Antarctica on the map. There are seven Christian churches on the continent

Antarctica on the map

Antarctica is an icy continent in the very south of the planet. The sixth continent was discovered by Russian navigators Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev in 1820. According to the international convention on Antarctica, this territory does not belong to any country in the world.

There is no permanent population here, but active scientific activity is carried out. Seven out of 45 Antarctic stations belong to Russia. Antarctica has huge reserves of fresh water (about 80% of all fresh water on Earth), and there are also significant mineral reserves.

Map of Antarctica

Despite the huge natural wealth, the entire world community recognizes the inadmissibility of intrusion into the fragile world of Antarctic nature, now only the tourism business is actively developing here. About six thousand tourists visit these harsh places every year! You and I can try to understand what attracts tourists to this distant continent so much by taking an online walk through this amazing land (see “Antarctica walk” and “Antarctica online“).

In recent years, interesting studies of the relief of the mainland have been carried out and new maps have been compiled. The study of the topography under the Antarctic ice sheet is critical to understanding the dynamics of the ice sheet, its thickness, and the impact on the surrounding ocean and global climate.

satellite antarctica

Influencing ocean currents and sea level rise, this continent plays a huge role in the Earth's climate system. Using various methods, researchers are trying to predict how Antarctica will react to climate change.

Information about the thickness of the ice and the structure of the mainland was limited. Now, thanks to work done by the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), scientists have a new detailed map of the continent. The video will tell us how the work on compiling the map was carried out:

Antarctica is a continent located in the very south of the Earth, a large piece of ice and rock. Antarctica is also called the part of the world, consisting of the mainland of Antarctica and adjacent islands. The continent is of scientific interest primarily because there is permafrost, penguins live there, rare species of vegetation are found and there are minerals that are not so easy to get. Secondly, Antarctica is of interest to space explorers: in Antarctic conditions, one can simulate a flight to a distant planet and bring atmospheric conditions closer to extraterrestrial ones. In particular, rovers and mobile modular stations are tested in glacier conditions. Antarctica does not belong to any of the states, only scientific activity is allowed.

For years, scientists have suspected that the huge Thwaites Glacier is almost completely unattached to the bedrock below. It was also believed that it was melting - if this was true, the level of the world's oceans could rise to a dangerous height and cause serious floods. To confirm their guesses, as part of Operation IceBridge, scientists studied the lower layers of ice using helicopters with special radars. Their assumptions turned out to be correct.

Antarctica is not much different from Mars. Just more oxygen. And the cold is the same. In some places, the temperature drops to minus 90 degrees Celsius. There is only one fundamental difference - there are people in Antarctica, but not yet on Mars. But this does not mean that the ice continent has been studied much better than the Red Planet. Mysteries abound here and there...

We don't know if there is life on Mars. We do not know what is hidden under many kilometers of Antarctic ice. And about what is happening on its surface, there is only a vague idea.

Surprisingly, there are more high-resolution images of Mars than of Antarctica. You can see in detail the details of its relief only on a narrow strip in the area of Queen Mary Land, where surprises were found. And it would not be bad to look at other places. Especially those that have long been legendary.

THREE MYSTERIES

The discovery belongs to Joseph Skipper, a well-known virtual archaeologist from the United States. He usually "digs" on Mars and on the Moon, looking at photographs transmitted from there by spacecraft and posted on the official websites of NASA and other space agencies. Finds a lot of surprising things that fall sharply out of traditional ideas.

The researcher's collection contains objects that look like bones and skulls of humanoids. And those that (with a stretch, of course) can be mistaken for the remains of them - humanoids - of civilized activity.

This time the archaeologist became interested in the Earth - specifically Antarctica. And I found three oddities there at once - a hole, a "plate" and lakes.

I followed Skipper's footsteps and found all the objects he found. Their coordinates are known, they are clearly visible on satellite images of the ice continent posted on the Google Earth website.

Coordinates:
"Move": 99o43'11, 28''E; 66o36'12, 36''S
"Lake": 100o47'51.16''E; 66o18'07.15''S
"Flying Saucer" 99o58'54.44''E; 66o30'02.22''S

"Hole" discovered by Joseph Skipper

According to Skipper, there is a whole underground city on the ice continent. And the proof of this are the lakes with liquid water among the ice of Antarctica, as well as the huge "Hod" located on the ice continent. But who could build all this in the terrible cold? The answer to this question, according to Skipper, is given by his third find - a huge "plate", which may belong to aliens.

THERE HITLER hid

It is known that the Nazis were very interested in Antarctica. A number of expeditions were sent there. And they even staked out a vast territory in the area of Queen Maud Land, calling it New Swabia.

There, in 1939, on the coast, the Germans discovered a striking area of \u200b\u200babout 40 square kilometers, free of ice. With a relatively mild climate, with numerous ice-free lakes. It was named the Schirmacher oasis - after the German pilot-discoverer. Subsequently, the Soviet polar station Novolazarevskaya was located here.

According to the official version, the Third Reich went to Antarctica to build bases there to guard their whaling fleets. But there are much more interesting assumptions. Although it is difficult to call them even science fiction. A heap of some mysticism.

In short, this is the story. Allegedly, during the expeditions to Tibet, the Nazis learned that there was something inside Antarctica. Some vast and warm cavities. And in them there is something left either from aliens, or from an ancient highly developed civilization that once lived there. At the same time, in a separate bike, it was claimed that Antarctica was once Atlantis.

As a result, already at the end of the 30s of the last century, German submarines found a secret passage in the ice. And they got inside - into these very cavities.
Further, the legends diverge. According to one version, the Nazis built their cities under the ice, according to another, they conspired with the local inhabitants and settled in a free housing stock.

There - inside the ice continent - in 1945, a living Hitler was brought along with a living Eva Braun. Allegedly, he sailed in a submarine, accompanied by a large escort - a whole squadron of huge submarines (8 pieces) called the Fuhrer's Convoy. And lived until 1971. And according to some sources, right up to 1985.

The authors of the Antarctic myths also place under the ice the "flying saucers" of the Third Reich, rumors about which are saturated with numerous books, films, TV shows and the Internet. Like, the Nazis also hid these devices inside. Then they improved it and still operate it, starting from mines in Antarctica. A UFO - this is the very "saucers".

"Plate" - either alien or German

Tales about polar aliens and Germans are hard to take seriously. But... What to do with the hole, "plate" and lakes discovered by Joseph Skipper? One fits very well with the other. Unless, of course, the objects are what they look like.

UFOs can fly out of a hole in the mountains. The plate is real. Maybe even an alien. Looks icy. And as if exposed as a result of either global warming or weathering. It belongs to those guys who lived or live in the inner warm cavities of Antarctica.

Lake on the surface of Antarctica

Well, lakes are just evidence that they - cavities - exist. And warm the oases. Like the Schirmacher oasis, which is far from the only one.

Antarctica is a strange place...

By the way, Lake Vostok is not free from tales. A strong magnetic anomaly has been found on its western side. This is a scientific fact. But the nature of the anomaly has not yet been determined. What gives ufologists the right to at least, temporarily, to assert that there lies a massive metal object. Specifically - a huge alien ship. Maybe crashed. Maybe abandoned millions of years ago, when there was no ice over the lake. Maybe active and just parked.

This is what ice looks like over Lake Vostok. On the left side - a magnetic anomaly and strange dunes. On the right bank - station "Vostok"

Unfortunately, the magnetic anomaly is located far from the well - at the opposite end of the lake. And it is unlikely that it will be possible to solve it soon. If it ever works out at all.

At the Vostok station in Antarctica, our scientists completed drilling at a depth of 3,768 thousand meters and reached the surface of a subglacial lake

It is already known that Lake Vostok is far from the only one in Antarctica. There are more than a hundred of them. East is simply the largest open. Now researchers suggest that all these lakes, hidden under a layer of ice, communicate with each other.

The existence of an extensive network of subglacial rivers and channels was recently reported by British scientists - Duncan Wingham (Duncan Wingham) from University College London (University College London) with colleagues - by publishing an article in the authoritative scientific journal Nature. Their conclusions are based on data received from satellites.

Wingham assures: the under-ice channels are as full-flowing as the Thames.

Mystery of Lake Wanda. This is a salty lake, all year round it is covered with ice. But what is amazing: a thermometer lowered into the water to a depth of 60 m shows ... 25 degrees Celsius! Why? Scientists don't know this yet. Probably Antarctica will present many more such mysteries.

Laughter, laughter, but the discovery of British scientists does not contradict the most delusional versions of the hidden Antarctic life. On the contrary, it reinforces them. After all, a network of channels located at a depth of about 4 kilometers under lean ice can connect one cavity with another. Serve as a kind of roads, which in some place may have access to the ocean. Or an entrance.

Queen Maud Land is a vast area on the Atlantic coast of Antarctica, lying between longitudes 20°W and 44°38"E. The area is about 2,500,000 square kilometers. The territory is subject to the Antarctic Treaty.

This treaty prohibits the use of the Antarctic territories for any purpose other than scientific research. Several scientific stations operate on the territory of Queen Maud Land, including the Russian station "Novolazarevskaya" and the German station "Neumeier"

Antarctica was discovered back in 1820. However, its first systematic and in-depth study began only a century later. Moreover, the representatives of Nazi Germany turned out to be the most interested researchers of the ice continent. In 1938-1939, the Germans sent two powerful expeditions to the continent.

Luftwaffe planes took detailed photographs of vast territories and dropped several thousand metal pennants with a swastika on the mainland. Captain Ritscher, responsible for the operation, personally reported to Field Marshal Goering, who at that time was the head of the Ministry of Aviation and the first person in the Air Force:

"Every 25 kilometers, our planes dropped pennants. We covered an area of approximately 8,600,000 square meters. Of these, 350,000 square meters were photographed."

The surveyed territory was called New Swabia and declared part of the future thousand-year Reich. Actually, the name was not chosen by chance. Swabia is a medieval duchy, which later became part of the unified German state.

The activity of the Nazis in this direction, of course, did not hide from Soviet intelligence, as evidenced by a unique document labeled "Top Secret". On January 10, 1939, he lay down on the table of the First Deputy People's Commissar of the NKVD, the head of the Main Directorate of State Security, Vsevolod Merkulov.

In it, an unknown intelligence officer reported the following about his trip to the Reich: "... At present, according to Gunther, a party of German researchers is working in Tibet. The result of the work of one of the groups ... made it possible to equip a scientific expedition of the Germans to Antarctica in December 1938 The purpose of this expedition is the discovery by the Germans of the so-called city of the gods, hidden under the ice of Antarctica in the area of Queen Maud Land ... "

"Lake": 66o18'07.15''S; 100o47'51.16''E. 1. Queen Maud Land and Schirmacher Oasis. 2. Anomalies on Queen Mary Land - a “way”, “plate” and “lake” were found here.

There is a lot of evidence that there are places in the central region of the Antarctic ice sheet where, apparently, there is water near its lower surface. Igor Zotikov, a researcher at the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, spoke about how, back in 1961, he analyzed data on the ice sheet of the central part of Antarctica obtained during the first four Soviet expeditions.

The results of this analysis showed that the central regions are in conditions where the removal of heat from the lower surface of the glacier upwards is very small due to its large thickness. In this regard, the entire heat flux from the bowels of the earth cannot be completely removed from the boundaries of the "ice - solid bed" interface, part of it must be constantly spent on continuous melting near this boundary.

The following conclusion was made: melt water in the form of a relatively thin film is squeezed out to places where the thickness of the glacier is less. In separate recesses of the under-ice bed, this water can accumulate in the form of lakes of melt water.

In May 1962, the Izvestia newspaper wrote: “... It can be assumed that under the ice of Antarctica, on an area almost equal to the area of Europe, a sea of \u200b\u200bfresh water spills. It must be rich in oxygen, which is delivered by the upper layers of ice gradually sinking into the depths and snow. And it is very possible that this subglacial sea has its own, exceptionally peculiar life ... "

There are still unexplored areas in Antarctica, says Sergey Bulat, senior researcher at the Department of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics at the St. Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics. - The subglacial structure is very diverse, it is a typical continental relief, where there are mountains, lakes, and so on. There are niches between the continent and the ice, but they are not empty, they are all filled with either water or ice.

However, in my opinion, the existence of a separate civilization under the ice cap is impossible. After all, the thickness of the ice in Central Antarctica is over three kilometers. It's easy for anything to survive there. Do not forget that the average temperature on the surface of the continent is minus 55 degrees. Although under the ice, of course, it is warm - about 5-6 degrees below zero, nevertheless, life there is unlikely.

The area of Antarctica is about 14 million square kilometers. Almost the entire continent is covered with ice. In some places, its thickness reaches 5 kilometers. And what is under it is known only about an insignificant part of the surface.

A team of scientists from China, Japan and the UK recently published the results of their 4-year study in the journal Nature. From 2004 to 2008, they drove powerful all-terrain vehicles through the most severe region of Antarctica - over the Gamburtsev mountains. And they shone it with radar. The result was a relief map of the surface with an area of about 900 square kilometers.

And it turned out that once the continent was free of ice. Even 34 million years ago there were mountains and plains with flowering meadows. Like now in the European Alps.

But something happened. The researchers found a place from which a small glacier, located on the highest peak (about 2400 meters), began to grow. Gradually, he covered the whole of Antarctica. He hid several lakes under a layer of ice.

Martin Seigert from the University of Edinburgh, who took part in the expedition, is sure that frozen plants are still preserved in the valleys of the Antarctic Alps. Even small trees. It's just not possible to get to them. But you can try, for example, by drilling.

Some facts

Antarctica has at least four poles. In addition to the geographic South and magnetic, there are also the pole of cold and the pole of winds.

In Antarctica, there are such frosts that are not found anywhere else on earth. On August 25, 1958, a temperature of 87.4 degrees below zero was recorded at the Vostok station.
And the pole of the winds? It is located on the Antarctic Victoria Land. Violent winds rage there all year round. It is not uncommon for air currents to exceed 80 meters per second, leaving behind the strongest tropical cyclones...

A plane frozen in ice in Antarctica near the Russian station Novolazarevskaya

And what is under the ice of this continent? As a result of deep drilling at a depth of one and a half kilometers, scientists discovered clear traces of volcanic eruptions and iron ore deposits. Diamonds and uranium, gold and rock crystal have already been found here. Each year brings new mysteries to the researchers of the Antarctic continent.

There are fewer and fewer “white” spots on the white mainland. However, while experts were working on mapping, they saw a lot of unexpected things. And pretty broke their heads to explain what they saw.

Volcanoes in the ice

This place in the west of Antarctica is well known to polar explorers - expeditions have repeatedly been here.

But if you stand on the surface, no "circles in the ice" is visible - an ordinary snow-covered plain. However, satellite images revealed just such a convex anomaly. It turned out to be an extinct volcano. There are many of them in Antarctica. And this once again proves that the sixth continent of our planet was not always icebound.

Noah frozen in ice?

And this picture was liked by lovers of everything anomalous. The picture is remarkably similar to the remains of Noah's Ark, which is said to have petrified on the slope of Ararat (see photo below). In fact, this is the Dry Valleys region - the only place in Antarctica that is free of snow.

How ice rivers flow

Similar pictures can often be seen in archaeologists. Using aerial photography, they determine the contours of ancient cities covered in sand or earth.

And something similar is found in Antarctica. Alas, these are not ruins left by a mysterious civilization. A "river" is an ice stream that moves at a speed of several hundred meters per year. And if there are some obstacles at the bottom of the river or two rivers collide, then whirlpools begin, as in this photo.

Now there are 50 polar research stations in Antarctica from 20 countries of the planet. Russia contains 6 permanent stations and two seasonal ones.

Where is the Arctic and Antarctic located? And how do these regions of the Earth differ from each other? This question puzzles many people, even if they studied geography conscientiously in school. Our article will help answer it.

The difference between the Arctic and Antarctica

A fairly popular one is: “Do polar bears eat penguins?” The brain of an adult immediately begins to build a logical chain of thought. Pictures from school textbooks pop up in my memory, where both animals are depicted against the backdrop of eternal ice and harsh winter landscapes. A man argues like this: polar bears are predators, and penguins are rather clumsy birds, easy prey. Therefore, the former should gladly feast on the latter.

However, it's not like that at all! Not everyone will guess that these animals in the wild cannot meet at all, as they live in completely different parts of the world. One of them is the Arctic and the other is the Antarctic. Therefore, they can only see each other in some zoo.

Where the Arctic and Antarctica are located - this will be discussed further. What are the features of nature, climate and the organic world of these areas?

Where is the Arctic located? Brief description of the area

What is the difference between the Arctic, Antarctica and Antarctica? Let's try to understand this geographical issue.

Where is the Arctic located on the globe? In what part of the world should you look for it?

At the very beginning, you need to remember that our planet Earth has two poles that are diametrically opposed to each other - North and South. This will help you better navigate where the Arctic is and where the Antarctic is.

So, the Arctic is the polar region of the Earth, directly adjacent to its North Pole. Geographically, it covers the ends of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The Arctic also includes the outskirts of Eurasia and North America, as well as numerous islands.

Sometimes this physiographic macro-region is limited from the south. The area of the region, depending on the location of its southern borders, ranges from 21 to 27 million square kilometers.

Now you know where the Arctic is. What was the development of it by man? And when did it start?

The history of the conquest of the Arctic and the North Pole

The Arctic has been inhabited for a long time. This is evidenced by numerous archaeological finds. So, man first appeared on the shores of the Arctic Ocean 30 thousand years ago. However, later it began to pull further north. There were also daredevils who wished to conquer the pole of the Earth.

Serious and systematic study of the area began in the second half of the 19th century. The most famous polar explorer of that time is the Norwegian Fridtjof Nansen. In particular, he went down in history by being the first to be able to cross the ice shell of Greenland, the largest island on the planet. It happened in 1889.

Robert Peary is another important name in history. In 1908-1909, he organized an expedition that reached the North Pole for the first time. Interestingly, the goal of this trip was only this record. The expedition did not conduct any scientific research.

7 Surprising Facts About the Arctic

The Arctic is an amazing region that is full of secrets, mysteries and unusual natural phenomena. Below are the most interesting facts about him:

The organic world of the Arctic, despite such a harsh climate, is quite rich. Huge ice spaces are densely populated by polar bears, arctic foxes, lemmings, reindeer, dozens of bird species and other animals. You can even meet an ordinary crow here!
Five states immediately claim their rights to the Arctic, including Russia;
The Arctic shelf, according to rough estimates of scientists, hides over 100 billion tons of gas and oil;
About 50 million years ago, the climate of the Arctic was much milder. The water in the Arctic Ocean in those days warmed up in summer to + 15 ... 18 degrees!
The Arctic is the region of the Earth that is most vulnerable to the worldwide processes of global warming;
There are deserts not only in the tropical zone, but also in the Arctic. Only here they are called arctic;
The very first voyage across the Arctic waters was made by the ancient Greek Pytheas back in the 4th century BC.

Antarctica and Antarctica - where are they located?

Geographers call Antarctica the southern circumpolar region of the Earth, which is located on the opposite side of the planet from the Arctic. It includes a huge landmass - the mainland Antarctica, as well as the southern extremities of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans (many foreign scientists also distinguish the fifth ocean of the Earth - the South) in this area.

The northern border of Antarctica is rather conditional. Most often it is carried out along the edge of the floating ice zone (between 50-55 degrees south latitude). Thus, the total area of the Antarctic is much larger than the Arctic, and is about 60 million square kilometers.

Antarctica, as mentioned above, is the sixth continent of the planet Earth - the southernmost and coldest.

The history of the discovery and development of Antarctica

Already in the 18th century, people assumed that there was another continent in the south of our planet. James Cook was the first to search for it in 1775. During his round-the-world voyage, he came close to the mysterious "Southern Land", discovering the South Sandwich Islands.

The discovery of the mainland of Antarctica took place in 1820 during the expedition of Russian navigators F. Bellingshausen and M. P. Lazarev. After that, a series of discoveries and mapping of various seas, islands and lands in Antarctica began.

In 1911, two expeditions at once (one led by Roald Amundsen, the other by Robert Scott) set off to conquer the South Pole of the Earth. But luck smiled at only one of the groups of desperate daredevils. On December 14, 1911, Amundsen planted the Norwegian flag at the Pole. Scott's group reached the goal of the expedition 27 days later, and all of its members died on the way back.

The continent of Antarctica has a significant mineral resource potential. However, the countries of the world signed an agreement on the "inviolability" of the bowels of the continent until 2048.

7 amazing facts about Antarctica

We bring to your attention 7 interesting facts about Antarctica and Antarctica:

Antarctica is the coldest continent on the planet. In the 80s, the lowest temperature on Earth (-89 degrees) was recorded at the Soviet Vostok polar station;
Antarctica is also the highest continent on the planet (primarily due to the massive ice cap, which in some places reaches a thickness of 1-1.5 km);
Antarctica is the windiest and driest place on Earth (and this despite the fact that it contains up to 70% of all fresh water in the world);
Antarctica is the only continent without a permanent population;
There are 6 species of penguins in Antarctica. Among them are emperor penguins, which are distinguished by their large size;
Enormous blocks of ice periodically break off from the ice shelves of Antarctica. One of these was formed in 2000 and set off for free swimming. Its length reached 300 kilometers!
There are no time zones in Antarctica. Scientists staying here live according to the time of their states.

Museum of the Arctic and Antarctic

Do you know where many people are unaware of the existence of such an institution. It turns out that such a museum exists!

It is located in the city of St. Petersburg, in the building of the former St. Nicholas Church of the same faith (Marata street, 24a). In 1930, the temple was closed and this unusual museum was opened within its walls. It just acquaints visitors with the history of exploration and exploration of the Arctic and Antarctic.

The expositions of the museum show the equipment of polar explorers, unique instruments, rare photographs, models of ships and icebreakers, as well as numerous paintings by artists depicting the wild and harsh nature of the polar regions of the Earth.

Finally

Where is the Arctic, Antarctica and Antarctica located? Now you can easily answer this question and show the above areas on the globe. Despite the distance of thousands of kilometers between the Arctic and Antarctica, there are many similarities between them. In both parts of the planet it is extremely cold, there is a lot of snow, icebergs and ice, and there is practically no vegetation.

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