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Nguyen Thi Quynh Huong. The use of Russian passive constructions from the perspective of a native speaker of the Vietnamese language: Dis. ... cand. philol. Sciences: 10.02.01: Moscow, 2004 121 p. RSL OD, 61:04-10/1070
Introduction
Chapter 1 . Overview of the study of the category of voice in Russian and Vietnamese 9
1. Russian classics about pledge 11
2. Definition of voice by modern Russian linguists 18
3. Reflexive verbs in Russian 24
Conclusions to Chapter 1 39
Chapter 2 . Passive constructions in Russian and Vietnamese 41
1. Functional-semantic field of pledge in Russian and Vietnamese languages 41
1.1. Functional-semantic field of pledge in Russian 41
1.2. Passive Constructions in Vietnamese 46
1.3. Syntactic functions and communicative nature of passive constructions 50
1.3.1. Passive constructions: actual articulation and text-forming role 50
1.3.2. Passive constructions: the role of the object of action 55
2. Classification of passive constructions in Russian and ways of their translation into Vietnamese 58
2.1. The main types of passive constructions in Russian 58
2.2. "Returnable perfect liability" 62
2.2.1. The reflexive passive form of the perfective verb ... 62
2.2.2. Collateral values of the reflexive perfect form 63
2.3. One-voice verb with a passive meaning in Russian 67
2.4. Ways of translating Russian passive constructions into Vietnamese 69
2.4.1. Translation of Russian three-member passive constructions 69
2.4.2. Translation of Russian binomial passive constructions 71
2.4.3. Translation of Russian passive constructions with a "non-canonical" subject 73
2.4.4. Translation of Russian active constructions into Vietnamese passive constructions 75
3. Liabilities of the stative 77
3.1. Passives and Cabinets: Differences 77
3.2. Stave: deviation in the use of the verb 80
3.2.1. Stative: the use of the verb in secondary meanings 80
3.2.2. Passive forms in phraseological units and etiquette forms 82
3.3. The main types of similarities in collateral values 89
3.3.1. Passive and mean return value 90
3.3.2. Passive and static meaning 92
Conclusions to Chapter 2 96
Conclusion 98
Bibliography 100
Appendix 118
Introduction to work
The reviewed dissertation research is devoted to the use of Russian passive constructions from the perspective of a native speaker of the Vietnamese language.
The category of voice of the Russian language is of great interest to linguists from M.V. Lomonosov, F.F. Fortunatov to A.A. Kholodovich, B.C. Khrakovsky, A.V. Bondarko, L.L. Bulanina, E.V. Paduchevoyidr. (last decades of the 20th century), V.A. Plungyan and N.V. Pertsova (2003) and others. Each researcher's interpretation of issues related to the category of collateral makes a peculiar contribution to the general theory of collateral.
The category of voice in the Vietnamese language does not have a long history of study, as in Russian linguistics, however, the rich language material, including voice forms, causes many discrepancies in its interpretation.
Relevance research is determined by the need to present such a description of the features of the expression of the meaning of the passive in the Russian language, which could form part of the functional grammar of the Russian language, focused on teaching the Russian language in the Vietnamese audience.
Subject research is the study of the implementation of the meaning of passivity in the Russian language from the perspective of a native speaker of the Vietnamese language .
object studies serve as passive turns of the Russian and Vietnamese languages. In the present work, only passive constructions are considered, i.e. those constructions where the verb and participle in
in the passive form they play the role of a predicate sentence. Type cases I'm still impressedsomething incomprehensible andunresolvable. and beautiful, which I owe to you, ...(I. Bunin. Unknown friend), where the verb form with a passive meaning functions as a definition in a nominal phrase, are not included in the circle of questions of interest to us. The limitation of this work is also adjectivized passive participles of the type She generally imagined, it seems, ... as if there was some kind of "sensitive" person who would finally appreciateher unmarried soul (I. Bunin. Mordovian sundress).
aim This study is a description of the ways of expressing the passive meaning in Russian in comparison with the Vietnamese language, focused on the named subject of the study.
This goal defines the following specific tasks:
explore the current state of studying the category of voice in Russian and Vietnamese linguistics;
interpret the interpretation of the studied grammatical category and related questions in two languages according to the field approach of functional grammar (A.V. Bondarko and his supporters);
to analyze the contextual realizations of the passive forms of Russian verbs in order to reveal their functioning in the expression of the pledge value;
establish the most frequent and typical ways of translating Russian passive constructions into Vietnamese.
When describing the language material, the approach “from semantics to its formal expression” (“from functions to means”) is used in combination with the approach “from form to semantics” (“from means to functions”). We use other research methods, as descriptive, analytical, critical, comparative, etc.
Scientific novelty of the research is seen in the fact that in it for the first time
an attempt was made to describe and analyze the ways of expressing the meaning of the passiveness in Russian from the position of a native speaker of the Vietnamese language, as well as to give suggestions for improving the teaching of Russian as a foreign language.
Theoretical significance research - lies in the fact that the provisions developed in the study contribute to the study of the Russian and Vietnamese categories of pledge, and also specify a number of general theoretical provisions.
Practical significance of the study is that the results of the study can be used in the practice of teaching the Russian language in the Vietnamese audience, when reading theoretical courses in general and particular linguistics, as well as in translation activities.
Material studies are examples taken from the literary works of L. Tolstoy, I. Bunin and K. Paustovsky, and translations of these works into Vietnamese. We also use examples from journalistic publications, advertisements - and conversations with native Russian speakers for illustration and comparison.
It is necessary to clarify the conceptual apparatus of the study associated with the use of terms passive and passive.
Initially, in the works of M.V. Lomonosov, A.Kh. Vostokova, F.I. Buslaev, AL. Potebni there was only one adjective passive. Terms containing an adjective passive, appeared in the descriptions of Russian verbs under the influence of the grammars of Latin and other Western languages. The first known use of the terms With adjective passive we find in an essay on the comparison of voice definitions in Russian, Latin and Greek school grammars [Trostnikov 1896].
Along with the undifferentiated use of two pairs of terms - assets and passive, real and passive, according to A.V. Bondarko, some differentiation is possible. In the light of functional grammar assets and passive - broader concepts than valid and passive voice. It is advisable to use the last two terms in a more special, morphological sense, defining the verb cook as an active voice verb, and participle cooked - as a passive participle (participle of the passive voice). Terms assets and liability have a broader meaning - in relation to both the level of supply, the active and passive structures, and and to the level of the word, to the morphological system of the language (in the latter case, when there is no need to specifically emphasize the morphological side of the voice).
In this work, we take into account the differentiation in the meaning of terms, noted by A.V. Bondarko.
The main provisions for defense:
in the center of the functional-semantic field of the Russian and Vietnamese languages, the main grammatical core is the opposition of the active-passive, which is expressed not only in different forms of the verb, but also in the different syntactic functions of the subject and object
Vietnamese verbs bi/ditpc are correlates of Russian verbs in the passive form.
when translating Russian passive constructions into Vietnamese, it is possible to use both similar Vietnamese constructions and other linguistic means, which does not prevent the full meaning of the original from being conveyed.
Approbation of work. The results of the work were the basis for presentations at the Pushkin Readings (Moscow, State Institute of the Russian Language named after A.S. Pushkin, 2001), scientific conferences "Science and Cooperation-2000" (Moscow, 2000), "Science and Youth-2000" (Moscow, 2000). Approbation was also carried out in the process of publishing articles and materials of speeches.
Dissertation structure. The dissertation consists of an Introduction, two chapters, a Conclusion, a Bibliography (a list of references and lexicographic sources) and an Appendix.
Definition of voice by modern Russian linguists
The definition of pledge is usually constructed as semantic, i.e. this category is considered to have its own meaning, just like time and number. The most common description of the pledge value is this: expresses the relationship between the subject and the object of the action. There are other semantic definitions of pledge. B.N. Golovin believes that the passive voice denotes a state caused by the influence of a person or an active object. In other words, in the sentence Arithmetic is studied by schoolchildren, the verb is studied denotes the state in which arithmetic is located as a result of the influence of schoolchildren on it [Golovin 1966: 172].
Voice is also given a syntactic concept: voice is a diathesis grammatically marked in a verb [Kholodovich 1970: 13]. Diathesis is defined through the correspondence between the components of the semantic structure inherent in the verbal lexeme and the totality of the elements of the syntactic structure included in the environment of this verbal word form [Melchuk, Kholodovich 1970: 111-124, Kholodovich 1970: 2-26]. According to this universal typological concept of voice, the essence of voice oppositions can be most adequately described by shifting logical accents from the sphere of verb word morphology to the sphere of semantics and syntax of the verb sentence. This definition is semantic, since it contains a reference not only to the formal side, but also to the semantic (subject, object). However, according to SE. Yakhontov, from this formulation it is not clear why, in fact, there is a pledge, what semantic task is the change in the relationship between semantic units and sentence members [Yakhontov 1974: 47].
SE. Yakhontov tries to approach the issue from a different angle and give a formal definition of voice, which would completely exclude the mention of the semantics of voice forms. The author considers verbal forms contrasted in voice, which, being used in the same syntactic function, differ in control. The difference in control is expressed in the fact that forms opposed by voice require an unequal number and / or design of sentence members grammatically related to them. For example, in Russian, verbs with the particle -sya (wash, study). In addition, in fact, in a number of cases, a more important difference between voice forms is not that they require unequally designed additions, but that the same name design has no same value depending on the voice of the verb to which it is subject. So, in Russian, an addition in the instrumental case is, in principle, possible with verbs of the active and passive voice, but only in the second case it can denote the actor.
SE. Yakhontov also notes that differences in administration may not correspond to any changes in the form of the verb. In these cases, there is no collateral: by definition, the collateral is not the change in control itself, but its reflection in the form of a verb. In Russian, with a verb (whether active or passive), the name of the subject may be absent, but this does not create a new voice; cf .: They opened the door -The door was opened. In such cases, there is no opposition of different verbal forms, and consequently, there is no voice; the difference in grammatical meaning is signaled not by the change in voices of the verb, but by its syntactic environment.
So SE. Yakhontov comes to the conclusion that there may well be no voice in the language, just as there may not be any formal means, for example, inflection, infixes or doubling. If there is no collateral, the meanings of collateral or individual collateral forms can also be conveyed by other (non-collateral) forms and constructions [Yakhontov 1974: 46-53].
The conclusion about the decisive role of the subject in the formation of voice meanings and voice constructions is quite traditional, it was adhered to by many prominent linguists of the past, and many modern experts in the field of theoretical grammar agree with them. I.A. Perelmuter [Perelmuter 1987] proposes to give a definition of voice meanings, taking into account only the subject in its relationship with the elements of the semantic level, since it is the function of the subject that has a decisive influence on all the features of constructing the construction of a particular voice, and the role of the object is secondary and subordinate. The author formulates his general definition of collateral meanings as follows: “collateral meanings are such meanings of a verbal predicate that are determined by the function of the subject, reflecting all possible types of correlation between the subject and units of the semantic level - the subject of the action and the object of the action” [Perelmuter 1987: 19]. The use of the sign of correlation of the subject with units of the semantic level allows, on the one hand, to develop a clear and consistent classification of voice meanings and, on the other hand, to distinguish between phenomena belonging to the sphere of voice semantics and phenomena that are outside this sphere.
“When determining voice, it is necessary and sufficient to take into account only the relation of the action to its subject and the verb-predicate to the subject” [Stepanov 1976: 414]. According to Yu.S. Stepanov [Stepanov 1976], voice is a two-level grammatical category. At a deeper level, the voice consists in the relation of the action to its subject and is expressed in the morphology and semantics of the verb word. At a more superficial level, the voice consists in the relation of the verb-predicate of the sentence to the subject [Stepanov 1976: 408-420]. A.V. Isachenko [Isachenko 1960] believes that the general semantic feature that characterizes the passive is precisely the direction of the verbal action on the subject of the sentence. The direction of the action is also included in the definition of pledge in the works of A.G. Rudnev [Rudnev 1953: 261], O.I. Moskalskaya [Moskalskaya 1956: 322], K.A. Timofeev [Timofeev 1958: 8]. Moreover, K.A. Timofeev proposes to consider the voice as a category that expresses the direction of the action. According to L.L. Bulanin, “the essence of the voice lies in the transfer of the relation of the action to the subject (subject)” [Bulanin 1963: 31]. In the interpretation of voice by O. Jespersen, it is extremely valuable that his concept logically leads to taking into account the conditions of communication that dictate the choice of one or another actant of the described situation as the subject of the generated sentence, which determines and, accordingly, the voice form of the predicate [Jespersen 1958]. The choice of a central, “focusing” actant is connected with the communicative task of the utterance and can be considered as a special aspect of the multifaceted category of communicative articulation of the utterance (see also [Paducheva 1974]). In the study of G.G. Silnitsky's voice is defined as a grammatical category that reflects regular relationships between the elements of valence paradigms of verbal lexemes, correlating with regular changes in the meaning of these lexemes. In other words, he notes that voice discharges fix regular correspondences between certain changes in verbal valency and certain shifts in verbal meaning [Silnitsky 1974].
An overview of the study of the category of voice in Vietnamese
The Vietnamese language, unlike Russian, belongs to the languages of the analytical type, where function words are used to express grammatical meanings: words are less common. First of all, it should be emphasized that all researchers affirm the modal meaning of the word bi/dirgc, including bi. (to be exposed) means something unfavorable, and dirge (to get an opportunity) - favorable from the point of view of the speaker. We also note that the studied words are verbs with an independent lexical meaning, and function in a sentence as a predicate with a kind of addition, which will be briefly presented below. 1) a noun acts as an object. For example: Nguoi kia dirge com nrgu lai dirge ba quan tiin - That person received rice, wine, and three bundles of coins. Vung hum t&ibi Aalqua bom - Two bombs hit our trenches. 2) the verb Cdi xe bi chit mdy giua dir & ng acts as an addition - Halfway through the car, the engine stalled. 3) as an addition, the sentence Luc xuong heh, dng chu da dirge ngiroi t & i hyo ", qudn do da tim, ti liroi trai, xudhg tir tnrde dS mo" cira xe-When the owner had to go out, his driver in a cap and in dark draped uniform came out first to open the door. Vietnamese agree that the words bi / diroc are significant, but they disagree about the existence of a passive voice in the language and its interpretation. Some researchers believe that the passive voice does not exist in the Vietnamese language. In his work Subject or topic in Vietnamese? Helge Dyvik considers the following two examples: 1) Anh dtfo c di (finished: You get permission to leave) 2) Quang dirge tmromg (finished: Kuang gains love). Dyvik considers it unmotivated to attribute these examples to two different grammatical constructions, since the same meaning of the verb dirge is expressed - to acquire, receive, and the usual role-related indeterminacy of the topic is found, which is identified only in each sentence. Dyvik concludes that the passive does not exist as a grammatical category in Vietnamese. In agreement with Helge Dyvik, Nguyen Thi Anh in his article is of the opinion that there is no passive voice in Vietnamese. The author analyzes the following examples. 1(a) Tbі dirge sinh a Ha pbі. (b) Vas sy Binh da dirge tb. (c) TMy An dirge day hai bai hit. (d) Tbі eta? chup ba tarn hinh. To determine what meaning - real or passive is expressed in these sentences, you need to put them in specific situations. 2(a) T6i dugc sinh o Na ndi chii kh6ng phai ve tram hd sinh huyen - I gave birth in Hanoi, not in the county maternity hospital. (b) BaVsy Bmh da dirge tb hai uy vi6n trung uong - Doctor Bin got the opportunity to perform surgery on two members of the Politburo. (c) Thdy An dirge day hai bai hdt vi giong thdy khoe va am lum Teacher An got the chance to teach two songs because he has a strong and warm voice. (d) Tbі dirofc chup ba tarn hinh budng giam uy dl lam tir lieu - I was allowed to take three pictures of that prison cell for material. 3(a) Tbі dirge sinh ga va lori len or Na pbі - I was born and raised in Hanoi. (b) Bdc sy Binh da dirge tb kip thoi. Bdc sy Ha da tu tay tb cho ban- Doctor Binh had an operation on time. Doctor Ha himself performed the operation on his Friend. (c) ThUy An dirge day hai bai hat tbі di dem day lai cho hoc sinh - Teacher An was taught two new songs so that he would later teach students. (d) T6i dirge chup ba tm hinh ng6i 6 ngai cua Ti Dire - When I sat on the throne of Ty Duc, I was filmed three times. The author notes that the presence of bi/diroc expresses either an active or a passive meaning, depending on the situation in which the words in question are involved (in examples 3(a), 3(6), 3(c), 3(d), according to the author , a passive value is found). In view of all this, Nguyen Thi Anh concludes that one cannot consider bi/diroc as a grammatical criterion for identifying a "passive sentence" (original quotation marks - HTKH). Moreover, the difference between "real" and "passive" (original quotation marks - NTKH) meanings lies in situations. In view of the foregoing, the author argues that in the Vietnamese language there is no passive voice as a grammatical category.
Classification of passive constructions in Russian and ways to translate them into Vietnamese
Passive constructions of the Russian language are classified into three-membered, two-membered and one-membered. In the three-term passive construction there is a subject with the designation of the object of the action, a verb-predicate in the passive form and an object with the designation of the subject of the action (agent / agent): The route was developed by a gentleman from San Francisco extensive (I. Bunin. Gentleman from San Francisco). There is no agentive addition in the binomial passive construction: Ivan Ivanovich also began to hang out trousers with torn buttons, which had never been hung out before, even at Christmas, at Easter (I. Bunin. Far).
One-member passive constructions in the terminology of B.C. Khrakovsky are called passive constructions with a non-canonical subject. A passive construction with a non-canonical subject is such a passive construction in which the position of the subject is not occupied by a name or a pronoun in the nominative case, but in an “inconsistent” form a verb in the form of the 3rd person singular (in the past tense in the neuter form) appears. The following acts as a subject: 1) the infinitive The life of this Russian peasant woman was lived as bequeathed to live by her parents and grandfathers (G. Goryshin). It was strictly forbidden to drink vodka in the dining room (V. Kurochkin). 2) the predicative part of a complex sentence It has already been said that nature is the richest source of thoughts (V. Sukhomlinsky). He got up, ..., took from the shelf a bottle of mountain ash, a cube-shaped glass, on which it was written: "The monks accept him" ... (I. Bunin. Village). 3) zero subject About Tushin's battery was forgotten (L. Tolstoy. War and Peace). Among the verbs forming the passive constructions under discussion, B.C. Khrakovsky singles out a relatively representative group of causative and modal verbs of imperfect and perfect things such as order, suggest, decide. For example, after the performance at dinner, it was decided to buy tickets for all the performances of the Moscow Art Theater (E. Auerbach).
A separate group is made up of verbs of the perfect form of the cumulative semantic share with a prefix like stab, apply, prepare, buy and distributive-cumulative semantic share with the prefix ponta to tune, to buy. Such verbs form a passive construction with a non-canonical subject in the genitive case: Baked pies for the road, bought tomatoes, sausages and apples (G. Goryshin). B.C. Khrakovsky also proposes to consider separately the polyvalent verbs of the imperfect and perfect types of speech-cogitative activity such as say, mention, write, forget, learn: - Ah, Mikhail, Mikhail, ... - Lida's mother squeezed her temples with her palms, - it would not be so necessary to say. But since it said so, I listened further (V. Astafiev).
We consider it necessary to clarify the point of view of B.C. Khrakovsky that passive constructions with a non-canonical subject also form single intransitive verbs like smoke, drive, walk, which have passive forms: The guests left. The room was stuffy and smoky (D. Grashsh). Although the presented example in the form of the verb is a passive construction of the type under consideration, the object of the action is not expressed either explicitly or implicitly. In addition, this sentence describes the state of the room, which is why we consider it and further sentences with this type of verbs as statives (the stative was mentioned in 1.3.1. of this chapter). The following examples serve to further illustrate this type of sentence. 1) And she pulled the door to the next compartment: - No, it's locked here (I. Bunin. Heinrich). 2) How trampled, spitting everywhere, how wildly and absurdly yelling at some tables and how crazy the sex in white trousers and shirts, ...! (I: Bunin. Snowdrop). 3) Let's go ... Here, however, something stuffy, smoky (I. Bunin. Business cards). 4) It was so smoky that it hurt the throat, the lamps barely shone in the smoke, in the twilight, dampness and cold (I. Bunin. Village). 5) At ten I went to the church guard. Smoky, crowded, the whole guard is full (I. Bunin. Last Spring). 6) The coffee house is thickly smoky, it is dimly lit by a tin lamp, ... (I. Bunin. Temir-Aksak-Khan). It can be seen that in these examples there is a description of things, no object is affected, the agent is not found, and according to the semantics of the sentence, it cannot be added. This shows how important the context is in sentences with passive forms of the verb.
The communicative nature of passive constructions is manifested not only in the fact that they are used to focus attention on the object of action, but also in the fact that passive forms (participles on n / -t, and the postfix -sya / -ss) need a certain context for implementation of the collateral value inherent in the form itself. V.V. Vinogradov also mentions the point of view of many linguists that “the voice value is established and determined only in the context of the sentence” [Vinogradov 2001: 492]. In the four examples below with the verb to be done, it is clear that the passive meaning is observed only in the first and second sentences. 1) She shrugged her shoulder: “Why is everything done in the world? ...” (I. Bunin. Clean Monday). 2) a magazine about how money is made (an advertisement for a magazine) 3) - In such weather, one cannot sit at home. - Do not sit? -Not. - And what is being done! - Walk (From a conversation with a Russian philologist). When the phrase “what is being done” appears separately, it is passive, but in this context, in accordance with the impersonal-predicative sentence “you can’t sit at home in such weather”, which belongs to the medium-recurrent voice and has an involuntary connotation, the phrase under discussion according to the communicative purpose also applies to the medium-returnable deposit. Such an interpretation can also be applied to the phrase here otliplo is caught (advertising for cellular communications). Compared with the example of N.A. Janko-Trinipkoy Catch, fish (from a fairy tale), where the verb to be caught is used in the form of an imperative mood with a passive meaning, this advertisement is an impersonal predicative sentence and refers to the middle reflexive voice. four) ...; the air became clean and clear, and the sunlight shone dazzlingly between the foliage, between the branches, ... (I. Bunin. Antonov apples). 5) You cannot wave a stick, but you must frankly explain by what right the cabbage has become yours! (I. Bunin. Good life). And in the sixth example with the verb to be done, a curious moment is revealed: 6) In the hallway, every minute it became light, like during the day (I .. Bunin. Sukhodol). This sentence is impersonal, it can be translated into Vietnamese as a "descriptive" sentence (i.e. without the main members of the sentence): Phdng ngo&i bSng sdng nhif ban nguy. The similarity between the fourth, fifth and sixth examples lies in the fact that, according to the semantics, do means “become / become”, and according to the grammatical function, this verb acts as a semi-significant, it is an integral part of the compound nominal predicate and in the context described, its passive meaning is emptied. It seems not unnecessary to repeat that some Vietnamese also suggest considering the functioning of the words bi/difoc in their contexts (Nguyen Thi Lih) (see; 4 of Chapter 1).
Passives
Of great interest are "two-term" passive constructions, some of them with the designation of the action performed on the object (procedural sign), others with the designation of a non-procedural sign. The first constructions are called the passive, the second - the cabinet (state passive, static passive). By the way, it should be noted that other researchers propose to call those constructions, which express the meaning of a state considered without connection with the forces that caused it, a static quasi-passive [Gavrilova 1978, 1986, 1990, 1986, 1998]. However, we adhere to the widely accepted term proposed by A.V. Isachenko and L.L. Bulanin [Isachenko 1960, Bulanin 1973, 1978]. The predicate of the stative construction (Something was written on the sheet) is a homonym of the analytical form of the passive voice of the perfect form (The letter was written by the father). A common feature of stative designs is that! they attribute to the object a non-procedural sign, which is realized in a number of specific particular situations, such as the localized state of the object, the appearance of the object, the internal sign of the object, the material from which the object is made (for details, see [Bulanin 1973: 37-45]). Examples: 1) But, being put into the water, immediately (the flower - NTKH) begins to bloom, give small leaves and a pink color (I. Bunin. Rose of Jericho). 2) ... the hair is pulled back tightly, slightly curled in front, wavy touched with tongs ... (I. Bunin. Natalie). 3) Let the girl ... look at how the world works, how people live, ... (K. Paustovsky. Basket with fir cones). 4) Pierrot didn't even bite a piece of cake; he looked at Malvina as if she were made of almond dough (A. Tolstoy). L.L. Bulanin writes: “The construction of a passive passive ... is characterized by two main syntactic features: 1) it basically cannot have an agentive complement and 2) it does not transform, does not correlate with the corresponding active (actual) turnover.” However, we believe that the cabinet allows such a relationship. Compare: Her narrow and beautiful head was surrounded by a garland of flowers, ... (I. Bunin. The Mad Artist) - A garland of flowers surrounds her narrow and beautiful head.
The procedural liability, unlike the stative clause, allows an agentive addition and, of course, correlates with the corresponding active (actual) turnover: One winter, he persuaded her to take the safe in the Lyon loan in his name and put everything he had earned there (I. Bunin. In Paris) (Compare: ... put everything he earned there). The stative and passive are fundamentally different in their functioning in the language. In passive constructions, the subject of the action "leaves" the central syntactic position of the subject, it is filled by the object of the action: ... I was just promoted to the rank of cornet of the guards, fired in the winter in that memorable year for me on a two-week vacation to my Ryazan patrimony, .. (I. Bunin. "Oaks"). The function of the stand is to describe typical situations in which non-procedural features of an object are manifested. In order to show the state of an object, we resort to such a construction of a phrase in which all indications of a process localized in time, an action and its producer are eliminated. So, in the example She (darkness - NTKH) was filled with the sounds of disturbed water - murmur, gurgling and splashing (K. Paustovsky. Music by Verdi) characterizes a certain state of darkness, completely independent of any action and "murmur, gurgle and splash" acts as a circumstance of the mode of action. And in the binomial passive construction, the subject of the action is implied: Prince Andrei found Barclay de Tolly, to whom he was assigned, on the banks of the Drissa (L. Tolstoy. War and Peace). It follows that the difference between the passive and the statute is that the former allows an agentive complement, while the latter does not. The following sentence is a liability, since the context makes it clear “who gathered some people”: There, in the former living room, were gathered, at the request of the sovereign, not a military council, .... but some people ... (L. Tolstoy. War and peace). For comparison, we cite the following stand as an example: He (Pierre - NTKH) knew that all the intelligentsia of St. Petersburg was gathered here ... (L. Tolstoy. War and Peace). It is known that the imperfect form of the verb denotes the process of action, and the perfect form denotes its result, which plays an important role in determining one or another sentence. Compare: 1) The commander did not have time to say that the performance was canceled until better times (K. Paustovsky. Music by Verdi). 2) - I thought that this holiday was canceled (L. Tolstoy. War and Peace). The imperfective form gives the verb a procedural character, therefore the first sentence is passive, while in the presence of a passive participle from the perfect verb, the second example refers to the stative.
The question of the difference between a stative and a passive turns out to be important when teaching Russian grammar, since different "passive" sentences are used when restructuring a sentence with different semantics of the original active construction. Compare: 1) Children decorate the wall - The wall is decorated by children (passive) 2) The carpet decorates well - The stack is decorated with a carpet (stand). Although in two active sentences the verb appears in the form of the present imperfective, after the transformation, different constructions are obtained, which is explained by the animate/inanimate nature of the actants. In connection with the above interesting (but not usual) point, the teacher should analyze the original sentences in order to avoid possible mistakes among students (especially among students in secondary school), after which it is necessary to submit this type of exercise so that the material covered is well remembered.
>bk^VSKY STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER
M.V. LOMONOSOV
Faculty of Philology
As a manuscript
JON Ying-soon
PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
Specialty 10.02.01 - Russian language
dissertations for the degree of candidate of philological "sciences
Moscow 1994
The work was carried out at the Department of the Russian Language of the Faculty of Philology1 of the Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov.
Active voice and passive voice
Examples and observations below. Acceptable and unacceptable double liabilities. - Sometimes it is necessary to combine the passive verb form with the passive infinitive, since the building is scheduled to be demolished next week, and part was originally intended for playing the harpsichord. Such suggestions are perfectly acceptable, but these "Double Passive" designs can often cause problems. To make matters worse, double liabilities often sound ungrammatical, as this example shows: the fall in the price of the yen was stopped by the Central Bank. Please note that these changes cannot be made to the proposal of the Central Bank, since they will lead to an ungrammatical result: the Central Bank tried to depreciate the yen should be stopped. However, it's all very technical and engaging, and it's much easier to just judge the sound and flow of a sentence.
- Here's how to say an acceptable double liability from an unacceptable one.
- If such changes cannot be made, then the original proposal is not acceptable.
Scientific adviser:
Official opponents:
Doctor of Philology, Professor Beloshapkova V.A.
Doctor of Philology, Professor Lekant P.A., Candidate of Philology Chagina O.V.
Leading scientific institution: Moscow State Open
Pedagogical University
The defense of the thesis will take place "_ I" River sgrya_ 1994
This means that the subject of the sentence performed the action of the verb. Here "Mateo" is the subject and is he the one who wrote? it is an active voice. There is also another style known as "passive voice". In the passive voice, the subject no longer performs the action of the verb, but rather performs the action. To achieve this, we are going to turn the direct object from the first sentence into a topic.
The poem was written by Mateo. Note that the former subject "Mateo" is now the object of a preposition at the end of a sentence. Note. Most English teachers prefer that you use your active voice as much as possible when recording.
at a meeting of the specialized council K-053.05.37 for Russian-Slavic linguistics at the Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Address: Moscow, Sparrow Hills, Moscow State University, 1st building of the Faculty of Humanities, Faculty of Philology.
The dissertation can be found in the library of the Faculty of Philology:
Scientific Secretary of the Specialized Council, Associate Professor
The meaning of these two sentences is essentially the same, so why would you choose one vote over the other? Passive voice allows you to change your sentences, making your writing a little more interesting, and it allows you to shift the focus of the sentence from the agent to the object. The passive voice also gives you the opportunity to downplay or ignore the agent of action altogether.
In the English examples above, the passive voice was built using the form "to be" with the past participle. We will do the same in Spanish using ser. Note that it is paired with a subject number convention. The examples also use past participles.
E.V. Klobuke
The thesis under review is devoted to the analysis of passive constructions (PC) in modern Russian.
The object of research is only PC sentences, that is, predicative structures. Out of consideration are non-predicative PCs, which are created by full forms of participles: passive or reflexive with a passive meaning.
Note that since they act as adjectives in the passive voice, they must agree in gender and in number with their subjects. In the last example, the agent was omitted, perhaps to avoid guilt. Although this is less common, it is possible to use the passive voice at other times as well.
Passive voice with impersonal sex
The poem will be written by Mateo. The house was robbed by thieves. Muhos is wrong, son of the comet. Many mistakes have been made. It has no English equivalent. How to write this word? Can you come out here? They say she is very beautiful. While all of these translations are active voice, the impersonal can be, and often is, translated in the passive voice.
Russian PCs are not a new object for Russian studies. They have been repeatedly described both in general works and in special ones. PCs attracted the attention of not only syntaxists, but also researchers of other levels of the language. So, morphologists turned to the interpretation of the PC when creating the concept of the voice of the verb, lexicologists - when developing the doctrine of converses.
Apartment for rent. Spania and Russian are spoken. Then connect your verb in the third person, both singular and plural, depending on the number of things the verb acts on. For example, in the first two sentences we only have one thing, so we get off in the singular.
Using active and passive voice
In the last sentence, we have two languages, so we will be conjugated in the plural. You can use impersonal in other tenses. Spania and Russian were spoken. The apartment will be rented. In a sentence using the active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action expressed in the verb.
In this paper, an attempt is made to use the achievements of all these areas of PC research for the analysis of Russian PCs.
The main goal of the work is to, based on the definition of PC, taking into account the achievements of scientific thought in this area, to determine the boundaries and scope of the array of PC in the Russian language and to propose principles for their classification and description.
Image caption: The arrow indicates the subject performing the action to the person being affected. This is an example of a sentence using an active voice. Image caption: The subject of an active voice prompt performs an action that is reminiscent of something being spoken.
Orientative, imperative and subjunctive mood
Each example above includes the subject of the sentence performing the action expressed by the verb. Most of the verbs we use are in the indicative mood, indicating a fact or opinion.
- He was here.
- She will bring her books.
The novelty and relevance of the work is determined by:
1) by the fact that it consistently looks at PC as active converses and on this basis an attempt is made to distinguish PC proper from sentences that have only formal features of PC;
2) by the fact that the work consistently uses the concept of "detachment" ^ (the term of O.N. Khazova) of a participant in the depicted situation, and on this basis, the number of PCs includes sentences that exist mainly in colloquial speech, in which the syntactic position for the names of the removed participants in the situation missing.
- Be here at seven o'clock.
- Make me an omelet.
- Bring your books with you.
This handout will explain the difference between active and passive voice in writing. He gives examples of both and shows how to turn a passive sentence into an active one. In addition, it explains how to decide when to choose the passive voice over the active one.
Practical application of the work. This work can find application in teaching the Russian language to both Russians and foreigners.
The research materials are: 1) independently collected examples from scientific books and works of art; 2) examples from the works of scientists who wrote about the PC. Examples from the description of PC made by V.S. Khrakovskiy, Ph.D. thesis by G.A. Rudakova and Ph.D.
This resource contains links to mini class posters that address active and passive voice. A deep, poetically beautiful language, Russian continues to be one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. However, as beautiful as it is, it is a serious language to learn for anyone, whether they have cultural or family ties to Russia or want to learn Russian for business purposes.
Since this article will discuss various linguistic, grammatical elements, we will first define some of the basic grammatical terms that will be used to explain the use of verbs in Russian. Some of these terms may not have examples in English as they are exclusive to languages such as Russian.
The research methods were:
1) a method of direct observation of the use of PCs of various structures in scientific, journalistic and artistic speech;
2) the experimental method, which consisted in the transformation of sentences from PC to active and vice versa, as well as in establishing and comparing
synonymous pairs of sentences;
Before learning the basics of the Russian language, it is important to understand its alphabet. The Russian alphabet does not translate directly into the one used by English and actually uses 33 different letters rather than the 26 used in other languages. When you start learning Russian, be sure to have this alphabet handy so you can translate it quickly and easily.
Introduction to Russian Verbs
Both can help you improve your chances of success with language learning. In linguistics, when a verb is conjugated, it means that it has been changed to grammatically fit into a sentence. In Russian, verbs and their respective conjugations are the most diverse of all the grammatical inflections of the language. Their pairing depends on.
3) the method of questioning (see Appendix).
Approbation of work. The dissertation was discussed at a meeting of the Department of the Russian Language of the Philological Faculty of Moscow State University on October 19, 1994.
Work structure. The dissertation consists of an introduction, two chapters, shout out!! applications and list of references.
The introduction substantiates the relevance of the work, talks about the object of study, reveals the scientific novelty of the work and outlines its structure.
In addition, conjugations are further influenced by other factors not listed above but explained in more detail later. Verbs and their participles also have the ability to be reflexive; that is, the subject and object of the sentence are the same. In addition, most verbs also fall in pairs - imperfective and perfective.
For further study of verbs in Russian, Udmeni offers both a course for beginners in Russian and, for the more experienced, a course in the basics of spoken Russian. Any of these courses can be an excellent tool for learning the basics of verb conjugation in addition to the changes that can be made to other components of the Russian language, whether spoken or written.
The first chapter "The study of Russian active and passive constructions in the second half of the 20th century" analyzes studies that have made a significant contribution to understanding the structure of the PC and their place in the system of the modern Russian literary language. This chapter has three sections.
1. The theory of diathesis and pledges on the ratio of assets and liabilities.
In Russian, tension is the basis for conjugation of verbs in many cases. Unlike other languages, Russian uses the same form for both the present and the future tense, while the past tense has its own form. Both are used for the present tense of imperfective verbs and the future tense of perfective verbs. The first conjugation is used when the verb ends with a specific consonant preceding the sivilant. The second conjugation is used at the end of a verb without a consonant preceding the sivilant.
Gender diathesis is understood as "the correspondence between the roles of verbal lexemes (subject, object, addressee, etc.) and the members of the sentence expressing them (subject and objects)" [Linguistic Dictionary, p.135]. Voice in this theory is defined as "diathesis grammatically marked in the verb" [ A. A. Kholodovich
Based on the concept of diathesis, it was possible to clearly define the differences between the correlative active and passive constructions as different syntactic interpretations of the same relationship between subject and object.
Within these two conjugations, there are other, more specific options. For past verbs, the form is gender specific and applies to all persons. For single, male subject for single, female subject for single, neutral subject for multiple subjects. An example of the second form of conjugation, verbs ending in -beat, -vit, -drink, -mit, can be seen in the English verb "to love". In Russian, it is conjugated as.
While verbs in Russian can have three moods—imperative, demonstrative, and conditional—they break more distinctly into two categories of imperative and subjunctive, both of which have their own conjugate forms.
The initial diathesis of each verb is the active construction, the predicate is the action / state, the subject is the subject, the object is the object. The rest, including passive, diathesis, according to this concept, are derivatives implemented in derivative syntactic structures. Derived constructs indicate at least one of the following changes:
The imperative mood is used to convey commands to a second person and includes prohibition, permission, and exhortation. An example of this is the verb "to do". The subjunctive mood is used to convey emotion and express unreality, such as in a desire, possibility, judgment, or opinion that has not yet happened. This mood is created by adding the Russian suffix byv denoting an object in the past tense.
Verbs of motion within Russian have their own class and are among the most difficult aspects of the language to learn for native speakers. This is because the information associated with them is so extensive. They are divided into three main groups - continuous, prefix and idiomatic - and further divided into directional functions. Unlike other languages, Russian verbs are multidirectional in the sense that the conjugation of the verb of movement will describe not only the direction of movement, but also space, space and space.
1) change in the semantic interpretation of one of the members of the sentence;
3) the emergence of a new syntactic valence with a given semantic interpretation.
Based on the provisions of the theory of diathesis and pledges, V.S. Khrakovsky propose to consider as passive derivative syntactic structures in which the correspondence "subject - subject", characteristic of the original (active) construction:
2. Correlation of indefinite-personal sentences with active and passive constructions.
O.N. Khazova considers indefinitely personal sentences to be derivatives (syntactic constructions. But, according to O.N. Khazova, this derivative syntactic construction is not a passive. O.N. Khazova sees the derivative of indefinitely personal sentences in the fact that they are introduced the modification meaning is "interpretation of the subject as aloof", and this introduced meaning is expressed by the fact that there is no subject position in the sentence, that is, there is no nominative case position. The verb in it is presented in one strictly given Form, which is determined by not agreeing with the subject, even to be perhaps absent, as happens in incomplete sentences, this Form (plural 3rd person) is determined simply by the structure of the given sentence, it represents its main constructive property, the main constructive feature.For example: I was going to her, but she was invited, and she went to dance. Here, obviously, the action is performed by one person (invites the girl to dance), but the plural form is chosen due to the fact that the subject, represented by one person, is depicted here as detached.^
The concept of "detachment" of the subject is of fundamental value for identifying an array of Russian PCs and describing them. When relying on this concept, it is easy to find that in the Russian language there is a class of sentences in which the name of the object occupies the position of the subject, the predicate has a conjugated-verbal or connective-participial Form with a passive meaning, and there is no position for the name of the subject, since it is thought "detached", that is, as if "behind the scenes" of the depicted picture. Such sentences are in a systemic relationship with indefinite personal sentences; cf., for example: A fairy tale is told differently than a sharp satirical, comical or joker fairy tale - A fairy tale is told differently ...: Pancake dough is kneaded 5-6 hours before baking - Pancake dough is kneaded ...: The book is nominated for the State Prize -The book was put forward .... In the subsequent parts of this work, such proposals are considered as a specific type of PC,-
3. Studies of the phenomenon of conversion in the Russian language and their contribution to the study of the ratio of assets and liabilities.
This section describes the understanding of conversion by Yu.D. Apresyan, T.P. Lomtev and Du Jingsheng.
M.D. Apresyan made a great contribution to the general theory of conversion and to the study of the phenomenon of conversion in the Russian language. The most significant thing is that he strictly interpreted] the essence of conversion and showed the boundaries of this phenomenon in the Russian language.
For a rigorous definition of conversives, Yu.D. Apresyan introduces the concept of semantic decomposition and active semantic valence of a word. Leaning n; these concepts, Y.D. Apresyan gives his definition of lexical conversives According to N.D. Apresyan, conversives are two words (or two semantically indecomposable Phraseological units) if they satisfy the following two conditions:
1) "their meanings are reducible to the same semantic decomposition";
2) "they have the same number of valencies, and such that at least! two valences with the same numbers have different content" [Apresyan, 1969, p.17].
By this definition, the verbs like and love, build and build are ■ conversives.
T.P. Lomtev, unlike Yu.D. Apresyan, approached the study of conversion not from vocabulary (words), but from the properties of a sentence: he considered conversion as one of the grammatical categories of a sentence.
In his opinion, every sentence expresses some relation. Based on the fact that one of the properties of any relationship is its convertibility T.P. Lomtev proposed to interpret as a system of converse Forms proposed! passive structures. T.P. Lomtev determined the number of members! of the converse paradigm and their characteristics for sentences with different numbers. 1 ”object names: according to T.P. Lomtev, double sentences (that is, sentences with two substantive members that depend on the predicate) have a two-term paradigm, and three-term ones have a six-term one.
Du Jingsheng is a researcher whose Ph.D. thesis is directly devoted to converging sentences in Russian; Following Yu.D. Apresyan, 01 defines as convertible such proposals that:
1) identical in denotative content, but different in structure;
2) have two actants each;
3) reflect the same "state of affairs" with different directions.
Ordered for T.P. Loktev, he believes that a sentence denoting a relationship between objects has the property of direction: the same relationship can be expressed in different directions. Converse sentences, in addition to differences in structure, also differ in the direction of coverage of the situation. In this regard, the author uses the term "process orientation", proposed by W. G. Gak, to denote differences in the direction of the relationship.
Du Jingsheng made an attempt to give a classification of converse pairs of two-place appositions: according to Form and according to meaning.
In conclusion of the consideration of the works devoted to the phenomenon of conversion, an attempt is made to determine their contribution to the study of PC in the Russian language. Two positions are put forward.
1) The study of the phenomenon of conversion in Russian helps to more clearly present the boundaries of active and passive constructions. It is very significant that the theory of conversion unanimously recognizes that only two sentences can be conversives, which name a state of affairs in which there are at least two participants. This circumstance gives grounds to set aside from the distinction between active and passive constructions sentences such as Sergey is going to the University that do not participate in this relation. Sergey studies at the University. Sergei is ill, Sergei has recovered, etc., in which only one object or person is actually a participant.
2) Studies on conversion in Russian allow a deeper understanding of the relationship between active and passive constructions. It becomes clear that the sentences of the active and passive constructions are converses and have all the properties of conversives, that is, they denote the same state of affairs in different Formal ways, semantically differing in the starting point in the image of this position dep. In an asset, the starting point is a real subject, in a liability - an object. This understanding is common to all researchers of the phenomenon of conversion in the Russian language.
The second chapter "PK in the modern Russian language" contains the actual analysis of passive constructions, observations and interpretations of the Facts of the language. This part is divided into 8 sections.
1. Statement of the initial provisions of the description of the PC in modern Russian.
As shown in the first part of the work, modern scientific literature presents different understandings of the asset and liability, their volume, boundaries and ratio.
The thesis accepts such an understanding of the asset and liability, which is based on the following provisions.
1) Active and passive constructions are considered in this paper as converses; correlation with each other is their obligatory property. Being "converse structures, syntactic conversives, the correlative active and passive constructions depict the same state of affairs, the same situation with different orientations: the active - with a focus on the subject, the passive - with a focus on the object. In other words, in the asset, the subject is chosen as the starting point of the image, in the liability, the object.
For example: Students record lectures - The lecture is recorded by students. These sentences depict the same state of affairs. In the active construction Students are recording lectures, the starting point of the image is the subject (students), and in the passive construction, the lecture is recorded by students - the object (lecture).
Thus, an asset and a liability oppose each other where there are at least two participants in the situation in the semantic structure of the sentence - the subject and the object. The subject is an active participant (as a rule, this is a person), and the object is a passive participant (it can be both a person and an object to which the action is directed).
Correlative active and passive constructions can indicate a situation with both three and a large number of participants, cf .: Father gave his son a watch - The watch was presented to his son by his father. The father divided the property equally between the son and daughter - The property was divided equally by the father between the son and daughter. (PCs of this type are not specially considered in this work).
From what has been said, it follows that in such sentences as Sergey is sleeping. Sergey 1 is working. Sergey is dancing. Sergey washes, Sergey is worried, Sergey is tanned. Sergey! left/arrived neither an asset nor a liability is represented. Such sentences are outside the "active/passive opposition" because they express a situation that can only be depicted in a unique way, since there is only one participant in it, and this participant is the only possible starting point for depicting this situation.
Accordingly, on the same grounds, sentences like Here are walked by wolves. And here it is hozheno and lyozhano. existing in some Russian dialects (they are described by Kuzmina and Nemchenko in [Kuzmina, Nemchenko, 1971], [Kuzmina, 1993]) are not considered as passive constructions; they are also outside the opposition
active/passive", which exists in the literary Russian language. These are dialect anonyms, and not conversives of constructions like Wolves walked here.
2) At the same time, the participants in the situation, which can be designated either by an active construction or a passive one, do not necessarily have to receive an explicit expression both in the first and in the second case (that is, both in the asset and in the liability).
in particular, the subject may not be expressed not only in an asset, but also in an asset.
In this work, from all cases of formal non-expression, implicitness of the subject, the case of the "detachment" of the subject is singled out (according to O.N. Khazova).
PCs with a detached subject have their own niche clearly defined by the language system ": they make up conversion pairs with indefinitely personal sentences, cf. at war.
3) Formal indicators of active or passive orientation are quite difficult to organize. This is both a form of expression of a semantic predicate and a rule for filling intactic positions (members of a sentence).
These indicators act in aggregate, but among them it is possible to single out the main means, as it were, the spring of the Formal mechanism. Such a spring is the promotion of one or another component to the position of the subject. This spring is clearly revealed in the case when the message about the situation, about the relationship between the subject and the object is not complicated by additional semantic layers (negation, intensity, causation, etc.).
4) The presence of Formal relationships typical for an asset and a liability is not always an indicator that these are converse active and passive constructions.
Particularly significant is the fact that in sentences like the Student passed - in return - The exam was passed by the student or Sergey was seized by longing - Sergey is seized by longing | e neither an asset nor a liability is represented. These are sentences in which: the semantic predicate is expressed descriptively, with the help of a combination of a verb and a name: ushestvennogo. In such cases, the Formal Apparatus does not reflect the actual relationship between the asset and the liability.
So, in the dissertation, such a construction is called passive in which an object is put forward in the use of the subject, that is, the name of the object has the Form of nominative hope, which is absolutely impossible in the asset.
This approach assumes that the presence of a subject’s expressor (agent complement) is not considered as a mandatory feature of the PC and, therefore, instructions with a “detached” subject, correlative with indefinite-personal sentences, in which the agentive complement
missing. Such PCs make up a converse pair with an indefinite-personal! sentences that are correlative active constructions. Wed:
In the village of Barsuki, Nazranovsky district of Ingushetia, on August 30, 26-year-old resident of the village of Ordzhonikidzovskoye Issa Apbakov was detained. A pistol was seized from him.
These three-layer sandwiches... take no more than one minute to cook [ibid.] -Ep three-layer sandwiches take no more than one minute to cook.
A non-toxic vibrio cholerae was sown from a water sample taken in the Volga near Saratov [Pravda newspaper] - Water samples ... sowed a non-toxic vibrio cholerae
2. About PC classifications.
In the history of the study of PC, different classifications have been proposed based on various criteria: classification by the set of sentence members (triple] double passive constructions), by the form of sentence members (canonical] non-canonical passive constructions) and by the form of the predicate (conjugated-verbal and connective-participial passive structures).
In this paper, another classification is proposed, which is based on the nature of the representation of the participants in the situation depicted in the sentence. He proceeds from the position that the participant of the situation (not only the subject, but also the object: the addressee and, in general, any participant in the situation) can be represented in two ways, either as part of the depicted picture of the situation, being in the focus of the image, or detached, being behind the scenes. . In accordance with this feature] passive constructions with two participants - subject and object - can be divided into 3 types:
1) PCs, in which both participants enter the depicted situation: Books were bought by Sergey:
2) PC with a detached subject - they are correlated with indefinitely personal active sentences: At gatherings, not only songs are sung, but fairy tales are told [Propp];
3) PC with detached object and subject at the same time. Let's illustrate the last case with an example from the telecast of July 27, 1994: Read in books means it's true. The first part of this complex sentence In the books read is a passive construction, in which there is neither a subject nor an agentive object, and there is not even a question of filling these positions, that is, there is no need to ask what was read and by whom. Both the subject and the object are thought of here in a detached way and, together
topics in general. The situation is depicted as follows: the act of reading took place, and its result is evident. The sentence carries the following information: "Someone (according to the author of the remark - many Russian people) tend to take for truth what they read in the book."
A look at the PC, which this classification suggests, allows us to see the array of Russian PCs in a more voluminous way, and this may change some common ideas, in particular, the statement about the low prevalence of PC in the Russian language and their mandatory attachment to the scientific style. This common view is due to the fact that PCs are considered only constructions in which all participants are represented, and all of them are in the Focus of the image. Meanwhile, in the Russian language such PCs are frequent in which one of the participants, or many of them, or even all of them are depicted as being behind the scenes; It is these PCs that characterize the Russian language in its most vibrant, active and developing areas, namely in the field of colloquial speech and in the field of fiction. In this regard, it is very significant that AI Solzhenitsyn widely uses such PCs.
3. Forms of the predicate in passive constructions.
In Russian, there are two productive forms of PC: conjugated-verbal with a reflexive imperfective verb in the predicate and connective-participial with a combination of a link and a passive participle of the past tense from perfective verbs. These two Forms are not quite equal in meaning. The Participle Form PC is semantically more complex. In it "the semantic feature of effectiveness is emphasized" [Russian Grammar, 1979, p.276]. On the basis of this "semantic feature" of the participial PP of the perfect form, the potential possibility of its ambiguity is formed - the presence in it of an actional or resultative meaning, that is, the meaning of an action or a state that arose as a result of an action.
The question of the meaning of the participial PPs of the perfect form has been discussed quite intensively in the scientific literature. A.V. Isachenko suggested that "Passive Forms of the perfect form combine two meanings: they either express a present state arising from an action in the past .., or denote an irrelevant process-event. In the first case, it is permissible to speak of a static passive, and in the second - about procedural passive" [Isachenko, 1960, p.365]. J1 .L. Bulanin, following A.V. Isachenko, distinguishes two meanings of the participial predicate: the meaning of procedural and static passive. A procedural passive denotes an action performed on an object, its procedural attribute, and for a static passive, L.L. Bulanin defines the general meaning as a non-procedural attribute of the object.
Later, other researchers joined the discussion of this issue.
(Yu.P. Knyazev, G.A. Rudakova and others); the main task they set was the search for signs that make it possible to clearly distinguish between the different uses of participial Forms: as part of a passive or in a stative sense, that is, outside a passive.
Based on the work of these researchers, in the dissertation under review, the stative -use of participial forms is considered as a phenomenon that is outside of the PC.
4. Non-canonical passive constructions.
This section describes three sets of language phenomena that can serve as three bases for classifying non-canonical (that is, non-standard) PCs.
1) In Russian, passive constructions allow both canonical and non-canonical expression of both the object and the subject. In other words, in PC in most cases the object is expressed in the nominative case, and the subject in the instrumental case, but there are a number of exceptions to this general rule, Moreover, these exceptions are not accidental, but are due to the very system of the language. Let's compare the following sentences: Firewood is prepared for the winter - Firewood is prepared for the winter! In the first case, we have before us the canonical expression of the object in the passive construction, that is, the expression in the nominative case. Firewood for the winter! - non-canonical expression of the object: instead of the nominative case, the genitive case is used. The same is observed in such cases: Big words were not spoken / Big words were not spoken. When negated, both the canonical and non-canonical expression of the object is possible, that is, the expression in both the nominative case, as in the affirmative construction (Big words were spoken - Big words were not spoken), and genitive (Big words were not spoken). The last construction is also passive, but it is non-canonical in that the object is expressed in the genitive case.
It is very important to note that the use of the name of an object in the PC not in the nominative, but in the genitive case is a completely natural feature of the Russian syntactic system. This feature in modern science is described as the ability to form regular implementations of structural schemes: quantitative and negative, which are characterized by the fact that the position of the nominative case of the subject in them, with these two meanings and with a certain, rather limited lexical content, is filled with the genitive case. The same phenomenon is also possible in sentences that name situations that have only one participant (subject), that is, in constructions that are outside the "active / passive" opposition: Something happened - Nothing happened.
A similar phenomenon exists in the field of expression of the subject. One can say about possession, possession of an object using a construction with the canonical expression of the subject: Brother had a dog (dacha). However, this design is not typical for
Russian language, it is not usual for it, that is, it is not frequent, it does not constitute its norm, for the Russian language it will be the expression of the subject with a predicate with the meaning of adenia, possession (that is, with a possessive meaning) not in the nominative, but in the childish case with the preposition "y": My brother had a dog (cottage).
2) The non-canonical designation of an object can be of several types, namely: on the other side, the object can be expressed by a noun not in the nominative case, I is the form of the noun that had the Function of the non-subject (as it was in the examples of non-canonical PCs introduced above); on the other hand, the object can be struck not by a noun at all, but by an infinitive or a subordinate clause, for example: I was not recommended to rest in the south. It has already been said that nature is the greatest source of thoughts [V. Sukhompinsky, Khrakovsky's example].
3) Finally, non-canonical active and passive constructions can arise from this, that the predicate - expressing the relationship between subject and object - can itself be expressed in a non-canonical way. This is dealt with separately in the next section.
5. Passive constructions with a descriptive predicate.
PCs with a descriptive predicate constitute a special formal class. Such instructions were noticed relatively recently. They received their first thorough description in the book "Theory of Functional Grammar", in a section written by the German Russianist R. Lech. He noticed that descriptive predicates in PC have two hermal types. This can be easily shown by referring to the following example. Active construction: The press pays attention to the situation in Chechnya. Press - subject, subject, situation (in Chechnya) - object, addition, and this addition is expressed by the dative form, not the classical Form for the object. Corresponding PC: pi Situation in Chechnya enjoys press attention or Situation in Chechnya is the subject of press attention. Here are two formal types of the PCs in question. The first formal type consists of a verb with a weakened meaning, largely desemantized, which expresses only ¡ redicative categories and the general idea of processuality, and the main lexical content is expressed by the dependent case form of the noun: it uses mimania (the lexeme attention is the carrier of the main content of the predicate).
In the second Formal type The situation in Chechnya is the object / subject of press attention, the predicate is the object of attention. It no longer consists of two components, but of three, and the first component, an almost completely empty bundle, is torn. It can even be a real formal link - one can say the situation in Chechnya was the object of press attention, or the situation in Chechnya - the object
attention of the press, where is the zero Form of the bundle, since here is the present.
This class of passive structures deserves special investigations. Thus, it is expedient to specifically study the relationship between the PC with a descriptive predicate with active constructions, on the one hand, and with the PC of the canonical type (conjugated-verbal or participial), on the other.
PC with a descriptive predicate can be correlated with such active constructions from which it is impossible to form a PC of a canonical type, since their predicative center is not a direct transitive, but an indirect transitive one (controlling not an unprepositional accusative case, but an accusative case with a preposition or other indirect cases). For example, the Investigators were (were or were) under pressure from the administration. Corresponding active construction: Investigators were pressured by the administration. A descriptive predicate (to put pressure) is also used here, but one that requires an accusative case with a preposition (to put pressure on investigators) to express the object. A regular type PC (canonical) cannot be formed here, 1! a non-canonical construction with a descriptive predicate turns out to be irreplaceable. A PC with a descriptive predicate can also be correlated with an active one! constructions with a predicate expressed by a single argument. Wed: Society takes care of veterans - Veterans are (were) the object of society's care. Here, too, is possible; only PC of a non-canonical type, because the verb "to care" is an indirect transitive, in which the object is thought of, but called the prepositional case (here with the preposition "o").
Other ratios are also widespread, which are demonstrated by the following! example: The news was widely covered (discussed) by the media. Here you can make the transformation into the canonical PC: This news was widely covered by the media. But a non-canonical construction is also possible here: This news received wide coverage in the media.
It follows from the foregoing that the relationship between active and passive constructions of canonical type and non-canonical type with verbal or participial predicate and descriptive predicate is different, and the study of what exactly determines the choice should and can be the subject of a special study.
6. Subject and object in PC.
This section analyzes the role of the lexical semantics of the noun in the PC - the names of the object and the subject. In particular, it is shown here that the passive of a construction in which the subject or agentive object is abstract*
nouns, are always semantically complex, loli-positive. For example: ¡The perception of ultrasound by birds has already been proven by ornithologists. Here, the subject is expressed by an enthusiastic noun. This sentence includes two propositions: "birds perceive ultrasound" and "ornithologists have shown it," and therefore its meaning can be translated into a complex sentence. Ornithologists have shown that birds perceive ultrasound.
This section discusses 3 possible types of subject-object relationships:
1) subject - person, object - object, for example: The highest Macedonian mountain Rlimp has long been revered by the Greeks as the residence of their main gods [Chanyshev]. 1 here the subject is the Greeks (person), the object is a mountain (object);
2) subject - person, object - person, for example: Many acquaintances. There are even ¡ankirs... These people were not very respected by L. Brik, but still they are nearby [Shklovsky];
3) the subject is the subject.
There are substantially fewer such cases, and they are a special phenomenon requiring a special detailed analysis. The whole point is that the formal relationship between active and passive is presented in them quite often, but the semantic relationships are specific, and the question of whether these constructions are conversives in relation to the corresponding active constructions deserves special condemnation. For example: Did the Eastern Slavs have historical traditions? We can assume that there were. Fragments of them are preserved in chronicles and other sources * [Propp]. The last suggestion is a passive construction. In the asset, it would look like this: Chronicles and other sources have kept them. Here, there is a complete correspondence -: between the relationship of an asset and a liability in form: a nominative-accusative construction and a juminative-instrumental one. However, chronicles and other sources (or chronicles h -1 by other sources: in the asset - the subject, in the passive - the agentive object), despite the typical design for expressing the subject, it can hardly be considered as a subject. This is also evidenced by the fact that a third form of transmission of the same meaning is possible here: Fragments of them are preserved in the annals and other sources, and this construction even more clearly expresses the semantic relationships that consist in the fact that the annals and other sources - it is not a subject, but a designation ^ ^esta.
7. Passive constructions, correlative with impersonal ones.
We are talking about sentences such as Dry tree lit by lightning. The peculiarity of such constructions lies in the fact that they use the instrumental case of nouns denoting natural phenomena, elemental forces such as thunderstorm, rain, lightning, etc. in their composition. Many scientists (Potebnya, 1958; Vinogradov, 1970, p. 369;
Gvozdev, 1968, p.328) considered the instrumental case as part of such proposals as instrumental, instrumental. However, L.M. Kovaleva expressed the idea that the instrumental case here is not the case of the tool, and at the same time it is not quite a case; agent; this is a specific case value, to which she gives the name "Strength" The function of "Strength", in her opinion, is equal to the Function of the agent, it is, as it were, a special kind of subject. G.A. Rudakova expanded the scope of the concept of "Force", showing that this meaning is also presented in relation to the impersonal sentences of the PC, expressing the same situation of spontaneous, random non-purposeful action. According to this understanding, sentences like Trees are lit by lightning have a passive meaning, and the instrumental case of the noun here is a kind of subject when expressing an involuntary causation. The participle in such constructions and the original verb that appears in the transjurmation in an asset or in an impersonal sentence contain the seme procedural ™. A.I. Ryabova expresses similar thoughts [Ryabova, 1982, p.127]. She finds that in this type of sentence we have before us a PC with a specific lexical content of the agent position and, accordingly, with a specific meaning of the involuntary action.
8. Offers with Formal Signs PC. ,
Here the cases of insignificance, asemanticity of the formal mechanism, passivation presented in the collected material (I selection of examples) are listed and described, and a criterion for separating the PC from sentences that have the Form of a passive construction is proposed.
The presence of the Passive Participle Form in the predicate at all 1 is an obligatory sign of a passive construction. Participatory constructions I stand outside the ratio of passive and active and are not! passive structures. In constructions with a stative participle, the entire set of Formal features of passive constructions could be represented, that is, not a simple participle form that agrees with the nominative case of a noun, but also a Form of the instrumental case. However, this instrumental case is not an agentive complement characteristic of passive constructions. This is the designation of a tool, means or e! some component with a different value. For example: The soldiers are exhausted by hunger and fatigue [L.N. Tolstoy]. Here the instrumental has the meaning not of an agentive object, but of indicating the cause: "exhausted because of hunger and fatigue, from hunger of fatigue."
A specific phenomenon consists of sentences expressing such a denotative situation in which there is no object. For example: The Institute is conducting research on the long-term effects of radiation. It's formally a PC. In this proposal, it
the subject is an agentive object (institute) denoting the subject of this 1 action, but the position of the subject is filled with the word research, which names not
The conclusion contains the main conclusion from the study and a presentation of possible prospects for continuing the study of Russian PCs on the basis of the provisions adopted in the certification. In this work, an approach to the isolation and analysis of PC has been implemented, which was not previously presented in the scientific literature.
This view of the PC has changed ideas about their place in the language. It turned out that K, understood on the basis of the above provisions, is a much more frequent phenomenon in the Russian language than is commonly believed.
On the one hand, in the Russian language, PCs with detached private actors of the situation are widespread, in particular, and above all, with a detached subject. Such constructions are widely used in colloquial speech, but they are also represented in the language of artistic literature. Meanwhile, these PCs have not been the subject of systematic attention of Russianists until now.
On the other hand, in the journalistic, scientific and business styles of the modified literary language, PCs with descriptive redicabs are widespread.
At the same time. With this approach, it was possible to establish that the formal mechanism of assimilation does not always serve the "liability-active" opposition. A certain number of constructions with Formal signs of passive ones, which, nevertheless, are not such, have been revealed. These proposals have not been the subject of research at all in Usistics. Meanwhile, they deserve attention, and they need to be studied in different directions. First of all, it is important to simply establish a complete list of such constructions (no such list is given in this work).In addition, sentences with normal PC signs should be studied in the direction of establishing their relationship with the corresponding sentences that have the form of active constructions.It is necessary to determine the place of such sentences in the syntactic system [of the language. Study of these objects in these directions is the prospect of [continuation of this work.
There is also an Application in the works. It consists in the description of the experiment carried out and in the analysis of its results. The purpose of the experiment was to try to establish some rules that Russian->Users follow when choosing an active or passive construction.
The survey showed that passive structures are chosen mainly
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Nguyen Thi Quynh Huong. The use of Russian passive constructions from the perspective of a native speaker of the Vietnamese language: Dis. ... cand. philol. Sciences: 10.02.01: Moscow, 2004 121 p. RSL OD, 61:04-10/1070
Introduction
Chapter 1 . Overview of the study of the category of voice in Russian and Vietnamese 9
1. Russian classics about pledge 11
2. Definition of voice by modern Russian linguists 18
3. Reflexive verbs in Russian 24
Conclusions to Chapter 1 39
Chapter 2 . Passive constructions in Russian and Vietnamese 41
1. Functional-semantic field of pledge in Russian and Vietnamese languages 41
1.1. Functional-semantic field of pledge in Russian 41
1.2. Passive Constructions in Vietnamese 46
1.3. Syntactic functions and communicative nature of passive constructions 50
1.3.1. Passive constructions: actual articulation and text-forming role 50
1.3.2. Passive constructions: the role of the object of action 55
2. Classification of passive constructions in Russian and ways of their translation into Vietnamese 58
2.1. The main types of passive constructions in Russian 58
2.2. "Returnable perfect liability" 62
2.2.1. The reflexive passive form of the perfective verb ... 62
2.2.2. Collateral values of the reflexive perfect form 63
2.3. One-voice verb with a passive meaning in Russian 67
2.4. Ways of translating Russian passive constructions into Vietnamese 69
2.4.1. Translation of Russian three-member passive constructions 69
2.4.2. Translation of Russian binomial passive constructions 71
2.4.3. Translation of Russian passive constructions with a "non-canonical" subject 73
2.4.4. Translation of Russian active constructions into Vietnamese passive constructions 75
3. Liabilities of the stative 77
3.1. Passives and Cabinets: Differences 77
3.2. Stave: deviation in the use of the verb 80
3.2.1. Stative: the use of the verb in secondary meanings 80
3.2.2. Passive forms in phraseological units and etiquette forms 82
3.3. The main types of similarities in collateral values 89
3.3.1. Passive and mean return value 90
3.3.2. Passive and static meaning 92
Conclusions to Chapter 2 96
Conclusion 98
Bibliography 100
Appendix 118
Introduction to work
The reviewed dissertation research is devoted to the use of Russian passive constructions from the perspective of a native speaker of the Vietnamese language.
The category of voice of the Russian language is of great interest to linguists from M.V. Lomonosov, F.F. Fortunatov to A.A. Kholodovich, B.C. Khrakovsky, A.V. Bondarko, L.L. Bulanina, E.V. Paduchevoyidr. (last decades of the 20th century), V.A. Plungyan and N.V. Pertsova (2003) and others. Each researcher's interpretation of issues related to the category of collateral makes a peculiar contribution to the general theory of collateral.
The category of voice in the Vietnamese language does not have a long history of study, as in Russian linguistics, however, the rich language material, including voice forms, causes many discrepancies in its interpretation.
Relevance research is determined by the need to present such a description of the features of the expression of the meaning of the passive in the Russian language, which could form part of the functional grammar of the Russian language, focused on teaching the Russian language in the Vietnamese audience.
Subject research is the study of the implementation of the meaning of passivity in the Russian language from the perspective of a native speaker of the Vietnamese language .
object studies serve as passive turns of the Russian and Vietnamese languages. In the present work, only passive constructions are considered, i.e. those constructions where the verb and participle in
in the passive form they play the role of a predicate sentence. Type cases I'm still impressedsomething incomprehensible andunresolvable. and beautiful, which I owe to you, ...(I. Bunin. Unknown friend), where the verb form with a passive meaning functions as a definition in a nominal phrase, are not included in the circle of questions of interest to us. The limitation of this work is also adjectivized passive participles of the type She generally imagined, it seems, ... as if there was some kind of "sensitive" person who would finally appreciateher unmarried soul (I. Bunin. Mordovian sundress).
aim This study is a description of the ways of expressing the passive meaning in Russian in comparison with the Vietnamese language, focused on the named subject of the study.
This goal defines the following specific tasks:
explore the current state of studying the category of voice in Russian and Vietnamese linguistics;
interpret the interpretation of the studied grammatical category and related questions in two languages according to the field approach of functional grammar (A.V. Bondarko and his supporters);
to analyze the contextual realizations of the passive forms of Russian verbs in order to reveal their functioning in the expression of the pledge value;
establish the most frequent and typical ways of translating Russian passive constructions into Vietnamese.
When describing the language material, the approach “from semantics to its formal expression” (“from functions to means”) is used in combination with the approach “from form to semantics” (“from means to functions”). We use other research methods, as descriptive, analytical, critical, comparative, etc.
Scientific novelty of the research is seen in the fact that in it for the first time
an attempt was made to describe and analyze the ways of expressing the meaning of the passiveness in Russian from the position of a native speaker of the Vietnamese language, as well as to give suggestions for improving the teaching of Russian as a foreign language.
Theoretical significance research - lies in the fact that the provisions developed in the study contribute to the study of the Russian and Vietnamese categories of pledge, and also specify a number of general theoretical provisions.
Practical significance of the study is that the results of the study can be used in the practice of teaching the Russian language in the Vietnamese audience, when reading theoretical courses in general and particular linguistics, as well as in translation activities.
Material studies are examples taken from the literary works of L. Tolstoy, I. Bunin and K. Paustovsky, and translations of these works into Vietnamese. We also use examples from journalistic publications, advertisements - and conversations with native Russian speakers for illustration and comparison.
It is necessary to clarify the conceptual apparatus of the study associated with the use of terms passive and passive.
Initially, in the works of M.V. Lomonosov, A.Kh. Vostokova, F.I. Buslaev, AL. Potebni there was only one adjective passive. Terms containing an adjective passive, appeared in the descriptions of Russian verbs under the influence of the grammars of Latin and other Western languages. The first known use of the terms With adjective passive we find in an essay on the comparison of voice definitions in Russian, Latin and Greek school grammars [Trostnikov 1896].
Along with the undifferentiated use of two pairs of terms - assets and passive, real and passive, according to A.V. Bondarko, some differentiation is possible. In the light of functional grammar assets and passive - broader concepts than valid and passive voice. It is advisable to use the last two terms in a more special, morphological sense, defining the verb cook as an active voice verb, and participle cooked - as a passive participle (participle of the passive voice). Terms assets and liability have a broader meaning - in relation to both the level of supply, the active and passive structures, and and to the level of the word, to the morphological system of the language (in the latter case, when there is no need to specifically emphasize the morphological side of the voice).
In this work, we take into account the differentiation in the meaning of terms, noted by A.V. Bondarko.
The main provisions for defense:
in the center of the functional-semantic field of the Russian and Vietnamese languages, the main grammatical core is the opposition of the active-passive, which is expressed not only in different forms of the verb, but also in the different syntactic functions of the subject and object
Vietnamese verbs bi/ditpc are correlates of Russian verbs in the passive form.
when translating Russian passive constructions into Vietnamese, it is possible to use both similar Vietnamese constructions and other linguistic means, which does not prevent the full meaning of the original from being conveyed.
Approbation of work. The results of the work were the basis for presentations at the Pushkin Readings (Moscow, State Institute of the Russian Language named after A.S. Pushkin, 2001), scientific conferences "Science and Cooperation-2000" (Moscow, 2000), "Science and Youth-2000" (Moscow, 2000). Approbation was also carried out in the process of publishing articles and materials of speeches.
Dissertation structure. The dissertation consists of an Introduction, two chapters, a Conclusion, a Bibliography (a list of references and lexicographic sources) and an Appendix.
Definition of voice by modern Russian linguists
The definition of pledge is usually constructed as semantic, i.e. this category is considered to have its own meaning, just like time and number. The most common description of the pledge value is this: expresses the relationship between the subject and the object of the action. There are other semantic definitions of pledge. B.N. Golovin believes that the passive voice denotes a state caused by the influence of a person or an active object. In other words, in the sentence Arithmetic is studied by schoolchildren, the verb is studied denotes the state in which arithmetic is located as a result of the influence of schoolchildren on it [Golovin 1966: 172].
Voice is also given a syntactic concept: voice is a diathesis grammatically marked in a verb [Kholodovich 1970: 13]. Diathesis is defined through the correspondence between the components of the semantic structure inherent in the verbal lexeme and the totality of the elements of the syntactic structure included in the environment of this verbal word form [Melchuk, Kholodovich 1970: 111-124, Kholodovich 1970: 2-26]. According to this universal typological concept of voice, the essence of voice oppositions can be most adequately described by shifting logical accents from the sphere of verb word morphology to the sphere of semantics and syntax of the verb sentence. This definition is semantic, since it contains a reference not only to the formal side, but also to the semantic (subject, object). However, according to SE. Yakhontov, from this formulation it is not clear why, in fact, there is a pledge, what semantic task is the change in the relationship between semantic units and sentence members [Yakhontov 1974: 47].
SE. Yakhontov tries to approach the issue from a different angle and give a formal definition of voice, which would completely exclude the mention of the semantics of voice forms. The author considers verbal forms contrasted in voice, which, being used in the same syntactic function, differ in control. The difference in control is expressed in the fact that forms opposed by voice require an unequal number and / or design of sentence members grammatically related to them. For example, in Russian, verbs with the particle -sya (wash, study). In addition, in fact, in a number of cases, a more important difference between voice forms is not that they require unequally formed additions, but that the same form of a name has a different meaning depending on the voice of the verb to which it is subordinated. So, in Russian, an addition in the instrumental case is, in principle, possible with verbs of the active and passive voice, but only in the second case it can denote the actor.
SE. Yakhontov also notes that differences in administration may not correspond to any changes in the form of the verb. In these cases, there is no collateral: by definition, the collateral is not the change in control itself, but its reflection in the form of a verb. In Russian, with a verb (whether active or passive), the name of the subject may be absent, but this does not create a new voice; cf .: They opened the door -The door was opened. In such cases, there is no opposition of different verbal forms, and consequently, there is no voice; the difference in grammatical meaning is signaled not by the change in voices of the verb, but by its syntactic environment.
So SE. Yakhontov comes to the conclusion that there may well be no voice in the language, just as there may not be any formal means, for example, inflection, infixes or doubling. If there is no collateral, the meanings of collateral or individual collateral forms can also be conveyed by other (non-collateral) forms and constructions [Yakhontov 1974: 46-53].
The conclusion about the decisive role of the subject in the formation of voice meanings and voice constructions is quite traditional, it was adhered to by many prominent linguists of the past, and many modern experts in the field of theoretical grammar agree with them. I.A. Perelmuter [Perelmuter 1987] proposes to give a definition of voice meanings, taking into account only the subject in its relationship with the elements of the semantic level, since it is the function of the subject that has a decisive influence on all the features of constructing the construction of a particular voice, and the role of the object is secondary and subordinate. The author formulates his general definition of collateral meanings as follows: “collateral meanings are such meanings of a verbal predicate that are determined by the function of the subject, reflecting all possible types of correlation between the subject and units of the semantic level - the subject of the action and the object of the action” [Perelmuter 1987: 19]. The use of the sign of correlation of the subject with units of the semantic level allows, on the one hand, to develop a clear and consistent classification of voice meanings and, on the other hand, to distinguish between phenomena belonging to the sphere of voice semantics and phenomena that are outside this sphere.
“When determining voice, it is necessary and sufficient to take into account only the relation of the action to its subject and the verb-predicate to the subject” [Stepanov 1976: 414]. According to Yu.S. Stepanov [Stepanov 1976], voice is a two-level grammatical category. At a deeper level, the voice consists in the relation of the action to its subject and is expressed in the morphology and semantics of the verb word. At a more superficial level, the voice consists in the relation of the verb-predicate of the sentence to the subject [Stepanov 1976: 408-420]. A.V. Isachenko [Isachenko 1960] believes that the general semantic feature that characterizes the passive is precisely the direction of the verbal action on the subject of the sentence. The direction of the action is also included in the definition of pledge in the works of A.G. Rudnev [Rudnev 1953: 261], O.I. Moskalskaya [Moskalskaya 1956: 322], K.A. Timofeev [Timofeev 1958: 8]. Moreover, K.A. Timofeev proposes to consider the voice as a category that expresses the direction of the action. According to L.L. Bulanin, “the essence of the voice lies in the transfer of the relation of the action to the subject (subject)” [Bulanin 1963: 31]. In the interpretation of voice by O. Jespersen, it is extremely valuable that his concept logically leads to taking into account the conditions of communication that dictate the choice of one or another actant of the described situation as the subject of the generated sentence, which determines and, accordingly, the voice form of the predicate [Jespersen 1958]. The choice of a central, “focusing” actant is connected with the communicative task of the utterance and can be considered as a special aspect of the multifaceted category of communicative articulation of the utterance (see also [Paducheva 1974]). In the study of G.G. Silnitsky's voice is defined as a grammatical category that reflects regular relationships between the elements of valence paradigms of verbal lexemes, correlating with regular changes in the meaning of these lexemes. In other words, he notes that voice discharges fix regular correspondences between certain changes in verbal valency and certain shifts in verbal meaning [Silnitsky 1974].
An overview of the study of the category of voice in Vietnamese
The Vietnamese language, unlike Russian, belongs to the languages of the analytical type, where function words are used to express grammatical meanings: words are less common. First of all, it should be emphasized that all researchers affirm the modal meaning of the word bi/dirgc, including bi. (to be exposed) means something unfavorable, and dirge (to get an opportunity) - favorable from the point of view of the speaker. We also note that the studied words are verbs with an independent lexical meaning, and function in a sentence as a predicate with a kind of addition, which will be briefly presented below. 1) a noun acts as an object. For example: Nguoi kia dirge com nrgu lai dirge ba quan tiin - That person received rice, wine, and three bundles of coins. Vung hum t&ibi Aalqua bom - Two bombs hit our trenches. 2) the verb Cdi xe bi chit mdy giua dir & ng acts as an addition - Halfway through the car, the engine stalled. 3) as an addition, the sentence Luc xuong heh, dng chu da dirge ngiroi t & i hyo ", qudn do da tim, ti liroi trai, xudhg tir tnrde dS mo" cira xe-When the owner had to go out, his driver in a cap and in dark draped uniform came out first to open the door. Vietnamese agree that the words bi / diroc are significant, but they disagree about the existence of a passive voice in the language and its interpretation. Some researchers believe that the passive voice does not exist in the Vietnamese language. In his work Subject or topic in Vietnamese? Helge Dyvik considers the following two examples: 1) Anh dtfo c di (finished: You get permission to leave) 2) Quang dirge tmromg (finished: Kuang gains love). Dyvik considers it unmotivated to attribute these examples to two different grammatical constructions, since the same meaning of the verb dirge is expressed - to acquire, receive, and the usual role-related indeterminacy of the topic is found, which is identified only in each sentence. Dyvik concludes that there is no passive as a grammatical category in Vietnamese. In agreement with Helge Dyvik, Nguyen Thi Anh in his article is of the opinion that there is no passive voice in Vietnamese. The author analyzes the following examples. 1(a) Tbі dirge sinh a Ha pbі. (b) Vas sy Binh da dirge tb. (c) TMy An dirge day hai bai hit. (d) Tbі eta? chup ba tarn hinh. To determine what meaning - real or passive is expressed in these sentences, you need to put them in specific situations. 2(a) T6i dugc sinh o Na ndi chii kh6ng phai ve tram hd sinh huyen - I gave birth in Hanoi, not in the county maternity hospital. (b) BaVsy Bmh da dirge tb hai uy vi6n trung uong - Doctor Bin got the opportunity to perform surgery on two members of the Politburo. (c) Thdy An dirge day hai bai hdt vi giong thdy khoe va am lum Teacher An got the chance to teach two songs because he has a strong and warm voice. (d) Tbі dirofc chup ba tarn hinh budng giam uy dl lam tir lieu - I was allowed to take three pictures of that prison cell for material. 3(a) Tbі dirge sinh ga va lori len or Na pbі - I was born and raised in Hanoi. (b) Bdc sy Binh da dirge tb kip thoi. Bdc sy Ha da tu tay tb cho ban- Doctor Binh had an operation on time. Doctor Ha himself performed the operation on his Friend. (c) ThUy An dirge day hai bai hat tbі di dem day lai cho hoc sinh - Teacher An was taught two new songs so that he would later teach students. (d) T6i dirge chup ba tm hinh ng6i 6 ngai cua Ti Dire - When I sat on the throne of Ty Duc, I was filmed three times. The author notes that the presence of bi/diroc expresses either an active or a passive meaning, depending on the situation in which the words in question are involved (in examples 3(a), 3(6), 3(c), 3(d), according to the author , a passive value is found). In view of all this, Nguyen Thi Anh concludes that one cannot consider bi/diroc as a grammatical criterion for identifying a "passive sentence" (original quotation marks - HTKH). Moreover, the difference between "real" and "passive" (original quotation marks - NTKH) meanings lies in situations. In view of the foregoing, the author argues that in the Vietnamese language there is no passive voice as a grammatical category.
Classification of passive constructions in Russian and ways to translate them into Vietnamese
Passive constructions of the Russian language are classified into three-membered, two-membered and one-membered. In the three-term passive construction there is a subject with the designation of the object of the action, a verb-predicate in the passive form and an object with the designation of the subject of the action (agent / agent): The route was developed by a gentleman from San Francisco extensive (I. Bunin. Gentleman from San Francisco). There is no agentive addition in the binomial passive construction: Ivan Ivanovich also began to hang out trousers with torn buttons, which had never been hung out before, even at Christmas, at Easter (I. Bunin. Far).
One-member passive constructions in the terminology of B.C. Khrakovsky are called passive constructions with a non-canonical subject. A passive construction with a non-canonical subject is such a passive construction in which the position of the subject is not occupied by a name or a pronoun in the nominative case, but in an “inconsistent” form a verb in the form of the 3rd person singular (in the past tense in the neuter form) appears. The following acts as a subject: 1) the infinitive The life of this Russian peasant woman was lived as bequeathed to live by her parents and grandfathers (G. Goryshin). It was strictly forbidden to drink vodka in the dining room (V. Kurochkin). 2) the predicative part of a complex sentence It has already been said that nature is the richest source of thoughts (V. Sukhomlinsky). He got up, ..., took from the shelf a bottle of mountain ash, a cube-shaped glass, on which it was written: "The monks accept him" ... (I. Bunin. Village). 3) zero subject About Tushin's battery was forgotten (L. Tolstoy. War and Peace). Among the verbs forming the passive constructions under discussion, B.C. Khrakovsky singles out a relatively representative group of causative and modal verbs of imperfect and perfect things such as order, suggest, decide. For example, after the performance at dinner, it was decided to buy tickets for all the performances of the Moscow Art Theater (E. Auerbach).
A separate group is made up of verbs of the perfect form of the cumulative semantic share with a prefix like stab, apply, prepare, buy and distributive-cumulative semantic share with the prefix ponta to tune, to buy. Such verbs form a passive construction with a non-canonical subject in the genitive case: Baked pies for the road, bought tomatoes, sausages and apples (G. Goryshin). B.C. Khrakovsky also proposes to consider separately the polyvalent verbs of the imperfect and perfect types of speech-cogitative activity such as say, mention, write, forget, learn: - Ah, Mikhail, Mikhail, ... - Lida's mother squeezed her temples with her palms, - it would not be so necessary to say. But since it said so, I listened further (V. Astafiev).
We consider it necessary to clarify the point of view of B.C. Khrakovsky that passive constructions with a non-canonical subject also form single intransitive verbs like smoke, drive, walk, which have passive forms: The guests left. The room was stuffy and smoky (D. Grashsh). Although the presented example in the form of the verb is a passive construction of the type under consideration, the object of the action is not expressed either explicitly or implicitly. In addition, this sentence describes the state of the room, which is why we consider it and further sentences with this type of verbs as statives (the stative was mentioned in 1.3.1. of this chapter). The following examples serve to further illustrate this type of sentence. 1) And she pulled the door to the next compartment: - No, it's locked here (I. Bunin. Heinrich). 2) How trampled, spitting everywhere, how wildly and absurdly yelling at some tables and how crazy the sex in white trousers and shirts, ...! (I: Bunin. Snowdrop). 3) Let's go ... Here, however, something stuffy, smoky (I. Bunin. Business cards). 4) It was so smoky that it hurt the throat, the lamps barely shone in the smoke, in the twilight, dampness and cold (I. Bunin. Village). 5) At ten I went to the church guard. Smoky, crowded, the whole guard is full (I. Bunin. Last Spring). 6) The coffee house is thickly smoky, it is dimly lit by a tin lamp, ... (I. Bunin. Temir-Aksak-Khan). It can be seen that in these examples there is a description of things, no object is affected, the agent is not found, and according to the semantics of the sentence, it cannot be added. This shows how important the context is in sentences with passive forms of the verb.
The communicative nature of passive constructions is manifested not only in the fact that they are used to focus attention on the object of action, but also in the fact that passive forms (participles on n / -t, and the postfix -sya / -ss) need a certain context for implementation of the collateral value inherent in the form itself. V.V. Vinogradov also mentions the point of view of many linguists that “the voice value is established and determined only in the context of the sentence” [Vinogradov 2001: 492]. In the four examples below with the verb to be done, it is clear that the passive meaning is observed only in the first and second sentences. 1) She shrugged her shoulder: “Why is everything done in the world? ...” (I. Bunin. Clean Monday). 2) a magazine about how money is made (an advertisement for a magazine) 3) - In such weather, one cannot sit at home. - Do not sit? -Not. - And what is being done! - Walk (From a conversation with a Russian philologist). When the phrase “what is being done” appears separately, it is passive, but in this context, in accordance with the impersonal-predicative sentence “you can’t sit at home in such weather”, which belongs to the medium-recurrent voice and has an involuntary connotation, the phrase under discussion according to the communicative purpose also applies to the medium-returnable deposit. Such an interpretation can also be applied to the phrase here otliplo is caught (advertising for cellular communications). Compared with the example of N.A. Janko-Trinipkoy Catch, fish (from a fairy tale), where the verb to be caught is used in the form of an imperative mood with a passive meaning, this advertisement is an impersonal predicative sentence and refers to the middle reflexive voice. four) ...; the air became clean and clear, and the sunlight shone dazzlingly between the foliage, between the branches, ... (I. Bunin. Antonov apples). 5) You cannot wave a stick, but you must frankly explain by what right the cabbage has become yours! (I. Bunin. Good life). And in the sixth example with the verb to be done, a curious moment is revealed: 6) In the hallway, every minute it became light, like during the day (I .. Bunin. Sukhodol). This sentence is impersonal, it can be translated into Vietnamese as a "descriptive" sentence (i.e. without the main members of the sentence): Phdng ngo&i bSng sdng nhif ban nguy. The similarity between the fourth, fifth and sixth examples lies in the fact that, according to the semantics, do means “become / become”, and according to the grammatical function, this verb acts as a semi-significant, it is an integral part of the compound nominal predicate and in the context described, its passive meaning is emptied. It seems not unnecessary to repeat that some Vietnamese also suggest considering the functioning of the words bi/difoc in their contexts (Nguyen Thi Lih) (see; 4 of Chapter 1).
Passives
Of great interest are "two-term" passive constructions, some of them with the designation of the action performed on the object (procedural sign), others with the designation of a non-procedural sign. The first constructions are called the passive, the second - the cabinet (state passive, static passive). By the way, it should be noted that other researchers propose to call those constructions, which express the meaning of a state considered without connection with the forces that caused it, a static quasi-passive [Gavrilova 1978, 1986, 1990, 1986, 1998]. However, we adhere to the widely accepted term proposed by A.V. Isachenko and L.L. Bulanin [Isachenko 1960, Bulanin 1973, 1978]. The predicate of the stative construction (Something was written on the sheet) is a homonym of the analytical form of the passive voice of the perfect form (The letter was written by the father). A common feature of stative designs is that! they attribute to the object a non-procedural sign, which is realized in a number of specific particular situations, such as the localized state of the object, the appearance of the object, the internal sign of the object, the material from which the object is made (for details, see [Bulanin 1973: 37-45]). Examples: 1) But, being put into the water, immediately (the flower - NTKH) begins to bloom, give small leaves and a pink color (I. Bunin. Rose of Jericho). 2) ... the hair is pulled back tightly, slightly curled in front, wavy touched with tongs ... (I. Bunin. Natalie). 3) Let the girl ... look at how the world works, how people live, ... (K. Paustovsky. Basket with fir cones). 4) Pierrot didn't even bite a piece of cake; he looked at Malvina as if she were made of almond dough (A. Tolstoy). L.L. Bulanin writes: “The construction of a passive passive ... is characterized by two main syntactic features: 1) it basically cannot have an agentive complement and 2) it does not transform, does not correlate with the corresponding active (actual) turnover.” However, we believe that the cabinet allows such a relationship. Compare: Her narrow and beautiful head was surrounded by a garland of flowers, ... (I. Bunin. The Mad Artist) - A garland of flowers surrounds her narrow and beautiful head.
The procedural liability, unlike the stative clause, allows an agentive addition and, of course, correlates with the corresponding active (actual) turnover: One winter, he persuaded her to take the safe in the Lyon loan in his name and put everything he had earned there (I. Bunin. In Paris) (Compare: ... put everything he earned there). The stative and passive are fundamentally different in their functioning in the language. In passive constructions, the subject of the action "leaves" the central syntactic position of the subject, it is filled by the object of the action: ... I was just promoted to the rank of cornet of the guards, fired in the winter in that memorable year for me on a two-week vacation to my Ryazan patrimony, .. (I. Bunin. "Oaks"). The function of the stand is to describe typical situations in which non-procedural features of an object are manifested. In order to show the state of an object, we resort to such a construction of a phrase in which all indications of a process localized in time, an action and its producer are eliminated. So, in the example She (darkness - NTKH) was filled with the sounds of disturbed water - murmur, gurgling and splashing (K. Paustovsky. Music by Verdi) characterizes a certain state of darkness, completely independent of any action and "murmur, gurgle and splash" acts as a circumstance of the mode of action. And in the binomial passive construction, the subject of the action is implied: Prince Andrei found Barclay de Tolly, to whom he was assigned, on the banks of the Drissa (L. Tolstoy. War and Peace). It follows that the difference between the passive and the statute is that the former allows an agentive complement, while the latter does not. The following sentence is a liability, since the context makes it clear “who gathered some people”: There, in the former living room, were gathered, at the request of the sovereign, not a military council, .... but some people ... (L. Tolstoy. War and peace). For comparison, we cite the following stand as an example: He (Pierre - NTKH) knew that all the intelligentsia of St. Petersburg was gathered here ... (L. Tolstoy. War and Peace). It is known that the imperfect form of the verb denotes the process of action, and the perfect form denotes its result, which plays an important role in determining one or another sentence. Compare: 1) The commander did not have time to say that the performance was canceled until better times (K. Paustovsky. Music by Verdi). 2) - I thought that this holiday was canceled (L. Tolstoy. War and Peace). The imperfective form gives the verb a procedural character, therefore the first sentence is passive, while in the presence of a passive participle from the perfect verb, the second example refers to the stative.
The question of the difference between a stative and a passive turns out to be important when teaching Russian grammar, since different "passive" sentences are used when restructuring a sentence with different semantics of the original active construction. Compare: 1) Children decorate the wall - The wall is decorated by children (passive) 2) The carpet decorates well - The stack is decorated with a carpet (stand). Although in two active sentences the verb appears in the form of the present imperfective, after the transformation, different constructions are obtained, which is explained by the animate/inanimate nature of the actants. In connection with the above interesting (but not usual) point, the teacher should analyze the original sentences in order to avoid possible mistakes among students (especially among students in secondary school), after which it is necessary to submit this type of exercise so that the material covered is well remembered.
An active construction is a method of semantic-syntactic organization of a sentence, with Krom denoted by: the action of the subject directed to the object; action closed in the sphere of the subject; properties, qualities, states, relations of the carrier of the predicative sign. The grammaticalized form of expressing activity is a verbal utterance of a theme-rhematic structure (see Actual division of a sentence) with the preposition of a subject that has the meaning of a person, and with a predicate denoting a purposeful action; for example, “She [Margarita] neatly folded the burnt sheets, wrapped them in paper, tied them with ribbon” (Bulgakov).
A. to. are heterogeneous in form and meaning (content): the patterns of their structure are due to the specifics of the linguistic representation of real processes and the communicative intent of the speaker.
The appearance in the position of the subject of an inanimate noun of objective semantics with a predicate expressed by the verb of a deliberate action indicates a narrowed functional perspective of the sentence; the speaker's attention is directed to the means of carrying out the action, the nature of the action; eg: The key opens the door; The excavator deepens the pond; Scatter covers the table.
The weakening of the meaning of activity is accompanied by the appearance in the subjective position of a noun with the meaning "not a person" and, accordingly, the reduction in the verb of the seme of the intentionality of the action (loss of personal ™), the strengthening of the role of the speaker, the subject of evaluation; for example, “The frost under-tightened the puddles with the thinnest glass * (Prishvin). The unintentionality of the action is associated with the actualization in the verb of the meaning of optativity (desirability); e.g., The child was doused with kefir.
The meaning of A. to. - “an involuntary change in the state of the subject” - causes the appearance in the subject position of both an animate and inanimate noun, in the position of a predicate - a procedural verb; e.g.: The horse was enveloped in steam; The wound heals quickly.
To A. to. include sentences with non-transition. verbs that have a modal component "the ability to act, called the verb stem"; for example: “The cream was easily smeared and, as it seemed to Margarita, immediately evaporated * (Bulgakov); The wall gets dirty; The paper is oily.
Derivative resultative and relative constructions show the consolidation of the grammatical characteristics of the verb lexeme, which has lost its procedural meaning: sov. view, past tense of verbs - in resultative constructions, for example. “The dawn covered half the sky” (Turgenev), “The rainbow obliquely girded the flying rain” (Surkov); nesov. view, present, or past. tense of verbs, the impossibility of varying forms of the verb, nouns of subject semantics in the positions of subject and object - in relational constructions, which are a typified or individual way of “seeing” the state of affairs by the speaker, for example: “The light of the moon filled the room * (Gogol), “Coniferous the forest dresses all the mountains* (Arseniev), “... a pink sweater tightly fits the fur coat, brown trousers slightly cover the heel* (Katasonova).
The word order in A. k. is direct: subject - predicate - object. The reverse word order may depend on the context, the speech situation; for example, in the following statement of rhematic structure, answering the question "What is happening?" from the semantics of the derivative model of the sentence, where the subject position is occupied by a more significant object of action from the point of view of the speaker. So, for example, when denoting the actions of the elemental forces of nature, involuntarily arising feelings, thoughts, physical states in the subjective position, the object word form has the meaning of the bearer of the predicative feature, the subject of the state and the subject of evaluation (from the point of view of the observer-speaking): “Berlioz was seized by an unreasonable fear * (Bulgakov); Her face flushes with shame; The hold will flood soon. Word form in wine. p. plays the role of a subject and enters into predicative relations with the rest of the sentence, contributing to its “phraseologisation”. The generalized semantics of such sentences is close to the predication of the characterizing type: The tree is green, it has not withered. In derivative constructions with resultant verbs and relational verbs, the “phraseologisation” of the predicative part is enhanced by the constant aspectual-temporal indicators of the verbs; for example: “Snow covered my whole face and hands * (Pleshcheev); “The roofs are overshadowed by the dusty green of elderberry * (M. Gorky); “[the city] was already flooded with darkness* (Bulgakov). The choice of a verbal lexeme shows the speaker's assessment-qualification of the real situation.
Thus, A. to. can be classified according to the scale of "activity", defining their differences as a semantic-syntactic derivation from the original construction with a subject-person and a predicate of purposeful action, highlighting derivational steps and derivational means that transfer A. to. to the border area with passive constructions (for example, stative and relative constructions with a word form in VIN in the position of the subject).
The criterion for distinguishing between A. to. and passive constructions (see) is the type of semantic-syntactic relations between predicatively conjugate word forms, and not the morphological form of the predicate. This is confirmed, in particular, by the meaning of constructions with stative verbs (see Diathesis), the participial form of which, like the adjective, plays the role of a predicate of a characterizing type; eg: The door is closed; “Like him, she was always dressed in fashion and to her face” (Pushkin).
Introduction
The translation of passive constructions into Russian has always been a hot topic for study. The problems of translating constructions in the passive voice in modern languages attract the attention of many researchers.
Since the subject of study in this work is the translation of passive constructions, the main purpose of the work is to give a general description of the passive voice and to determine the main methods and features of the translation of such sentences.
To achieve the goal of the study, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
1. Define the concept and forms of passive structures;
2. Determine the main methods of translating the passive voice from English into Russian;
3. To identify the features of the translation of constructions in the passive voice on the material of headings and heading complexes.
Passive and passive constructions in English
The English verb has a very developed system of tense forms, the opposition of the active and passive voice, the opposition of the indicative, subjunctive and imperative moods. These are the main verbal categories covering the entire verb system as a whole.
Speaking about the passive (passive) voice, it is worth noting that this is one of the main grammatical categories of the English verb, along with aspectual forms and the category of mood. Based on the definition given in the "Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary of Humanities", under the grammatical category in our work we mean "a system of rows of grammatical forms opposed to each other with homogeneous meanings".
The category of voice, as a distinct morphological category expressed in contrasting correlates, belongs in English only to the verb. A feature of the English language, as you know, is that the subject of the predicate-verb in the passive form can correspond not only to the so-called "direct" object in the corresponding sentence with the predicate-verb in the active form, but also to the unprepositional object with the meaning of "interested person”, as well as the stem name in the prepositional structure of the object and even the circumstance. Therefore, according to N.G. Vorontsova, it is wrong to impose on the English language the usual restriction that only the so-called “direct transitive” verbs have the category of voice. The passive form can be formed as a modification of any verb that is capable of denoting an action that spreads outside, that is, one way or another affecting some objects during its performance and thus involving them, as secondary, subordinate participants, in the ongoing process. Therefore, N.G. Vorontsova believes, the content of the category of pledge in English should most likely be understood as the relation of an action expressed in the verb form to the nature of the participation in it of a person or object determined by this action.
As for the category of pledge, according to Ilyish, there are two points of view. According to one of them, this category expresses the relationship between the subject and the action. According to another point of view, the category of voice expresses the relationship between the subject and the object of the action. In this case, the object is represented in the pledge definition.
It is interesting to note that some linguists (Zhigadlo, Ivanova, Iofik) distinguish three more voices, along with two well-known voices - active and passive - these are:
1. Reflexive voice, which is formed according to the “transitive verb + reflexive pronoun” scheme, for example, he dressed himself. However, not all linguists recognize the existence of this type/kind of voice. For example, Poutsma and Smirnitsky deny its existence, since they believe that reflexive pronouns, although they perform the function of an object, are still devoid of semantic significance, since they do not show that the action expressed by the verb is directed to the “person”, (“non- face") - the subject of the action. However, Zhigadlo, Ivanova, Iofik recognize the existence of a reflexive voice in modern English. The authors distinguish two meanings of the reflexive voice: proper-reflexive, for example, warm oneself, hurt oneself (the verb expresses a specific action that the subject performs, having himself as his object); and mean-return, for example, to stretch oneself or to enjoy oneself (the verb expresses external physical changes in the state of the subject, its movement in space, or expresses the internal state of the subject).
2. Reverse pledge(Reciprocal Voice), which is used with each other and one another, for example they greeted each other. Ilyish raises the question of whether the groups each other and one another are part of the analytic verb form, or is it an auxiliary element used to form a special voice, a reverse voice, or is it a separate secondary part of the sentence.
3. Medial pledge (Middle Voice). For example, the door opened. This voice also has a number of problems associated with the double use of the number of verbs in modern English. For example, I burnt the paper/ The paper burnt; I boiled the water / The water boiled (in the first case, the verbs indicate the action that the agent performs on the object, the verb follows the noun (or pronoun), the verb is transitive; in the second, the process of what happens to the subject itself is established, the verb does not follow behind some noun (or pronoun), the verb is intransitive).
§1.2 Passive voice in English
The combination of a word or phrase of substantive meaning with a verb in the passive voice is commonly called a passive construction.
In our work, we turn to the passive voice and define it as such a construction of a sentence in which the subject is not an actor (or object), but is itself acted upon by the object (in this case, the object can only be implied, not being expressed in the sentence).
The passive voice is used when the object of the action becomes more important than the subject. Moreover, in sentences with a passive construction, the subject of the action, as a rule, is not mentioned at all. This is because the actor is either unknown or so self-evident that there is no need to mention him.
Preference is given to the passive voice in cases where it is customary not to mention the active person for reasons of tact.
Passive voice - passive - is opposed to the real voice. According to the definition of A. A. Kholodovich, in passive, the subject does not coincide with the semantic subject. The subject of a verb in the passive voice is the person or object on which the action expressed by the verb-predicate is directed.
In communicative terms, the passive construction should not be considered simply as the result of the transformation of the corresponding active construction, since in most cases they are not interchangeable. The relationship of two collaterals can also be established by comparing the same subject with different collateral forms: Not greeted me warmly. -- He was greeted warmly.
The source (producer, agent) of the action is not necessarily expressed, but if it is expressed, then in the sentence it takes the position of a prepositional object. Depending on whether the agent is expressed or not, the passive construction can be two-membered or three-membered. The binomial construction is widespread in English: We were interrupted then. (Stewart) Champagne was served at feasts. (Snow) Transformation into the active voice in these cases is not possible, or, more precisely, is possible only by introducing a unit that was absent in the passive voice, and this unit may be known only from a wide context or may be unknown at all.
As stated above, transitivity is not assigned to each individual verb; in most cases it is syntactically conditioned. Therefore, in English, a form of the passive voice is possible with verbs whose main meaning is intransitive.
Thus, the passive voice in English is actually not related to the transitivity of the verb. This independence of the voice from transitivity is especially pronounced in cases where the passive form is formed from the verbs called above "indirect transitive", i.e. e. verbs that can only be combined with a prepositional object: Brown was listened to by everybody. (Snow) However, the passive form is also possible for clearly intransitive verbs followed by a preposition: Mr. Dereham is not in his room. His bed "s not been slept in and all his things have gone. (Holt)
All the above examples are not amenable to exact transformation into the active voice, and, as mentioned above, it is the binomial structures that are characteristic of the English language.
Another feature is the possibility of combining the subject liability with a direct object:
Not had been given his instructions in private. (Waine) Charles went to the back door of the house and was handed his money. (Waine)
In this case, the transformation also cannot be exact: (Somebody) (the employer) (she) handed him the money. If the sentence Jane told her my story is transformed into a passive voice, then two structures are possible: My story was told her by Jane or She was told my story (by Jane). The latter construction is more characteristic of English.
As we can see, the transformation from one voice to another is possible only under certain conditions; transformation from the passive voice to the active voice is unacceptable with a binomial construction; the possibility of transformation from the active to the passive voice depends on the lexical composition of the sentence. Thus, transformation is impossible in cases such as I turned my face away. (Holt) "I'll make you some tea," said Alice. (Braine) "I would say you take a pride in being a sensible young woman." (Holt)
When choosing a construction, one should take into account both the communicative task of the sentence and the lexical meaning of the verb.
There are a number of verbs that, in a passive construction, necessarily require the mention of a subject, without which their meaning would be incomplete; this includes the verbs accompany, attend, bring about, cause, confront, control, follow, join and others. The answer was followed by an impressive silence.
Some verbs, due to their lexical meaning, cannot be used in the passive voice; these are the connective verbs be and become, modal verbs, as well as the verbs appear, belong, consist, come, go, last, seem, and some others.
"Sentences with participle turnover" - Men's costume of the 18th century. special form of the verb. Fast forward to the 18th century. France. Let's get ready for the trip. Define the boundaries of the participial turnover. Participial. Correct mistakes. Participle. Fan. Communion signs. How fashion came to Russia. Figures. Explain the lack of punctuation marks. Women's costume of the 18th century.
"Real and passive participles" - the Sun illuminating the earth. Active and passive participles. It is necessary to read the rule in order to remember it better. Leaves barely swayed by the wind. Earth illuminated by the sun. Commented write-off. Ran - real or passive. Wind driving clouds. Syntactic analysis of the sentence.
“Communion and gerund” - Calming - gerund. Worried - communion. Work with tests by variants. Tasks. The game "4 extra". What did you learn about such forms of the verb as participle and participle. The silence of the forest, undisturbed by anything. R. Southey “Lodor Falls”. NOT with participles and verbal adjectives. Define tasks for proposals.
"Participatory turnover" - A book that tells about the origin of words. A person who is interested in someone or something. Music that lifts the mood. Write a short story. A game that makes you think. A flower that emits an amazing fragrance. Dear neighbors with dogs. Participle turnover and its syntactic synonyms.
"Part of speech participle" - A bright little cucumber. Materials for the lesson. Turnover. The words. Sign. The use of adjectives. Delicious cucumber. Signs. Tomato. Suffix. My friend. Participle.
"Russian "Communion"" - Make a few sentences from the picture. Find phrases. Decline the adjective. Introduction to Communion. Look at the kittens. Cat. Participle. Participle suffixes. Insert the necessary participles. Dog.
Total in the topic 32 presentations
