What is etymology definition. Etymology is a science that studies the origin of words, reconstructing their primary form and meaning.

Etymology Etymology

Etymology is characterized by the complex nature of the study. The essence of the procedure of etymology, analysis: the genetic identification of the considered word or its stem with another word or its stem as the original, producing, as well as the identification of other structural elements of the word with historically known structural elements and the reconstruction of the primary form and meaning of the word with primary motivation; an indispensable stage of etymological analysis is the removal of later historical changes. The basis of the etymological technique is the study of various, which is based on the laws of change, patterns, patterns of change, etc., which are the subject of study of comparative grammar. Depending on the nature of the historical changes experienced by the word and its relationship with potential related lexemes, in some cases of etymological analysis, the analysis of various structural elements or the meaning of the word becomes dominant. So, the Russian “tormoshit”, the Ukrainian “thermocity” and the Polish tarmosić, termosić can be interpreted as formations derived from the verb stem ter- “rub, tear” (Russian “rub”), but the analysis of the phonetic differences of these verbs (especially the Russian “sh ” with Ukrainian “s” and Polish s') convinces that only Polish tarmosić can be a direct continuation of the ancient derivative verb, while Russian and Ukrainian verbs are from Polish. When etymologizing the Russian word “bosom”, in order to prove its derivation from the verb “lay down”, the most significant is the possibility of highlighting in the word “log-” and the suffix “-sno”, as evidenced by the structure of the word “lozhesna” 'womb' with the root "log-" and the suffix "-sno".

Particular difficulties in etymological analysis are the explanation of the connection of meanings, the development of meanings and the reconstruction of the primary semantics of the word. This is due to the diversity and significance of semantic changes (cf. Russian "ditch" and Novosibirsk "ditch" 'fence made of dung', literary "ardent" and dialectal Vologda "ardently cold" 'very cold', Russian "transparent" and Czech prozračno 'cloudy'), their connection with extralinguistic realities and insufficient knowledge of the types of semantic changes and principles. The basis for semantic analysis in etymological studies is the method of semantic parallels: as evidence of the alleged development of meanings (or the possibility of combining meanings), cases of a similar development (or combination) of meanings are given. So, in confirmation of the belonging of the verb "goggle" (in the combination 'goggle') to the nest "rub" (where meanings like 'tear, tear, peel' are regular), one can indicate the close development of the meaning 'tear' → 'goggle' in reißen ( cf. die Augen reißen 'to goggle'). Semantic changes and combinations of meanings are only partly explained by the general patterns of human thinking (such are the changes 'abyss' → 'a lot of something', 'close' → 'soon', 'strong' → 'fast' → 'impudent'). Most of the semantic transitions and combinations of meanings are due to the correlation of realities, the natural and social environment, the material and spiritual culture of native speakers, since the meanings of words reflect the world of realities. The interpretation of semantic changes and the application of the method of semantic parallels should be based on the totality of knowledge about the world around man, about man and human society in their historical development, accumulated by various branches of science, taking into account the historical development of this knowledge. For example, the establishment of the relationship of the Russian “move” with the German Zweig “branch” and its derivative from “two” was carried out thanks to the reconstruction of the verb “move” of the primary meaning of “lift” and the involvement of information from the history of technology about the use of a stick as a lever for lifting weights , branches with a forked end (which could be designated as a derivative of "two" - as 'double'). The explanation of the relationship of the Latin rex ‘king’, regere ‘to rule’ with the Slavic rězati was possible thanks to the understanding of the priestly functions of the king in ancient society and their connection with sacred, cosmological dimensions, which were carried out, in particular, by features, incisions.

A necessary working technique in etymology is the reconstruction of the form and / or meaning that historically preceded the attested ones, i.e., the restoration on the basis of the attested lexemes of their original, primary forms and meanings. The time interval between the fixed word and the reconstruction can be different; the chronological characteristics of reconstructions for different lexemes and different languages are also different (many words are the result of word formation in the 20th century). The presence of this interval makes the results of etymological analysis hypothetical even with the strictest observance of all the requirements of the methodology, but the hypothetical nature, which brings etymology closer to many historical disciplines, does not reduce the cognitive significance of its achievements.

Etymology is closely related to: dialect data are important for resolving the issue of the origin of many words of the literary language. So, the formation of the word “joint” from the verb “put” is argued by the dialectal usage “put out (arm, leg or finger)” ‘dislocate’. The dialect vocabulary retains many ancient lexemes lost in the literary language (cf. the Russian dialect bagno 'mud, swamp', nav 'dead man', vir 'whirlpool', which have correspondences in other Slavic languages and Indo-European languages, but not preserved in the literary Russian language).

Etymology is of great importance for the development of historical in general and for comparative historical grammar, for which etymology plays the role of the basis and source of new materials that confirm already established patterns and reveal unexplored phenomena in the history of the language. Since etymology is available at chronological levels unattainable for written history, it serves, along with archeology, as an important tool for studying the history of human society.

The etymology originated in ancient Greece (Plato, dialogue "Cratylus"). Here the term itself appeared, attributed to. But ancient etymology was alien to the scientific understanding of the patterns of changes in the language and the symbolic nature of the language. The anti-historicity and arbitrariness of interpretations bring this stage in the history of etymology closer to the so-called folk etymology - the transformation of words in the direction of their convergence with other words that seem (due to the similarity of meanings, or form, or various associations) related (for example, "myopic" arose from "near-sighted", cf. among the Stoics, the convergence of the Latin crux ' cross' with crus 'foot'). The principles of ancient etymology were preserved in the Middle Ages. Scientific etymology arose simultaneously with. The establishment of sound correspondences between the Indo-European languages and the corresponding ones that underlie comparative historical linguistics was the result of a comparison of the lexemes of these languages and the development of a hypothesis about their relationship, i.e., a consequence of etymological operations. In turn, phonetic and other laws and regularities became the methodological foundation for etymology. The first theoretical presentation of etymology as a science belongs to A.F. Pott (“Etymological studies in the field of Indo-Germanic languages”, vols. 1-2, 1833-36). Important stages in the history of etymology are the recognition of the significance of dialects and the mastery of methods (J. Gillieron), the study of the specifics of changes in meanings and the analysis of vocabulary by semantic fields (J. Trier), attention to the connection of semantics with realities (the direction “Words and things”, which put forward the principles of studying vocabulary in connection with the culture and history of the people; R. Meringer, W. Meyer-Lubke, G. Schuchardt, W. von Wartburg), an appeal to historical changes experienced by the primary form and meaning of the word, i.e. to the history of the word (etymology as a biography of the word as opposed to understanding the etymology as the origin of the word; Schuhardt, Gillieron). The development of etymology in the 20th century. marked by the use of structural principles in etymological studies (analysis of vocabulary by groups - semantic, root, affixal, lexico-grammatical, taking into account various principles of organizing systems - oppositions, associations, etc.; E. Benveniste, G. Jacobsson, V. V. Martynov, A. S. Melnichuk), the desire to reconstruct the original words (and not just the roots), attention to irregular language changes, especially relevant for etymology due to the individual history of each word (V. Mahek, S. Ondrush and other representatives of the Czechoslovak etymological school ; however, the recognition of irregular changes in etymology remained subordinate to the concept of the determining role of phonetic laws - O. Semerenya, J. Malkiel, O. N. Trubachev), the development of problems of the relationship of etymology and other areas of linguistics, especially comparative grammar, as well as the orientation of etymological studies to grammatical problems (Malkiel, F. Slavsky), deepening the sociological aspect of etymological research, i.e., the connection between the study of the origin of vocabulary and the history of society, its spiritual and material culture (Benveniste, Trubachev, V. N. Toporov, Vyach. Vs. Ivanov, V. I. Abaev).

Second half of the 20th century characterized by the expansion of etymological research, the development of new methodological principles and new lexical materials, which resulted in the creation of numerous etymological dictionaries. An important stage in the development of etymology as a science is the creation of etymological dictionaries of the Slavic languages, focused on the reconstruction and etymologization of the Proto-Slavic lexical fund (Slavsky, Trubachev) and served as the basis for the emergence of lexicology and the Proto-Slavic language.

The most important etymological dictionaries:

Abaev V. I., Historical and etymological dictionary of the Ossetian language, vol. 1-3, M.-L., 1958-79;
Bulgarian etymological riverman, vol. 1-3, Sofia, 1962-86(ed. ongoing);
Klimov G. A., Etymological dictionary of Kartvelian languages, M., 1964;
Lytkin IN AND., Gulyaev E. S., Brief etymological dictionary of the Komi language, M., 1970;
Acharyan R., Etymological Root Dictionary of the Armenian Language, vols. 1-4, Er., 1971-79 (in Armenian);
Illich-Svitych V. M., Experience in comparing Nostratic languages, [vol. 1-3], M., 1971-1984;
Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages, ed. O. N. Trubacheva, vol. 1-15, M., 1974-88;
Sevortyan E. V., Etymological dictionary of Turkic languages, vols. 1-3, M., 1974-80 (ed. continues);
Comparative dictionary of the Tungus-Manchu languages (materials for the etymological dictionary), otv. ed. V. I. Tsintsius, vol. 1-2, L., 1975-77;
Axes V.N., Prussian language. Dictionary, [i.e. 1-4]. M., 1975-84 (ed. continues);
Shagirov A. K., Etymological dictionary of the Adyghe (Circassian) languages, vol. 1-2, M., 1977;
Etymalagіchny sloўnik of the Belarusian language, ed. V. Ў. Martynaў, vol. 1-4. Minsk, 1978-88(ed. ongoing);
Etymological Dictionary of Ukrainian Language, ch. ed. O. S. Melnichuk, vol. 1-2, Kiev, 1982-85(ed. ongoing);
Vasmer M., Etymological dictionary of the Russian language, trans. with him. and additions by O. N. Trubachev, 2nd ed., vols. 1-4. M., 1986-1987;
Miklosich F., Etymologisches Wörterbuch der slavischen Sprachen, W., 1886(reprinted, Amst., 1970);
Meyer G., Etymologisches Wörterbuch der albanesischen Sprache, Straßburg, 1891;
Stokes W., Bezzenberger A., Wortschatz der keltischen Spracheinheit, 4 Aufl., Gött., 1894;
Falk H., Torp A., Wortschatz der germanischen Spracheinheit, Gott., 1909;
their own, Norwegisch-Dänisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, v. 1-2, Hdlb., 1910-11;
Meyer-Lubke W., Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3 Aufl., Hdlb., 1935;
hellquist E., Svensk etymologisk ordbok, v. 1-2, Lund, 1948;
Bloch Oh, Wartburg W., Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue française, 2 ed., P., 1950;
Slawski F., Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego, t. 1-5, Krakow, 1952-77(ed. ongoing);
Skeat W. W., An etymological dictionary of the English language, Oxf., 1953;
Mayrhofer M., Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen, Bd 1-4, Hdlb., 1956-80;
Pokorny J., Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Bd 1-2, Bern-Münch., 1959-65;
Frisk H., Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Bd 1-3, Hdlb., 1954-72;
Fraenkel E., Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Bd 1-2, Hdlb. - Gott., 1955-1965;
Kluge F., Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 19 Aufl., B., 1963;
Walde A., Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Bd 1-3, 4 Aufl., Hdlb., 1965;
Machek V., Etymologický slovník jazyka českého, 2 vyd., Praha, 1968;
Rasanen M., Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen, Hels., 1969;
Skok P., Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga or srpskoga jezika, t. 1-4. Zagreb, 1971-74;
Etymologický slovník slovanských jazyků. Slova grammarka a zajmena, Sest. F. Kopečny, V. Šaur, V. Polák, t. 1-2, Prague, 1973-80;
Słownik prasłowianski, pod red. F. Sławskiego, t. 1-5, Wrocław-, 1974-84;
windekens A.J. van, Le tokharien confronté avec les autres langues indo-européennes, v. 1, Louvain, 1976;
Bezlaj F., Etimološki slovar slovenskega jezika, t. 1-2, Ljubljana, 1976-82(ed. ongoing);
Tischler J., Hethitisches etymologisches Glossar, Bd 1-2, Innsbruck, 1977-79(ed. continues).

Pisani V., Etymology, trans. from Italian, M., 1956;
Etymological studies on the Russian language, c. 1-9, M., 1960-81 (ed. ongoing);
Etymology (yearbook), M., 1963-;
Malkiel Y., Etymological dictionaries. A tentative typology, Chi., 1976;
Etymology, hrsg. von R. Schmitt, Darmstadt, 1977;
Pfister M., Einführung in die romanische Etymologie, Darmstadt, 1980;
Erhart A., Vecerka R., Úvod do etymologie, Praha, .

J. J. Warbot.

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ch. ed. V. N. Yartseva. 1990 .

Synonyms:

See what "Etymology" is in other dictionaries:

ETYMOLOGY- (Greek etymos correct, logos speech). The part of grammar that deals with word production. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. ETYMOLOGY [gr. etymologia Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Etymology is a very interesting science! But many have not even heard of it and do not know what etymology is. And there are those who confuse it with the medical term "etiology" (studies the causes of diseases and pathogenic factors affecting the body).

Etymology studies the origin of words, finding out on the basis of what signs certain objects, actions, signs and phenomena were named.

Etymology etymology

Like all words, the term "etymology" has its own etymology. This word is of Greek origin and consists of two words:

etymon - true, initial value;
logos - doctrine, word.

This word was borrowed in the 17th century. Until the end of the 19th century, within the framework of etymology, the form of the word was also studied, until Philip Fedorovich Fortunatov introduced the concept of "morphology".

How is the origin of a word determined?

Scientists note that modern achievements of comparative historical linguistics make it possible to trace with relative ease how the morphological and sound composition of a word developed over time. But to determine the semantic evolution is often very difficult.

For example, take the word "river". This word is directly related to the ancient root that conveys movement. Related to him are such words as rush, roar, swarm. Other languages have words with the same root: latin rivus- stream, ancient Indian rauas- current, Irish rian- river.

In contrast to the river, the word "sea" is formed from a root which means stillness, stopped water. In other languages, you can find words with the same root, denoting a swamp (German Moore- swamp).

In ancient Russia, according to scientists, the sea was called differently. In the Old Russian language, the word "slannik" was preserved, which was used to call sea fishermen. It is easy to correlate with the name of the sea on the basis of its salinity. This is confirmed by the Latin language, in which the word "sea" sounds like "salum".

Over time, the signs that were the basis of different names lose their figurativeness and their meaning becomes incomprehensible to modern man. For example, today few people know that the word "swan" contains the idea of whiteness, and the word "dove" is associated not with blue, but with yellow.

Etymology and life

Etymology is one of the most difficult sciences. Not every etymologist makes a truly good specialist.

However, the origin of words is of interest not only to linguists and philologists, but also to ordinary people, since it is very interesting to get to the bottom of the truth and discover the semantic and semantic relationships between words. This is how folk etymology arose, which often brings together words that have nothing in common with each other.

For example, many believe that the word "slap" comes from the word "ear". However, this is not at all the case. Scientists have established that the ancestor of "slap in the face" is the word "spit." The fact is that before the fistfight, the fighters, out of habit, spat on their hands. This action is reflected in the word.

Or another evidence of the strong influence of folk etymology. For us, the word "witness" is firmly connected with the verb "see". After all, a "witness" is a person who saw what happened with his own eyes. But initially this word was formed from the verb "lead", that is, "know". In the same meaning, the word "report" is used in Belarusian, and "report" in Ukrainian.

This is such an interesting science - etymology. It can be studied endlessly, and it will always surprise with new finds.

Etymology is characterized by the complex nature of research methods. The essence of the procedure of etymology, analysis: the genetic identification of the considered word or its stem with another word or its stem as the original, producing, as well as the identification of other structural elements of the word with historically known structural elements and the reconstruction of the primary form and meaning of the word with primary motivation; an indispensable stage of etymological analysis is the removal of later historical changes. The basis of the etymological methodology is the comparative historical method of studying various units of the language, which is based on the laws of phonetic changes, morphonological patterns, patterns of morphological changes, etc., which are the subject of study of comparative grammar. Depending on the nature of the historical changes experienced by the word and its relationship with potential related lexemes, in some cases of etymological analysis, the analysis of various structural elements or the meaning of the word becomes dominant. So, the Russian “tormoshit”, the Ukrainian “thermocity” and the Polish tarmosić, termosić can be interpreted as formations derived from the verb stem ter- “rub, tear” (Russian “rub”), but the analysis of the phonetic differences of these verbs (especially the Russian “sh ” with Ukrainian “s” and Polish s') convinces that only Polish tarmosić can be a direct continuation of the ancient derivative verb, while Russian and Ukrainian verbs are borrowed from Polish. When etymologizing the Russian word “bosom”, in order to prove its derivation from the verb “lay down”, the most significant is the possibility of highlighting the root “log-” and the suffix “‑sno” in the word, as evidenced by the structure of the word “lozhesna” 'womb' with the root "log-" and the suffix "-sno".

Particular difficulties in etymological analysis are the explanation of the connection of meanings, the development of meanings and the reconstruction of the primary semantics of the word. This is due to the diversity and significance of semantic changes (cf. the Russian literary "ditch" and the dialectal Novosibirsk "ditch" 'fence made of dung', the literary "ardent" and the dialectal Vologda "ardently cold" 'very cold', the Russian "transparent" and Czech prozračno 'cloudy'), their connection with extralinguistic realities and insufficient knowledge of the types of semantic changes and the principles of nomination. The basis for semantic analysis in etymological studies is the method of semantic parallels: as evidence of the alleged development of meanings (or the possibility of combining meanings), cases of a similar development (or combination) of meanings are given. So, in confirmation of the belonging of the verb "goggle" (in the combination 'goggle') to the nest "rub" (where meanings like 'tear, tear, peel' are regular), one can indicate the close development of the meaning 'tear' → 'goggle' in German reißen (cf. die Augen reißen 'goggle'). Semantic changes and combinations of meanings are only partly explained by the general patterns of human thinking (such are the changes 'abyss' → 'a lot of something', 'close' → 'soon', 'strong' → 'fast' → 'impudent'). Most of the semantic transitions and combinations of meanings are due to the correlation of realities, the natural and social environment, the material and spiritual culture of native speakers, since the meanings of words reflect the world of realities. The interpretation of semantic changes and the application of the method of semantic parallels should be based on the totality of knowledge about the world around man, about man and human society in their historical development, accumulated by various branches of science, taking into account the historical development of this knowledge. For example, the establishment of the relationship of the Russian “move” with the German Zweig “branch” and its derivative from “two” was carried out thanks to the reconstruction of the verb “move” of the primary meaning of “lift” and the involvement of information from the history of technology about the use of a stick as a lever for lifting weights , branches with a forked end (which could be designated as a derivative of "two" - as 'double'). The explanation of the relationship of the Latin rex ‘king’, regere ‘to rule’ with the Slavic rězati was possible thanks to the understanding of the priestly functions of the king in ancient society and their connection with sacred, cosmological dimensions, which were carried out, in particular, by features, incisions.

Etymology is closely related to dialectology: dialect data are important for resolving the issue of the origin of many words of the literary language. So, the formation of the word “joint” from the verb “put” is argued by the dialectal usage “put out (arm, leg or finger)” ‘dislocate’. The dialect vocabulary retains many ancient lexemes lost in the literary language (cf. the Russian dialect bagno 'mud, swamp', nav 'dead man', vir 'whirlpool', which have correspondences in other Slavic languages and Indo-European languages, but not preserved in the literary Russian language).

Etymology is of great importance for the development of historical lexicology in general and for comparative historical grammar, for which etymology plays the role of the basis and source of new materials that confirm already established patterns and reveal unexplored phenomena in the history of the language. Since etymology is available at chronological levels unattainable for written history, it serves, along with archeology, as an important tool for studying the history of human society.

The etymology originated in ancient Greece (Plato, dialogue "Cratylus"). Here the term itself, attributed to the Stoics, appeared. But ancient etymology was alien to the scientific understanding of the patterns of changes in the language and the symbolic nature of the language. The anti-historicity and arbitrariness of interpretations bring this stage in the history of etymology closer to the so-called folk etymology - the transformation of words in the direction of their convergence with other words that seem (due to the similarity of meanings, or form, or various associations) related (for example, "myopic" arose from "near-sighted", cf. among the Stoics, the convergence of the Latin crux ' cross' with crus 'foot'). The principles of ancient etymology were preserved in the Middle Ages. Scientific etymology arose simultaneously with comparative historical linguistics. The establishment of sound correspondences of the Indo-European languages and the corresponding phonetic laws underlying comparative historical linguistics was the result of a comparison of the lexemes of these languages and the development of a hypothesis about their relationship, i.e., a consequence of etymological operations. In turn, phonetic and other laws and patterns became the methodological foundation for etymology. The first theoretical presentation of etymology as a science belongs to A.F. Pott (“Etymological studies in the field of Indo-Germanic languages”, vols. 1-2, 1833-36). Important stages in the history of etymology are the recognition of the importance of dialects and the mastery of the methods of linguistic geography (J. Gillieron), the study of the specifics of changes in meanings and the analysis of vocabulary by semantic fields (J. Trier), attention to the connection of semantics with realities (the direction "Words and Things", which put forward principles of studying vocabulary in connection with the culture and history of the people; R. Mehringer, W. Meyer-Lübke, G. Schuchardt, W. von Wartburg), an appeal to historical changes experienced by the primary form and meaning of the word, i.e. to the history of the word (etymology as a biography of a word as opposed to understanding etymology as the origin of a word; Schuhardt, Gillieron). The development of etymology in the 20th century. marked by the use of structural principles in etymological studies (analysis of vocabulary by groups - semantic, root, affixal, lexico-grammatical, taking into account various principles of organizing systems - oppositions, associations, etc.; E. Benveniste, G. Jacobsson, V. V. Martynov, A. S. Melnichuk), the desire to reconstruct the original words (and not just the roots), attention to irregular language changes, especially relevant for etymology due to the individual history of each word (V. Mahek, S. Ondrush and other representatives of the Czechoslovak etymological school However, the recognition of irregular changes remained in etymology subordinate to the concept of the determining role of phonetic laws - O. Semerenya, Ya. Malkiel, O. N. Trubachev), the development of problems of the relationship of etymology and other areas of linguistics, especially comparative grammar, as well as the orientation of etymological studies on grammatical problems (Malkiel, F. Slavsky), the deepening of the sociological aspect of etymological studies, i.e., the connection of study the origin of vocabulary with the history of society, its spiritual and material culture (Benveniste, Trubachev, V. N. Toporov, Vyach. Vs. Ivanov, V. I. Abaev).

The most important etymological dictionaries:

Abaev V. I., Historical and etymological dictionary of the Ossetian language, vol. 1-3, M.-L., 1958-79;
Bulgarian etymological riverman, vol. 1-3, Sofia, 1962-86(ed. ongoing);
Klimov G. A., Etymological dictionary of Kartvelian languages, M., 1964;
Lytkin IN AND., Gulyaev E. S., Brief etymological dictionary of the Komi language, M., 1970;
Acharyan R., Etymological Root Dictionary of the Armenian Language, vols. 1-4, Er., 1971-79 (in Armenian);
Illich-Svitych V. M., Experience in comparing Nostratic languages, [vol. 1-3], M., 1971-1984;
Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages, ed. O. N. Trubacheva, vol. 1-15, M., 1974-88;
Sevortyan E. V., Etymological dictionary of Turkic languages, vols. 1-3, M., 1974-80 (ed. continues);
Comparative dictionary of the Tungus-Manchu languages (materials for the etymological dictionary), otv. ed. V. I. Tsintsius, vol. 1-2, L., 1975-77;
Axes V.N., Prussian language. Dictionary, [i.e. 1-4]. M., 1975-84 (ed. continues);
Shagirov A. K., Etymological dictionary of the Adyghe (Circassian) languages, vol. 1-2, M., 1977;
Etymalagіchny sloўnik of the Belarusian language, ed. V. Ў. Martynaў, vol. 1-4. Minsk, 1978-88(ed. ongoing);
Etymological Dictionary of Ukrainian Language, ch. ed. O. S. Melnichuk, vol. 1-2, Kiev, 1982-85(ed. ongoing);
Vasmer M., Etymological dictionary of the Russian language, trans. with him. and additions by O. N. Trubachev, 2nd ed., vols. 1-4. M., 1986-1987;
Miklosich F., Etymologisches Wörterbuch der slavischen Sprachen, W., 1886(reprinted, Amst., 1970);
Meyer G., Etymologisches Wörterbuch der albanesischen Sprache, Straßburg, 1891;
Stokes W., Bezzenberger A., Wortschatz der keltischen Spracheinheit, 4 Aufl., Gött., 1894;
Falk H., Torp A., Wortschatz der germanischen Spracheinheit, Gott., 1909;
their own, Norwegisch-Dänisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, v. 1-2, Hdlb., 1910-11;
Meyer-Lubke W., Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3 Aufl., Hdlb., 1935;
hellquist E., Svensk etymologisk ordbok, v. 1-2, Lund, 1948;
Bloch Oh, Wartburg W., Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue française, 2 ed., P., 1950;
Slawski F., Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego, t. 1-5, Krakow, 1952-77(ed. ongoing);
Skeat W. W., An etymological dictionary of the English language, Oxf., 1953;
Mayrhofer M., Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen, Bd 1-4, Hdlb., 1956-80;
Pokorny J., Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Bd 1-2, Bern-Münch., 1959-65;
Frisk H., Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Bd 1-3, Hdlb., 1954-72;
Fraenkel E., Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Bd 1-2, Hdlb. - Gott., 1955-1965;
Kluge F., Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 19 Aufl., B., 1963;
Walde A., Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Bd 1-3, 4 Aufl., Hdlb., 1965;
Machek V., Etymologický slovník jazyka českého, 2 vyd., Praha, 1968;
Rasanen M., Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen, Hels., 1969;
Skok P., Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga or srpskoga jezika, t. 1-4. Zagreb, 1971-74;
Etymologický slovník slovanských jazyků. Slova grammarka a zajmena, Sest. F. Kopečny, V. Šaur, V. Polák, t. 1-2, Prague, 1973-80;
Słownik prasłowianski, pod red. F. Sławskiego, t. 1-5, Wrocław-, 1974-84;
windekens A.J. van, Le tokharien confronté avec les autres langues indo-européennes, v. 1, Louvain, 1976;
Bezlaj F., Etimološki slovar slovenskega jezika, t. 1-2, Ljubljana, 1976-82(ed. ongoing);
Tischler J., Hethitisches etymologisches Glossar, Bd 1-2, Innsbruck, 1977-79(ed. continues).

Pisani V., Etymology, trans. from Italian, M., 1956;
Etymological studies on the Russian language, c. 1-9, M., 1960-81 (ed. ongoing);
Etymology (yearbook), M., 1963-;
Malkiel Y., Etymological dictionaries. A tentative typology, Chi., 1976;
Etymology, hrsg. von R. Schmitt, Darmstadt, 1977;
Pfister M., Einführung in die romanische Etymologie, Darmstadt, 1980;
Erhart A., Vecerka R., Úvod do etymologie, Praha, .

The section is very easy to use. In the proposed field, just enter the desired word, and we will give you a list of its meanings. I would like to note that our site provides data from various sources - encyclopedic, explanatory, word-building dictionaries. Here you can also get acquainted with examples of the use of the word you entered.

The meaning of the word etymology

etymology in the crossword dictionary

Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, Vladimir Dal

etymology

well. Greek word production, corneology, the doctrine of the formation of one word from another. -gical dictionary indicating the roots, origin of words, derivational. Etymologist, scholar in this field. Etymology is a conversation with the past, with the thoughts of past generations minted by them from sounds, Khomyakov.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

etymology

etymology, g. (from Greek etymos - true and logos - teaching) (lingu.).

only ed. Department of linguistics that studies the origin of words. Etudes on Russian etymology.

The very origin of a word. This word has an unclear etymology. Establish the etymology of some. the words. The etymology of the word "telephone" is Greek.

only ed. Grammar without syntax (i.e., the doctrine of sounds, parts of speech and word forms), advantages. as a subject of school teaching (obsolete). Folk etymology (lingu.) - alteration of an incomprehensible (for example, borrowed) word, explained by the need to bring it closer in sound likeness to some kind of. from familiar words and thus comprehend it, for example. "buyer" vm. "speculator" under the influence of "buy"; it's just a modified word.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.

etymology

The origin of a particular word or expression. Determine the etymology of the word. * Folk etymology (special) - alteration of a borrowed word according to the model of a similar-sounding word of the native language based on the association of meanings (for example, in Leskov: a small scope instead of a microscope).

adj. etymological, -th, -th. E. dictionary.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

etymology

The branch of linguistics that studies the origin of words.

The origin of a word or expression in terms of its relationship with other words or expressions in the given and other languages.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

etymology

ETYMOLOGY (from the Greek etymon - truth, the true meaning of the word and ... logic)

the origin of a word or morpheme.

A branch of linguistics that deals with the study of the original word-formation structure of a word and the identification of elements of its ancient meaning.

Etymology

(Greek etymología, from étymon ≈ the true meaning of the word, etymon and lógos ≈ word, doctrine), a branch of linguistics that studies the origin of words, their initial structure and semantic connections. The term was introduced by ancient philosophers more than 2 thousand years ago. E. in the broad sense of the word is a reconstruction of the sound and word-formation composition of the word; in addition to the relationship of sounds and the identity of morphemes, it reveals the selectivity of the combination of morphemes in certain word-formation models. E. is also called the result of disclosing the origin of the word. Etymological research is characterized by a multiplicity of possible solutions; problematic, hypothetical. E. is a special case of the manifestation of the hypothetical nature of the constructions of an explanatory science, in contrast to the descriptive sciences. The foundations of scientific linguistics are connected with comparative historical linguistics. The E. of those languages that have been more fully studied in comparative historical terms (Indo-European, Finno-Ugric) has reached the greatest development. Folk (or false) E. refers to cases of secondary etymological comprehension, the attraction of words that originally had a different origin.

Lit .: Pisani V., Etymology, trans. from Italian, M., 1956; Toporov V.N., On some theoretical foundations of etymological analysis, "Issues of Linguistics", 1960, ╧3; Trubachev O. N., The task of etymological research in the field of Slavic languages, "Brief reports of the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR", 1961, c, 33≈34; Etymology, Hrsg. von R. Schmitt, Darmstadt, 1977.

O. N. Trubachev.

Wikipedia

Etymology

Etymology- a section of linguistics (comparative historical linguistics) that studies the origin of words (and less often morphemes). And also - the research methodology used in identifying the history of the origin of the word and the very result of such discovery. Also, etymology can be understood as the very origin of the word (for example, “at the word notebook Greek etymology", "offer a more convincing etymology", that is, the version of origin - directly etymon).

The term "etymology" originated among the ancient Greek Stoic philosophers and, according to the later testimonies of Diogenes Laertes, is attributed to Chrysippus (281/278-208/205 BC). Until the 19th century, the term "etymology" in linguistics could be used in the sense of "grammar". Initially, among the ancients - the doctrine of the "true" meaning of the word (see Isidore of Seville (c. 560-636) - encyclopedia "Etymology": en: Etymologiae).

Examples of the use of the word etymology in literature.

Days devoted to wasted labor - forget about the age of one of the many poets of the southern continent, to whom fate or the constellations sent flesh that did not give offspring, and blindness - prison and twilight, and old age, the morning of approaching death, and glory that is not worth a damn a penny, and the skill to weave all the same pentameter, and an ingrained tenderness for dictionaries, miniature painstaking maps, chiseled bones, childish longing for centuries-old Latin and fragments of landscapes of Edinburgh and Geneva, and forgetting names and dates, and the cult of a single East, alien to the peoples of the many-sided East , and the expectation of fulfilled hopes, and false moves etymology, and the steel of Saxon forged harmonies, and every evening a new moon, and this city - a bad habit, and the taste of raisins and plain water, and chocolate, Mexican sweets, coins and an hourglass, so that this evening - one of many he reconciled with a handful of these words.

And all her nasty, weak, unstable character - she always gives in at the decisive moment, and she is not able to seriously get carried away by conchology, etymology, botany, archaeology, cut into pieces potato tubers and monitor its fruitfulness, like Mary Dennis, like Violet Searle.

Vostokov owns the preparation of the theoretical and material base for subsequent research in the field of historical word formation, lexicology, etymology and even morphology.

The heartbroken can be saved by a trifle - the slightest distraction of memory or attention: the taste of the fruit, the taste of plain water, the face returned by sleep, the first November jasmine, the compass that does not know weary, the book, the loss of which has already come to terms, the heartbeat of a hexameter, a small key to the front door , the smell of books and sandalwood, the old name of the lane, the colors of the geographical map, - a flashing etymology, a neatly trimmed nail, a forgotten date, a midnight chime, or a sudden pain.

Wise etymology in the word itself captured the transience and unreality of the concept.

The contribution of David the Grammar to the classification of principles is especially noticeable. etymology.

Apparently, the meaning of the use of this name, given its etymology, lies in a kind of chosenness, in the exclusivity of the role that Ford's son is trying to take on.

There were a dozen hand-colored illustrations and a dictionary of several hundred names with their meanings, etymology and an explanation of the merits and demerits of each name.

Once he willingly attended meetings where the dictionary was discussed, showed interest in etymology words and to the mysteries of the subjunctive mood.

internal form of the word.

A.A. Potebnya highlights in the word three constituent elements:

1) external form (sound);

2) value;

3) the internal form of the word (its image)

Internal word form- this is a semantic and structural motivation by another word or basis on the basis of which it arose; a distinctive feature underlying the nomination in the formation of a word or its new lexical meaning; the sign that prevailed over all other signs of the object when it was named.

The word is characterized by the inseparable connection of its external form (sound shell) and internal (meaning).

The motivation of a word is the preservation in its semantic structure of the connection between sound and meaning, i.e. a kind of substantiation of the sound image of the word, realized by native speakers, a visual "image" of the meaning of the word (words - window sill, Friday, snowdrop)

The unmotivated word is the absence in the semantic structure of the word of the connection between sound and meaning, i.e. this connection is “erased” over time and is no longer felt by the speaker (house, table, window)

Motivational signs:

Onomatopoeic (karkusha)

Descriptive (janitor, carpenter)

The internal form of the word, i.e. a distinctive, conspicuous feature that becomes, as it were, a “representative of an object” (tailor from “ports” - clothes)

Two classes of words have an internal form in the language:

1) Derivative words that retain in their word-formation structure an indication of correlation with other words or morphemes from which they are formed (she-wolf, thrush)

2) Words used in a figurative sense (oak - about a stupid person, green - about a young man)

Over time, the word may lose its inner form. Reasons for loss:

Loss in the language of a motivating word or feature that was previously characteristic of the subject;

Phonetic changes that the word has undergone in the process of the historical development of the language;

borrowing processes;

Redundancy, uselessness of his motivation from the moment when the word became familiar.

Etymology is a science that studies the origin of words, reconstructing their primary form and meaning.

Etymology is a branch of linguistics that studies the origin of words.

Etymology can also be defined as a set of research methods aimed at revealing the origin of a word, as well as the very result of this disclosure.

Principles of etymology.

The subject of etymology as a branch of linguistics is the study of the sources and the process of forming the vocabulary of a language, as well as the reconstruction of the vocabulary of the language of the most ancient period (usually pre-written). In the vocabulary of each language there is a significant fund of words, the relationship of the form of which with the meaning is incomprehensible to native speakers, since the structure of the word cannot be explained on the basis of the word formation models operating in the language. Historical changes in words usually obscure the primary form and meaning of the word, and the symbolic nature of the word determines the difficulty of reconstructing the primary motivation, that is, the connection between the primary form and meaning of the word. The purpose of the etymological analysis of the word is to determine when, in what language, according to what word-formation model, on the basis of what language material, in what form and with what meaning the word arose, as well as what historical changes in its primary form and meaning determined the present form and meaning. .
Reconstruction of the primary form and meaning of the word - in fact, is the subject of etymological analysis.

Etymology is characterized by the complex nature of research methods. The essence of the etymological analysis procedure is the genetic identification of the word in question or its stem with another word or its stem as the original generator, as well as the identification of other structural elements of the word with historically known structural elements and the reconstruction of the primary form and meaning of the word with primary motivation. An indispensable stage of etymological analysis is the removal of later historical changes. The basis of the etymological technique is the comparative historical method of studying various units of the language, which is based on the laws of phonetic changes, morphological changes, etc., which are the subject of study of comparative grammar.

It should be noted that particular difficulties in etymological analysis are the explanation of meanings, their development and the reconstruction of their primary semantics. The basis for semantic analysis in etymological studies is the method of semantic parallels: cases of similar development or combination of meanings are given as proof of the supposed development of meanings. A necessary working technique in etymology is the reconstruction of the form and meaning, historically preceding the attested ones, that is, the restoration on its basis of the attested lexemes and their primary forms and meanings.

Relationship of etymology with other sciences

Etymology is closely related to dialectology, since dialect data are important for resolving the issue of the origin of many words of the literary language. Also, etymology is of great importance for the development of historical lexicology in general and for comparative historical grammar, for which it plays the role of the basis and source of new materials that confirm already established patterns and reveal unexplored phenomena in the history of the language. Since etymology is available at chronological levels unattainable for written history, it serves, along with archeology, as an important tool for studying the history of human society.

Etymological dictionaries

The material of etymological dictionaries not only gives an idea of how, in what language this or that word arose, what path it went in its development, in what languages it is recorded, in what form and with what meaning, but also allows you to determine which words are more common. of all have an indisputable, the only true etymology, and some are hypothetical.
Etymological dictionaries differ not only in purpose, but also in vocabulary. As a rule, the work of tens or even hundreds of scientists is invested in them.

Folk etymology- a false etymology, a lexical association arising under the influence of vernacular, but later also perceived by the classical literary language.

1. Alteration and rethinking of a borrowed (rarely native) word following the model of a word close to it in sound in the native language, but which differs from it in origin. For example: “semi-clinic” instead of “polyclinic”, “melkoskop” instead of “microscope”, “mukhlyazh” instead of “dummy”, “gulvar” instead of “boulevard” (comparison with the verb “to walk”), “semi-garden” instead of “front garden”, "palisade" (French) palissade- a palisade, a wooden fence, a fence, a hedge), “buyer” instead of “speculator” (comparison with the verb “buy”), etc. An example of rethinking is the combination “crimson ringing” (in the meaning of “pleasant, harmonious ringing of bells ”) associated with the name of the berry. In fact, it goes back to the name of the Belgian city of Malin (Mechelen), where the old cathedral is located, in which there is a special school of ringers, a kind of "Malin" musicians on the bells. "Prihvatization" (from privatization + grab), "my crook" (from the program "my housing").

2. An explanation of the origin of words that does not correspond to their actual history. Unlike scientific etymology, folk etymology is based not on the laws of language development, but on the random similarity of words. An example is the word “kipish”, often used in youth slang, meaning vanity, disorder, scandal. It comes from Hebrew and, accordingly, has nothing to do with boiling from an etymological point of view.

3. Interest in etymology is manifested both in adults and in children, and etymologization is a favorite pastime of people who have little understanding of the laws of language development. On the contrary, linguists, understanding the complexity of finding out the correct etymologies, approach this very carefully. For an unprepared person, any accidental consonance can be a reason for the convergence of words and an explanation of their origin, while words that are not very consonant are left without attention by such "etymologists". On the contrary, a linguist can rely only on the regular sound correspondences of different languages and different stages of development of one language (for which one needs to know phonetic laws, the grammatical structure of words and its changes) and on a regular correlation of meanings. What seems obvious to a non-specialist is often questioned by a linguist, and, conversely, an incredible comparison from the point of view of a non-linguist, a representative of linguistic science can convincingly prove and explain.

4. 1 Etymology - from Greek etymologia from etymon-"truth" and logos-"word", "teaching"; in Russian the word etymology has two meanings: "the very origin of words" and "the study of the origin of words."

6. N. Ya. Marr tried to explain the origin of the Russian word dust from tribal name Sumerian 1 , decomposing the Russian word into twilight (Sumerian) and -ki; everything here is unbelievable and contradicts reality: the word dust morphologically divided into prefix su - (from the ancient hedgehog with a nasal vowel [o%], cf. spouse, snowdrift, confusion, sandy loam etc.), root -merk- (cf. fade) and flexion -and; Marr's part -ki- - nonsense, impossible historically, because to belongs to the root; Russian with never out w did not happen (on the contrary, w in some cases came from with + j, cf. bite - bitten, wear - a burden etc.); in addition, the Sumerians never had anything to do with the Slavs and their language, and the word dust the meaning is quite clear: "the state of the day, close to fading" (su- means "position near, near"; judge -"lateral flow of water in the river", sandy loam -"soil next to sand", etc.).

7. 1 Sumerians - the oldest population in the area between the Tigris and Euphrates.

9. It seems to any Russian speaker that the word umbrella came from the word umbrella, as table - from table, mouth from mouth etc. You can build the following proportion: mouth: mouth = umbrella: umbrella. However, the word umbrella does not come from the word umbrella, but, on the contrary, umbrella derived from umbrella. Word umbrella appeared under Peter I, and umbrella - later, because umbrella - is a learned Dutch word zonnedeck- literally "sun cover", where in the Russian transmission h, o, n, k match the original, but weak e Germanic languages (murmel- e 1) disappeared, in place d original in Russian t (which is quite understandable if you know the ratio of Germanic and Slavic voiced consonants), and e in the last syllable was replaced by and, which is again understandable, given that unstressed e and and in the Russian literary language coincide, and, for example, what is in the word knife you have to write e, but in the word boy - and, we define by what e in the declension "falls out": knife(fluent vowel), and and saved: boy; in a new word umbrella the vowel did not drop out, and then, therefore, this and, and the end of the word was rethought by analogy with the words table, mouth etc. as a diminutive suffix -ik. Then the stem without this suffix is a non-diminutive form, from which the “fantastic word” arose. umbrella in proportion: table: table = umbrella: X, a X = umbrella.

10. 1 See Ch. III - "Phonetics", § 31

12. To those who do not know the sound correspondences of related languages, it seems that the Russian word Chief and Polish naczelnik-“boss” is the same word in origin, but this is not true. If these were words from the same root, then in the Polish word after cz should be a nasal vowel, since Russian Chief the same root as Start, and had a root cha- with a nasal vowel [e%]; the Polish word comes from the same root as czolo-"forehead", cf. Old Russian and Church Slavonic forehead 1 .

13. 1 See: Bulakhovsky L. A. Introduction to linguistics. M., 1953. Part II. S. 163.

15. On the other hand, the comparison of the German word, which seems impossible to a non-linguist elephant[elephant] - "elephant" and Russian camel, where it is difficult to talk about “consonance”, the linguist undertakes to reduce it to one source and prove that it is the same word in origin.

16. German elephant from French elephant[elephã], which goes back to the Latin elephantus[elephanthus] with the same meaning, in Latin - from Greek elephas, in oblique cases stem elephant= modern Russian camel, from an earlier camel, and even earlier wellblood(cf. Polish wielblqd), in which the second l arose under the influence bloody- “wander”, i.e. once there was a velbad, which2 comes from the Gothic ulbandus with the same meaning; gothic ulbandus from Latin elephantus, which comes from the Greek elephantos, in Greek, this word is obviously from Arabic alephas, which, perhaps, in turn comes from ancient Egyptian 1 . Thus, the later absence of "consonance" is reduced in accordance with the laws of sound changes to the former not only consonance, but also sound identity. There remains one more difficulty - meaning; but, knowing the transitions by function, one can simply explain that initially this word meant “elephant”, later “camel” appeared in the same function (“heavy truck”), and the old name was transferred to it; with the meaning of “elephant”, this word was preserved in late Latin and from there it entered the Western European languages, and with the meaning of “camel”, having survived the indicated phonetic changes, it came to Slavic languages through the ready.

17. 1 See: Preobrazhensky A. G. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language.

19. To understand the etymology of the exclamation guard! you need to match it with the name of the guard guard 1 , what came from the Turkic languages, where it was a combination of the imperative mood and a direct object with the meaning "guard the village" - kara avyl. Word trolleybus borrowed from English, where trolley means "wire", a -bus- end of word omnibus-"omnibus" from Latin pronoun omnes-"all" in the dative case; This -bus“broke off” and became, as it were, a suffix in the names of modes of transport: omnibus, bus, trolleybus 2 .

20.1 Wed. guard of honor, commander of the guard etc.

21. 2 Wed . comic toptobus -"method of walking", where is it -bus attached to a native root.

23. But for correct etymologization, only linguistic knowledge is often not enough, especially when metonymies are involved in the changes, based not on the connection of concepts, but on the connection of things. Then the historian comes to the aid of the linguist. The linguist can explain what the word shabby comes from the word meal -"lunch", "meal", derived from the Greek trapedza-"table", but why it means "mean", "second-rate", when they change into a clean dress for dinner, remains incomprehensible. The historian explains that shabby does not come directly from the word meal, but from the word shabby or shabby -"cheap mottled fabric", made by a manufacturer named Zatrapeznov 1 .

24. 1 See: Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language; Ed. D. N. Ushakova. T. 1. S. 1957.

26. Or another example: a linguist can explain that verbs cheat and podkuzmit - synonyms, both meaning "to cheat" and are formed from proper names Egor and Kuzma, which come from the Greek Georgios from a common noun georgos-"farmer" and Kosma from the verb kosmeo-"I decorate" (of the same root as space, cosmetics). However, why is it cheat and bite mean "cheat" remains unclear, and the linguist is powerless to explain anything further. A historian comes to the rescue and explains that the point is not in the names themselves, but in Egoriev and Kuzmina day, when, before the introduction of serfdom in Russia, peasants could move from master to master and dressed up in the spring Egoria, and the calculation was received on Kuzma(in autumn), the headman strove to cheat them twice: on April 23 at Egory cheat, and on November 1 to Kuzma and bite 1 .

27. 1 On the ways and methods of correct etymology, see: Bulakhovsky L. A. Introduction to linguistics, 1953. Part II. Ch. IV - "Etymology". S. 160, especially p. 166–167 (etymology of the word millet).

29. Etymologization according to the first consonance that comes across, without taking into account phonetic laws, ways of transferring meanings and grammatical composition and its changes, and rethinking an unknown or obscure word by chance resemblance to a more well-known and understandable one (often associated with the alteration of the sound form of the word) is called in linguistics folk etymology2.

30. So, one who thinks that village because it is called so because village houses are built of wood (and city houses are made of stone), it produces a folk etymology. Actually village to tree has nothing to do with it. In the meaning of "village" the word village it began to be used late, earlier it meant “yard”, even earlier - “arable field” (cf. in “Domostroy”, XVI century “plow the village”) and, finally, in the most ancient monuments - “cleared from the forest (i.e. i.e. just from the trees!) a place for a field”; this is compared with the Lithuanian dirva1-"field" and Sanskrit durva-“kind of millet”, which, obviously, is the most ancient meaning of this root (“cornfield” is already a metonymy). Russian word wood compared with Lithuanian derva1-"pine", with Breton deruenn-"oak", etc. (Russian wood - synecdoche: genus by species).

31. Folk etymologies are most often obtained by borrowing foreign words. So, roast beef from English roast beef-"fried meat" is colloquially reinterpreted as smashing from smash; Workbench from German Werkstatt(in line with make up, make out); german Schraubzwinge-"screw clamp" becomes clamp(in line with trumpet); Schaumlo#ffel(literally: "foam spoon"; cf. French e2cumier from e2site -"foam") - in slotted spoon(in line with noise, make noise since the soup is noisy when it boils 1); French sale-"dirty" was the source for the formation of the adjective sebaceous(rethought through consonance with the word salo); native Russian Morovei (cf. discordant Church Slavonic ant) in tune with ant turned into ant; the words cooperative and capital earlier in the village were rethought as cupirative(where buy possible) and capital (to save money) 2 .

32.1 Wed. in Ukrainian noise -"foam on the soup".

33.2 The correct etymology of these words leads to Latin opus, operas"case", cooperare -"to do together" (of the same root and the word opera literally: "delá") and carut, capitis -"head", capitalis-"principal, main" (cf. overhaul); comes from the same source jump down where with inserted in consonance with the word cabbage(cf. kaput -"end", "dead").

35. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. colloquially called a trip card rail(“it is given when rails you are going"); at the same time, a milkmaid told me that her husband soloist, and to the question “What ensemble is he in?” answered in bewilderment: “No, I have it for cabbage, but before it was for cucumbers” (according to the consonance soloist from Italian solista, in turn from Latin solus-"one" and the Russian verb salt). But there can be rethinking of words from their roots, if their meaning is obscured; for example, we now understand the words witness, humility as formed from roots view(s) and the world(s), but this is the same rethinking according to the consonance of unstressed e and and, since etymologically these words go back to the roots lead (at) and measure).

36. The last example shows that in those cases when one or another folk etymology wins and becomes generally accepted, the word breaks with the former “legitimate” etymology and begins to live a new life in the circle of “new relatives”, and then only the researcher can be interested in true etymology , since in practice it contradicts modern understanding. On this basis, sometimes one word can split into two parallel ones, for example, the word ordinary(from Latin ordinarius-"ordinary", "ordinary" ordo, ordinis -"row") in relation to matter has become single(in line with one): "single matter" (as opposed to double), a word ordinary remained in the meaning of "ordinary": ordinary happening, ordinary professor (before the revolution) as opposed to extraordinary.

37. Since the phenomenon of folk etymology is especially common among people who have not mastered literary speech enough, such words rethought by accidental consonance and semantic convergence can be a vivid sign of vernacular; cf. from N. S. Leskov: governess (governess) and nanny), gulvar (boulevard and walk), beliefs (variations and probable), melkoscope (microscope and small): sometimes such folk etymologies acquire great satirical expressiveness, for example: tugament (document and tight, grieve), slander (feuilleton and slander), as well as mimonoska, multiplication doll etc.

Portal for the student. Self-training

See what "Etymology" is in other dictionaries:

Etymology etymology

How is the origin of a word determined?

Etymology and life

The meaning of the word etymology

etymology in the crossword dictionary

Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, Vladimir Dal

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

Wikipedia

Examples of the use of the word etymology in literature.

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