The composition of the exam in the text:"The greatest value of the people is the language. The language in which they write, speak, think..."(according to D.S. Likhachev).
(I.P. Tsybulko, 34th option, task 25)
Full text
(1) The greatest value of the people is the language. (2) The language in which he writes, speaks, thinks. (3) Thinks! (4) After all, this means that the entire conscious life of a person passes through his native language. (5) Emotions, sensations - only color what we think, or push the thought in some way, but our thoughts are all formulated in language. (6) The surest way to know a person - his mental development, his moral character, his character - is to listen to how he speaks. (7) If we notice a person's manner of behaving, his gait, his behavior and judge a person by them, sometimes, however, erroneously, then a person's language is a much more accurate indicator of his human qualities, his culture. (8) So, there is the language of the people, as an indicator of its culture, and the language of an individual, as an indicator of his personal qualities, the qualities of a person who uses the language of the people. (9) Much has been written about the Russian language as the language of the people. (10) It is one of the most perfect languages in the world, a language that has evolved over more than a millennium, producing in the 19th century the best literature and poetry in the world. (11) Turgenev said about the Russian language: "... one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!" (12) The Russian language from the very beginning found itself in a happy position - from the moment of its existence in the bowels of the single East Slavic language, the language of Ancient Russia. (13) The Old Russian people, from which the Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians later emerged, inhabited vast expanses with different natural conditions, different economy, different cultural heritage and different degrees of social advancement. (14) And since communication, even in these ancient centuries, was very intense, then, by virtue of this variety of living conditions, the language was rich - in vocabulary in the first place. (15) Already the Old Russian language (the language of Ancient Russia) joined the wealth of other languages - first of all the literary Old Bulgarian, then Greek, Scandinavian, Turkic, Finno-Ugric, West Slavic, etc. (16) It not only enriched itself lexically and grammatically, it became flexible and receptive as such. (17) Due to the fact that the literary language was created from the combination of Old Bulgarian with the folk colloquial, business, legal, "literary" language, many synonyms were created in it with their shades of meaning and emotional expressiveness. (18) The “internal forces” of the people affected the language - its tendency to emotionality, the diversity of its characters and types of attitude to the world. (19) If it is true that the national character of the people is reflected in the language (and this is certainly true), then the national character of the Russian people is extremely internally diverse, rich, and contradictory. (20) And all this should have been reflected in the language. (21) It is already clear from the foregoing that language does not develop alone, but it also has linguistic memory. (22) It is facilitated by the existence of thousands of years of literature, writing. (23) And here there are so many genres, types of literary language, a variety of literary experience! (24) But poetry develops the language the most. (25) This is why the prose of poets is so significant. (26) Yes, a language needs its history, you need to understand at least a little the history of words and expressions, know idiomatic expressions, know sayings and proverbs. (27) There must be a background of folklore and dialects, a background of literature and poetry. (28) A language cut off from the history of a people will become sand in the mouth.
Native language. Is it important to a person? What is its value? The Russian philologist, linguist D.S. Likhachev answers these questions with his article. The writer reflects on the fact that language is the greatest value of the people. The Russian language is one of the most perfect languages in the world. The author writes that the language of the people is an indicator of their culture. The “internal forces” of the people, their national character, were reflected in the language.
The position of the author runs like a red thread through the entire text. The author claims that if you want to know a person, his inner world - listen to how he says: the whole conscious life of a person passes through his native language. Language is an indicator of a person's personal qualities. By language we judge its culture.
I fully agree with the author of the article. The Russian language has been developing throughout its existence. And therefore, its history is very important for the language in order to understand the meaning of many words and expressions, to know proverbs and sayings. Folklore is the main basis of the language.
Many famous writers and poets wrote about the Russian language. I. S. Turgenev wrote in a “poem in prose”: “... you are my only support and support, O great, powerful, truthful and free Russian language!”. The writer, being abroad, deeply worries about what is happening at home. His native language is littered with foreign words. But at the same time, he expresses confidence that the language will not perish, since it is given to a great people.
I can prove that the Russian language is beautiful and complex based on my own observations. Only the Russian language has such a number of turns, epithets and phraseological units that are difficult to understand and translate into another language. And therefore, many foreigners often cannot understand what is at stake. My friend is a foreigner. And he says that not only the Russian soul is mysterious, but also the Russian language.
Of course, one cannot but agree on how important and valuable the native language is for a person and a people. Even when we make new acquaintances, a lot depends on how the person speaks and whether it is pleasant to listen to him.
Russian language
20 out of 24
(1) The greatest value of a people is its language. (2) The language in which he writes, speaks, thinks. (3) Thinks! (4) After all, this means that the entire conscious life of a person passes through his native language. (5) Emotions, sensations only color what we think, or push the thought in some way, but our thoughts are all formulated in language.
(6) The surest way to know a person, his mental development, his moral character, his character is to listen to how he speaks. (7) If we notice a person’s manner of holding himself, his gait, his behavior and judge a person by them (sometimes, however, erroneously), then a person’s language is a much more accurate indicator of his human qualities, his culture.
(8) So, there is the language of the people as an indicator of its culture and the language of an individual as an indicator of his personal qualities, the qualities of a person who uses the language of the people.
(9) Much has been written about the Russian language as the language of the people. (10) This is one of the most perfect languages in the world, a language that has developed over more than a millennium, enriching world literature and poetry in the 19th century. (11) Turgenev said this: “... one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!”
(12) The Russian language from the very beginning found itself in a happy position - from the moment of its existence in the bowels of a single East Slavic language, the language of Ancient Russia.
(13) The Old Russian people, from which Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians later emerged, inhabited vast expanses with different natural conditions, different cultural heritage and different degrees of social advancement. (14) And since communication, even in these ancient centuries, was very intense, already because of this variety of living conditions, the language was rich - in vocabulary in the first place.
(15) Already the Old Russian language (the language of Ancient Russia) joined the wealth of other languages - first of all the literary Old Bulgarian, then Greek, Scandinavian, Turkic, Finno-Ugric, West Slavic and others. (16) He not only enriched himself lexically and grammatically, he became flexible and receptive as such.
(17) Due to the fact that the literary language was created from the combination of Old Bulgarian with the folk colloquial, business, legal, "literary" language, many synonyms were created in it with their shades of meaning and emotional expressiveness.
(18) The “internal forces” of the people affected the language - its tendency to emotionality, the variety of characters and types of attitude to the world in it. (19) If it is true that the national character of the people is reflected in the language of the people (and this is certainly true), then the national character of the Russian people is extremely internally diverse, rich, and contradictory. (20) And all this should have been reflected in the language.
(21) It is clear that the language does not develop alone, but it has a language memory.
(22) It is facilitated by the existence of thousands of years of literature, writing.
(23) And here there are so many genres, types of literary language, such a variety of literary experience! (24) But poetry develops language most of all. (25) This is why the prose of poets is so significant.
(26) Yes, a language needs its history, you need to understand at least a little the history of words and expressions, know idiomatic expressions, know sayings and proverbs. (27) There must be a background of folklore and dialects, a background of literature and poetry. (28) The language, cut off from the history of the people, will become sand in the mouth.
(According to D.S. Likhachev)
Show full text
In the text of D.S. Likhachev raises the problem of the relationship between the history of the people and the development of the language.
Revealing it, the author says that the Russian language "has developed over more than a millennium." Thanks to the ties of our state with neighboring fraternal peoples, it absorbed many other languages, united with them, thereby "enriching itself lexically and grammatically." For this reason, the Russian language has become unusually "diverse, rich, contradictory", filled with "many synonyms", each of which conveys different emotions and feelings.
Since ancient times, chronicle writing has been widespread in Russia. Chronicles are one of the main written sources on the history of the Russian state. The legends tell about important events, wars, discoveries. One such legendary chronicle is The Tale of Bygone Years. Written in the 12th century by the monk Nestor, it is a true masterpiece of literature. Thanks to this work, valuable information about the development of the Old Russian language has come down to us. Researchers are still studying the chronicle with interest, which reflects many of its features that affected the future
Criteria
- 1 of 1 K1 Statement of source text problems
- 3 of 3 K2
Russian language
20 out of 24
(1) The greatest value of a people is its language. (2) The language in which he writes, speaks, thinks. (3) Thinks! (4) After all, this means that the entire conscious life of a person passes through his native language. (5) Emotions, sensations only color what we think, or push the thought in some way, but our thoughts are all formulated in language.
(6) The surest way to know a person, his mental development, his moral character, his character is to listen to how he speaks. (7) If we notice a person’s manner of holding himself, his gait, his behavior and judge a person by them (sometimes, however, erroneously), then a person’s language is a much more accurate indicator of his human qualities, his culture.
(8) So, there is the language of the people as an indicator of its culture and the language of an individual as an indicator of his personal qualities, the qualities of a person who uses the language of the people.
(9) Much has been written about the Russian language as the language of the people. (10) This is one of the most perfect languages in the world, a language that has developed over more than a millennium, enriching world literature and poetry in the 19th century. (11) Turgenev said this: “... one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!”
(12) The Russian language from the very beginning found itself in a happy position - from the moment of its existence in the bowels of a single East Slavic language, the language of Ancient Russia.
(13) The Old Russian people, from which Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians later emerged, inhabited vast expanses with different natural conditions, different cultural heritage and different degrees of social advancement. (14) And since communication, even in these ancient centuries, was very intense, already because of this variety of living conditions, the language was rich - in vocabulary in the first place.
(15) Already the Old Russian language (the language of Ancient Russia) joined the wealth of other languages - first of all the literary Old Bulgarian, then Greek, Scandinavian, Turkic, Finno-Ugric, West Slavic and others. (16) He not only enriched himself lexically and grammatically, he became flexible and receptive as such.
(17) Due to the fact that the literary language was created from the combination of Old Bulgarian with the folk colloquial, business, legal, "literary" language, many synonyms were created in it with their shades of meaning and emotional expressiveness.
(18) The “internal forces” of the people affected the language - its tendency to emotionality, the variety of characters and types of attitude to the world in it. (19) If it is true that the national character of the people is reflected in the language of the people (and this is certainly true), then the national character of the Russian people is extremely internally diverse, rich, and contradictory. (20) And all this should have been reflected in the language.
(21) It is clear that the language does not develop alone, but it has a language memory.
(22) It is facilitated by the existence of thousands of years of literature, writing.
(23) And here there are so many genres, types of literary language, such a variety of literary experience! (24) But poetry develops language most of all. (25) This is why the prose of poets is so significant.
(26) Yes, a language needs its history, you need to understand at least a little the history of words and expressions, know idiomatic expressions, know sayings and proverbs. (27) There must be a background of folklore and dialects, a background of literature and poetry. (28) The language, cut off from the history of the people, will become sand in the mouth.
(According to D.S. Likhachev)
Show full text
In the text of D.S. Likhachev raises the problem of the relationship between the history of the people and the development of the language.
Revealing it, the author says that the Russian language "has developed over more than a millennium." Thanks to the ties of our state with neighboring fraternal peoples, it absorbed many other languages, united with them, thereby "enriching itself lexically and grammatically." For this reason, the Russian language has become unusually "diverse, rich, contradictory", filled with "many synonyms", each of which conveys different emotions and feelings.
Since ancient times, chronicle writing has been widespread in Russia. Chronicles are one of the main written sources on the history of the Russian state. The legends tell about important events, wars, discoveries. One such legendary chronicle is The Tale of Bygone Years. Written in the 12th century by the monk Nestor, it is a true masterpiece of literature. Thanks to this work, valuable information about the development of the Old Russian language has come down to us. Researchers are still studying the chronicle with interest, which reflects many of its features that affected the future
Criteria
- 1 of 1 K1 Statement of source text problems
- 3 of 3 K2
The greatest value of a nation is its language, the language in which it writes, speaks, and thinks. Thinks! This must be understood thoroughly, in all the ambiguity and significance of this fact. After all, this means that the entire conscious life of a person passes through his native language. Emotions, sensations - only color what we think, or push the thought in some way, but our thoughts are all formulated by language.
The surest way to know a person - his mental development, his moral character, his character - is to listen to how he speaks.
If we notice a person's manner of holding himself, his gait, his behavior and judge a person by them, sometimes, however, erroneously, then a person's language is a much more accurate indicator of his human qualities, his culture.
So, there is the language of the people, as an indicator of its culture, and the language of an individual, as an indicator of his personal qualities, the qualities of a person who uses the language of the people.
Much has been written about the Russian language as the language of the people. It is one of the most perfect languages in the world, a language that has developed over more than a millennium, giving rise to the best literature and poetry in the world in the 19th century. Turgenev spoke about the Russian language - "... one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!".
From the very beginning, the Russian language found itself in a happy position - from the moment of its existence in the bowels of a single East Slavic language, the language of Ancient Russia.
1. The ancient Russian people, from which Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians later emerged, inhabited vast expanses with different natural conditions, different economies, different cultural heritage and different degrees of social advancement. And since communication, even in these ancient centuries, was very intense, then by virtue of this variety of living conditions, the language was rich - in vocabulary in the first place.
2. Already the Old Russian language (the language of Ancient Russia) joined the wealth of other languages - first of all literary Old Bulgarian, then Greek (through Old Bulgarian and in direct relations), Scandinavian, Turkic, Finno-Ugric, West Slavic, etc. It not only enriched itself lexically and grammatically, he became flexible and receptive as such.
3. Due to the fact that the literary language was created from the combination of Old Bulgarian with the folk colloquial, business, legal, "literary" language of folklore (the language of folklore is also not just colloquial), many synonyms were created in it with their shades of meaning and emotional expressiveness.
4. The “internal forces” of the people affected the language - its tendency to emotionality, the diversity of its characters and types of attitude to the world. If it is true that the language of a people reflects its national character (and this is certainly true), then the national character of the Russian people is extremely internally diverse, rich, and contradictory. And all this should be reflected in the language.
It is clear that language does not develop alone, but it has a language memory. It is facilitated by the existence of thousands of years of literature, writing. And here there are so many genres, types of literary language, a variety of literary experience! But most of all language develops poetry. That is why the prose of poets is so significant.
Yes, a language needs its history, you need to understand at least a little the history of words and expressions, know idiomatic expressions, know sayings and proverbs. There should be a background of folklore and dialects, a background of literature and poetry. A language cut off from the history of a people will become sand in the mouth.
(According to D.S. Likhachev)
Show full text
The Russian language takes its origins from ancient times. Throughout its more than a thousand years of history, it is constantly evolving. The focus of the publicist D.S. Likhachev is the problem of the relationship between the language and culture of the people.
In his In the text, the author tells us about the development of the Russian language. D.S. Likhachev notes that our language has absorbed the culture of the ancient Russian peoples, "enriched lexically and grammatically." The writer also believes that our speech accumulates the literary experience of generations, is a reflection of the Russian character, which is "extremely internally diverse, rich, contradictory."
D.S. LIHACHEV
The greatest value of a nation is its language, the language in which it writes, speaks, and thinks. Thinks! This must be understood thoroughly, in all the ambiguity and significance of this fact. After all, this means that the entire conscious life of a person passes through his native language. Emotions, sensations - only color what we think, or push the thought in some way, but our thoughts are all formulated by language.
The surest way to know a person - his mental development, his moral character, his character - is to listen to how he speaks.
If we notice a person's manner of holding himself, his gait, his behavior and judge a person by them, sometimes, however, erroneously, then a person's language is a much more accurate indicator of his human qualities, his culture.
So, there is the language of the people, as an indicator of its culture, and the language of an individual, as an indicator of his personal qualities, the qualities of a person who uses the language of the people.
I want to write not about the Russian language in general, but about how this or that person uses this language.
Much has been written about the Russian language as the language of the people. It is one of the most perfect languages in the world, a language that has developed over more than a millennium, giving rise to the best literature and poetry in the world in the 19th century. Turgenev spoke about the Russian language - "... one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!".
But it also happens that a person does not speak, but "spits words." For every common concept, he has not ordinary words, but slang expressions. When such a person speaks with his spitting words, he reveals his cynical nature.
From the very beginning, the Russian language found itself in a happy position - from the moment of its existence in the bowels of a single East Slavic language, the language of Ancient Russia.
1. The ancient Russian people, from which Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians later emerged, inhabited vast expanses with different natural conditions, different economies, different cultural heritage and different degrees of social advancement. And since communication, even in these ancient centuries, was very intense, then by virtue of this variety of living conditions, the language was rich - in vocabulary in the first place.
2. Already the Old Russian language (the language of Ancient Russia) joined the wealth of other languages - first of all literary Old Bulgarian, then Greek (through Old Bulgarian and in direct relations), Scandinavian, Turkic, Finno-Ugric, West Slavic, etc. It not only enriched itself lexically and grammatically, he became flexible and receptive as such.
3. Due to the fact that the literary language was created from the combination of Old Bulgarian with the folk colloquial, business, legal, "literary" language of folklore (the language of folklore is also not just colloquial), many synonyms were created in it with their shades of meaning and emotional expressiveness.
4. The “internal forces” of the people affected the language - its tendency to emotionality, the diversity of its characters and types of attitude to the world. If it is true that the language of a people reflects its national character (and this is certainly true), then the national character of the Russian people is extremely internally diverse, rich, and contradictory. And all this should be reflected in the language.
5. Already from the foregoing it is clear that language does not develop alone, but it also has linguistic memory. It is facilitated by the existence of thousands of years of literature and writing. And here there are so many genres, types of literary language, a variety of literary experience: chronicles (by no means uniform in nature), "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", "Daniil the Zatochnik's Prayer", the sermons of Cyril Turovsky, "Kiev-Pechersk Patericon" with its charm "simplicity and fiction", and then - the writings of Ivan the Terrible, various works about the Time of Troubles, the first records of folklore and ... Simeon of Polotsk, and at the opposite end from Simeon - Archpriest Avvakum. In the 18th century, Lomonosov, Derzhavin, Fonvizin, - further Krylov, Karamzin, Zhukovsky and ... Pushkin. I will not list all the writers of the 19th and early 20th centuries, I will pay attention only to such virtuosos of the language as Leskov and Bunin. All of them are extremely different. It's like they write in different languages. But most of all language develops poetry. That is why the prose of poets is so significant.<...>
What was the Church Slavonic language in Russia? It was not a literary language universal for our written language. The language of so many literary works is simply far from Church Slavonic: the language of chronicles, the amazing language of Russkaya Pravda, The Tale of Igor's Campaign, The Prayer of Daniel the Sharpener, not to mention the language of Avvakum. The Church Slavonic language, transferred to Russia from Bulgaria not only through books, but also orally through worship, immediately became in Russia a kind of indicator of the spiritual value of what was said and written in it. Bulgaria gave the Eastern Slavs the highest layer of the language, the "pole of spirituality", which greatly enriched our language, gave our language moral strength, the ability to elevate thought, concepts, ideas. This is the language in which the highest thoughts were trusted, in which they prayed, in which solemn words were written. All the time he was “next to” the Russian people, enriching them spiritually.
Then prayer was replaced by poetry. Remembering the prayerful past of our poetry, we should preserve its language and its "high spirit".
The text is abbreviated according to the book: Likhachev D. “Notes and observations: From notebooks of different years”, - L .: Sov. writer, 1989, p. 410-436.
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