Multiple factors in the historical development of Russia, including princely strife, economic changes, a new way of land ownership, led to the beginning of feudal fragmentation. This long period left an indelible imprint on the future development of the entire state and society. But one cannot deny some facts of the positive impact of the fragmentation of territories. The independent and uneven development of the old urban centers has led to many cultural and foreign policy achievements.

Causes:

1) The decline of the Kyiv principality (the loss of a central position, the movement of world trade routes away from Kyiv).

Was associated with the loss of the significance of the trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks"

Ancient Russia is losing its role as a participant and mediator in trade relations between the Byzantine, Western European and Eastern worlds.

2) land is the main value.

Land is the main means of payment for service.

3) One of the reasons for the beginning of feudal fragmentation in Russia was a significant increase in the country's productive forces.

4) The most important sign of feudal fragmentation of the XII-XIII centuries. was subsistence farming.

5) Strengthening of local princes.

6) The boyars turn into feudal landowners, for whom the income received from the estates becomes. main means of subsistence.

7) Weakening of defense capability.

8) The weakening of Kyiv and the movement of centers to the outskirts was caused by the pressure of the steppe nomads.

Effects:

1. strengthening of local princes.
2. the boyars turn into feudal landowners, for whom the income received from the estates becomes the main means of subsistence.
3. weakening of the defense.

Zuev: strengthening ties with Northern Russia.

Characteristics:

2nd half of the XII - XIV centuries. - period

1. state fragmentation of ancient Russia
2. specific principalities
3. formation of Russian feudalism

The legalization of the principle of feudal fragmentation was fixed: by the Lubeck princely congress of 1097, “each one keeps his fatherland”

The Significance of the Age of Fragmentation

The period of feudal fragmentation is a natural stage in the development of any medieval society. In Russia, it coincided with the activation of the nomadic tribes neighboring Russia and the Mongol-Tatar invasion. The internecine struggle of dozens of princes for a great reign and the factor of dependence on the Horde slowed down the process of unification of Russian lands. Also, unlike similar processes in France, England or Spain, two centers of land unification were formed in Russia: in the northeast and in the northwest. Accordingly, already in the 15th century, two great principalities claimed the heritage of Kievan Rus: Moscow and Lithuania.

The combination of external and internal factors led to the fact that the era of feudal fragmentation in Russia lasted longer than in France, Hungary or England. On the other hand, after the weakening of the Horde yoke, the enlargement of the principalities accelerated. Under Ivan III the Great, fragmentation was virtually eliminated, and a hundred years later the remnants of the appanage system in the centralized Russian state disappeared.

Feudal fragmentation in Russia was from the beginning of the XII to the end of the XY centuries. (350 years).

Economic reasons:

1. Successes of agriculture

2. The growth of cities as centers of crafts and trade, as centers of individual territories. Craft development. More than 60 craft specialties. 3. Subsistence economy dominated.

Political reasons:

1. The desire to transfer wealth to the son. "Fatherland" - the legacy of the father.

2. As a result of the process of "settlement of the squad on the ground", the military elite turns into landowners-boyars (feudal lords) and strives for the expansion of feudal land ownership and for independence.

3. Immunities are formed. The Kyiv prince transfers a number of rights to the vassals: the right to judge, the right to collect taxes.

4. Tribute turns into a feud. rent. Tribute - to the prince for protection, rent - to the owner of the land.

5. The feudal lords create a squad on the ground, their own apparatus of power.

6. There is an increase in the power of the department. feudal lords and they do not want to obey Kyiv.

7. K ser. XII century. loses its value of the trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” -> “amber route”.

8. The principality of Kiev itself fell into decay due to the raids of the nomadic Polovtsians.

V. Monomakh (1113-1125) slowed down the process of disintegration of the country a little. He was the grandson of the Byzantine emperor Constantine Monomakh. V. Monomakh became a prince at the age of 60. His son Mstislav the Great (1125-1132) managed to continue his father's policy and maintain what had been achieved. But immediately after his death, the division of Russia begins. At the beginning of the feud. fragmentation, there were 15 large and small principalities, and in the beginning. 19th century already was the peak of the feud. fragmentation - » 250 principalities. There were 3 centers: Vladimir-Suzdal kn-in, Galicia-Volyn kn-in and Novgorod feud. republic.

№ 8 Feudal fragmentation in Russia: causes, essence, stages and consequences.

Positive: along with Kyiv, new centers of crafts and trade appeared, increasingly independent of the capital of the Russian state, old cities developed, large and strong principalities formed, strong princely dynasties were created in large Russian principalities, a tradition of transferring power from father to son was taking shape, there was a stormy the growth of cities, there was a steady development of the peasant economy, new arable land and forest land were developed. Wonderful cultural monuments were created there. The Russian Orthodox Church was gaining strength there. Negative (which, unfortunately, are more tangible than positive): the state became vulnerable, since not all the principalities that formed were on good terms with each other, and there was no unity that later saved the country more than once, constant bloody civil strife weakened the military and the economic power of the country, Kyiv - the former capital of the Old Russian state - lost its power sung in legends and epics and itself became the cause of contention, many princes sought to take the grand prince's table in Kyiv. Power in the city often changed - some princes were expelled, others died in battles, others left, unable to resist new applicants. What about the reasons ... Formal: the Polovtsian danger significantly reduced the attractiveness of the trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks." The centers through which trade relations between Europe and the East were carried out, thanks to the Crusades, are gradually moving to Southern Europe and the Mediterranean, and the rapidly growing northern Italian cities, the pressure of the steppe nomads, establish control over this trade. Genuine: political prerequisites: endless inter-princely feuds and a long-term fierce internecine struggle among the Rurikovichs, the strengthening of local princes, the boyars turn into feudal landowners, for whom the income received from the estates becomes the main means of subsistence. And one more thing: the decline of the Kyiv principality (the loss of a central position, the movement of world trade routes away from Kyiv), was associated with the loss of the significance of the trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks", Ancient Russia is losing the role of a participant and mediator in trade relations between Byzantine, Western European and Eastern the world.

№ 9 Vladimir-Suzdal and Galicia-Volyn principalities. Novgorod boyar republic. A. Nevsky.

On the way to feudal fragmentation . From the 11th century Kievan Rus, just like Western Europe, begins to experience a period of feudal fragmentation. The disintegration of Russia into specific principalities begins during the life of Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054) and intensifies after his death. This process is somewhat suspended under the grandson of Yaroslav the Wise - Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh (1113-1125). By the power of his authority, he kept the unity of Russia. On his initiative, in 1097, a congress of Russian princes was held in the city of Lyubech. It made two important decisions. First, to stop the princely strife. Secondly, to adhere to the principle "Let everyone keep his fatherland." Thus, the fragmentation of the Russian lands was actually legalized. In this situation, Kyiv was losing its former leading role, but at the same time remained a capital city. The Kievan state, one of the most powerful, richest and most brilliant in its culture in all of medieval Europe, was rapidly going to ruin due to internal feudal strife, weakened by the constant struggle with the steppe. The princes strengthened their personal feudal power, sacrificing the unity of their Fatherland. The Kievan state was in decline. After the death of Vladimir Monomakh, Russia existed for some time as a single state. The son of Monomakh - Mstislav the Great (1125-1132) inherited from his father the title of Grand Duke of Kyiv. Mstislav Vladimirovich had the same strong character as his father. His short reign was marked by great military victories. Under his command, the Polovtsian hordes were defeated on the southern borders of the state. His campaigns against the Chud and the Lithuanian tribes living on the northwestern borders of Russia ended in victory. He established order by force over the vast Russian land and enjoyed unquestioned authority among all the specific princes. Mstislav the Great died in 1132, and Russia finally breaks up into separate destinies or principalities, each with its own table.

Time since the beginning of the XII century. until the end of the fifteenth century. called a period feudal fragmentation or specific period. On the basis of Kievan Rus by the middle of the XII century. formed about 15 lands and principalities, by the beginning of the XIII century. - 50, in the XIV century. - 250. In each of the principalities, their own dynasty of Rurikovich ruled. Causes of feudal fragmentation. Modern researchers understand feudal fragmentation as the period of the XII - XV centuries. in the history of our country, when from several dozen to several hundred large states were formed and functioned on the territory of Kievan Rus. Feudal fragmentation was a natural result of the previous political and economic development of society, the so-called period of the early feudal monarchy. There are four most significant reasons for the feudal fragmentation of the Old Russian state. The main reason was political. The vast expanses of the East European Plain, numerous tribes of both Slavic and non-Slavic origin, which are at different stages of development - all this contributed to the decentralization of the state. Over time, the specific princes, as well as the local feudal nobility in the person of the boyars, began to undermine the foundation under the state building with their independent separatist actions. Only strong power, concentrated in the hands of one person, the prince, could keep the state organism from disintegration. And the great Kyiv prince could no longer fully control the policy of local princes from the center, more and more princes left from under his authority, and in the 30s. 12th century he controlled only the territory around Kyiv. The specific princes, having felt the weakness of the center, now did not want to share their income with the center, and the local boyars actively supported them in this. In addition, the local boyars needed strong and independent local princes, which also contributed to the creation of their own state structure and the withering away of the institution of central power. Thus, acting in selfish interests, the local nobility neglected the unity and power of Russia. The next reason for feudal fragmentation was social. By the beginning of the XII century. the social structure of ancient Russian society became more complex: large boyars, clergy, merchants, artisans, and urban lower classes appeared. These were new, actively developing segments of the population. Moreover, it was born nobility, who served the prince in exchange for a land grant. His social activity was very high. In each center, behind the specific princes, there was an impressive force in the person of the boyars with their vassals , the rich top of the cities, church hierarchs. The increasingly complex social structure of society also contributed to the isolation of the lands.

The economic reason also played a significant role in the collapse of the state. Within the framework of a single state, independent economic regions have developed over three centuries, new cities have grown, large patrimonial possessions of the boyars, monasteries and churches have arisen. The natural character of the economy gave the rulers of each region the opportunity to separate from the center and exist as an independent land or principality. This was largely due to the rapid enrichment of a certain part of the population that controlled this land. Her desire to improve her well-being also led to feudal fragmentation. In the XII century. contributed to feudal fragmentation and foreign policy situation. Russia during this period did not have serious opponents, since the great princes of Kyiv did a lot to ensure the security of their borders. A little less than a century will pass, and Russia will face a formidable enemy in the person of the Mongols - Tatars, but the process of the collapse of Russia by this time will have gone too far, there will be no one to organize the resistance of the Russian lands. It is necessary to note an important feature of the period of feudal fragmentation in Russia. All major Western European states experienced a period of feudal fragmentation, but in Western Europe the economy was the engine of fragmentation. In Russia, in the process of feudal fragmentation, the political component was dominant. In order to receive material benefits, the local nobility - the princes and the boyars - needed to gain political independence and gain a foothold in their inheritance, to achieve sovereignty. The main force of the disunity process in Russia was the boyars.

At first, feudal fragmentation contributed to the rise of agriculture in all Russian lands, the flourishing of handicrafts, the growth of cities, and the rapid development of trade. But over time, constant strife between the princes began to deplete the strength of the Russian lands, weaken their defenses in the face of external danger. Disunity and constant enmity with each other led to the disappearance of many principalities, but most importantly, they caused extraordinary hardships for the people during the period of the Mongol-Tatar invasion.

Of the states that developed on the territory of Ancient Russia, the largest and most significant were Galicia-Volyn, Vladimir-Suzdal principality and Novgorod boyar republic. It was they who became the political heirs of Kievan Rus, i.e. were the centers of gravity of all Russian life. Each of these lands developed its own original political tradition, had its own political destiny. Each of these lands in the future had the opportunity to become the center of the unification of all Russian lands.

№ 10 Cultural development of medieval Russia (X-XVI centuries).

Ancient Russian wisdom, as the initial stage in the development of Russian thought, has a number of distinctive features as an integral cultural and historical phenomenon. On the one hand, she accepted some elements of the East Slavic pagan worldview, multicomponent in its composition, since the ancient Russian people was formed with the participation of the Ugro-Finnish, Baltic, Turkic, Norman, Iranian ethnic groups. According to written, archaeological, ethnographic sources, specialists (B.A. Rybakov, N.N. Veletskaya, M.V. Popovich) are trying to reconstruct the pre-Christian picture of the world and the model of being.

On the other hand, after the adoption of Christianity as the official ideology and the displacement of the pagan type of worldview to the periphery of consciousness, Russian thought intensively absorbed and creatively processed through Byzantine and South Slavic mediation the theoretical positions, attitudes and concepts of developed Eastern Christian patristics.

From Byzantium, the keeper of the ancient heritage, the most developed country of the early Middle Ages, Russia received many names, images, concepts of the Hellenic civilization fundamental to the entire European culture, but not in its pure, but in a Christianized form and not in full, but in a partial version, since the Greek few people knew the language, and the available translations covered primarily the array of patristic literature. The works of ancient philosophers were known in fragments, according to retellings, collections of the type published in the 13th century. "Bees", often only in name. One of the exceptions is the presence in the Old Russian environment of the work of Epictetus "Enchiridion" translated in the Balkans with comments by Maximus the Confessor. Under the name "Hundreds" it was included in many-sided use as an ascetic instruction to monastics)