Modern schoolchildren begin to study history in the 5th grade. The first topic with which their acquaintance with the wonderful world of the past begins is "Primitive gatherers and hunters". This is an interesting and useful material that allows you to immerse yourself in the world of primitive people and understand the features of life and life.
The oldest people
The most ancient people - primitive gatherers and hunters - appeared on the planet a very long time ago. Researchers believe that this happened more than 2 million years ago. Hot Africa is considered to be the cradle of mankind, it was here that the first remains of Australopithecus and Pithecanthropus, the ancestors of Homo sapiens, were discovered. They looked rude: a flattened nose, a heavy lower jaw, large brow ridges.
Thanks to modern computer modeling, it was possible to reconstruct their approximate appearance from the skull, so the researchers assure that these people looked very much like monkeys. They did not yet have a completely straight gait, they had long upper limbs. However, they were distinguished from monkeys by the ability to make and use tools. These ancient people lived in large groups, which are commonly called ancestral communities, led a semi-sedentary lifestyle, wandering in search of food and stopping for long periods. The main food sources are hunting and gathering.
Hunting and gathering - what is it?
In history, primitive gatherers and hunters played a crucial role, although these methods of obtaining food still did not differ much from representatives of the animal world. So, ancient people collected roots, fruits and seeds of trees, berries, snails, bird eggs. Hunting helped them get meat. However, already in the early stages of human development, our distant ancestors managed to subdue the fire, which was carefully guarded by members of the tribe. They began to cook food on it, which turned out to be much tastier raw. The fire helped keep warm, scared away wild animals and midges.
So, the first differences between primitive hunters and gatherers from animals were:
- use of primitive tools;
- mastery of fire.
And even if our distant ancestors did not yet know how to make fire on their own, but still, its use became the most important step towards the development of civilization.
On the path of evolution
Over time, primitive people - hunters and gatherers - developed, learned how to make fire, mastered the skills of primitive speech, left the territory of sultry Africa and settled in Europe and Asia. New, more advanced tools appeared, people began to make clothes from the skins of dead animals, build houses: dugouts or huts from branches and bones.
The tools were also improved. So, a spear made of wood was replaced by a more powerful version - a weapon with a stone tip, which was tied to the shaft with the help of a vine or plant, this gave the ancient hunter a significant advantage over a wild animal. Then people invented the bow and arrows, which made it possible to kill animals from a long distance, and the use of the harpoon made it possible to enjoy the taste of fish.
The following representatives of the fauna often became prey:
- horses;
- deer;
- wild goats;
- mammoths.
Hunting became collective, people realized that by joint efforts it is easier and safer to get rich prey than acting alone, so they began to drive animals into swamps or ravines and slaughter them.
First communities
In the history lessons in grade 5, primitive gatherers and hunters are studied in their development. So, teachers tell schoolchildren that people gradually became more and more similar to our contemporaries, both in appearance and in the peculiarities of life and life. Mankind is uniting, moving to the next stage after the herd - the tribal community. She was distinguished by several features:
- Having family ties.
- clear internal hierarchy.
- Community of dwelling, food, supplies.
- Joint hunting, gathering and care of offspring.
Often tribal communities came into conflict with each other. Scientists believe that blood feud could also take place, when the whole community avenged the murder of its member.
Distribution of roles
The primitive one was distinguished by the fact that certain duties were assigned to each of its members. At the head was an elder, the oldest and wisest person who was endowed with management functions. It was the elders who kept order, were the keepers of the customs and traditions of the community.
The main function of men was to hunt. Women prepared food, gathered roots and fruits, raised children, sewed clothes and kept the fire going. They enjoyed honor and respect in the community. Often, a tribal community could have a totem - a kind of animal, from which, as ancient people believed, they descended. The totem animal was not hunted, although in some primitive modern tribes it is especially honorable to eat one's "ancestor". Most often, those animals that people observed constantly were used as a totem: wolves, foxes, bison, bears and others.
The birth of art
Primitive art also appears in hunters and gatherers. So, ancient people began to decorate the walls of caves with images of animals that are fantastic in their realism; sometimes anthropomorphic paintings are also found. Sculptures were also made, primarily primitive statues of puffy women, symbolizing motherhood.
Music is born, and ideas about life and death become more complicated, evidence of which is the use of jewelry, tools and weapons during burial as a sign that the deceased was noble and respected.
Features of teaching the topic
The lesson about primitive gatherers and hunters can become interesting for fifth graders and stay in their memory for a long time. But for this, the teacher needs to use various methods and techniques of work. It is best to start with a thoughtful introductory speech, which should justify the purpose and objectives of the lesson, explain why schoolchildren need to know the features of the life and life of primitive hunters and gatherers.
Graphic materials and illustrations, diagrams, maps will be a good help, this will help to visualize the material and facilitate its perception. The most suitable teaching method is problem-search, which gives students the opportunity to independently find the answer to the question posed, show logic and train memory. A good solution would be to offer to solve a crossword puzzle, draw up a diagram, work in pairs or microgroups. A variety of questions should be asked in the lesson, answering which the children will not only retell what they heard or read, but also critically comprehend the material. You can build an activity in the form of an exciting journey to the country of primitive gatherers and hunters.
A good option would be to watch a video on the topic on a large screen with schoolchildren using a projector: this will allow you to immerse yourself in the world of ancient culture and not only learn the material, but also get real pleasure. Boring traditional methods should be abandoned, otherwise there is a risk of permanently depriving students of interest in history.
Verification work
So, the key theme that will open is "Primitive gatherers and hunters." In the 5th grade, it is mandatory to conduct a test that will reveal how well the students have learned the material. The review should include a number of questions:
- What continent became the place of discovery of the first remains of the most ancient people in the history of mankind?
- What is the name of a scientist who is busy excavating?
- Mark a sign that is not related to the tribal community.
The optimal number of answer options is 4. The student needs to find the correct one and circle it.
In addition to the test, it is necessary to give students the opportunity to think. So, the test work may include questions, the answer to which requires a detailed reasoning:
- What was the difference between the ancient man and the animal?
- Why did primitive people begin to pay attention to religious beliefs?
An additional task will be to work with graphic material and contour maps.
Such work will help the teacher to understand how well the material is learned.
Primitive gatherers and hunters played their role in the history of the formation of human civilization. It was these ancient people who first learned to make and use tools and weapons, to act together, and created tribal communities. Therefore, in teaching the topic, it is very important that students realize the significance of this stage in the life of mankind.
Foreword
In the context of the formation of the Ukrainian independent state in historical science, a complex search for methodological foundations for studying the history of Ukraine continues.
The author tried to approach the coverage and characterization of historical events without the ideological bias inherent in the recent past; at the same time, to show these events without propagandistic pathos, which is sometimes already characteristic of today.
The manual also pays attention to state-forming processes. It is no secret to the lodge that Ukraine has not yet received clear signs of a modern civilized country. Almost the only characteristic feature of national development was a deep crisis that engulfed all spheres of life. The main sources of its origin are the absence of a state strategy, conceptual helplessness, and the indistinctness of the political tactics of the state. .
In an effort to convey to students the history of his native people, the author also tried to instill in them a love for our history.
To consolidate the learning material, tests are presented at the end of each topic that go beyond the information provided in the manual. This was done with the aim of a deeper self-study of additional literature by students.
Primitive gatherers, hunters and fishermen
Beginnings of human life in Ukraine
The territory of Ukraine has been inhabited since ancient times, but it, like Europe as a whole, was not included in the zone where the process of humanization of a highly developed ape was going on. About a million years ago, ancient people penetrated the south of Europe, more than 300 thousand years ago they appeared in Transcarpathia and Transnistria, and later in other regions of Ukraine. The natural conditions then differed significantly from the current ones - savannahs with herds of elephants and rhinos, herds of horses; broad-leaved forests (in the valleys of large rivers), where deer, roe deer, and elk found shelter and food; hippopotamuses lived in water bodies. Representatives of predators were saber-toothed tigers and lions, cave bears, wolves, foxes.
Primitive people used tools that were made from the most affordable materials - wood and stone. However, wooden objects (pointed sticks, women, weaving from a vine) do not last long in the ground, while stone is stored much better. Therefore, archaeologists single out the first stage in the development of human society as the Stone Age.
The Stone Age is divided into the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic), Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic) and New Stone Age (Neolithic). Scientists put the degree of development of productive forces and society as the basis for periodization. The Paleolithic is dated from the appearance of man to 11,000 years ago. The Mesolithic lasted about 10 - 8 thousand years ago. Neolithic - 8 - 6 thousand years ago. The Paleolithic, in turn, is divided into early, or old, lower (ended about 150 thousand years ago), middle, or Mousterian (150 - 40 - 35 thousand years ago), late, or upper (35 - 11 thousand years ago) . Some archaeologists indicate other period boundaries, and some scholars include Mousterian before the early period.
The oldest sites on the territory of Ukraine: Layers in the Crimea, Rokosovo, Korolevo in Transcarpathia, Luka-Vrublevetskaya in the Middle Dniester region (Khmelnitsky region), Zhytomyr, Izyumskaya (Kharkiv region), Amvrosievskaya (Donetsk region). More than 30 Early Paleolithic sites are known.
At these sites, the most ancient tools for Ukraine were found. The most primitive tools were made in the following way: a person threw one stone on another that lay on the ground, and then took away those fragments that had sharp edges. At the same time, individual tools were made using the double-sided processing technique. These are hand axes of an almond shape, which were a universal tool of that era. They performed the functions of an ax, a pickaxe, a throwing stone, etc.
The earliest people were engaged in the collection of plant foods (they ate roots, young shoots of plants, berries and other fruits), snails, edible insects, bird eggs, hunted small animals. They often moved from place to place in search of food. Due to the itinerant way of life, the groups of people were not permanent. Many of the scientists characterize this period in the history of mankind as the time of the existence of the primitive human herd.
TO THE INTRODUCTORY LESSON
Task number 1. Fill in the missing words and add to the picture.
1. City number 2 is located in the west of the country.
City number 3 is located in the east of the country.
The region is located in the southwest of the country.
THE LIFE OF THE PRIMARY PEOPLE
1. Primitive gatherers and hunters
Task number 2. Fill in the missing words.
The oldest people lived on earth more than two million years ago.
The most ancient man resembled a monkey in that he had (what - face? Lower jaw? Forehead?) He had a rough face with a wide flattened nose, a heavy lower jaw without a chin, a forehead receding back.
The oldest tools were made of stone.
The most ancient people had two main ways of obtaining food: hunting and gathering.
Task number 3. Fill in the contour map "The oldest people on Earth."
1. Africa;
Task number 4. Answer the questions to the drawing of a contemporary artist.
This picture shows the earliest people. This is evidenced by the fact that they use tools - axes, and are also engaged in hunting, gathering and fishing.
Task number 5. Compose a description of the hunt for a cave bear based on a drawing by a modern artist.
The most ancient hunters lay in wait for the beast at the exit from the cave. The bear looked angry, aggressive, but frightened. The hunters moved away from the entrance and took up stones and spears. They stood on a hill so that it would be more convenient to hit the animal. Hunters sought to kill the bear in order to get food.
Task number 6. Fill in the missing words.
Approximately 40 thousand years ago, man became the same as people of our time. Scientists call him Homo sapiens.
Hunting for fast-running animals and birds became more successful after the invention of the hunting bow and arrow.
Task number 7. Based on the drawings of a modern artist, make a story about the hunt of primitive people for mammoths.
1. Here is the beginning of the story:
“Acting in a coordinated and friendly manner, the hunters drove the herd of mammoths…”
Guess where and why.
… to a deep ravine or possibly a swamp so that the mammoth gets injured and maimed and becomes easier prey.
Why did the hunters set fire to the grass, wave torches, shout loudly? Describe what mammoths looked like.
The hunters set fire to the grass, wave torches and shout loudly to scare the mammoth. Mammoths looked like huge elephants with long yellowish-brown hair and strongly curved tusks.
2. Guess where the mammoth fell into. Is it possible to understand from the drawings that the hunt was dangerous? If yes, then what? For what purposes did primitive people hunt mammoths?
Perhaps the mammoth fell into a deep ravine. From the drawings it can be said that the hunt was dangerous. This is evidenced by the huge size of the mammoth and very simple hunting tools, which were difficult to cope with such a large animal. Primitive people hunted mammoths to get meat, which was necessary for human survival.
Task number 8. Answer the questions.
1. You know that “reasonable people” lived in tribal communities. Why is such a community called tribal?
The community is called "tribal" because close and distant relatives - relatives - became members of the community.
2. What signs of a tribal community does the word "community" express? Why is she called that? What property was common among relatives?
The word "community" expresses that among the most ancient people all property was common. Community from the word "general". Housing, food, firewood, a hearth where a fire burned were common.
3. How can he explain that during the excavations of the primitive sites of "reasonable people" archaeologists find figurines of women?
The fact that primitive people revered women as progenitors and keepers of the hearth, as they were engaged in gathering, preparing food and taking care of children.
Task number 9. Complete the tasks and answer the questions.
1. This is a spear with a stone tip, used to hunt the beast.
2. This is a bone-tipped harpoon, used for catching big fish.
Piercing the prey, the teeth stuck in it, preventing the fish from slipping off the harpoon.
Task number 10. Answer the questions to the drawing of a modern artist "Primitive funeral rite".
This drawing speaks of the belief of primitive people in the existence of a soul in man. A person is buried in a sleeping position because it was believed that the soul also leaves the body of a person during sleep, and when a person dies, the soul leaves the body forever, i.e. man falls asleep forever. People believed that after death a person enters the “land of the dead”, where the same things are needed as during life, so they put the necklace and spear in the grave.
Task number 11. Find the mistakes.
1. The most ancient people did not speak - speech was not yet developed;
2. For a long time, the most ancient people did not wear any clothes, even from animal skins;
3. the most ancient people lived where there were no winters, so it could not snow;
4. the most ancient people did not know fire for a long time, which means they could not bake bread;
5. Dinosaurs died out before primitive people arose.
Task number 12. Solve the crossword "Primitive hunters and gatherers."
1. Africa;
6. Mammoth;
8. Harpoon;
9. Gathering.
Word: Altamira.
CHECK YOURSELF
1. What sources help scientists obtain information about the life of ancient people?
Archaeologists obtain information about the life of the most ancient people during excavations, they find tools, clothes, jewelry, etc. Such studies help to study the way of life of primitive people, their ideas about the world.
2. Do you think it is possible to compare modern and primitive art? Justify your answer.
No, you can't compare. Primitive people had different ideas about the world from ours, the purpose of art was different than today. All works had a magical purpose.
3. Find out on the territories of which modern countries the most ancient people lived (use the Internet when searching for information).
The oldest people originated in East Africa (Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Somalia). Then they spread to the Middle East (Syria, Jordan, Israel, Iraq) and throughout Eurasia (Turkey, Iran, Russia, etc.).
Task number 2. Fill in the missing words
The earliest humans lived on earth two million years ago.
The most ancient man resembled a monkey in that he had (what - face? Lower jaw? Forehead?) He had a rough face with a wide flattened nose, protruding jaws with a sloping chin, a forehead receding, strongly developed superciliary arches.
The main difference between ancient people and animals was that they knew how to make tools.
The oldest tools were digging stick, club, scrapers, axes, stone axes, later they began to make spearheads.
The most ancient people had two main ways of obtaining food: gathering and hunting
Task number 3. Fill in the contour map "The oldest people on Earth"
1. Inscribe the name of the mainland on which the bones and tools of the most ancient people were found by archaeologists
2. Color in the proposed area of the person's ancestral home
3. Circle the most ancient sites of man and his ancestors
Task number 4. Answer the questions to the drawing of our time
Before you is Africa more than two million years ago: a herd of some unknown creatures. Some are looking for food, others anxiously peer into the distance. Who are they? Monkeys - the distant ancestors of man? Or ancient people? The figure itself contains the answer to these questions. Find this answer and explain your thought
These are the oldest people. In the foreground, the most ancient man makes a tool, processing a stone. The ability to make tools, the ability to create, and not just consume, is the main difference between man and animals.
Task number 5. Make a description of the hunt for a cave bear according to the drawing of our time
Where did the hunters lie in wait for the beast? What did he look like? Describe the actions of the hunters. With what goals did they seek to kill the bear?
The hunters lay in wait for the bear at the exit from the cave, where, most likely, the beast's lair is located. This is a very large and strong animal. Having climbed onto a rock ledge, the hunters throw large stones at the bear, trying to kill or at least stun the beast, so that later they can confidently go down and finish off the bear with spears. Most likely, people hunt a bear to get meat, or maybe they want to drive the beast out of the cave, because ancient people lived in caves
Task number 6. Fill in the missing words
Approximately 40 thousand years ago, man became the same as the people of our time. Scientists call it reasonable man.
Hunting for fast-running animals and birds became more successful after the invention bows and arrows with curved teeth
Task number 7. Compose a story about the hunt for mammoths from the drawings of our time.
1. Here is the beginning of the story
"Acting in a coordinated and friendly manner, the hunters drove a herd of mammoths..."
Guess where and why?
Ancient hunters drove large animals into pre-prepared traps - natural or dug by the hunters themselves.
Why did the hunters set fire to the grass, wave torches, shout loudly? Describe what mammoths looked like
To scare the animals, because wild animals are afraid of fire. This is noticeable in mammoths, who run primarily from fire, and not from hunters.
2. Guess where the mammoth fell into. Is it possible to understand from the picture that the hunt was dangerous? If yes, then what? For what purposes did primitive people hunt mammoths?
The mammoth fell into a hole that was covered with branches. The animal will not be able to get out of it, and the hunters will finish off the mammoth with stones and peaks. In the picture, we see that one of the hunters is injured, and we can assume that hunting was a very dangerous activity. But hunting for mammoths brought a lot of meat. From the bones of the animal, people made tools, and from the skins they made clothes.
Task number 8. Answer the questions
1. You know that “reasonable people” lived in tribal communities. Why is such a community called tribal?
The community included several large families who were related to each other.
2. What signs of a tribal community does the word "community" express? Why is she called that? What property was common among relatives?
People worked together to get food, build dwellings, make tools and clothes, and raise children. Stocks of food, tools, dwellings were common
3. How can one explain that archaeologists find figurines of women during excavations of the primitive sites of “reasonable people”?
In tribal communities, a woman-mother enjoyed special respect.
Task number 9. Complete the task and answer the questions
Write the names of the tools depicted. Which of these tools was usually used for hunting game, and which for catching large fish? Explain why you think so?
1. Spear. It is designed to hunt the beast
2. Harpoon. Essential for catching fish. Piercing the prey, the teeth stuck in it, preventing the fish from slipping off the harpoon
Task number 10. Answer the questions to the drawing of our time "Primitive funeral rite"
Describe the drawing. What beliefs of primitive people can be learned from the rite shown in the picture? Why was the deceased laid in the sleeping position? For what purpose was a necklace of bear teeth put on him, and a spear was put in the grave?
A person is buried in a pit, in his usual clothes, putting food in the grave. Ancient people believed that the soul of the deceased continues to lead the life that the living person led. They were buried in a sleeping position, probably because they considered it possible for the soul to return to the body and “awaken” the dead. The bear necklace was a symbol of a courageous hunter who would need a spear to hunt in another world.
Task number 11. Look for mistakes.
One student fell asleep in class. He dreamed of Africa more than two million years ago ... Here is a group of monkey-like people moving. Everyone is in a hurry to get away from the bad weather - the sky turned black from the clouds. Only two cheerful boys are behind the rest, talking enthusiastically about something. "Stop talking!" - the leader shouts at them. Suddenly, heavy snow fell, everyone immediately got cold, even clothing made from animal skins could not protect people from the cold. Finally they hid in a cave. They immediately got out of the sinuses and began to chew roots, nuts and even stale bread. Suddenly everyone froze in horror: a terrible predator, a huge dinosaur, was approaching the cave. What will happen next?! It was not possible to find out: the call from the lesson interrupted the dream at the most interesting place.
What historical errors does the student's dream contain?
2 million years ago: a) people couldn’t talk, b) it couldn’t snow in Africa, c) there were no clothes made from animal skins, d) they didn’t know bread, e) dinosaurs died out by that time
Task number 12. Solve the crossword "Primal hunters and gatherers"
If you correctly solve the crossword puzzle, then in the selected cells vertically, you will read the name of the cave where the drawings of primitive people were first found
Horizontally: 1. The mainland, where, according to scientists, the most ancient people lived. 2. Weapon of primitive hunters, which can hit the target at a great distance. 3. The first force of nature, which was mastered by primitive people. 4. The occupation of primitive people, which made it possible to obtain meat food. 5. A supernatural being believed in by primitive people; as if it lives in every person. 6. The largest of the animals hunted by primitive people. 7. Horned beast, which was often depicted by primitive artists. 8. Primitive tool, especially needed by anglers. 9. The occupation of primitive people, which made it possible to extract mainly plant food
CHECK YOURSELF
1. What sources help scientists get information about the life of ancient people?
Writings on cave walls, excavations
2. Do you think it is possible to compare primitive and modern art? Justify your answer
No, because with the development of civilization, a lot of knowledge has been accumulated on how to draw correctly.
3*. Find out on the territory of which modern countries the most ancient people lived (use the Internet when searching for information)
On the territory of South Africa and South Asia from 5 million to 400 thousand years ago
1. Fill in the missing words and add to the picture.
City number 2 is located in the west of the country.
City number 3 is located in the east of the country.
The region is located in the southwest of the country.
2. Fill in the missing words.
The most ancient people lived on Earth more than two million years ago. The most ancient man resembled a monkey in that he had (what - face? lower jaw? Forehead?) He had rough face with a broad flattened nose, protruding jaws with a sloping chin, a forehead receding, strongly developed superciliary arches.
The main difference between ancient people and animals was that they knew how to create tools.
The oldest tools were digging stick, club, scrapers, axes, stone axes, later they began to make spearheads.
The most ancient people had two main ways of obtaining food: gathering and hunting.
3. Fill in the contour map "The oldest people on Earth."
1. Inscribe the name of the mainland on which archaeologists found bones and tools of the most ancient people.
2. Color in the proposed area of the person's ancestral home.
3. Circle the most ancient sites of man and his ancestors.
4. Answer the questions for the drawing of our time.
Before you is Africa more than two million years ago: a herd of some unknown creatures. Some are looking for food, others anxiously peer into the distance. Who are they? Monkeys - the distant ancestors of man? Or ancient people? The figure itself contains the answer to these questions. Find this answer and explain your thought.
These are the oldest people. In the foreground, the most ancient man makes a tool, processing a stone. The ability to make tools, the ability to create, and not just consume, is the main difference between man and animals.
5. Draw a description of the hunt for a cave bear according to the drawing of our time.
Where did the hunters lie in wait for the beast? What did he look like? Describe the actions of the hunters. With what goals did they seek to kill the bear?
The hunters ambushed the bear at the exit from the cave, where, most likely, the beast's lair is located. This is a very large and strong animal. Having climbed onto a ledge of a rock, the hunters throw large stones at the bear, trying to kill, or at least stun the beast, so that later they can confidently go down and finish off the beast with spears. Most likely, people hunt a bear to get meat, or maybe they want to drive the beast out of the cave, because ancient people lived in caves.
6. Based on the drawings of our time, make a story about hunting for mammoths.
1. Here is the beginning of the story:
Acting in a coordinated and friendly manner, the hunters drove the herd of mammoths... Guess where and why.
Ancient hunters drove large animals into pre-prepared traps - natural or dug by the hunters themselves.
Why did the hunters set fire to the grass, wave torches, shout loudly? Describe what mammoths looked like.
To scare the animals, because wild animals are afraid of fire. This is noticeable in mammoths, who run primarily from fire, and not from hunters.
2. Guess where the mammoth fell into. Is it possible to understand from the picture that the hunt was dangerous? If yes, then what? For what purposes did primitive people hunt mammoths?
The mammoth fell into a hole that was covered with branches. The animal will not be able to get out of it, and the hunters will finish off the mammoth with stones and peaks. In the picture, we see that one of the hunters is injured, and we can assume that hunting was a very dangerous activity. But hunting for mammoths brought a lot of meat. From the bones of the animal, people made tools, and from the skins they made clothes.
7. Fill in the missing words.
Approximately 40 thousand years ago man became the same as the people of our time. Scholars call him Cro-Magnon.
Hunting for fast-running animals and birds became more successful after the invention bow and tips with curved teeth.
8. Answer the questions.
1. You know that “reasonable people” lived in tribal communities. Why is such a community called tribal?
The community included several large families who were related to each other.
2. What signs of a tribal community does the word "community" express? Why is she called that? What property was common among relatives?
People worked together to get food, build dwellings, make tools and clothes, and raise children. Stocks of food, tools, dwellings were common.
3. How can one explain that archaeologists find figurines of women during excavations of the primitive sites of “reasonable people”?
In tribal communities, a woman-mother enjoyed special respect.
9. Complete the task and answer the questions.
Write the names of the tools depicted. Which of these tools was usually used for hunting game, and which for catching large fish? Explain why you think so?
1. spear
2. harpoon
A spear for hunting an animal, and a harpoon for catching fish. Piercing the prey, the teeth stuck in it, preventing the fish from slipping off the harpoon.
10. Answer the questions to the drawing of our time "Primitive funeral rite".
Describe the drawing. What beliefs of primitive people can be learned from the rite shown in the picture? Why was the deceased laid in the sleeping position? For what purpose was a necklace of bear teeth put on him, and a spear was put in the grave?
A person is buried in a pit, in his usual clothes, putting food in the grave. Ancient people believed that the soul of the deceased continues to lead the life that the living person led. They were buried in a sleeping position, probably because they considered it possible for the soul to return to the body and “awaken” the dead. The bear necklace was a symbol of a courageous hunter who would need a spear to hunt in another world.
11. Find mistakes.
One student fell asleep in class. He dreamed of Africa more than two million years ago ... Here is a group of monkey-like people moving. Everyone is in a hurry to get away from the bad weather - the sky turned black from the clouds. Only two cheerful boys are behind the rest, talking enthusiastically about something. "Stop talking!" - the leader shouts at them. Suddenly, heavy snow fell, everyone immediately got cold, even clothing made from animal skins could not protect people from the cold. Finally they hid in a cave. They immediately got out of the sinuses and began to chew roots, nuts and even stale bread. Suddenly everyone froze in horror: a terrible predator was approaching the cave - a huge dinosaur. What will happen next?! It was not possible to find out: the call from the lesson interrupted the dream at the most interesting place.
What historical errors does the student's dream contain?
2 million years ago: a) people couldn’t talk, b) it couldn’t snow in Africa, c) there were no clothes made from animal skins, d) they didn’t know bread, e) dinosaurs had died out by that time.
12. Solve the crossword puzzle "Primitive hunters and gatherers".
If you correctly solve the crossword puzzle, then in the selected cells vertically, you will read the name of the cave where the drawings of primitive people were first found.
Horizontally: 1. The mainland, where, according to scientists, the most ancient people lived. 2. Weapon of primitive hunters, which can hit the target at a great distance. 3. The first force of nature, which was mastered by primitive people. 4. The occupation of primitive people, which made it possible to obtain meat food. 5. A supernatural being believed in by primitive people; as if it lives in every person (soul). 6. The largest of the animals hunted by primitive people. 7. Horned beast, which was often depicted by primitive artists. 8. Primitive tool, especially needed by anglers. 9. The occupation of primitive people, which made it possible to extract mainly plant food.
Vertical response: Altamira
check yourself
1. What sources help scientists get information about the life of ancient people?
Archaeologists obtain information about the life of the most ancient people during excavations, they find tools, clothes, jewelry, etc. Such studies help to study the way of life of primitive people, their ideas about the world.
2. Do you think it is possible to compare modern and primitive art? Justify your answer.
No, you can't compare. Primitive people had different ideas about the world from ours, the purpose of art was different than today. All works had a magical purpose.
3. Find out on the territories of which modern countries the most ancient people lived (use the Internet when searching for information).
The oldest people originated in East Africa (Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Somalia). Then they spread to the Middle East (Syria, Jordan, Israel, Iraq) and throughout Eurasia (Turkey, Iran, Russia, etc.).
