Ananiev Boris Gerasimovich (1907-1972)

Boris Gerasimovich Ananiev was born on August 1, 1907 in Vladikavkaz. After graduating from high school, he entered the Gorsky Pedagogical Institute. At that time, an associate professor of pedology R.I. Cheranovsky, who in 1925 organized an office of pedology. A number of students who were interested in the problems of psychology and pedagogy were admitted to scientific work in this office. Among them was Boris Ananyin, who eventually became an assistant to R.I. Cheranovsky. In this office, studies were carried out on the mental giftedness of children, their psychological characteristics at different ages. Ananiev's diploma work, carried out under the supervision of Cheranovsky, also touched upon similar problems. It was devoted to the study of the evolution of worldview and attitude in adolescence.

In September 1927, Boris Gerasimovich Ananiev was sent for an internship at the Leningrad Institute of the Brain, and in 1928, after completing his studies in Vladikavkaz, he finally moved to Leningrad. The main problems that occupied him at that time were the problems of classifying the sciences and methods of psychology, questions of the formation of the psyche. At the same time, the young scientist advocated the acceptance and use of the theoretical conclusions of all scientific schools, and advocated the establishment of a principled and friendly atmosphere in science. Trying to enter the graduate school of the Institute of the Brain, Ananiev read at one of the conferences his report on the social usefulness of a musician (from a psychophysical point of view). The report was devoted to music, its power over the listeners and the performer's responsibility to them. Ananiev also cited a large amount of experimental data confirming the theory, compared the effects of music with hypnosis. In March 1929 he was admitted to the graduate school of the Institute of the Brain. In the early 30s. 20th century he became the head of the laboratory of the psychology of education, at the same time he organized a psychological service in one of the schools in Leningrad. In his laboratory, studies of the characters of schoolchildren were carried out, in which many teachers of Leningrad were involved. Based on these studies and the empirical data obtained, Boris Gerasimovich Ananiev wrote his first monograph, The Psychology of Pedagogical Assessment, which was published in 1935.

In 1936, research in the field of pedology was banned, A.A. Talankin, head of the psychology sector at the Institute of the Brain, was arrested and convicted, and a year later Boris Gerasimovich Ananiev was elected to his post. In the same 1937, he became a candidate of pedagogical sciences.

Because of the ban on pedology, he had to look for a new field of activity for himself. One of the areas of his research was the psychology of sensory reflection. He wrote in this vein several articles, the main idea of ​​which was the hypothesis of the genesis of sensitivity. In his opinion, from the very beginning of individual human development, sensitivity acts as a function of the whole organism, and sensory processes play a significant role in this development. In addition, he turned to the history of Russian psychology, trying to express his own attitude to this subject. According to the scientist, it is necessary to rely on the history of science in order to move forward. He considered the experience of his predecessors necessary for the further development of his own views.

In 1939 B.G. Ananiev defended his doctoral dissertation on the history of psychology. When Leningrad was under blockade during the war, the entire Brain Institute was evacuated. Ananiev ended up in Kazan, and then in Tbilisi, where he worked, like many psychologists of that time, in the psychopathological office of the hospital. He observed patients who had suffered severe shock, and was engaged in the restoration of their speech function, lost as a result of a combat wound. In 1943, Boris Gerasimovich Ananiev returned to Leningrad, where he headed the department of psychology formed at the Leningrad State University. He himself picked up most of the teaching staff of the department, organized the work of the psychological department of the Faculty of Philosophy. At this time, he published a large number of works that dealt with the study of touch and other types of sensitivity, the psychology of speech, and some problems in child psychology. Ananiev also continued to study the history of psychology and the psychology of personality. And in 1947 he published the monograph "Essays on the History of Russian Psychology in the 18th-19th Centuries." In some articles, his idea was clearly visible about the connection between the formation of character and the knowledge of a person by a person, about some regularities in the formation of human self-consciousness.

At the turn of the 1940-1950s. Ananiev turns to the study of a new direction, the empirical foundations of which were laid in his work at the Institute of the Brain. The scientist began to study the bilaterality of the brain and its functions.

In 1957, at a solemn meeting dedicated to the anniversary of Boris Gerasimovich Ananiev, the scientist made a speech in which he substantiated the need for comprehensive human studies, synthesizing all existing anthropological knowledge. He expressed the same thought in the articles "Man as a General Problem of Modern Science" and "On the System of Developmental Psychology" published in the same year. However, this idea was not accepted by psychologists at that time.

The active work of the scientist was suspended by illness: in November 1959, Ananiev suffered a heart attack. In the next decade of his life, Boris Gerasimovich was engaged exclusively in scientific and journalistic activities, in 1962-1966. he wrote a series of articles. In them, he tried to realize the idea that he had earlier, summarized all the studies of his predecessors, as well as his own, substantiating an integrated approach to the study of man. He was greatly influenced by the experience of his predecessors, primarily V.M. Bekhterev.

At the same time, Boris Gerasimovich Ananiev began work on the book "Man as an Object of Knowledge". To this end, various studies began to be carried out in his laboratory.

In 1966, the Faculty of Psychology was founded at Leningrad University, which included the departments of general psychology, pedagogy and educational psychology, ergonomics and engineering psychology. A year later, Boris Gerasimovich became the dean of this faculty.

In the early 1970s Ananiev conceived a collective book "Man as a subject of education", but he failed to fulfill his plan. He died of a heart attack on May 18, 1972.

In addition, Boris Gerasimovich did a lot for the further development of psychological science in the country, the education of psychologists. Like other great scientists, he was not fully understood by his contemporaries, but later his scientific legacy was appreciated.

Bekhterev Vladimir Mikhailovich (1857-1927)

Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev, a famous Russian neurologist, neuropathologist, psychologist, psychiatrist, morphologist and physiologist of the nervous system, was born on January 20, 1857 in the village of Sorali, Yelabuga district, Vyatka province, in the family of a petty civil servant.

In August 1867, he began classes at the Vyatka gymnasium, and since Bekhterev decided in his youth to devote his life to neuropathology and psychiatry, after finishing seven classes of the gymnasium in 1873, he entered the Medico-Surgical Academy.

In 1878 he graduated from the Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg, was left for further education at the Department of Psychiatry under I.P. Merezhsky.

In 1879, Bekhterev was accepted as a full member of the St. Petersburg Society of Psychiatrists. On April 4, 1881, Bekhterev successfully defended his doctoral dissertation in medicine on the topic “The experience of a clinical study of body temperature in certain forms of mental illness” and received the academic title of Privatdozent.

In 1884, Bekhterev went on a business trip abroad, where he studied with such well-known European psychologists as Dubois-Reymond, Wundt, Flexig and Charcot. After returning from a business trip, Bekhterev begins to give a course of lectures on the diagnosis of nervous diseases to fifth-year students of Kazan University. Since 1884, a professor at the Kazan University at the Department of Mental Diseases, Bekhterev provided the teaching of this subject with the establishment of a clinical department in the Kazan district hospital and a psychophysiological laboratory at the university; founded the Society of Neurologists and Psychiatrists, founded the journal "Neurological Bulletin" and published a number of his works, as well as those of his students in various departments of neuropathology and anatomy of the nervous system.

In 1883, Bekhterev was awarded the silver medal of the Society of Russian Doctors for his article "On Forced and Violent Movements in the Destruction of Some Parts of the Central Nervous System." In this article, Bekhterev drew attention to the fact that nervous diseases can often be accompanied by mental disorders, and with mental illness, signs of organic damage to the central nervous system are also possible.

In the same year he was elected a member of the Italian Society of Psychiatrists. His most famous article "Stiffness of the spine with its curvature as a special form of the disease" was published in the capital's journal "Doctor" in 1892.

Since 1893, Bekhterev received an invitation from the head of the St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy to take the chair of mental and nervous diseases. Bekhterev arrived in St. Petersburg and began to create the first neurosurgical operating room in Russia. In the laboratories of the clinic, Bekhterev, together with his staff and students, continued numerous studies on the morphology and physiology of the nervous system. This allowed him to complete the materials on neuromorphology and begin work on the fundamental seven-volume work Fundamentals of the Teaching of Brain Functions.

In 1894, Bekhterev was appointed a member of the medical council of the Ministry of the Interior, and in 1895 he became a member of the Military Medical Academic Council under the Minister of War and at the same time a member of the council of the mentally ill. In November 1900, the two-volume "Conducting Pathways of the Spinal Cord and Brain" was nominated by the Russian Academy of Sciences for the Academician K.M. Baer.

Open any newspaper or magazine and you will find the terms proposed by Sigmund Freud. Sublimation, projection, transference, defenses, complexes, neuroses, hysterias, stresses, psychological traumas and crises, etc. - all these words have firmly entered our lives. And the books of Freud and other prominent psychologists also firmly entered it. We offer you a list of the best - those that have changed our reality. Save yourself so you don't lose!

Eric Berne is the author of the famous concept of scenario programming and game theory. They are based on transactional analysis, which is now being studied all over the world. Bern believes that every person's life is programmed up to the age of five, and then we all play games with each other using three roles: Adult, Parent and Child. Read more about this world-famous concept in the review of Bern's bestseller " ", presented in the Library "Main Thought".

Edward de Bono, a British psychologist, developed a method for teaching effective thinking. The six hats are six different ways of thinking. De Bono suggests "trying on" each headgear to learn how to think in different ways depending on the situation. The red hat is emotion, the black hat is criticism, the yellow hat is optimism, the green hat is creativity, the blue hat is mind control, and the white hat is facts and figures. you can read in the Library "Main Thought".

1. Alfred Adler. Understand human nature

Alfred Adler is one of the most famous students of Sigmund Freud. He created his own concept of individual (or individual) psychology. Adler wrote that a person's actions are influenced not only by the past (as Freud taught), but also by the future, or rather the goal that a person wants to achieve in the future. And based on this goal, he transforms his past and present. In other words, only knowing the goal, we can understand why a person acted this way and not otherwise. Take, for example, the image with the theater: only by the last act do we understand the actions of the characters that they performed in the first act. You can read about the universal law of personality development proposed by Adler in the article: "".

MD, psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Norman Doidge devoted his research to brain plasticity. In his main work, he makes a revolutionary statement: our brain is able to change its own structure and work due to the thoughts and actions of a person. Doidge talks about the latest discoveries that prove that the human brain is plastic, which means it can change itself. The book features stories of scientists, doctors, and patients who have achieved amazing transformations. Those who had serious problems managed to cure brain diseases that were considered incurable without surgery and pills. Well, those who did not have any special problems were able to significantly improve the functioning of their brain. More details provided in the Main Thought Library.

Susan Weinshenk is a well-known American psychologist specializing in behavioral psychology. She is called "The Brain Lady" as she studies the latest advances in neuroscience and the human brain and applies her knowledge to business and everyday life. Susan talks about the basic laws of the psyche. In her bestselling book, she identifies 7 main motivators of human behavior that affect our lives. More about this in the review of the book "", presented in the Library "Main Thought".

1. Eric Erickson. Childhood and society

Erik Erikson is an outstanding psychologist who detailed and supplemented the famous age periodization of Sigmund Freud. The periodization of human life proposed by Erickson consists of 8 stages, each of which ends with a crisis. This crisis a person must go through correctly. If it does not pass, then it (the crisis) is added to the load in the next period. You can read about important age periods in the life of adults in the article: "".

The famous book of the famous American psychologist Robert Cialdini. It has become a classic in social psychology. "" is recommended by the best scientists in the world as a guide to interpersonal relationships and conflict resolution. An overview of this book is available in the Main Thought Library.

1. Hans Eysenck. Personality measurements

Hans Eysenck is a British psychologist, one of the leaders of the biological direction in psychology, the creator of the factor theory of personality. He is best known as the author of the popular IQ test.

Psychologist Daniel Goleman completely changed the way we think about leadership when he said that for a leader, “emotional intelligence” (EQ) is more important than IQ. Emotional intelligence (EQ) is the ability to identify and understand emotions, both one's own and those of others, and the ability to use this knowledge to manage one's behavior and relationships with people. A leader without emotional intelligence may be highly trained, sharp-witted, and endlessly generating new ideas, but he will still lose out to a leader who can manage emotions. Why this happens, you can read in the review of Goleman's book "", presented in the Library "Main Thought".

The famous sociologist Malcolm Gladwell presented a number of interesting studies on intuition. He is sure that each of us has intuition, and it is worth listening to it. Our unconscious, without our participation, processes huge amounts of data and gives out the most correct decision on a silver platter, which we just have to not miss and use properly for ourselves. However, intuition is easily frightened by the lack of time to make a decision, the state of stress, as well as the attempt to describe in words your thoughts and actions. An overview of Gladwell's bestseller "" is in the Big Thought Library.

1. Viktor Frankl. Will to Meaning

Viktor Frankl is a world-famous Austrian psychologist and psychiatrist, student of Alfred Adler and founder of logotherapy. Logotherapy (from the Greek "Logos" - the word and "terapia" - care, care, treatment) is a direction in psychotherapy that arose on the basis of the conclusions that Frankl made while being a concentration camp prisoner. This is a therapy for finding meaning, this is the way that helps a person find meaning in any circumstances of his life, including such extreme ones as suffering. And here it is very important to understand the following: in order to find this meaning, Frankl proposes to investigate no depth of personality(according to Freud) and her height. That's a very big difference in accent. Before Frankl, psychologists mainly tried to help people by exploring the depths of their subconscious, and Frankl insists on the full disclosure of a person's potential, on exploring his heights. Thus, he places emphasis, figuratively speaking, on the spire of the building (height), and not on its basement (depths).

1. Sigmund Freud. Dream interpretation

1. Anna Freud. Psychology Self and defense mechanisms

Anna Freud is the youngest daughter of the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud. She founded a new direction in psychology - ego psychology. Her main scientific merit is the development of the theory of human defense mechanisms. Anna also made significant progress in studying the nature of aggression, but still her most significant contribution to psychology was the creation of child psychology and child psychoanalysis.

1. Nancy McWilliams. Psychoanalytic diagnostics

This book is the bible of modern psychoanalysis. American psychoanalyst Nancy McWilliams writes that we are all irrational to some extent, which means that for each person it is necessary to answer two basic questions: “How crazy?” and “What exactly is psycho?” The first question can be answered by three levels of the work of the psyche (details in the article: ""), and the second - by types of character (narcissistic, schizoid, depressive, paranoid, hysterical, etc.), studied in detail by Nancy McWilliams and described in the book " Psychoanalytic Diagnosis".

1. Carl Jung. Archetype and symbol

Carl Jung is the second famous student of Sigmund Freud (we have already talked about Alfred Adler). Jung believed that the unconscious is not only the lowest in a person, but also the highest, for example, creativity. The unconscious thinks in symbols. Jung introduces the concept of the collective unconscious, with which a person is born, it is the same for everyone. When a person is born, he is already filled with ancient images, archetypes. They pass from generation to generation. Archetypes affect everything that happens to a person.

1. Abraham Maslow. The far reaches of the human psyche

Martin Seligman is an outstanding American psychologist, the founder of positive psychology. He became world famous for his studies of the phenomenon of learned helplessness, that is, passivity in the face of allegedly irremovable troubles. Seligman proved that the basis of helplessness and its extreme manifestation - depression - is pessimism. The psychologist introduces us to two of his main concepts: the theory of learned helplessness and the concept of explanatory style. They are closely related. The first explains why we become pessimists, and the second explains how to change the way we think so that we turn from a pessimist into an optimist. An overview of Seligman's book "" is presented in the Main Thought Library.