federation is one of the three branches of the Armed Forces of our state. Its main task is the armed protection of state interests in the sea and ocean theaters of military operations. The Russian fleet is obliged to protect the sovereignty of the state outside its land territory (territorial waters, rights in the sovereign economic zone).

The Russian Navy is considered the successor to the Soviet naval forces, which, in turn, were created on the basis of the Russian Imperial Navy. The history of the Russian Navy is very rich, it has more than three hundred years, during which time it has come a long and glorious military path: the enemy has repeatedly lowered the battle flag in front of Russian ships.

In terms of its composition and number of ships, the Russian Navy is considered one of the strongest in the world: in the global ranking, it ranks second after the US Navy.

The Russian Navy includes one of the components of the nuclear triad: submarine nuclear missile carriers capable of carrying intercontinental ballistic missiles. The current Russian fleet is inferior in its power to the Soviet Navy, many of the ships that are in service today were built back in the Soviet period, so they are outdated both morally and physically. However, in recent years, active construction of new ships has been underway and the fleet is replenished with new pennants every year. According to the State Armaments Program, by 2020 about 4.5 trillion rubles will be spent on updating the Russian Navy.

The ensign of the Russian warships and the ensign of the Russian naval forces is the St. Andrew's flag. It was officially approved by presidential decree on July 21, 1992.

Russian Navy Day is celebrated on the last Sunday of July. This tradition was established by the decision of the Soviet government in 1939.

At present, the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy is Admiral Vladimir Ivanovich Korolev, and his first deputy (Chief of the General Staff) is Vice Admiral Andrey Olgertovich Volozhinsky.

Goals and objectives of the Russian Navy

Why does Russia need a navy? American Vice Admiral Alfred Mahen, one of the greatest naval theorists, wrote as early as the end of the 19th century that the navy influences politics by the very fact of its existence. And it's hard to disagree with him. For several centuries, the borders of the British Empire were fastened by the sides of its ships.

The oceans are not only an inexhaustible source of resources, but also the most important global transport artery. Therefore, the importance of the Navy in the modern world is hard to overestimate: a country that has warships can project armed force anywhere in the oceans. The ground forces of any country, as a rule, are limited to their own territory. Maritime communications play an important role in the modern world. Warships can effectively act on the enemy's communications, cutting him off from the supply of raw materials and reinforcements.

The modern fleet is characterized by high mobility and autonomy: ship groups are able to stay in remote areas of the ocean for months. The mobility of naval groupings makes it difficult to strike, including with the use of weapons of mass destruction.

The modern navy has an impressive arsenal of weapons that can be used not only against enemy ships, but also to strike at ground targets hundreds of kilometers away from the coastline.

The navy as a geopolitical instrument is highly flexible. The Navy is able to respond to a crisis situation in a very short time.

Another distinguishing feature of the Navy as a global military and political instrument is its versatility. Here are just some of the tasks that the navy is capable of solving:

• demonstration of military force and flag;
• combat duty;
• protection of own sea lanes and protection of the coast;
• conducting peacekeeping and anti-piracy operations;
• conducting humanitarian missions;
• the transfer of troops and their supply;
• waging conventional and nuclear war at sea;
• ensuring strategic nuclear deterrence;
• participation in strategic missile defense;
• conducting landing operations and combat operations on land.

Sailors can operate very effectively on land as well. The most obvious example is the US Navy, which has long been the most powerful and versatile instrument of American foreign policy. To conduct large-scale ground operations on land, the fleet needs a powerful air and land component, as well as a developed rear infrastructure capable of supplying expeditionary forces thousands of kilometers from its borders.

Russian sailors repeatedly had to participate in land operations, which, as a rule, took place on their native land and were of a defensive nature. An example is the participation of military sailors in the battles of the Great Patriotic War, as well as the first and second Chechen campaigns, in which units of the Marine Corps fought.

The Russian fleet performs many tasks in peacetime. Warships ensure the safety of economic activity in the World Ocean, monitor the strike ship groups of potential enemies, and cover the patrol areas of potential enemy submarines. The ships of the Russian Navy participate in the protection of the state border, sailors can be involved in the elimination of the consequences of man-made disasters and natural disasters.

Composition of the Russian Navy

As of 2014, the Russian fleet included fifty nuclear submarines. Of these, fourteen are strategic missile submarines, twenty-eight submarines with missile or torpedo weapons, and eight submarines have a special purpose. In addition, the fleet includes twenty diesel-electric submarines.

The ship structure of the surface fleet includes: one heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser (aircraft carrier), three nuclear missile cruisers, three missile cruisers, six destroyers, three corvettes, eleven large anti-submarine ships, twenty-eight small anti-submarine ships. The Russian Navy also includes: seven patrol ships, eight small missile ships, four small artillery ships, twenty-eight missile boats, more than fifty minesweepers of various types, six artillery boats, nineteen large landing ships, two landing hovercraft, more than two dozens of landing craft.

History of the Russian Navy

Kievan Rus already in the 9th century had a fleet that allowed it to carry out successful sea campaigns against Constantinople. However, these forces can hardly be called a regular Navy, the ships were built immediately before the campaigns, their main task was not battles at sea, but the delivery of ground forces to their destination.

Then there were centuries of feudal fragmentation, invasions of foreign conquerors, overcoming internal turmoil - besides, the Moscow principality did not have access to the sea for a long time. The only exception was Novgorod, which had access to the Baltic and conducted successful international trade, being a member of the Hanseatic League, and even made sea voyages.

The first warships in Russia began to be built during the time of Ivan the Terrible, but then the Moscow principality plunged into the Time of Troubles, and the navy was again forgotten for a long time. Warships were used during the war with Sweden in 1656-1658, during this campaign the first documented Russian victory at sea was won.

Emperor Peter the Great is considered to be the creator of the regular Russian navy. It was he who defined Russia's access to the sea as a paramount strategic task and began the construction of warships at the shipyard on the Voronezh River. And already during the Azov campaign, Russian battleships for the first time took part in a massive naval battle. This event can be called the birth of the regular Black Sea Fleet. A few years later, the first Russian warships appeared in the Baltic. The new Russian capital St. Petersburg for a long time became the main naval base of the Baltic Fleet of the Russian Empire.

After Peter's death, the situation in domestic shipbuilding deteriorated significantly: new ships were practically not laid down, and the old ones gradually fell into disrepair.

The situation became critical in the second half of the 18th century, during the reign of Empress Catherine II. At that time, Russia pursued an active foreign policy and was one of the key political players in Europe. The Russian-Turkish wars, which continued with short breaks for almost half a century, forced the Russian leadership to pay special attention to the development of the navy.

During this period, Russian sailors managed to win several glorious victories over the Turks, a large Russian squadron made the first long-distance voyage to the Mediterranean Sea from the Baltic, the empire conquered vast lands in the northern Black Sea region. The most famous Russian naval commander of that period was Admiral Ushakov, who commanded the Black Sea Fleet.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian fleet was the third largest in the world in terms of the number of ships and gun power after Great Britain and France. Russian sailors made several trips around the world, made a significant contribution to the study of the Far East, Russian sailors Bellingshausen and Lazarev discovered the sixth continent - Antarctica in 1820.

The most important event in the history of the Russian fleet was the Crimean War of 1853-1856. Due to a number of diplomatic and political miscalculations, Russia had to fight against an entire coalition, which included Great Britain, France, Turkey and the Kingdom of Sardinia. The main battles of this war took place in the Black Sea theater of operations.

The war began with a brilliant victory over Turkey in the naval battle of Sinop. The Russian fleet under the leadership of Nakhimov completely defeated the enemy. However, in the future, this campaign was unsuccessful for Russia. The British and French had a more advanced fleet, they were seriously ahead of Russia in the construction of steam ships, they had modern small arms. Despite the heroism and excellent training of Russian sailors and soldiers, Sevastopol fell after a long siege. Under the terms of the Paris Peace Treaty, Russia was no longer allowed to have a Black Sea navy.

The defeat in the Crimean War led to the intensification of the construction of steam-powered warships in Russia: battleships and monitors.

The creation of a new steam armored fleet actively continued in the late XIX - early XX century. To overcome the backlog from the leading maritime world powers, the Russian government purchased new ships abroad.

The most important milestone in the history of the Russian fleet was the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. The two strongest powers in the Pacific region, Russia and Japan, entered the fray for control of Korea and Manchuria.

The war began with a sudden Japanese attack on the harbor of Port Arthur, the largest base of the Russian Pacific Fleet. On the same day, the superior forces of Japanese ships in the port of Chemulpo sank the cruiser "Varyag" and the gunboat "Korean".

After several battles lost by the Russian ground forces, Port Arthur fell, and the ships in its harbor were sunk by enemy artillery fire or their own crews.

The second Pacific squadron, assembled from the ships of the Baltic and Black Sea fleets, which went to the aid of Port Arthur, suffered a crushing defeat near the Japanese island of Tsushima.

The defeat in the Russo-Japanese War was a real disaster for the Russian fleet. He lost a large number of pennants, many experienced sailors died. Only by the beginning of the First World War, these losses were partially compensated. In 1906, the first submarines appeared in the Russian fleet. In the same year, the Main Naval Staff was established.

During World War I, Germany was Russia's main adversary in the Baltic Sea, and the Ottoman Empire in the Black Sea theater of operations. In the Baltic, the Russian navy followed a defensive tactic, as the German navy outnumbered it both quantitatively and qualitatively. Mine weapons were actively used.

The Black Sea Fleet since 1915 almost completely controlled the Black Sea.

The revolution and the civil war that broke out after it became a real disaster for the Russian fleet. The Black Sea Fleet was partially captured by the Germans, some of its ships were transferred to the Ukrainian People's Republic, then they fell into the hands of the Entente. Some of the ships were sunk by order of the Bolsheviks. Foreign powers occupied the coasts of the North Sea, the Black Sea and the Pacific coast.

After the Bolsheviks came to power, a gradual restoration of the naval forces began. In 1938, a separate type of armed forces appeared - the Navy of the USSR. Before the outbreak of World War II, he was a very impressive force. There were especially many submarines of various modifications in its composition.

The first months of the war were a real disaster for the Soviet Navy. Several key military bases were abandoned (Tallinn, Hanko). The evacuation of warships from the Hanko naval base resulted in heavy losses due to enemy mines. The main battles of the Great Patriotic War took place on land, so the Soviet Navy sent more than 400 thousand sailors to the ground forces.

After the end of the war, a period of confrontation began between the Soviet Union with its satellites and the NATO bloc led by the United States. At this time, the Soviet Navy reached the peak of its power, both in terms of the number of ships and their quality characteristics. A huge amount of resources was allocated for the construction of a nuclear submarine fleet, four aircraft carriers, a large number of cruisers, destroyers and missile frigates (96 units at the end of the 80s), more than a hundred landing ships and boats were built. The ship structure of the USSR Navy in the mid-80s consisted of 1380 warships and a large number of auxiliary vessels.

The collapse of the Soviet Union led to catastrophic consequences. The USSR Navy was divided among the Soviet republics (however, most of the ship's composition went to Russia), due to underfunding, most projects were frozen, part of the shipbuilding enterprises remained abroad. In 2010, the Russian Navy included only 136 warships.

Structure of the Russian Navy

The Russian Navy includes the following forces:

• surface;
• underwater;
• naval aviation;
• coastal troops.

Naval aviation consists of coastal, deck, tactical and strategic.

Associations of the Russian Navy

The Russian Navy consists of four operational-strategic formations:

• The Baltic Fleet of the Russian Navy, its headquarters is in Kaliningrad
• The Northern Fleet of the Russian Navy, its headquarters is located in Severomorsk
• The Black Sea Fleet, its headquarters is located in Sevastopol, belongs to the Southern Military District
• The Caspian Flotilla of the Russian Navy, headquartered in Astrakhan, is part of the Southern Military District.
• The Pacific Fleet, headquartered in Vladivostok, is part of the Eastern Military District.

The Northern and Pacific Fleets are the strongest in the Russian Navy. It is here that submarines carrying strategic nuclear weapons are based, as well as all surface and submarine ships with a nuclear power plant.

The only Russian aircraft carrier, the Admiral Kuznetsov, is based in the Northern Fleet. If new aircraft carriers are built for the Russian fleet, then, most likely, they will also be placed in the Northern Fleet. This fleet is part of the Joint Strategic Command North.

Currently, the Russian leadership is paying a lot of attention to the Arctic. This region is disputed, in addition, a huge amount of minerals has been explored in this region. It is likely that in the coming years it is the Arctic that will become a “bone of contention” for the largest world states.

The Northern Fleet includes:

• TAKR "Admiral Kuznetsov" (project 1143 "Krechet")
• two nuclear missile cruisers of project 1144.2 "Orlan" "Admiral Nakhimov" and "Peter the Great", which is the flagship of the Northern Fleet
• missile cruiser "Marshal Ustinov" (project "Atlant")
• four BOD project 1155 "Frigate" and one BOD project 1155.1.
• two destroyers of project 956 "Sarych"
• nine small warships, sea minesweepers of various projects, landing and artillery boats
• four large landing ships of project 775.

Submarines are the main force of the Northern Fleet. These include:

• Ten nuclear submarines armed with intercontinental ballistic missiles (projects 941 "Shark", 667BDRM "Dolphin", 995 "Borey")
• Four nuclear submarines armed with cruise missiles (projects 885 "Ash" and 949A "Antey")
• Fourteen torpedo-armed nuclear submarines (projects 971 "Pike-B", 945 "Barracuda", 945A "Condor", 671RTMK "Pike")
• Eight diesel submarines (projects 877 "Halibut" and 677 "Lada"). In addition, there are seven nuclear deep-sea stations and an experimental submarine.

The Northern Fleet also includes naval aviation, coastal defense troops and marine corps units.

In 2007, the construction of the Arctic Shamrock military base began on the Franz Josef Land archipelago. The ships of the Northern Fleet are taking part in the Syrian operation as part of the Mediterranean squadron of the Russian fleet.

Pacific Fleet. This fleet is armed with submarines with nuclear power plants, armed with missiles and torpedoes with a nuclear warhead. This fleet is divided into two groups: one is based in Primorye, and the other is based on the Kamchatka Peninsula. The Pacific Fleet includes:

• Missile cruiser "Varyag" project 1164 "Atlant".
• Three BOD project 1155.
• One destroyer of project 956 "Sarych".
• Four small missile ships of project 12341 "Gadfly-1".
• Eight small anti-submarine ships of project 1124 Albatross.
• Torpedo and anti-sabotage boats.
• Minesweepers.
• Three large landing ships of project 775 and 1171
• Landing boats.

The composition of the submarine forces of the Pacific Fleet includes:

• Five missile submarines armed with strategic intercontinental ballistic missiles (project 667BDR Kalmar and 955 Borey).
• Three nuclear submarines with Project 949A Antey cruise missiles.
• One multi-purpose submarine of project 971 "Pike-B".
• Six diesel submarines of project 877 "Halibut".

The Pacific Fleet also includes naval aviation, coastal troops and marines.

Black Sea Fleet. One of the oldest Russian fleets with a long and glorious history. However, due to geographical reasons, its strategic role is not so great. This fleet participated in the international campaign against piracy in the Gulf of Aden, in the war with Georgia in 2008, and its ships and personnel are currently involved in the Syrian campaign.

The construction of new surface and underwater vessels for the Black Sea Fleet is underway.

The composition of this operational-strategic association of the Russian Navy includes:

• Missile cruiser project 1164 "Atlant" "Moskva", which is the flagship of the Black Sea Fleet
• One BOD project 1134-B "Berkut-B" "Kerch"
• Five patrol ships of the far sea zone of different projects
• Eight large landing ships of projects 1171 "Tapir" and 775. They are united in the 197th brigade of landing ships
• Five diesel submarines (projects 877 "Halibut" and 636.3 "Varshavyanka"

  The Black Sea Fleet also includes naval aviation, coastal troops and marines.

  Baltic Fleet. After the collapse of the USSR, the BF found itself in a very difficult situation: a significant part of its bases ended up on the territory of foreign states. Currently, the Baltic Fleet is based in the Leningrad and Kaliningrad regions. Due to the geographic location, the BF's strategic importance is also limited. The Baltic Fleet includes the following ships:

  • Project 956 destroyer "Sarych" "Persistent", which is the flagship of the Baltic Fleet.
  • Two Project 11540 "Hawk" patrol ships of the far sea zone. In domestic literature, they are often called frigates.
  • Four patrol ships of the near sea zone of project 20380 "Guarding", which are sometimes called corvettes in the literature.
  • Ten small rocket ships (project 1234.1).
  • Four Project 775 large landing craft.
  • Two Project 12322 Zubr small landing hovercraft.
  • A large number of landing and missile boats.

  The Baltic Fleet is armed with two Project 877 Halibut diesel submarines.

  Caspian flotilla. The Caspian Sea is an inland body of water, which in the Soviet period washed the shores of two countries - Iran and the USSR. After 1991, several independent states appeared in this region at once, and the situation became seriously complicated. Water area of ​​the Caspian International treaty between Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkmenistan, signed on August 12, 2018, defines it as a zone free from NATO influence.

  The composition of the Caspian Flotilla of the Russian Federation includes:

  • Patrol ships of the near sea zone of the project 11661 "Gepard" (2 units).
  • Eight small ships of different projects.
  • Landing boats.
  • Artillery and anti-sabotage boats.
  • Minesweepers.

  Prospects for the development of the Navy

  The navy is a very expensive branch of the armed forces, therefore, after the collapse of the USSR, almost all programs related to the construction of new ships were frozen.

  The situation began to improve only in the second half of the "zero". According to the State Armaments Program, by 2020 the Russian Navy will receive about 4.5 trillion rubles. Russian shipbuilders plan to produce up to ten Project 995 strategic nuclear missile carriers and the same number of Project 885 multi-purpose submarines. In addition, the construction of diesel-electric submarines of Projects 63.63 Varshavyanka and 677 Lada will continue. In total, it is planned to build up to twenty submarines.

  The Navy plans to purchase eight Project 22350 frigates, six Project 11356 frigates, more than thirty corvettes of several projects (some of which are still under development). In addition, it is planned to build new missile boats, large and small landing ships, and minesweepers.

  A new destroyer with a nuclear power plant is being developed. The Navy is interested in buying six of these ships. They are planned to be equipped with anti-missile defense systems.

  A lot of controversy raises the question of the future fate of the Russian aircraft carrier fleet. Is he needed? "Admiral Kuznetsov" clearly does not meet modern requirements, and from the very beginning this project was not the most successful.

  In total, by 2020, the Russian Navy plans to receive 54 new surface ships and 24 submarines with nuclear power plants, a large number of old ships must undergo modernization. The fleet should receive new missile systems that will be able to fire the latest Caliber and Onyx missiles. These complexes are planned to equip missile cruisers (Orlan project), submarines of the Antey, Shchuka-B and Halibut projects.

  If you have any questions - leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them.

The Russian navy presents a very controversial picture at the moment.

Despite the fact that the Russian Navy is only a shadow of the once mighty Soviet Navy, it is still one of the most powerful navies in the world, given the total composition of ships and submarines, as well as their quality level.

At the same time, the Russian fleet and the naval industry are still experiencing a huge number of problems. Let's try to figure out how satisfactorily the Russian naval forces can carry out the tasks assigned to them and what prospects await them in the future?

Before talking about the state and prospects of the Russian naval forces, it is necessary to consider the tasks facing them and the threats that they must counteract. One of the main and "traditional" problems of the Russian Navy lies in the geographical location of the Russian Federation, as a result of which the Russian Navy is divided into 4 fleets that are actually isolated from each other - the Black Sea, Baltic, Northern and Pacific, the interaction between which is difficult, and often completely impossible. . At the same time, each of the four Russian fleets faces its own, in many respects specific tasks. As a result, Russia is forced to have quite numerous naval groups in each of the directions. Therefore, even despite the nominally numerous composition of the Russian Navy grouping, its composition in a specific strategic direction is often completely insufficient.

The tasks of the Baltic and Black Sea Fleets are to prevent the actions of a potential enemy in the respective seas, which is quite easily implemented. Considering the small geographical size of the Baltic and Black Seas, the operation of large groups of a potential enemy is difficult there. At the same time, these seas are easily "overlapped" by the forces of small missile ships, coastal missile systems, aviation and diesel submarines.

The situation is quite different for the Northern and Pacific Fleets of Russia. Even those seas that are in the "zone of responsibility" of the Northern and Pacific Fleets have a huge area, which forces these fleets to have forces capable of operating effectively at a great distance from the coast. At the same time, unlike the Baltic and Black Sea Fleets, the forces of the Northern and Pacific Fleets cannot be covered by aviation and air defense forces - at a distance of several hundred kilometers from the coast, the time for aircraft to arrive from ground airfields is too long, and taking into account the radius of action, even modern tactical aircraft, the patrol time during which they can cover ships is completely insufficient.

Let's consider what threats the Northern and Pacific fleets face. To do this, we turn to the report of the Ministry of Defense of Russia "On a comprehensive assessment of the state of national security of the Russian Federation in the field of maritime activities in 2016". The report for the Russian Navy indicates the following threats:

• "Potential military conflict" with NATO countries.
• Difficult military-political situation in the Black Sea region.
• Strengthening the struggle for control over the areas of the Arctic shelf, attempts to increase the military presence in the Arctic region, as well as attempts to revise international agreements in their favor by some NATO member countries that have "access" to the territories of the Arctic. For example, Norway's desire to establish full control over the Spitsbergen archipelago and the waters adjacent to it is considered as one of the threats.
• Japan's territorial claims to the Kuril Islands.

Thus, for the Northern Fleet, the greatest military threat is a collision with large NATO naval groupings, including aircraft carrier strike groups. For the Pacific Fleet, based on the above potential threats, the main probable adversary is the Japanese Navy. Considering the huge numerical and qualitative composition of Japan's naval "self-defense forces" (which are such only in name), the task of countering the Japanese Navy grouping, taking into account Japan's extremely close location to a potential theater of operations, as well as the extremely powerful Air Force, surpasses the task of countering AUG USA.

Based on this, in almost any case, the naval groupings of the Northern and Pacific Fleets need to be able to effectively counter the numerically superior naval groupings of a potential enemy, which in turn requires the creation of developed and highly effective groupings of heterogeneous forces in each direction.

At the moment, the main forces of the Russian fleets are as follows:

• Surface forces The Northern Fleet in its "active" composition has the aircraft carrier "Admiral Kuznetsov", the heavy nuclear missile cruiser "Pyotr Veliky", the missile cruiser of project 1164 "Marshal Ustinov" (in 2016 completed a complete refurbishment and modernization), a large anti-submarine ship ( BOD) pr. 1155.1 "Admiral Chabanenko", 3 BOD pr. 1155 and 1 destroyer pr. 956. The submarine forces of the Northern Fleet include a strategic missile submarine (SSBN) pr. -208 "Dmitry Donskoy", 6 RPK SN project 667BDRM, 3 nuclear submarines (NPS) with cruise missiles project 949A, the latest multi-purpose nuclear submarine of the 4th generation project 885 - "Severodvinsk", 6 multi-purpose nuclear submarines project 971 " Schuka-B", 3 submarines of projects 945 and 945A, 3 modernized nuclear submarines of project 671RTMK, as well as 5 diesel submarines of project 877 and the latest diesel submarine of project 677 Lada, which is in trial operation.

• The "core" of the surface forces of the Pacific Fleet is the missile cruiser "Varyag" (Project 1164), 4 BOD Project 1155, 2 destroyers Project 956, the newest corvette Project 20380, as well as 4 small missile ships Project 1234, and 11 missile boats pr.1241. The submarine forces of the Pacific Fleet consist of 3 obsolete RPK SN pr. 667BDR (to be decommissioned in the coming years), 2 newest RPK SN pr. multi-purpose nuclear submarines, project 971 and 8 diesel submarines, project 877.

• The "core" of the Black Sea Fleet is formed by the missile cruiser "Moskva" (project 1164), the patrol ship "Sharp-witted", 2 patrol ships pr. 1135M - "Sharp-witted" and "Ladny", 3 newest frigates pr. "Admiral Essen" and "Admiral Makarov" (officially accepted into the fleet on December 27, 2017), high-speed small missile ships pr.1239 - "Bora" and "Samum", 2 small missile ships pr.1234, 5 missile boats pr. 1241, as well as diesel submarine project 877 and 6 newest submarines project 636.3

• The main forces of the Baltic Fleet include the destroyer Project 956 "Persistent", 2 frigates Project 11540 - "Neustrashimy" and "Yaroslav the Wise", 4 new corvettes Project 20380, 4 small missile ships Project 1234.1, 2 newest small missile ships project 21631 "Buyan-M" and 7 missile boats project 1241, as well as 2 diesel submarines project 877.

In general, the state and level of combat readiness of the Russian Navy is quite good. The fleet is actively engaged in combat training, regularly makes trips to various parts of the oceans. At the same time, the dynamics of the "activity" of the Russian Navy over the past 5 years has been continuously growing. So, for example, according to the report of the Ministry of Defense, in 2016, the ships and submarines of the Russian Navy made a total of 102 trips, having spent 9538 days at sea, while the intensity of task performance increased by 1.3 times compared to 2015. The military campaign of Russian ships led by the aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov to the coast of Syria in 2016 showed that Russia is quite capable of "setting up" if necessary a powerful multi-purpose shipborne strike group in the required area of ​​the World Ocean.

In general, the level of serviceability and combat readiness of the ship's composition has increased significantly, although there are significant problems. So, for example, out of 5 multi-purpose nuclear submarines pr.971 in the Pacific Fleet, only 1-2 are combat-ready, the rest are permanently under repair, as a rule, sluggish.

A separate problem of the Russian Navy is its very unbalanced composition, as far as the surface fleet is concerned. The main forces of the Northern and Pacific Fleets have very significant anti-submarine capabilities, but the number of ships capable of providing effective collective air defense of naval formations and possessing powerful strike capabilities is only a few. Such ships are the heavy nuclear missile cruiser Pyotr Veliky and three missile cruisers pr. 1164 - Moskva, Varyag and Marshal Ustinov. Therefore, the Russian Navy is in dire need of new ships in the far ocean zone.

Construction of new large surface ships.

The biggest problem for the modern Russian Navy is the construction of new warships. By the middle of the 2000s, a large-scale rearmament and strengthening of the fleet with new ships was planned for 10-15 years. However, this hope was not justified. The speed of construction of new large surface ships was extremely low. For example, the lead newest frigate pr.22350 (which was supposed to become the main "workhorses" of the Russian Navy) "Admiral Gorshkov", laid down in 2006, has not yet been officially transferred to the fleet. The situation with the construction of surface ships for the modern Russian Navy is constantly subjected to a flurry of criticism in various media.

At the same time, it is worth noting that the navy and the naval industry suffered the most in the 1990s. For example, many aviation industry enterprises, especially OKB im. Sukhoi, as well as factories producing aircraft developed by this design bureau, managed to "survive" thanks to numerous export contracts (primarily for India and China). These contracts made it possible to keep key enterprises in hard currency, which in turn allowed them not only to "keep afloat", but also to finance new developments. The naval industry did not have such "generous" contracts. The navy, being an extremely complex military-technical mechanism, requires very significant funds for maintenance. Therefore, the almost complete lack of funds for the maintenance of the fleet in the 1990s led to the fact that it began to degrade, perhaps at the most rapid pace, compared to other types of Russian armed forces.

Thus, in parallel with the construction of new ships, it was necessary to rebuild the entire naval industry as a whole. In addition, in the 2000s, the most priority direction for the development of the Navy was the renewal of the naval component of the Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces and the construction of new submarine missile carriers pr. , for which an extremely significant share of the funds allocated for the development of the fleet was allocated.

A separate problem was the need to equip new ships of the far ocean zone with fundamentally new types of weapons. Frigates pr.22350, which should form the basis of the ships of the far ocean zone of the Russian Navy in the future, were originally supposed to use only the most modern, promising weapons systems - 2 Universal Shipborne Firing Systems (UKKS), each having 8 cells, each of which can to accommodate the supersonic anti-ship missile "Onyx" or one of the cruise missiles of the "Caliber" family - anti-ship 3M54, cruise missile 3M14 for destroying ground targets or anti-submarine missile 91R, the latest universal artillery installation A-192 "Armat", new means of electronic warfare, and most importantly - the newest anti-aircraft missile system "Polyment-Redut". The Poliment-Redut air defense system consists of the Poliment multifunctional radar and the Redut air defense system itself, which has the latest anti-aircraft missiles of the 9M96D family with active homing heads. The Poliment radar consists of four phased antenna arrays oriented at an angle of 90 degrees to each other, each of which provides an overview of the space and radio correction of anti-aircraft missiles on the marching section of the trajectory in a sector of 90 degrees in azimuth and 90 degrees in elevation. Thus, 4 antenna arrays provide a circular view of space and the possibility of firing targets in any direction. Each of the four arrays provides guidance for 4 anti-aircraft missiles, and the number of simultaneously launched missiles when repelling an attack from one direction is 8 (when the ship is oriented in such a way that the attacking means of air attack would be at the "crossing" of the sectors of operation of two antenna arrays). Anti-aircraft missiles of the 9M96 family have active homing heads, which makes it possible to reduce the guidance area using radar, provide the ability to hit an air target if it goes beyond the radio horizon, and in the future this makes it possible to fire targets beyond the radio horizon. These missiles have gas-dynamic rudders, which allows at altitudes of less than 5 kilometers to develop overloads up to 60 (according to other sources up to 65 units), allowing you to confidently deal with intensively maneuvering targets and provides a probability of hitting subsonic anti-ship missiles close to guaranteed (0.9 - 0.95).

The creation of new models of naval weapons "from scratch", in the conditions of the naval industry, which was in an extremely problematic state, could not affect the timing of their creation. As a result, the lead ship of project 22350 "Admiral Gorshkov" began sea trials only in 2015, but has not yet been formally transferred to the fleet. The reason for such long delays in commissioning was the need to test a huge number of new systems, and mainly the Poliment-Redut air defense system. At the end of 2017, the enterprises of the Almaz-Antey concern managed to successfully solve most of the problems with Poliment-Redut. Moreover, as reported, during the tests and improvements of the complex, the use of the 9M96D anti-aircraft missile, which has a flight range of over 100 kilometers, was ensured. All other weapon systems of the ship, as well as the latest electronic warfare equipment, have been successfully tested. It is worth noting that in itself the "delay" in the timing of improvements to shipboard air defense systems is not something out of the ordinary, and it took place during the Cold War both in the USA and in the USSR, which did not experience any problems in the field of military-industrial complex. For example, the Fort anti-aircraft missile system, which modern cruisers pr.1164 are armed with, was brought to full compliance with the specified characteristics 3 years after the commissioning of the first ship armed with this complex - the cruiser pr.1164. BOD pr.1155, which are the most numerous type of ships of the far ocean zone in the Russian Navy, after being built, in fact, for several years did not have the prescribed Kinzhal air defense system, which was officially put into service only in 1989. At the same time, the Fort and Kinzhal complexes still have excellent combat capabilities. The first US Navy ship equipped with the Aegis multifunctional weapons control system became part of the US Navy in 1983, but the Aegis system and the complex of weapons integrated into it were brought to an acceptable level of combat capability for another 3 years.

Modern warships of other fleets of the world are no exception. For example, the first British destroyer of a new generation of air defense, type 45 "Daring", entered service with a virtually "conditionally" functional PAAMS air defense system (which is its main weapon), but now the destroyers of this series are considered the best air defense ships in the world. A similar situation has developed with the Indian-Israeli naval air defense system "Barak-8". Due to problems and its creation, the deadline for commissioning the latest Indian destroyers Calcutta was shifted for many years. The lead ship was laid down in 2003 and entered service in 2014, although commissioning was planned for 2010. The last, third destroyer of this series entered service at the end of 2016, more than 10 years after the laying. Moreover, it is not known whether the Barak-8 air defense system on Indian destroyers is 100% combat-ready at the moment.

Apparently, the command of the Russian Navy and the Ministry of Defense want to immediately get a fully combat-ready ship, without fine-tuning its various weapons systems during operation. In addition, pr.22350 frigates will generally determine the appearance of surface ships of the Russian Navy for the coming decades. It can be predicted with a high degree of probability that after the adoption of the frigates "Admiral Gorshkov" and "Admiral Kasatonov" (the second ship of project 22350), which has already completed completion, the construction of other ships of the series, as well as the possible construction of frigates of an improved project - 22350M, will go at a significantly higher rate.

In the current decade, the naval industry of Russia failed to carry out the mass construction of Project 11356 frigates - "simplified" frigates created for the "inland" seas - the Baltic and Black. Until 2014, shipbuilders managed to withstand the high pace of construction of these ships, because. they were built on the basis of Talwar-class frigates built for India in the 2000s and were equipped with existing and tested weapons, radio engineering and information systems. By 2014, it was possible to build 3 such ships out of 6 laid down, however, after the events of 2014, Ukraine unilaterally stopped military-technical cooperation with Russia, and in particular, stopped deliveries of ship gas turbine power plants for frigates pr.2230 and pr.11356, manufactured in Nikolaev by the Zorya-Mashproekt plant. As a result, it took almost 3 years to deploy the production of these power plants in Russia, in the Rybinsk NPO Saturn. Fortunately, this problem was successfully solved. At the moment, the Russian Navy has included 3 frigates of project 11356 - "Admiral Grigorovich", "Admiral Essen" and "Admiral Makarov", and the latter was officially accepted into the fleet on December 27, 2017. Another 3 frigates of this project will be completed with already Russian power plants, and are expected to enter the fleet in 2020-21.

Thus, the main efforts in the naval construction of Russia over the past decade have been directed to the modernization and restoration of the shipbuilding industry, as well as to the development and "fine-tuning" of advanced weapons systems. Under these conditions, the leadership of the Russian Navy and the Ministry of Defense were forced to somewhat correct the concept of development and use of naval forces.

Before the appearance of large surface ships of a new generation, the leadership of the Russian Navy and the Ministry of Defense, obviously, chose a course for the large-scale construction of small missile ships and coastal missile systems, with the aim of creating, as Western countries call it, "no-maneuver and access zones" in the most important areas adjacent to the Russian coast and territorial waters, and a reliable "overlap" of the so-called. littoral zone, as well as the modernization of existing large warships and submarines.

To be continued...

Pavel Rumyantsev

| Types of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation | Navy

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Types of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Navy

From the history of creation

In 1695, the young Tsar Peter I made an attempt to seize the Azov fortress occupied by the Turks. The siege ended in failure, as the Turkish fleet, which dominated the Sea of ​​Azov, provided great assistance and support to the garrison of the fortress.

After analyzing the reasons for the unsuccessful siege in Russia, the Admiralty was established, and on the river. Shipbuilding yards were laid in Voronezh. As a result of the energetic measures taken in 1696. managed to create the first in the history of Russia connection of military and transport ships, the so-called naval military caravan. It consisted of 2 frigates, 23 galleys, 4 fire ships and about 1000 small rowing vessels. In May 1696, the ground army (about 75 thousand people) and the naval military caravan reached Azov and blocked it from land and sea, and on May 20, a detachment of 40 Cossack boats attacked the Turkish squadron. The Turks lost 2 ships and 10 cargo ships. At the same time, the main part of the military caravan took up a position at the mouth of the river. Don and did not allow the Turkish fleet, which arrived to help the Azov garrison, to approach the coast and land reinforcements for the besieged.

As a result of these actions, on July 19, 1696, Azov surrendered. In connection with these events, 1696 is rightfully considered the year of foundation of the Russian Navy.

Organizational structure of the Navy

• General Command of the Navy
• surface forces
• submarine force
• Naval aviation
• Coastal troops:
  • Coastal Rocket and Artillery Troops
  • Marines

Navy- a type of the Armed Forces designed to strike at industrial and economic regions (centers), important military targets of the enemy and defeat his naval forces. The Navy is capable of inflicting nuclear strikes on enemy ground targets, destroying its ships at sea and in bases, disrupting its ocean and maritime communications and defending its own, assisting ground forces in conducting operations, landing amphibious assaults and repulsing enemy amphibious assaults, transporting troops, material funds and perform other tasks.

Part Navy includes several branches of forces: submarine, surface, naval aviation, coastal troops. It also includes ships and vessels of the auxiliary fleet, special forces and various services. The main types of forces are submarine forces and naval aviation.

Navy is one of the most important foreign policy attributes of the state. It is designed to ensure the security and protection of the interests of the Russian Federation in peacetime and wartime at the ocean and sea frontiers.

The Navy is capable of inflicting nuclear strikes on enemy ground targets, destroying enemy fleet groups in the sea and bases, disrupting the enemy’s ocean and sea communications and protecting its maritime transportation, assisting ground forces in operations in continental theaters of military operations, landing amphibious assault forces, participating in repelling enemy landings and perform other tasks.

Today the Navy consists of four fleets: Northern, Pacific, Black Sea, Baltic and Caspian flotilla. The priority task of the fleet is to prevent the outbreak of wars and armed conflicts, and in the event of aggression, repulse it, cover the country's facilities, forces and troops from oceanic and sea areas, inflict defeat on the enemy, create conditions for preventing hostilities at the earliest possible stage and concluding peace at conditions that meet the interests of the Russian Federation. In addition, the task of the Navy is to conduct peacekeeping operations by decision of the UN Security Council or in accordance with the international allied obligations of the Russian Federation.

To solve the priority task of the Armed Forces and the Navy - to prevent the outbreak of war, the Navy has naval strategic nuclear forces and general-purpose forces. In the event of aggression, they must repel enemy strikes, defeat strike groups of his fleet and prevent him from carrying out large-scale naval operations, as well as, in cooperation with other branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, ensure the creation of the necessary conditions for the effective conduct of defensive operations in continental theaters of military operations.

Navy (Navy) consists of the following types of forces (Fig. 1):
• underwater
• surface
• naval aviation
• Marine Corps and Coastal Defense Forces.
• It consists of:
  • ships and vessels
  • special purpose parts
  • units and divisions of the rear.

The main striking force of the Navy is nuclear submarines armed with ballistic and cruise missiles with nuclear warheads. These ships are constantly in various areas of the World Ocean, ready for the immediate use of their strategic weapons.

Submarine nuclear powered ships, armed with ship-to-ship cruise missiles, are aimed mainly at combating large enemy surface ships.

Nuclear-powered torpedo submarines are used to disrupt the enemy's underwater and surface communications and in the defense system against an underwater threat, as well as to escort missile submarines and surface ships.

The use of diesel submarines (missile and torpedo) is associated mainly with the solution of typical tasks for them in limited areas of the sea.

Equipping submarines with nuclear power and nuclear missile weapons, powerful sonar systems and high-precision navigation weapons, along with comprehensive automation of control processes and the creation of optimal living conditions for the crew, has significantly expanded their tactical properties and forms of combat use. Surface forces in modern conditions remain the most important part of the Navy. The creation of ships carrying aircraft and helicopters, as well as the transition of a number of classes of ships, like submarines, to nuclear power have greatly increased their combat capabilities. Equipping ships with helicopters and aircraft significantly expands their capabilities to detect and destroy enemy submarines. Helicopters make it possible to successfully solve the problems of relaying and communications, target designation, transfer of cargo at sea, landing troops on the coast and rescuing personnel.

surface ships are the main forces to ensure the exit and deployment of submarines in the areas of hostilities and return to bases, transport and cover landings. They are assigned the main role in laying minefields, in combating the mine danger and protecting their communications.

The traditional task of surface ships is to strike at enemy targets on his territory and to cover their coast from the sea from the enemy's naval forces.

Thus, a complex of responsible combat missions is assigned to surface ships. They solve these tasks in groups, formations, associations both independently and in cooperation with other branches of the fleet forces (submarines, aviation, marines).

Naval aviation- branch of the Navy. It consists of strategic, tactical, deck and coastal.

Strategic and tactical aviation Designed for confrontation with groups of surface ships in the ocean, submarines and transports, as well as for bombing and missile strikes against enemy coastal targets.

carrier-based aviation is the main striking force of the aircraft carrier formations of the Navy. Its main combat missions in the armed struggle on the sea are the destruction of enemy aircraft in the air, the starting positions of anti-aircraft guided missiles and other means of enemy air defense, tactical reconnaissance, etc. When performing combat missions, carrier-based aviation actively interacts with tactical aviation.

Naval aviation helicopters are an effective means of targeting a ship's missile weapons when destroying submarines and repelling attacks by enemy low-flying aircraft and anti-ship missiles. Carrying air-to-surface missiles and other weapons, they are a powerful means of fire support for marines and the destruction of enemy missile and artillery boats.

Marines- a branch of the Navy, designed to conduct combat operations as part of amphibious assault forces (independently or jointly with the Ground Forces), as well as to defend the coast (naval bases, ports).

The combat operations of the marines are carried out, as a rule, with the support of aviation and artillery fire from ships. In turn, the marines use in combat operations all types of weapons characteristic of motorized rifle troops, while using landing tactics specific to it.

Coastal Defense Troops, As a branch of the Navy forces, they are designed to protect the bases of the Navy forces, ports, important sections of the coast, islands, straits and narrownesses from the attack of ships and amphibious landings of the enemy. The basis of their armament is coastal missile systems and artillery, anti-aircraft missile systems, mine and torpedo weapons, as well as special coastal defense ships (protection of the water area). Coastal fortifications are being set up on the coast to ensure defense by troops.

Units and divisions of the rear are intended for logistic support of the forces and military operations of the Navy. They ensure the satisfaction of the material, transport, household and other needs of formations and formations of the Navy in order to maintain them in combat readiness for the performance of assigned tasks.