So far, we have been talking only about the direct function of the word in denoting this or that object, action or quality, in other words, about the “denotative” and “connotative” meanings of the word. However, what has been said does not exhaust the role that the word plays in reflecting reality and in processing information.
The most significant role is played by the second most important function of the word, which L. S. Vygotsky called the actual meaning and which we can denote by the term "categorical" or "conceptual" meaning.
By the meaning of a word that goes beyond the limits of subject relatedness, we understand the ability of a word not only to replace or represent objects, not only to excite close associations, but also to analyze objects, delve deeper into the properties of objects, abstract and generalize their features. The word not only replaces the thing, but also analyzes the thing, introduces this thing into a system of complex connections and relationships. The distracting or abstracting, generalizing and analyzing function of the word is what we call categorical meaning. Let's look at this feature of the word in more detail.
We have already said that each word not only denotes an object, but highlights its essential feature. This is very easy to see by analyzing the root of a word. For example, the word "table" has a root-stl-, this root is associated with the words "lay", "lay", "flooring". Saying the word "table", a person highlights its quality: it is something that has a sign of flooring on which you can write, dine or work, but the object denoted by this word must always have the corresponding sign. The word "watch" does not just designate a certain object, which, for example, lies in front of us; this word indicates that this object has the function of measuring time (“hours”), and if it has nothing to do with measuring time, then it is not a watch. The word "day" has the root "to weave" ("join", figuratively - the junction of day and night). The word "cow" is cognate with the Latin word cornu = horn and, in fact, used to mean "horned", thus it highlights the characteristic characteristic of a cow.
This analyzing or abstracting function of the word is most easily seen in recent compound words. So, "samovar" denotes an object that cooks itself; "telephone" denotes an object that at a distance (tele-) transmits sound; "television" denotes an object that makes it possible to see at a distance, and so on. In such new words, this analyzing function appears especially clearly. This means that each word not only denotes an object, but also produces a much deeper work. It singles out a sign that is essential for this subject, analyzes this subject. In old words or words borrowed from other languages, we sometimes do not feel this, in new words we see it more clearly. This function of highlighting a feature or abstraction of a feature is the most important function of the word. However, this provision is still not sufficient.
Each word not only denotes a thing, not only highlights its features. It generalizes things, refers them to a certain category, in other words, it has a complex intellectual function of generalization. The word "watch" means any clock (tower, table, manual, pocket, gold or silver, square or round). The word "table" refers to any table (writing, dining, card, square or round, three or four legs, sliding or simple). This means that the word not only singles out a sign, but also generalizes things, classifies them into a certain category, and this generalizing function of the word is one of the most important. Generalizing objects, the word is an instrument of abstraction, and generalization is the most important operation of consciousness. That is why, naming this or that object with a word, we thereby attribute this object to a certain category. This means that the word is not only a means of replacing a thing, a representation; it is also a cell of thinking, because the most important functions of thinking are precisely abstraction and generalization. However, there is another aspect of the problem that interests us.
The word is not only an instrument of thought, but also a means of communication. Any communication - in other words, the transfer of information - necessarily requires that the word not only indicate a specific subject, but also generalize information about this subject. If a person, saying “hours”, had in mind, for example, only one specific clock, and the perceiver of this word, who does not have the appropriate experience, would not understand the generalized meaning of this word, he would never be able to convey his thought to the interlocutor. However, the words "clock" and "table" have a generalized meaning, and this is a condition for understanding, a condition that a person, naming an object, can convey his thought to another person. Even if this other person represents the thing named differently (for example, the speaker means a pocket watch, and the perceiver means a table or tower clock), the object assigned to a certain category still allows the speaker to convey certain generalized information. This means that by abstracting the sign and generalizing the subject, the word becomes an instrument of thinking and a means of communication.
There is, however, an even deeper and more important function of the meaning of a word. In a developed language, which is a system of codes, the word not only highlights the feature and not only generalizes the thing, referring it to a certain category, it performs automatic and imperceptible for a person work on the analysis of the subject, passing on to him the experience of generations that has developed in relation to this subject in the history of society.
Let's show this with just one example. The word "inkpot" first of all designates a certain object, relates the listener to one specific object, for example, to an inkwell standing on a table. But this word highlights essential features in this subject, generalizes objects, that is, it denotes any inkwell, no matter what it is made of and no matter what form it may have. However, that's not all. Let's analyze what exactly a person conveys when he says the word "ink".
The word "ink" has a root, and this root black highlights a certain attribute, it indicates that this object is associated with some kind of paint, therefore, this attribute introduces the object into a certain category of objects that deal with color (black, red, green and etc.). This means that this inkwell is some kind of object that has to do with paint, with color.
But the word "inkwell" next to the root also blackens the suffix -il-, which introduces this object into another category. It denotes some tool (ink, white, awl, reel), that is, an object that serves as a tool for something. Thus, the suffix –ml introduces the word into another category, which is no longer related to color, but related to tool use, and this superimposes another sign on the word “inkwell”, indicating that the named object, related to paints, has also "tool" meaning.
However, the word "inkpot" also has a second suffix -nits-, which introduces this item into another category, i.e. it refers this item to the category of receptacles (inkpot, sugar bowl, ashtray, pepper pot). Thus, when a person says "ink", he not only points to a certain object, he analyzes those systems of connections, categories, in which this object enters. Thus, through the word, all the experience of generations that has been accumulated in relation to the inkwell is transmitted: it becomes clear that this is a thing related to paints, tools and receptacles. Thus, when naming an object, a person analyzes it, and does this not on the basis of specific personal experience, but transfers the experience accumulated in social history in relation to its functions, and thus transfers a system of socially established knowledge about the functions of this object.
Consequently, the word not only denotes an object, but also performs the most complex function of analyzing the object, conveys the experience that has been formed in the process of the historical development of generations.
Finally, the above word still has one more component, which has not yet been analyzed. In many developed languages (such as Russian, German, Turkic) the word has another part - inflection, which can change when using the word inkwell, inkwell, inkwell, inkwell, inkwell), thereby changing the relationship that this object has to the environment situations (FOOTNOTE: In other languages (for example, in English or French), which do not have inflections, auxiliary words (prepositions, conjunctions) take on their role. By adding inflections to the word, we do not change anything in the very meaning of the word; inkwell, as an object related to paints, tools, receptacles, is preserved, however, the functional role of the named object changes.In one case, "inkwell" is the so-called dictionary or zero form, and the word simply indicates the existence of this object; the word "inkwell" (in the accusative case - “I see an inkwell”) means that this object is the object of some action; “inkwells” (in the genitive case) means that this object The item is considered as a part (“the edge of the inkwell”), or an indication of the absence of the item is given here; with the help of the form of “inkwells”, a person gives this object an instrumental meaning (the meaning of an object that is used for some purpose). In other words, inflection creates new psychological possibilities for the functional designation of an object, it makes it possible not only to attribute the object to a certain category, but also to indicate the form of action that the object plays in this context. This allows us to say that the language is a system of codes sufficient to independently analyze the subject and express any of its features, properties, relationships.
So, denoting an object, the word highlights the appropriate properties in it, puts it in the right relationship to other objects, refers it to certain categories.
This analyzing and generalizing function of the word is singled out by some authors who dealt with the semantics of the word in special terms. From these diagrams it is clear what a huge number of properties are hidden behind seemingly simple words like “animal”, “client”, etc.
All this speaks of the fact that the word not only doubles the world, not only provides the appearance of appropriate ideas, but is a powerful tool for analyzing this world, conveying social experience in relation to the subject, the word takes us beyond the limits of sensory experience, allows us to penetrate into the sphere rational.
All this makes it possible to assert that the word, which has subjective relevance and meaning, is the basis of a system of codes that provide a transfer of human cognition to a new dimension, allows you to make a leap from the sensual to the rational, i.e. to the ability to both designate things and operate things in a completely new, "rational" way.
categorical value
A generalized meaning superimposed on a specific lexical meaning of a word: for nouns - the meaning of objectivity, for adjectives - the meaning of a sign, property, quality, for verbs - the meaning of a process, action, state, etc.
Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
See what "categorical meaning" is in other dictionaries:
categorical meaning of an adjective- Significance value. For example: evening ringing - the adjective evening denotes a non-procedural attribute of an object - this is its categorical meaning; the specific meaning of the adjective is a sign of an object in relation to time ...
categorical meaning of the verb- The meaning of the process (processuality) inherent in the verb, regardless of its lexical meaning: actions (run, saw), states (love, sleep), relationships (turn on, possess) are presented in verbs as a process that takes place in time ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
categorical meaning of a noun- The value of objectivity, which is modified in different ways: 1) the names of specific objects of the living and non-living world: a pen, a student, a mountain; 2) names of plants: rose, willow, poplar; 3) names of substances: oil, oxygen; 4) geographical names ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
categorical meaning of the adverb- Significance of the sign: quietly breathes. In some cases, the adverb denotes a sign of an object: pilaf in Uzbek ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Categorical perception- (Greek kategorikos - asserting) a feature or, more precisely, the stage of formation of visual images, at which specific visual images are identified with a certain class of objects that have a certain meaning. For example, the tendency to hear ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy
verb analysis scheme- 1) highlight the word form in the text; 2) part of speech; categorical meaning of the verb; 3) the initial form of the verb; question to the initial form of the verb; question to the word form in the text; 4) the form of the verb (conjugated / non-conjugated); 5) stems of the verb: stem ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
noun parsing scheme- 1) word form in the text; 2) part of speech; categorical meaning of a noun; 3) the initial form of the noun; question to the initial form of a noun; question to the word form in the text; 4) proper / common name ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
noun number category- One of the main categories of a noun, which forms its categorical meaning of objectivity. The category of number serves to express the quantitative characteristics of objects of objective reality. She opposes... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
state category analysis scheme- 1) word form in the text; 2) part of speech, categorical meaning; question to the word form in the text; 3) the initial form of the word of the category of state (form of the present tense, indicative mood, positive degree); 4) rank according to the meaning of the word ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
pronoun analysis scheme- 1) word form in the text; 2) part of speech; categorical meaning of the pronoun; 3) the initial form of the pronoun; question to the initial form of the pronoun; question to the word form in the text; 4) the category of the pronoun in relation to other parts of speech ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Books
- The categorical meaning of the verb. Systemic and functional aspects, N. N. Boldyrev. This monograph examines the problem of the formation of the categorical meaning of the verb at the conceptual, system-linguistic and speech levels. General questions of linguistic…
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
2 slide
Description of the slide:
Today we will talk about ... what is a verb as a part of speech; what is the meaning of the verb; what categories and forms the verb has; what types of verbs exist in Russian.
3 slide
Description of the slide:
4 slide
Description of the slide:
5 slide
Description of the slide:
The aspect of the verb The aspect is the relation of the action denoted by the verb to the internal limit. VIEW imperfect perfect (what to do?) (what to do?) write, read, teach write, read, learn
6 slide
Description of the slide:
Verb mood The mood of verbs in Russian is an inflectional grammatical sign of conjugated verbs. The mood category denotes the relation of the process called by the verb to reality and expresses this meaning in the verbal forms of the indicative, imperative and subjunctive moods. Indicative mood - expresses the action of the past, present or future time, which actually takes place in reality. (I will do my homework on Tuesday). Imperative mood - expresses an order, an inducement or a request to perform an action. (Do your homework tomorrow). The subjunctive mood expresses an action that is thought by the subject as possible, desirable, but dependent on something. (I would do my homework today, but I'm going for a walk).
7 slide
Description of the slide:
Verb forms depending on the mood Mood Grammar categories inherent in the verb forms of the mood Examples of the mood of verbs Indicative mood Time; Number; Genus; Face. Past tense: I ran, she ran, it ran, they ran; Present tense: I paint, you paint, he paints, we paint, you paint, they paint; Future tense: I will read / will read, you will read / will read, he will read / will read, we will read / will read, you will read / will read, they will read / will read. Imperative Number; Face. 1st person pl. numbers: Let's do it, let's go; 2nd person singular and many others. numbers: You collect, you collect; 3rd person singular and many others. numbers: Let him read, let them write. Subjunctive Number; Genus. Singular: He would do, she would take away, it would be done; Plural: They would collect.
8 slide
Description of the slide:
The category of tense of the verb The category of tense is typical only for forms of the indicative mood. Traditionally, in the Russian language, forms of three tenses are distinguished - present, past and future. The imperative and subjunctive moods do not have tense forms. The basis for determining the time of the process is an abstract grammatical reference point, such a point is the moment of speech. The verb in the past tense shows that the action took place or happened before the moment of speech: did homework, solved equations; did homework, solved equations. The verb in the present tense shows the action at the moment of speech: I do my homework, I solve equations. The verb in the future tense shows that the action will be carried out or will be carried out after the moment of speech: I will do my homework, I will solve equations; I will do my homework, solve equations. The category of time reveals a close connection with the category of the aspect of the verb. It is the aspect that determines the possibility of forming tense forms of the verb. Imperfect verbs form forms of all tenses: past (to love - loved), present (I love), future (I will love). Perfective verbs form only the past tense (to love - fell in love) and the simple future (I will love). There are no present forms.
9 slide
Description of the slide:
The person category of the verb The person category indicates the producer of the action in relation to the speaker. 1 person - the subject of the action is the speaker himself (singular), the speaker and others (plural); 2nd person - the subject of the action is the interlocutor (singular), the interlocutor and others (plural); 3rd person - the subject of the action is someone not participating in the dialogue (singular), someone not participating in the dialogue, and others (plural). Formal indicators of the category of person are the personal endings of verbs.
10 slide
Description of the slide:
Categories of Number and Gender The category of gender denotes the characteristic of the gender of the pronoun or noun with which the verb agrees. In the absence of a subject of action, the gender form indicates the gender of a possible subject of action: the sun shone. The grass was green. The cloud floated. I would come today. The neuter gender can also indicate the impersonality of the verb: it was dawning. It was evening. Not all verb forms have a gender category. The meanings of the feminine, masculine and neuter gender are in the past tense forms of the singular indicative mood and in the singular forms of the conditional mood. The number indicates the singularity or plurality of the subject performing the action, while the meaning of the action itself does not change: the student has come, the students have come. This morphological characteristic is inherent in all personal verb forms.
11 slide
Description of the slide:
Interrelation of verbal categories Appearance and tense Verbs CB have 2 tense forms, there is no present tense form (the action has ended). The form of the future tense is simple (raised, raised, gathered, gathered, led, will lead). NSV verbs have 3 tense forms. The form of the future tense is complex (raised, raises, will raise, was going to, is going to, will be going to, led, lead, will lead). Time and mood Verbs in the indicative mood change in time (raised, lifted, lifted, lifts, will lift). Verbs in the subjunctive and indicative moods do not have a category of time (would raise (yesterday, today, tomorrow?), get together, let them get together (now, in a year?)). Person and gender are mutually exclusive categories. Only the forms of the verb in Prov. have gender. the indicative mood and the subjunctive mood (raised, raised, raised, would have raised, would have raised, would have raised, BUT raises, raises (he, she, it)). Verbs change according to faces in present. and bud. temp. indicative mood. In the forms of the imperative mood there is a 2nd person, a 3rd person and there is no 1st person (you cannot order yourself) (I lift, lift, you lift, lift, he lifts, lifts, you lift, you lift, let him lift, let him lift). Transitivity and reflexivity All reflexive intransitive verbs I raise (what?), but I rise (what?). Transitivity and voice Transitive verbs form passive constructions, intransitive ones do not. the banner is raised (by someone), the dust rises (by the wind) to jump - jumped (an action that is not capable of directly transferring to an object).
12 slide
Description of the slide:
Formation of some personal forms of the verb 1. The verbs to win, convince, find oneself, feel, stupefy and some others belonging to the so-called insufficient verbs (i.e., verbs limited in the formation or use of personal forms) do not form the 1st person form singular present-future tense. If it is necessary to use these verbs in the indicated form, a descriptive construction is used, for example: I will be able to win, I want (strive) to convince, I can find myself, I will try to feel, I will not be weird. They are rarely or almost not used at all in the literary language due to the unusual sound of the form “bashu” (from bass), “galzhu” (from clamor), “nail” (nail off), “duzhu” (from blowing), “erunzhu” ( from nonsense), “block” (from block), “vacuum cleaner” (from vacuuming), “neighbour” (from neighbor), “shkozhu” (from naughty). Due to phonetic coincidence with forms from other verbs, such forms as “buzhu” (from buzz, cf.: buzhu from wake up), “keep” (from dare, cf.: keep from keep), “tuzhu” ( from to tuzit, cf.: to grieve from to grieve) and some others. 2. The verb to honor in the 3rd person plural has equal forms honor - honor, as well as equal forms of the present participle honoring - honoring; cf. Gorky: Both of them honor her memory with love. - They are honored, they obey thousands of people like him. Wed forms of the verb to honor in terms of compatibility: they will honor the memory by standing up, they will honor it for honor, but: they will honor the presence. 3. Some verbs (the so-called abundant) form two forms of the present tense, for example: rinse in the presence of normative forms rinse, rinse, rinse, rinse, rinse has valid forms: rinse, rinse, rinse, rinse, rinse. The same ratio of forms for the verbs splash, drip, cackle, sway, purr, wave, scour, etc.
13 slide
Description of the slide:
Formation of some personal forms of the verb 4. The verb to splash in the meaning of "sprinkle, sprinkle" has personal forms of splashing, splashing (splashing water, splashing linen); in the meaning of "scatter drops", "scatter splashes" has personal forms of splashing, splashing (the fountain splashes, splashes with saliva). The verb move in the meanings “move by pushing or pulling”, “move, make movements”, “make go forward, direct” has personal forms move, move (move furniture, move fingers, move troops); in the meanings "to promote the development of smth.", "to be the cause of someone's deeds” has personal forms moves, moves (driving forces, what drives them!); in the meaning of "set in motion, in action" has parallel personal forms moves - moves (the spring moves / moves the clockwork). The verb to drip in the meaning of "to fall in drops" has parallel personal forms drip, drip and drop, caplet (tears drip, rain drops); in the meaning of “pouring, pouring in drops” has personal forms dripping, dripping (dripping the potion). 5. Some verbs with a prefix form parallel forms of the imperative inclined singular: throw out - throw out, smooth out - smooth out, put forward - put out, paint - paint, get out - get out, spit out - spit out, stick out - stick out, put out - put out, straighten out - straighten, rash - rash, stare - stare. But the plural form has no options and is formed from the second form of the singular, for example: push, paint, spit out, etc. The same ratio of forms for verbs, etc. Some verbs in it: spoil, wrinkle, wrinkle, puff , flatten have parallel forms in both numbers of the imperative mood: port, spoil - port, port; writhing, writhing - writhing, writhing, etc. Forms look, vyd in the presence of normative look, come out are colloquial, but in phraseological turnover only: take it out and put it down. Colloquial also have forms go (instead of go), both (instead of hug); go (instead of go); forms go, go are invalid.
14 slide
Description of the slide:
Variants of aspectual forms Variants of the verb of the imperfect aspect with alternation in the root o - and to condition - to condition are equal; options to concentrate, to inculcate are admissible at normative to concentrate, to inculcate; options to suspect, to agree are obsolete, while the normative ones are to suspect, agree; It is not recommended to use empower instead of empower. Species pairs to slam - to slam, to care - to care, to disgrace - to disgrace, to discredit - to discredit, to delay - to delay, to time - to time, to legitimize - to legitimize, etc. retain the root about. In pairs, climb - climb, see - see, hear - hear, raise - raise the second colloquial vernacular. Parallel masculine forms of the past tense of verbs with the suffix - nu-vyal - withered, lip - stuck, blind - went blind, rejected - rejected, died - died, resorted - resorted to, terminated - terminated, refuted - refuted, fluff - puffed up equal; forms dried, froze, got wet, went out, shivered in the presence of normative dry, cold, wet, fumed, chilly are acceptable. Variants of the indefinite form of perfective verbs reach - reach, catch - catch, overtake - overtake, comprehend - comprehend are equal; personal forms of parallel variants do not form and serve both indefinite forms.
15 slide
Description of the slide:
Practical work Using prefixes, form perfective verbs from imperfective verbs: believe (n.v.) - believe (s.v.). Feel, dine, share, knit, hide, haul, sew, try, melt, believe, see, do, joke, draw, drown, extinguish, learn, take, be frightened, torment, remember, desire, be proud, cook.
16 slide
Description of the slide:
Practical work From perfective verbs with the help of suffixes, form imperfective verbs: to be in time (n.v.) - to be in time (n.v.). Open, conquer, prove, cure, endure, educate, fold, weigh, take into account, point out, ask, rally, get, push out.
17 slide
Description of the slide:
Practical work For the indefinite form of verbs, choose a specific pair. From each of the verbs, form the form of the 1st person singular, designate the form: repeat - repeat (n.v.); repeat - repeat (s.v.). Arrive, enter, take, enter, take out, surrender, learn, rise, open, transfer, get, get sick, master, give, attract, fulfill, develop, lie down, disappear, invent, avoid, catch up, go out, move, clarify, destroy, make a mistake, strain, deprive, inflict, hit, repeat, publish, bring.
18 slide
Description of the slide:
Practical work Match the aspect pair to the verbs, underline the alternating consonants, indicate the aspect. Make sentences with several species pairs: draw up (s.v.) - draw up (n.v.). invite (s.v.) - invite (n.v.). Invite, protect, supply, see off, reflect, discuss, compose, appear, resent, meet, thicken, dress up, visit, arrange, warn.
19 slide
Description of the slide:
Practical work Form aspectual pairs from the following verbs. Make suggestions with them. Talk, take, put, catch, sit down, lie down, become, find.
20 slide
Description of the slide:
Practice Write the verbs in the indefinite form. They set, carry, run, bloom, cry, carry, smell, have breakfast, wander, do, introduce, rake, hang, weave, shake, get wet, croak.
21 slide
Description of the slide:
Practical work Replace these phrases with verbs in an indefinite form. Provide assistance Clean the floor from dust Make observations Give advice Cover yourself with flowers Make a decision
22 slide
Description of the slide:
Practical work Determine the form of the verbs, select synonyms for them. Write them in indefinite form. They build, amaze, make noise, asked, beat, observe, guard, catch, fantasize, cry, said, burn, shone. Exalt, protect.
23 slide
Description of the slide:
Practical work Replace idioms with indefinite verbs. Beat the thumbs Hang up the nose Soar in the clouds set a puzzle hack on the nose wait for the weather by the sea give the word tremble like an aspen leaf write like a chicken with a paw walk on your head count a raven keep in your head nodding slander with three boxes keep in your head nodding slander with three boxes keep tongue behind teeth
LECTURE 1
Verb
2. The initial form of the verb; question to the initial form.
3. The form of the verb (conjugated / non-conjugated).
4. Verb stems (infinitive stem and present tense stem).
5. Verb class; verb class indicators.
6. Type of conjugation of the verb; conjugation indicator.
7. Type of verb (imperfect / perfect); view value; aspect pair of the verb; methods of species pair formation; way of verbal action.
8. Transitivity / intransitivity of the verb; indicator of transitivity/intransitivity.
9. Return / irrevocable; recurrence rate (postfix–sya); the function and meaning of the postfix is sya.
10. Voice of the verb; pledge indicator; the value of the pledge.
11. Mood of the verb; inclination index; inclination value.
12. Verb tense; time indicator; time value.
13. Person of the verb; face indicator; face value.
14. The number of the verb; number indicator; the value of the number.
15. Gender of the verb; kind indicator; gender meaning.
16. Verb conjugation paradigm.
17. Ways of forming verbs.
The verb is opposed to the name, as the basic elements of thought are opposed to each other - the subject and the predicate. But historically, the verb is closely related to the name, since it arose primarily from the names of actions. The ancient name denoting an action (by transforming primary personal pronouns into personal endings) acquired specific morphological features and was transformed into a verb.
The connection of verbs with other parts of speech is manifested in the same syntactic functions: in the ability to act as a subject, an object, a circumstance, and even a definition.
The verb as a part of speech is a very extensive part of speech with a branched system of morphological forms. Most of the verbal lexico-grammatical categories are related to the semantics of the verb and therefore do not occur in other parts of speech. This applies to the person, time, mood, type, pledge. As for the categories of gender and number, they are by no means characteristic of all verbal forms and serve, like, for example, with adjectives, as a means of agreement with nouns.
The words combined in this part of speech have a generalized meaning of the process and can denote action, movement, movement in space, state ( lie down, sleep), manifestation of the feature ( turn black), feature change ( to turn white, to turn pale) etc.
We usually imagine that as soon as we talk about an action, it must necessarily be expressed by a verb. But this is by no means the case. An abstract action can be expressed by a noun ( exit, help, transfer, storytelling). But the relation of the action to the doer can really only be expressed by a verb: the radio plays, the guests sing.
There are many definitions of the verb in the linguistic literature. They can even be divided into types: purely semantic (for example: a verb is a category of words expressing an action or state, - A.Kh. Vostokov); definitions that combine an indication of the meaning of the verb and its grammatical categories (such definitions are typical for grammars - AG-70); formal grammatical definitions (conjugated words are called verbs - S.I. Abakumov).
Let's try to define the verb as a part of speech, which would take into account the general categorical meaning, grammatical features and syntactic functions of this part of speech.
The verb as a part of speech is a very extensive part of speech with a branched system of morphological forms. Most of the verbal lexico-grammatical categories are related to the semantics of the verb and therefore do not occur in other parts of speech. This applies to the person, time, mood, type, pledge. As for the categories of gender and number, they are by no means characteristic of all verbal forms and serve, like, for example, with adjectives, as a means of agreement with nouns.
Verb- a part of speech denoting a process and expressing this meaning in the categories of aspect, voice, mood, time and person; the verb also has the categories of number and - in the forms of the past tense and the subjunctive mood - the category of gender (Russian Grammar -80, p.582).
It remains to add to this definition that the verb as a part of speech in a sentence performs primarily the function of a predicate.
In the strict sense, not even interrogative pronouns, but the categorical meaning of the linguistic meaning, coinciding with the generalized lexical-grammatical (categorical) meaning of the nominative part of speech, which acts as the main exponent of this linguistic meaning, and the corresponding pronouns should be considered as categorizers of linguistic meanings. The interrogative pronoun acts as a kind of “marker”, “litmus test”, revealing the meaning of a given linguistic meaning. For example, the categorical meaning of a linguistic sense is objectivity, so the categorizers (in the broad sense of this term) of this linguistic sense are pronominatives who what?; its exponents are also the corresponding pronouns of other semantic categories and nouns without prepositions that preserve this meaning. In other words, the core of each linguistic sense is the words represented by the corresponding part of speech, expressed by the initial form (if it is changed) or by the morphologized member of the sentence. What is the difference between the categorical meaning of a part of speech and linguistic meaning?
The part of speech is a lexico-grammatical class of words with a set individual differential signs. The categorical meaning of a part of speech is the generalized lexical and grammatical meaning of all the words included in it. The foregoing assumes that the words of this part of speech have general semantics (generalization to the highest degree) and certain grammatical features (for example, for nouns - a constant category of gender, variable categories of number and case, established rules for functioning; for adjectives - concordant, syntactic, "reflective" categories of gender, number and case, use as an agreed definition, nominal part of the predicate, etc.). That's why categorical meaning of a part of speech interpreted as generalized lexicogrammatic meaning.
The linguistic meaning is semantic-functional association of naming units that are heterogeneous in structure. Its core is the word (part of speech), but it also includes dissected naming (prepositional-case forms, lexias, phrases of a special type, phrasal nominees) with the same semantics. Therefore, in our opinion, there is no need to talk about a higher degree of generalization in the semantics of linguistic meaning (compared to the part of speech). The difference lies in heterogeneity, rich structural possibilities for expressing the same linguistic meaning in the same framework of functioning. This gives the right to determine categorical meaning of linguistic meaning as semantic-functional.
In linguistic literature, the question of the categorical meaning of linguistic meaning has not been raised at all, and the question of the categorical meaning of a part of speech is interpreted ambiguously. For example, L. G. Yatskevich writes: “The categorical meaning of a part of speech is a special type of linguistic semantics: it is a vector implicit type of semantics, in contrast to grammatical meanings, grammatical categories and word-formation meanings that express their semantics explicitly - in the grammatical and word-formation design of the word . This meaning of the part of speech is included as a core grammatical meaning in the linguistic field of the corresponding grammatical context, which is embodied in it" [Yatskevich, 2004, p. 140]. This definition and demonstration of the ways of expressing substantivity (pp. 61-68) testifies that the author mixes the concepts of “categorical meaning of a part of speech” and “categorical meaning of a linguistic meaning”, deducing the latter under the name “grammatical concept of a part of speech”. This is especially clearly seen in paragraph 2.2 “Grammatical concepts of parts of speech. Forms of their existence in the structure of the Russian language”, where the author writes: “Grammatical concepts and categorical meanings of parts of speech are correlative, but not identical concepts. Correlativity is manifested in the fact that the composition of the grammatical concepts of the language determines the composition of its parts of speech and their categorical meanings. The non-identity of grammatical concepts and categorical meanings of parts of speech is due to the fact that a grammatical concept is the result of a generalization of a higher level than the categorical meaning of a part of speech. Because of this, on the basis of the grammatical concept in the lexical system of the language, not only grammatical classes - parts of speech, but also grammatical and lexical-grammatical superclasses, subclasses and metaclasses are formed" [Yatskevich, 2004, p. 40-41]. The latter (subclasses, metaclasses) are not disclosed by the author, but it can be assumed that in this case we mean dismembered naming units that we single out, and in addition - heterogeneous associations that have no direct relation to the analyzed phenomenon at all. So, the author in the substantive nomination includes adverbs like Houses know about it.Down below got ready; highlights the substantive nomination, carried out by the word forms of nouns in oblique cases, denoting the topic of the statement: From Moscow returned? (That is, those who left for Moscow)[Yatskevich, 2004, p. 66]. It is clear that in such an ultra-broad understanding, the “grammatical concept of the part of speech” goes far beyond the limits of the linguistic meaning, and it is completely incomprehensible why the above work refers to the part of speech, more precisely, the categorical meaning of the part of speech.
It is known that the main means of expressing each linguistic meaning is a word, more precisely, significant words, united by an appropriate way of displaying reality, categorical meaning, morphological properties and syntactic functioning into a part of speech. So, the main onomasiological means of expressing the linguistic meaning of “objectivity” is a noun, “space” is primarily represented by adverbs of place and direction, etc. The question is logical: how do the categorical meanings of the linguistic meaning and words of that part of speech, which serves as the main means of transmission, correlate? this meaning? At first glance, it can be assumed that the categorical meaning of the linguistic sense "absorbs" the categorical meaning of the part of speech. In fact, their relationship is much more complicated and can be traced in several directions. Compare:
|
1. The categorical meaning of linguistic meaning there is a common meaning of all onomasiological means (words, prepositional-case forms of words, phrases of a special type, lexia and phrasal nominee), united by a common conceptual content. |
1. Categorical meaning of a part of speech is the general lexicogrammatic meaning all words this part of speech, speakers in a morphologized function(for a noun, this is a function of the subject and object, for an adjective, it is the function of a definition, etc.). |
|
2. The categorical meanings of linguistic meanings do not have special names, they are presented descriptively, for example: the categorical meaning of the linguistic meaning is “an attribute of an object”, the categorical meaning of the linguistic meaning is “time”, etc. |
2. The categorical meanings of significant parts of speech have special names: for nouns - “objectivity”, for adjectives - “a sign of an object”, for numerals - “quantity and number”, for verbs - “action, state, relation as a process” , for adverbs - “a sign of a sign”, for impersonal predicative words - a “state”. |
|
3. The categorical meaning of the meaning is manifested in the onomasiological means represented by the word and dissected units: the prepositional case form of the name, the phrase of a special type, the lexicon and the phrasal nominee. |
|
The observations made do not give a complete answer to the question of the content, common and distinctive qualities of the categorical meaning of the linguistic sense and the categorical meaning of the part of speech, since these phenomena are not well understood, and the question itself is brought up for discussion for the first time, although fragmentary information on this subject can be found in the works many scientists, because the problem under consideration concerns the cardinal issues of semantics, morphology, syntax and is reflected in cognitive science, onomasiology and other aspects of modern linguistics.
