Topic 12. Person:
individual, personality, personality
An individual is born
become a personality
uphold individuality.
Man in psychology.
So who is this MAN?
The first thing that can be noted when describing the human phenomenon is the diversity of its properties. Man is a multilateral, multidimensional, complexly organized being.
Man is a generic concept that indicates the relation of a being to the highest degree of development of living nature - to the human race. The concept of "man" affirms the genetic predetermination of the development of actually human features and qualities.
So that, Human - this is a socio-biological being, embodying the highest stage in the evolution of life and being the subject of socio-historical activity and communication.
The concept of ``man'' is used as an extremely general concept to characterize the universal qualities and abilities inherent in all people.
Using this concept, psychologists emphasize that a person is a biological and social being at the same time, which, with its vital activity, influences the environment.
The main characteristics of a person:
The special structure of the body;
Ability to work;
The presence of consciousness.
In practice, human psychology is studied in several aspects (see Scheme 1).
Scheme 1. The study of man in psychology
1. Man as an individual reflects the biological essence. All of us, like all living things, are part of nature. In this aspect, they consider what is given to a person by nature, which makes him belong to the human race, the human body, its structure and how it affects the psyche are studied.
2. At the same time, Human- it's always active being. Even when we sleep, a separate part of our consciousness does not sleep, continues to digest the information received during the day. Yes, and a person is always engaged in some kind of activity, communicates with other people, thinks, shows mental activity (cognitive activity),
3. The third aspect of the study human due to the fact that the child is not born in isolation, but immediately enters the society, which immediately begins to make demands on him. Starting from the fact that the child is given a name, and from childhood they are taught: you can do this, but you can’t, from birth the child perceives social roles (son, daughter, kindergarten pupil, schoolchild, etc.), etc. This all applies to man as a person - a social being.
4. And all of the above adds up to a unique individuality everyone human. Every person is unique. Each of you is unique.
But how do these concepts relate: man, individual, personality, individuality?
Individual and personality.
û What do you think personality is?
û Can any person be called a person?
What does the word "personality" mean? What meaning do we put into it? This word has its own history. Originally, the Latin word "persona" (personality) meant a mask worn by an actor. The same meaning had the word "mask" among the buffoons. In ancient Rome, persons were citizens who were responsible before the law.
In modern science, the concept of "personality" is one of the most important categories. It is not purely psychological and is studied by history, philosophy, economics, pedagogy and other sciences. In this regard, the question arises about the features of the approach to personality in psychology.
An important task of psychological science is the discovery of psychological properties that characterize the individual and personality.
Of course, you never asked yourself how the individual differs from the personality, since this topic is unlikely to have worried you in the slightest. However, the older you get, the more serious your attitude to the world ... or maybe you just overheard a dispute about who can be called a person and who is not? Be that as it may, the question has been raised, which means that you need to find out the answer.
Man is already born as a man. The structure of the body of a born baby allows him to master upright posture in the future, the structure of the brain - to develop intelligence, the structure of the hand provides the prospect of using tools, etc. In all these possibilities, the baby differs from the cub of the animal. This confirms the fact that the baby belongs to the human race.
It is safe to say that you are an individual. So are your parents, and teachers, and that tall guy from next door, and the beautiful girl from the top floor ... However, a baby in a stroller is also an individual, so there is nothing much to be proud of: it is a privilege of a person from birth to be not an individual, like animals , but an individual, and in order to fall into this category, you just need to have arms, legs, a head and everything that a person has (think for yourself).
The concept of “individual” expresses the generic affiliation of a person, that is, any person is an individual.
Individual (from lat. indivisible) - this is a single representative of the human race (of the species Homo sapiens), a specific carrier of individually peculiar, primarily biologically determined traits. The concept of an individual contains an indication of the similarity of a person to all other people, of his commonality with the human race (musculoskeletal structure, which provides the possibility of upright walking, mastering speech, a nervous system with a certain structure of the brain, etc.). And at the same time, the concept of “individual” also indicates that this is a single creature, different from others (individual signs are different in people - body structure, hair color, features of the nervous system, etc.).
The main characteristics of the individual:
Age-sex:
Age and phase of life;
Sexual dimorphism (male, female);
Individually typical:
Constitutional properties (features of human anatomy, body structure);
Neurodynamic properties (type of nervous system, properties of the brain, etc.);
Color of eyes, hair, etc.;
Biological needs (for food, safety, etc.);
Makings;
Activity.
The highest integration of individual individual properties of a person is represented in temperament and psychological inclinations.
As we found out, individuality is associated primarily with natural formations, with the human body, its structure. This is what is laid down in a person in utero. In general, natural, bodily properties constitute the prerequisite and conditions for the development of its internal, mental qualities inherent in man. For example, a certain structure of the larynx and ligaments is responsible for the fact that a person can speak, and someone can sing beautifully.
From individual to individual.
û Answer, is the newborn person a person? Is it possible to talk about the personality of an animal?
Although it is pleasant to be an individual (after all, not an individual, right? - already good), but not particularly honorable: you have to somehow stand out from the general mass of your kind, but how to do it? And what will be the result? But this is just the key question! An individual, that is, a person who does not want to do everything the way others do, thinks, feels and acts in his own way, is not afraid to have his own point of view, gradually turns ... into personality! That is, a person is an individual, but an individual may not be a person - a sad picture, by the way.
One day Crybaby, Mischievous, Tikhonya and Bespectacled thought - what, in fact, distinguishes them from the crowd of their kind? In the end, there are a lot of schoolchildren like them, some of them even look like these four. But they are special, aren't they? “Perhaps I know what the matter is,” said the Ochkarik firmly. - You, Crybaby, are a very vulnerable girl, you know how to empathize with others, that's good. You, Mischievous, are a master of all kinds of inventions, and this is wonderful. Tikhonya is a very conscientious girl, she copes with any work only in this way. Well, and I ... - The bespectacled man hesitated, - I'm very smart ... and just try not to agree with this !!!
û Think about what makes you stand out from the crowd of your own kind?
Being born as an individual, a person acquires a special social quality, he becomes a personality. The philosophical definition of personality was given by K. Marx. He defined the essence of man as a set of social relations. To understand what a person is, it is possible only through the study of real social ties and relationships in which a person enters. The social nature of an individual always has a specific historical content. It is from the specific socio-historical relations of man that it is necessary to derive not only the general conditions of development, but also the historically concrete essence of the individual. The specificity of the social conditions of life and the way of human activity determines the characteristics of his individual qualities and properties.
û If you give a description of the personality of a person in ancient times, in middle times in Western Europe, in modern years in North America, Africa and Russia, will these characteristics be the same? What will be their specificity?
Personal characteristics are not given to a person from birth. All people adopt certain mental traits, attitudes, customs and feelings in the society in which they live.
A person as a person is a carrier of historically developed and socially significant qualities, forms of behavior, and activities. Personal qualities are always significant for other people. For example, kindness is a quality of a person, because it is always directed towards other people, and therefore towards society as a whole.
To the question of what a personality is, psychologists answer differently, and in the variety of their answers, and partly in the divergence of opinions on this matter, the complexity of the personality phenomenon itself is manifested.
Personality is considered as the result of the development of the individual, the embodiment of proper human qualities. This is the social essence of man.
Often the concept of personality is divided into two categories: 1 ) personality is a human individual as a subject of social relations and conscious activity; 2) personality is a stable system of socially significant features that characterize an individual as a member of a particular society or community.
A personality can be called a specific person who is a carrier of consciousness, capable of knowing, experiencing, transforming the world around him and building certain relationships with this world and with the world of other personalities.
The concept of “personality” implies that an individual has special qualities that he can form only in the course of communication with other people. This is a set of developed habits and preferences, mental attitude and tone, sociocultural experience and acquired knowledge, a set of psychophysical traits and characteristics of a person, his archetype, which determine everyday behavior and connection with society and nature. Personality is also observed as manifestations of "behavioral masks" developed for different situations and social groups of interaction.
The main characteristics of the personality:
Orientation (inclinations, desires, interests, inclinations, ideals, worldviews, beliefs, as well as will).
Experience (knowledge, skills, abilities and habits).
Individual features of individual mental processes: memory, emotions, sensations, thinking, perception, feelings, will.
- Temperament.
Capabilities.
Character.
Motivation and values.
Social needs (in acceptance of a person, etc.).
Social status and roles.
Conscious goals.
Personal properties of a person - the life path of a person, his social biography. A person as a representative of society, who freely and responsibly determines his position among others.
Many scientists (and others) believe that a person is a person to the extent that he is significant to other people, to the extent that he is able to give himself to other people, to leave his mark on them.
û In this context, is it possible to speak about the PERSONALITY of the criminal?
Why is an individual worse than an individual?
Yes, nothing worse. He's just one of many. He cannot be identified. Here, remember the tale of the Frog Princess. At the beginning of the tale, the three brothers are three individuals, one practically does not differ from the other: all three follow the order of their father and shoot arrows from bows, all three bring young wives to the house, try to please their father, and so on. But at the end of the tale, we no longer confuse Ivan Tsarevich with anyone, he appeared before us in full growth. And what about his brothers? They have remained undiscovered for us: which of them married a merchant's daughter, and which a noble's - it is not clear. And not interesting, to be honest.
In general, the individual does not arouse in the reader the desire to learn more about him, while the personality attracts attention. The situation is exactly the same in life - if you do not stand out among those around you, if you are not interested in anything and you do not have your own opinion and your own, original view of the world, then who needs you? Who wants to waste their time on you? Think about it!
Speaking of a person as a person, we single out the integrity of a person, his ability to take a certain, only inherent place in society, in the world of other people, the ability to manage himself, his behavior and his development, to influence other people.
Personality and individuality.
Along with the concept of "personality", the concept of "individuality" is often used. How do these two concepts differ from each other? What is a person's individuality?
û Without looking further into the text, can you answer how you understand the individuality of a person?
The personality of each person is endowed only with its inherent combination of features and characteristics that form its individuality. Thus, individuality is a combination of psychological characteristics of a person that determine his uniqueness, originality, difference from other people . Individuality is manifested in certain traits of character, temperament, habits, prevailing interests, in the qualities of cognitive processes, in abilities, in an individual style of activity.
Individuality is the originality of a person as an individual and personality. Individuality is manifested in appearance, physique, expressive movements, in the lines of orientation of character, temperament, in the characteristics of needs and abilities, cognitive, volitional and emotional processes, mental states, life experience.
We often use the concept of "individuality" when we talk about a person's personality. However, it should be remembered that this concept does not reflect the integrity of the individual, but only emphasizes the specific features of a person that distinguish him from other people.
The prerequisite for the formation of human individuality is, first of all, the environment where he grows up, the associations he accumulated in childhood, upbringing, the structure of the family and the treatment of the child. Important are the innate characteristics of a person, and his own activity in the formation of his originality. There is an opinion that an individual is born, a person becomes, and individuality is defended ()
The ratio of individuality and personality is determined by the fact that these are two ways of being a person, two of his different definitions. The discrepancy between these concepts is manifested, in particular, in the fact that there are two different processes of the formation of personality and individuality.
The formation of personality is the process of socialization of a person, which consists in the development of social essence by him. This development is always carried out in the concrete historical circumstances of a person's life. The formation of personality is connected with the acceptance by the individual of social functions and roles developed in society, social norms and rules of behavior, with the formation of skills to build relationships with other people. A formed personality is a subject of free, independent and responsible behavior in society.
The formation of individuality is the process of individualization of an object. Individualization is the process of self-determination and isolation of the individual, its isolation from the community, the design of its separateness, uniqueness and originality. A person who has become an individual is an original person who has actively and creatively manifested himself in life.
In the concepts of "personality" and "individuality" various sides, different dimensions of the essence of man are fixed. The essence of this difference is well expressed in the language. With the word "personality" such epithets as "strong", "energetic", "independent" are usually used, thereby emphasizing its activity essence in the eyes of others. Individuality is said to be "bright", "unique", "creative", referring to the qualities of an independent entity.
DIY
Do you want to be called "strong personality", "bright personality"? So what's the deal?
Self-made, or work on yourself, self-constructor, decide for yourself how you want to call the process of forging a personality and individuality out of yourself. It is not easy, but a person can cope with any difficulty if he wants, of course. But the main thing for you is to understand what personality and individuality are, having disassembled these complex structures into separate blocks.
As we found out, a personality is considered as the embodiment in a particular person of social qualities that are acquired in the process of activity and communication with other individuals. You are not born a person, you become a person and this process takes many years.
Personal development is a relatively slow process, and it takes a long time before a person reaches full maturity. In order for an individual to become a person, it takes, of course, not only time. He must always be in the human society enter into some kind of relationship with him. It is this connection "man - society" that forms, first of all, a person. And already in the first year of life in a child it is easy to notice the need for communication with adults. However, many cases are known when children were completely deprived of the opportunity to communicate with people, and the results of this turned out to be truly tragic.
In the middle of the XVIII century. A two-month-old baby named Ivan Antonovich was proclaimed Russian emperor. His reign did not last long and ended before the emperor uttered the first word. The courtiers, who overthrew Ivan Antonovich from the throne, imprisoned him and kept him there for many years. No one ever spoke to the prisoner, he was all alone. In the end, solitary confinement greatly affected his mental abilities: he could not speak and gave the impression of a complete idiot. By age, he was already an adult, but, of course, it is impossible to speak of him as a person. Also, children abducted and fed by animals did not become personalities.
Under normal conditions, a person very early enters into relationships with the people around him, with the team, with society, and these relationships are constantly changing, developing, becoming more versatile from day to day.
Personality formation also determines activity and its features. It is in activity that the necessary unity of behavior is formed, the connection between the relations that have developed between a person and the outside world is strengthened.
The goals that a person sets for himself are also important. More precisely, personality development directs the purpose of life. These are very familiar words, but think again about their meaning. Maybe the purpose of life is simply the desire to, let's say, become a professional in some industry or just make some kind of attempt. By what a person's main life goals are, one can judge his personality. There has never been a case where the striving for a petty, personal goal forged a great personality.
So, a personality, developing under the influence of the social environment, having unique individual characteristics, constitutes a unity of a higher order. At a certain stage of its development, a person comes into contact with higher layers of human culture - ideals and spiritual values. And then the absorption and internal processing of these values leads to the formation of the spiritual core of the personality, its moral self-awareness. The process that forms this "center" of the personality is never completed.
Exercise. Let's understand the terms.
Which of the following traits of a person characterize him as an individual? How is the personality? How is the personality? Explain your answer.
Accuracy, slowness, sociable, good motor; coordination, willpower, quick wit, daydreaming, brightness of manifestation of traits, laziness, pride, determination, adaptive capabilities, mathematical abilities, temperament, stubbornness, reactivity, excitability, expressive facial expressions, literary talent, orientation, myopia, strength of the nervous system.
Was it always easy to attribute a characteristic to one or another concept? What caused you the most trouble? How would you explain your difficulties?
û Can you call yourself an individual? If yes, how does it manifest itself?
New concepts: individual, personality, personality.
Verification questions.
1. Define the concepts of "man", "individual", "personality", "individuality".
2. How do the concepts of "man" and "individual" relate? Prove that a person as an individual is similar to all other people and at the same time different from them.
3. How are the historical conditions in which a person lives and the formation of a personality out of him?
4. Select those factors that are necessary for the transformation of an individual into a person.
5. What kind of people can be called a person with a capital letter today? Are you such a person?
6. How do the concepts of personality and individuality relate?
7. Can you call yourself an individual? Justify your answer.
8. Draw and describe your idea of the connection between the concepts "person", "individual", "personality", "individuality".
9. Choose the correct answer
9.1 The sign that distinguishes a person from an animal is:
a) manifestation of activity, b) goal-setting, c) adaptation to the environment, d) interaction with the outside world.
9.2. What attribute characterizes a person as a person?
a) an active life position, b) physical and mental health, c) belonging in the form of homo sapiens, d) features of appearance.
10. Are Mowgli children personalities? Justify your answer.
11. Express your opinion on the statement: "The individual is born, the person becomes, the individual is defended."
Verification tasks.
Literature and sources
1. Human horns. – M.: Vlados, 2001.
2. etc. Psychology. – M.: Academy, 1999.
3. My first psychology textbook. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2011.
4. Gretsov psychology for girls. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2007.
5. Dyachenko dictionary-reference book. - Mn.: Harvest, M.: AST, 2001.
6. Nemov: In 3 books. - M .: Vlados, 2000. - Book. one.
7. http:///obh/00066.htm
8. http:///obh/00150.htm
9. http:///difpsi/fxiepe. htm
10. http://cito-web. yspu. org/link1/method/met121/node3.html
11. http://www. *****/for-students/cards/general-psychology/.html
12. http://ru. wikipedia. org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C
13. http://www. *****/?Article=142
14. http:///psiforum/4--/
Diagnosis of personality traits
Questionnaire of formal-dynamic properties of individuality by V. Rusalov online
Under this link, it is proposed to pass a serious psychological test by V. Rusalov to identify the formal-dynamic properties of individuality. The questionnaire contains 150 questions. The online form allows you to quickly go through the procedure and immediately (without registration and SMS) find out the results.
If you decide to take this questionnaire, and do not understand some of the terms in the conclusions, write to the teacher and he will explain what the results of the test mean.
It's interesting to know
Personal self-knowledge exercises
Exercise 1. "Attributes of personality"
Each participant is invited to acquire personal symbols! He must come up with, invent for himself three symbolic attributes: a pseudonym, a personal distinguishing sign and a motto. The personal identification mark should be drawn on a piece of paper. It should be simple and symbolic. The motto requires brevity and figurativeness. An example is given: a pseudonym - "Uncle Vasya", a distinctive sign - a shovel, a motto - "I dig deep".
At the end of the work, everyone shows each other their drawings, discusses them and tries to give each of the participants a description. In addition, the participants must evaluate how well each person chose the symbolic attributes. Based on a five-point system, each is given an assessment on the totality of his chosen pseudonym, name sign and motto. To do this, everyone passes their leaflets around in a circle and everyone takes turns putting marks on them. Further, the total score is calculated and it is established who was the best able to express himself in such a “symbolic form”.
Exercise 2
Everyone is interested in "knowing what impression he makes on others, what associations he evokes in them, what is perceived as significant, and what is not noticed at all. Everyone is invited to take part in the joint creative process of creating an artistic image of your classmate. Those who want to become an object of creativity go into the middle the circle that the rest form. Each participant, after thinking, says what image is born in him when looking at a classmate. Next, the leader suggests saying what picture could be added to the created image: what people can surround him, what interior or landscape made up the background pictures. What times all this reminds of (for example, the image of a “volunteer” may give you the idea of a mermaid swimming in the water element and surrounded by sea creatures. Or maybe a lone wanderer walking through the desert knows where.). In conclusion, everyone exchanges impressions about how the game went.
Exercise 3: Personalization Tools
As already mentioned, a real person is capable of producing profound changes in others. But this is not given to her immediately. The first step is the ability to win the attention of others.
All participants are asked to complete one simple task. By any means, excluding physical impacts and catastrophes of "local significance", they should try to attract the attention of others. Everyone must act at the same time.
Then schoolchildren determine who succeeded and at what expense. In conclusion, it is calculated who attracted the attention of the largest number of participants in the game.
Exercise 4. "Qualities we value"
Entering her interaction with others, we usually find that we like them or dislike them. As a rule, we associate this assessment with the internal qualities of people. Let's try to determine what qualities in people we appreciate and accept. Each participant takes a piece of paper, outlines in
group of a person who in many ways impresses him. Next, he writes down five qualities that he especially likes in this person. Then everyone reads the “characteristic” compiled by him, and together they try to determine to whom it refers. The presenter, summing up, announces who of those present was recognized the fastest, and, therefore, who was among the most popular personalities.
Personality- it is a conscious individual who occupies a certain place in society and performs a certain social role.
Personality is a social concept, it expresses everything that is supranatural, historical in a person. Personality is not innate, but arises as a result of cultural and social development.
A special and unlike other personality in the fullness of its spiritual and physical properties is characterized by the concept of "individuality". Individuality is expressed in the presence of different experiences, knowledge, opinions, beliefs, in differences in character and temperament, we prove and affirm our individuality.
A person is not only a purposeful, but also a self-organizing system. The object of her attention and activity is not only the outside world, but also herself, which is manifested in her sense of "I", which includes self-image and self-esteem, self-improvement programs, habitual reactions to the manifestation of some of her qualities, the ability to self-observation, introspection and self-regulation. What does it mean to be a person? Be a person - it means to have an active life position, which can be said like this: I stand on that and cannot do otherwise. Be a person - this means making choices that arise due to internal necessity, assessing the consequences of the decision made and holding an answer for them to yourself and the society in which you live. Be a person - this means constantly building oneself and others, owning an arsenal of techniques and means with which one can master one's own behavior, subordinate it to one's power.
The main characteristics of a person in this regard are: activity (the desire to expand the scope of their activities), orientation (a system of motives, needs, interests, beliefs) and participation in the joint activities of social groups, collectives.
17 The study of the concepts of personality traits (domestic psychology)
Personality is a set of properties inherent in a given person, constituting his individuality!
Personality- the systemic quality of the individual, determined by the involvement of the individual in social relations that are formed in joint activities and in communication. In other words, all kinds of human qualities that have arisen directly or indirectly, due to the fact that a person lives in a human society, relate to personality.
Personal development it is a natural, continuous process of quantitative, qualitative and structural changes. Physical, mental and spiritual forces of man.
Personal Development Factors :
External (social)
Internal (biogenetics)
Conditions for personal development:
External (upbringing, education)
Internal (own activity)
Personality- this is a specific person, taken in the system of his stable socially conditioned psychological characteristics, which are manifested in social relations and relations, determine his moral actions and are essential for himself and those around him.
A person is not born, a person-become!
Personality can break
Personality can be broken
And then the person becomes extinct,
Stop being a person!
The concept of personality finds its definition in many spheres of life and sciences, even every person who does not have academic knowledge can formulate his own designation of this concept. But still, in order to correctly use any term, it is necessary to understand its meaning. The scientific definition looks like this: personality is a reflection of the volitional nature of a person, its social and personal roles, a stable system of certain characteristics of a person, expressed primarily in the social sphere of life. If expressed in popular speech, then the definition can be formulated as follows: a person is a person who has a set of strong and persistent qualities, knows how to use them to achieve goals, is self-confident, knows how to use the experience gained, is able to control life and be responsible for his actions to society and his actions always match his words.
You can often hear that in one context they use the concept of individual personality individuality, since many consider them identical. In fact, this is not so, and you need to figure out what the difference is.
An individual is a representative of the human race, a unit of humanity. That is, a person who has not yet grown up and has not begun to socialize and try on any social roles and masks.
The concept of an individual and a person are different to the extent that an individual may never become a person.
Individuality is a unique system of psychological characterological features of a person (, communication style, leading, abilities, specificity of mental processes), which defines him as a unique person with a peculiar style of behavior. That is, those qualities that distinguish one person from another.
The concept of personality and individuality are a little close, because both reflect a system of qualities, but only in a person these qualities are more persistent and speak not so much about its uniqueness, but about the strength of character.
The concept of individual personality individuality have different meanings, but, in fact, they all make up the structure of a person.
The concept of a person, an individual, a person is related as follows: a person is first born an individual, then learning the world and people, and having learned to perceive society, he acquires individuality, that is, he has already developed certain patterns of behavior. When a person grows up further, different situations happen to him, incidents and he begins to learn how to deal with them, look for ways to solve problems, control emotions and take responsibility for actions, having gone through all this, a person becomes a person.
For all people, the formation of personality occurs in different age categories. Some people, even at the age of 45, cannot be responsible for their actions, act consciously and independently, especially when someone overprotects them. They are afraid to step out of their comfort zone. No need to rely on such a person in a serious matter. You can often hear from them “yes, I will definitely do it, I will even start today.” But, neither tomorrow, nor even in a month, they will not do what they promised. Very often these people are lazy, cowardly, they can have both and.
It happens that a person becomes a person, not yet leaving childhood. Basically, so soon, children deprived of care, who are left to the mercy of fate and they have to survive, become individuals, and for this you need to have a strong character and an iron will.
Here the concept of personality and individuality intersect, because a person, having strongly pronounced unique character traits acquired in the process of the problem of a dysfunctional childhood, quickly becomes a personality, which consolidates these traits. It also happens when there are several children in the family, then the oldest child will also be distinguished by strong-willed, persistent qualities of character.
The concept of personality in psychology
In psychology, a personality is considered as a quality of an individual, which acquires it in its objective activity and characterizes the social aspects of his life.
An individual, as a person, freely expresses his attitude to the entire external world, and therefore his characterological features are determined. The most important of all human relationships are relationships, that is, the way in which a person builds relationships with other people.
Personal nature always creates its own views on various objects of reality consciously, based on its experience of already existing connections with this object, this knowledge will influence the expression of emotions and reactions in relation to a particular object.
In psychology, the characteristic of personal nature is associated with its orientation towards some subject of activity, sphere of life, interests, entertainment. Orientation is expressed as interest, attitude, desire, passion, ideology, and all these forms are, that is, guiding its activities. How developed the motivational system characterizes the personality of a person, showing what it is capable of and how its motives are transformed into activities.
To exist as a person means to act as a subject of objective activity, to be a subject of one's own life, building social ties with the world, and this is impossible without the inclusion of the individual in the lives of others. The study of this concept in psychology is interesting because it is a dynamic phenomenon. Man has to fight with himself all the time, to satisfy his certain desires, to restrain his instincts, to find ways how to reach a compromise for internal contradictions and at the same time satisfy needs, so that this is done without remorse and because of this he is constantly in continuous development, .
The concept of personality in sociology
The concept of personality in sociology, its essence and structure are of separate interest, since the individual is mainly assessed as the subject of social ties.
The concept of personality in sociology can be summarized briefly in several categories. The first is the social status, that is, the place that a person takes in society, and in connection with this, certain obligations and rights. One person can have several such statuses. It depends on whether he has a family, relatives, friends, colleagues, work, thanks to which a person is socialized. So, for example, one person can be a son, husband, father, brother, colleague, employee, team member, and so on.
Sometimes many social statuses demonstrate the social activity of a person. Also, all statuses are divided, depending on their meaning for the individual himself. For example, for one the most important is the status of an employee of the company, for another - the status of her husband. In the first case, a person may not have a family, so for him the most important thing is work and he identifies himself with the role of a workaholic. In another case, a person who recognizes himself first of all as a husband, he puts other spheres of life into the background. There are also general statuses, they carry great social significance and determine the main activity (president, director, doctor), and non-general statuses can also be present along with the general.
When a person is in a social status, then, accordingly, she performs certain actions prescribed by the model of behavior, that is, the social role. The president must lead the country, the cook must prepare dishes, the notary must certify papers, children must obey their parents, and so on. When a person somehow does not properly follow all the prescribed rules, he jeopardizes his status. If a person has too many social roles, he exposes himself to role conflicts. For example, a young man, a single father who works late to support himself and his child, can very soon burn out emotionally from oversaturation with actions dictated by social roles.
Personality, as a system of socio-psychological characteristics, has a unique structure.
According to the theory of the psychologist Z. Freud, the components of the personality structure are three components. The base is the unconscious instance of Id (It), which combines natural stimuli, instincts and hedonic aspirations. Eid is filled with powerful energy and excitement, so it is poorly organized, disorderly and weak-willed. Above the Id there is the following structure - the Ego (I), it is rational, and in comparison with the Id is controlled, it is consciousness itself. The highest construct is the Super-Ego (Super-I), it is responsible for the sense of duty, measures, conscience, and performs moral control over behavior.
If all these three structures harmoniously interact in a person, that is, the Id does not go beyond what is allowed, the Ego is controlled, which understands that the satisfaction of all instincts can be a socially unacceptable action, and when a Super-Ego is developed in a person, thanks to which he is guided by moral principles in their actions, then such a person deserves respect and recognition in the eyes of society.
Having understood what a given concept in sociology is, its essence and structure, we can conclude that it cannot be realized, as such, if it is not socialized.
The concept of personality in sociology can be briefly described as a set of socially significant properties of an individual that provide his connection with the outside world.
The concept of personality in philosophy
The concept of personality in philosophy can be defined as its essence in the world, its purpose and meaning of life. Philosophy attaches great importance to the spiritual side of man, its morality, humanity.
In the understanding of philosophers, a person becomes a person when he understands why he came into this life, what his ultimate goal is and what he devotes his life to. Philosophers evaluate a person as an individual if he is capable of free self-expression, if his views are unshakable, and he is a kind, creative person who is guided by moral and ethical principles in his actions.
There is such a science as philosophical anthropology, it is she who studies the essence of man. In turn, in anthropology there is a branch that studies a person more narrowly - this is personalism. Personalism is interested in the breadth of man's inner freedom, his possibilities of inner growth. Supporters of personalism believe that it is impossible to somehow measure a person, structure it, or drive it into a social framework. You can just accept it the way it is in front of people. They also believe that not everyone can become a person, some remain individuals.
Proponents of humanistic philosophy, in contrast to personalism, believe that every person is a person, regardless of any categories. Humanists argue that regardless of psychological characteristics, character traits, life lived, achievements, everyone is a person. Even a newborn child they consider a person because he had the experience of being born.
The concept of personality in philosophy can be briefly described by going through the main time periods. In ancient times, a person was understood as a person who performed some specific work, the masks of actors were called a person. They seemed to understand something about the existence of a person, but there was no concept as such in everyday life, only later in the early Christian era they began to use this term. Medieval philosophers identified the individual with God. New European philosophy has landed this term to designate a citizen. The philosophy of romanticism looked at the individual as a hero.
The concept of personality in philosophy briefly sounds like this - a personality can be realized when it has sufficiently developed volitional abilities, is able to overcome social barriers and withstand all the trials of fate, even go beyond the finiteness of life.
The concept of the identity of the offender in criminology
Psychology plays an important role in criminology. People involved in investigations must necessarily have knowledge in the field of psychology, they must be able to analyze the situation from different angles, explore all possible scenarios for the development of events and, at the same time, the nature of the criminals who committed the atrocity.
The concept and structure of the personality of a criminal is the main subject of research by criminal psychologists. Conducting observations and studies of criminals, it is possible to draw up a personal portrait of a potential criminal, which, in turn, will make it possible to prevent the following crimes. In this case, a person is considered comprehensively - his psychological characteristics (temperament, accentuations, inclinations, abilities, anxiety level, self-esteem), material well-being, his childhood, relationships with people, family and close acquaintances, place of work and other aspects are studied. To understand the essence of such a person, it is not enough to conduct psychodiagnostics with him, he can skillfully hide his nature, but when a whole map of human life is in front of your eyes, you can trace the connections, find the prerequisites for becoming a criminal.
If in psychology they speak of a person as a unit, that is, a characteristic of an individual, then in criminology it is rather an abstract concept that is not given to an individual criminal, but creates his general image, consisting of certain properties.
A person falls under the characteristic of the "personality of the criminal" from the moment when he committed his unfortunate act. Although some tend to believe that even earlier, long before the crime itself was committed, that is, when an idea was born in a person and he began to bear it. It is more difficult to say when a person ceases to be like that. If a person has realized his guilt and sincerely repents of his deed, and sincerely regrets what has happened and its inevitability, he has, as it were, gone beyond the concept of a criminal personality, but the fact remains, and the person will be punished. He may also realize that he made a mistake while serving his sentence. You may never understand. There are people who will never give up the fact that they have committed an unfortunate act, even after suffering a painful punishment, they will not repent. Or there are also recidivists who, after serving one line, having been released, commit a crime again and can dangle back and forth until the end of their lives. These are pure criminal natures, they resemble one another and fall under the general description of a criminal.
The structure of the offender's personality is a system of socially significant characteristics, negative properties, which, together with the current situation at that moment, influence the commission of misconduct. Along with the negative properties of the criminal, there are also positive qualities, but they could be deformed in the process of life.
The concept and structure of the personality of a criminal must be definitely clear to forensic scientists in order to be able to protect citizens from a threat in the first place. 
- "Petrov, you as a person have not yet taken place" (Petrov is not ready for a wide, fruitful and long-term involvement in social relations);
- "Lieutenant, it is urgent to clarify the identity of the wanted criminal" (his full name, external data, age, education, profession, contacts, psychological characteristics, biography, etc.);
- "The deceased was a remarkable personality" (his personal characteristics are interesting, his social connections are rich, the deceased participated in important events, his merits were widely recognized, etc.);
- "Suspicious persons were seen in the courtyard" (people with dubious external characteristics, unusual behavior were found).
Often there is an identification of the words "man" and "personality". For example, one might say, "The deceased had a wonderful personality," but it is more common to hear, "The deceased had a wonderful personality." In fact, both options are correct. It's just that we deal so often and so much with the personalities of other people that for us the personalities become people themselves.
We cannot know everything about another person. Perhaps the other person thinks very badly of us. But outwardly, this does not manifest itself in any way, and this is enough for us. Perhaps our interlocutor on the Internet is lying to us about his gender and age, but we are content with the fact that the interlocutor is of real benefit. Interestingly, in Latin "personality" is denoted by the word "persona". The main meaning of this word among the Romans was - "theatrical mask" or "theatrical role" (corresponding to the mask).
In psychology in general, the term "personality" is also used to refer to the "social face" of a person. Different psychologists explore different ones, and therefore in the definitions of personality there is a reference to different mental phenomena. Examples:
Personality is a set of social relations that are realized in diverse activities (Leontiev).Personality is a set of internal conditions through which all external influences are refracted (Rubinshtein).
Personality is a social individual, an object and subject of social relations and the historical process, manifesting itself in communication, in activity, in behavior (Hanzen).
The concept of personality denotes a human individual as a member of society, generalizes the socially significant features integrated in it (Kon).
Personality is the subject of social behavior and communication (Ananiev).
Personality - a person as a social individual, the subject of knowledge and objective transformation of the world, a rational being with speech and capable of labor activity (Petrovsky).
Personality - a person as a carrier of consciousness (Platonov).
Personality is an integral concept that characterizes a person as an object and subject of biosocial relations and combines in him the universal, socially specific and individually unique (Parygin).
As you can see, only in the definition of K.K. Platonov there is not a word about the social. Rubinstein's definition also stands out somewhat: it deals with external influences in general.
Quite popular in psychology is the idea that a person is some kind of spiritual integrity () of a person. So A.G. Kovalev raised the question of the integral spiritual image of the personality, its origin and structure as a question of the synthesis of complex structures:
Temperament (structure of natural properties),
Directions (system of needs, interests, ideals),
Abilities (a system of intellectual, volitional and emotional properties).
In this approach, the personality is considered as some integral core of a person, arising from a stable relationship of the mental properties of the personality. This core provides a stable, constant level of activity, which ensures the best adaptation of the individual to the influencing stimuli due to the greatest adequacy of their reflection. Such a view does not fit well with the common understanding of the word "personality". Perhaps it would be better to find a different word here.
In classical domestic psychology, quite a lot of effort was made to study the integrity, unity of the individual. So, for example, V.N. Myasishchev deduced that the unity of the personality is characterized by: orientation (dominant relationships: to people, to oneself, to objects of the outside world), the general level of development (in the process of development the general level of development of the personality increases), the structure of the personality and the dynamics of neuropsychic reactivity (available in mind not only the dynamics of higher nervous activity, but also the objective dynamics of living conditions). Today, the problem of the unity of the personality of psychologists is not so interesting. On the contrary, it can be stated that today a person and his personality are more often considered as very dynamic systems, with an abundance of internal contradictions and conflicts.
To put it a little ironically, we can imagine the matter as follows. The "classic whole person" never doubts what he does, does not feel remorse for a wrong deed, always acts predictably. With an extra three rubles in her pocket (in 1961 prices), she has no doubts about how to spend them: buy a book or a kilo of meat. She is such a complete person. The "modern personality" doubts everything, many factors influence its actions. Making her choice, she can weigh all the pros and cons, or she can act, completely relying on intuition or the advice of friends, information from the Internet. The first person always goes forward, develops. The second - very often and quickly degrades (for example, due to drunkenness).
In psychology, there used to be quite a lot of controversy around how the concepts of "personality" and "individuality" correlate. Some have synonymized these terms. In fact, if a person is a "social person", then everyone cannot have the same personalities. That is why we talk about personalities, in order to separate some people from others according to important, characteristic properties. Others (for example, Ananiev and his followers) consider individuality as something else, parallel to personality. "Personality" and "individuality" are two theoretical constructs, tools. Studying a person with one tool, we get one picture. Using a different tool, we get a different picture. In any case, when we talk about individuality, we are talking more about the individual originality of a person, his innermost values and the meaning of his activity.
If in broad usage the concept of "personality" includes all the many different characteristics of a person, then in psychology, "personality" usually includes only mental properties:
Abilities (willingness to demonstrate success in a particular area),
Temperament (dynamic characteristics of behavior),
Character (attitude to different aspects of being, for example, to friendship or work),
Volitional qualities (collection, inner freedom),
Emotional sphere (tendency to certain emotions, general emotionality),
Motivation (the predominance of certain needs, motives),
Orientation (interests and inclinations in certain areas),
Values and social attitudes (some basic principles) and others.
In psychology, personality is considered as a purely human phenomenon. Animals, of course, also have an understanding of each other's individual characteristics, and a complex social structure (for example, monkeys or rats). However, in animals such features are laid down mainly in instincts. Man, thanks to his mind and developed speech, is capable of building very complex social systems and flexible adaptation of individual individuals to them. A person is also capable of long-term planning for the development of his personality (what kind of education he will receive, how his career and relationships with other people will develop, what status he claims and what resources will be required to maintain the status).
The problem of personality is one of the most pressing topics in modern psychology. This term is characterized by some features, it is worth noting that they do not include genetic or physiological aspects. In addition, the features do not include the psychological and individual person. Rather, they include social deep features that testify to the direction of human life, reflect the nature of man as the author of his life. So, what is a personality - many people ask this question, so you should consider the basic definitions.
In a broad sense, personality is such a substance that internally distinguishes one person from another.
There are three different definitions that describe the concept of personality.
1. The concept is interpreted as the individuality of a person, which indicates his life experience, values, aspirations, abilities, spiritual development and temperament. If we consider such an understanding in more detail, then we can say that a person, an animal has it, since each animal has its own individual characteristics and character.
2. With an intermediate understanding - the concept of personality - is the subject of society, which has a social and personal role. This definition of the concept of personality belongs to Adler and begins with social feeling. After all, finding and feeling great is not an easy task, if a person successfully copes with it, then it develops into something higher. That is, in this concept, such a person is a subject that interacts with other people at the level of habits.
3. Narrow understanding: a person is a subject of culture, a self. He is defined as a person who is the author of his own life. That is, the child is not such, but may or may not become one.
The definition of such a concept as a person can be anything. However, all definitions have a common meaning.
Personality problems in the psychological aspect
If the concept of an individual is accompanied by the general qualities of homo sapiens, then the concept of personality has a close and inextricable connection with the concept of individuality, that is, with social qualities, with a person’s attitude to the world, with his abilities. A person can be characterized by the level of his consciousness, by the degree of correlation of his own consciousness with the consciousness of society. The ability of a person to social relations is manifested. The main points that characterize the concept under consideration include the following:
- Attitude towards society;
- Attitude towards individuals from society;
- Attitude towards oneself;
- Attitude to own work responsibilities.
According to these criteria, it is possible to explain what a person is. Also, the main characteristic is the level of awareness of relationships and the degree of their stability. In the concept of personality, an important role is played by its position, as well as the ability to implement relationships, which depends on how developed the creative abilities of a person, his knowledge and skills. After all, no person is born with ready-made abilities or qualities, they are formed throughout life. The hereditary component does not determine the level of development, it is only responsible for the physiological abilities of the individual, the quality of the nervous system. But the biological organization of man contains his natural capabilities associated with mental development. A person becomes a person only thanks to social heredity, the experience of other generations, which are fixed in knowledge, traditions, cultural objects. The problem of personality lies in numerous points that are basic for
The formation of personality
The formation of human nature occurs under strictly defined conditions. The requirements of society often determine the model. And what actually acts as natural characteristics of the essence of man is actually represented by the consolidation of social requirements for behavior. Below we will consider what stages a person goes through in the process of becoming.
The main driving force is the internal contradictions that arise between constantly growing needs and the possibility of satisfying them. An entity that is formed under normal conditions constantly grows and develops its capabilities, while forming new needs. The main problem of personality is considered in psychology and philosophy and includes its definition as such.
How to determine the level of personality development
The level at which the problem of the personality is located, its development, can be determined by its relations. As a rule, undeveloped persons are limited to mercantile interests. If it is highly developed, then this indicates that relations of social significance predominate in it, and there are also numerous abilities of the individual both for social relations and for. Each individual throughout his life is engaged in solving rather complex problems, and the essence is largely manifested in the way he solves these very problems. After all, each person solves difficulties in different ways.
To understand an individual means to understand what life values are his priorities, what principles he is guided by when solving problems. The problem of personality lies in self-awareness and in self-improvement, which must be continuous.
Types
There are several main personality types:
- Socialized - which are adapted to the conditions of social life.
- Desocialized - who deviate from the requirements of society. These include marginalized individuals. The problem of personality in this case lies in the rejection by society.
- Mentally abnormal - these are persons who have some delays in mental development, psychopaths. Here the problem of personality is that people try to avoid such faces.
A socialized normal entity has a number of features. It has autonomy, the assertion of its own individuality. If critical situations arise, the socialized nature retains its strategy, does not change its life principles and positions. If extreme situations and psychological breakdowns arise, such a nature can prevent the consequences through a reassessment of values. The concept of such a person involves maintaining the optimal mood in any situation.
If an individual is mentally balanced, then he builds benevolent relations with other people, is altruistic in relation to their needs. When building life plans, a normal nature proceeds from reality, has a sense of honor and justice. She is persistent about achieving goals and can easily correct her own behavior. The sources of success or failure for her are herself, and not external circumstances.
If difficult situations arise, a well-developed individual is able to take responsibility and risk justifiably.
So, the human essence is that which has the consciousness of its own isolation, which allows it to be free from the dictates of power, to remain calm under any conditions. Such abilities of the individual make it and contribute to further development.
The core is spirituality, which is represented by the highest manifestation of human essence, commitment to morality.
Structure
The structure consists of a number of elements - the abilities of the individual, among which the following can be distinguished:
- Self-awareness. That is, she is aware of any actions, considers only herself the source of her life. Self-consciousness is aimed at the consciousness of one's own self, and next to this concept is self-improvement, which also plays an important role in the formation of human essence.
- Orientation characterizes its features of character, goals, directions for achieving them. Orientation is the most important element and characterizes social and spiritual development. Orientation is a leading element in the structure, and also allows you to get an idea of the personality as a whole.
- Temperament and character. These qualities are formed under the influence of public opinion, and are also transmitted genetically. Temperament refers to certain properties of the psyche, which act as a foundation for formation. Such qualities are equally manifested in any human activity, since they are basic.
- Mental processes and states. They can be passed on genetically, but are usually formed throughout life.
- The abilities of the individual, as well as his inclinations, must develop continuously, it is thanks to their development that growth is maintained. The abilities of any person are acquired and are formed depending on a number of factors.
- Psychic experience. This fragment is also very important in the formation of the entity.
So, the structure is quite extensive, unique, each link must be fully implemented.
The concept of personality is quite extensive and versatile, it is characterized by such factors as temperament, behavior, abilities, mental health. The problem of personality lies in the main points of its formation, which are associated with behavior, development, skills and abilities. Human nature is diversified and special, and the main task is to create the most comfortable conditions for further development.
