Nenets Autonomous Okrug- a subject of the Federation in the north-east of the European part of Russia. The district is located on the northeastern outskirts of the East European Plain. The relief of the territory is mostly flat; the Timan Ridge and the Pai-Khoi Ridge stand out, between which the swampy Bolshezemelskaya and Malozemelskaya tundras are located.

The Nenets Autonomous Okrug, being an independent subject of the federation within the Northwestern Federal District, is part of the Arkhangelsk Oblast. The administrative center is the city of Naryan-Mar.

The territory of the region is 176,810 km2, the population (as of January 1, 2017) is 43,937 people.

Surface water resources

The territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug belongs to the basin of the Arctic Ocean, most of it belongs to the basin of the Barents and Pechora Seas, the extreme western part - to the basin of the White Sea, the extreme east - to the basin of the Kara Sea.

The river network of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is represented by 1854 rivers with a total length of 47,144 km (the density of the river network is 0.27 km / km 2), most of which belong to small rivers and streams. The rivers of the Autonomous Okrug are predominantly of ranvin character. They are characterized by a mixed diet with a predominance of snow (up to 75%). The rivers of the region belong to the Eastern European type of water regime, they are characterized by spring floods with a sharp rise in water level, summer-autumn low water, occasionally interrupted by rain floods, and low winter low water. The duration of freeze-up on the rivers of the Autonomous Okrug is 7-8 months, many rivers freeze in winter. The lower parts of the Pechora, Kara and Korotaikha basins, as well as a number of medium and small rivers flowing into the Barents and Kara Seas, are located on the territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Also, the largest rivers, partially or completely flowing through the territory of the Autonomous Okrug, are the tributaries of the Pechora of the first and second order - Sula, as well as Adzva and Kolva (tributaries of the river Usa). Among the regions of the federal district, the Nenets Autonomous District occupies the last place in terms of the density of the river network.

The area and number of lakes and artificial reservoirs, swamps and wetlands are not constant, they depend on natural (water regime, climatic phenomena, swamping, etc.) and anthropogenic (drainage of territories, etc.) factors.

Groundwater resources

Functions for the provision of public services and the management of federal property in the field of water resources in the region are carried out by the Department of Water Resources of the Dvinsko-Pechora BVU for the Arkhangelsk Region and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

Powers in the field of water relations transferred to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, functions for the provision of public services and the management of regional property in the field of water resources in the region are carried out by the Department of Natural Resources, Ecology and Agro-Industrial Complex of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

On the territory of the Autonomous Okrug, the State Program "Environmental Protection, Reproduction and Use of Natural Resources" is being implemented, aimed at the protection and rational use of water bodies, ensuring the protection of the population and economic facilities from the negative impact of water and solving other problems.

In preparing the material, the data of the State reports "On the state and protection of the environment of the Russian Federation in 2015", "On the state and use of water resources of the Russian Federation in 2015", "On the state and use of land in the Russian Federation in 2015", “On the state of the environment in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug in 2015”, collection “Regions of Russia. Socio-economic indicators. 2016". The ratings of regions in terms of surface and underground water resources do not take into account the indicators of cities of federal significance -

Assessment of the economic and geographical position and natural resource potential

The Nenets Autonomous Okrug is one of the most important strategic subjects of the Russian Federation. The presence of exploited hydrocarbon deposits and a dynamically developing oil-producing complex on its territory determine its high economic potential, and the enormous importance of the North in the current geopolitical situation makes the district a reference point for strengthening the sovereignty of Russia as a whole.

The Nenets National Okrug was formed in 1929, in 1979 it was renamed the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

The territory of the district is 176.8 thousand km2, which is 1% of the territory of the Russian Federation and ranks 23rd among its subjects. The Nenets Autonomous Okrug is the fourth largest subject of the Russian Federation in the North-Western Federal District after the Arkhangelsk Region, the Republics of Komi and Karelia. It occupies 10.5% of the territory of the Northwestern Federal District. The Nenets Autonomous Okrug is part of the Northern Economic Region, which also includes the republics of Karelia and Komi, the Arkhangelsk and Murmansk regions.

The district is located in the north of the East European Plain, most of it is located beyond the Arctic Circle. Includes the islands of Kolguevi and Vaygach, the Kanin Peninsula. It is washed by the White, Barents, Pechora and Kara Seas of the Arctic Ocean.

In the south, the district borders on the Komi Republic, in the southwest - on the Arkhangelsk region, in the northeast - on the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District.

The administrative center of the district is the city of Naryan-Mar.

The relief of the territory is mostly flat; the ancient Timan ridges, the Pai-Khoi ridge (height up to 467 m), swampy areas of the Bolshezemelskaya and Malozemelskaya tundra stand out. Tundra- and peat-gley soils are widespread on the territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

Geologically, the territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug belongs to two Precambrian sedimentary plates of different ages: Russian and Pechora. The conditional boundary between them coincides with the zone of the West Timan deep faults.

The Nenets Okrug is subject to the systematic invasion of the Atlantic and Arctic air masses. The frequent change of air masses is the reason for the constant variability of the weather. In winter and autumn, winds with a southern component prevail, and in summer - northern and northeastern ones, due to the intrusion of cold Arctic air onto a heated continent, where atmospheric pressure is lowered at this time.

The air temperature in summer is determined by the amount of solar radiation and therefore naturally rises from north to south. The average temperature in July in Naryan-Mar is +12°C. In the cold half of the year, the main factor in the temperature regime is the transfer of heat from the Atlantic, therefore, a decrease in temperature from west to east is clearly expressed. The average January temperature in Naryan-Mar is −18°С, and winter lasts an average of 220-240 days. The entire territory of the district is located in the zone of excessive moisture. The annual amount of precipitation ranges from 400 mm (on the coasts of the seas and on the Arctic islands) to 700 mm. The minimum precipitation is observed in February, the maximum - in August - September. At least 30% of precipitation falls as snow, permafrost is present.

There is a dense river network on the territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (an average of 0.53 km per 1 km² of area), an abundance of lakes. The rivers belong to the basins of the seas of the Arctic Ocean, they are mostly flat in nature, and the ridges are rapids. Among the rivers, the Pechora River occupies a special place; its lower reaches (220 km) with a vast delta are located within the district. Depths allow sea vessels to rise to Naryan-Mar. In terms of water content, the Pechora is inferior in the European part of Russia only to the Volga. Bogs occupy 5-6%.

The land fund of the district as of January 1, 1999 amounted to 17,681,048 ha. It is divided into the following categories: agricultural land - 16,799.3 thousand hectares (95.01%); lands of settlements - 12.4 thousand hectares (0.07%); lands of enterprises of industry, transport and other non-agricultural purposes - 39.8 thousand hectares (0.23%); land for nature protection - 2.0 thousand hectares (0.01%); reserve land - 827.5 thousand hectares (4.68%). The area of ​​agricultural land (hayfields, pastures, arable land) is 25.9 thousand hectares, or less than 0.15% in the structure of the district's land fund. 847.8 thousand hectares (4.8%) are occupied by forests, 1089.3 thousand hectares (6.2%) are occupied by swamps, 1000.4 thousand hectares (5.66%) are under water. Reindeer pastures account for 13,202.2 thousand hectares (74.67%).

Depending on bioclimatic conditions, topography, nature of parent rocks, depth of surface waters, the following main types of tundra soils are distinguished: arctic-tundra gleyic, tundra primitive, tundra surface-gley, peat-bog, sod. Tundra podzolized illuvial-humus soils are formed on sandy and sandy soil-forming rocks under conditions of good drainage. Arcto-tundra gleys are found on the island of Vaigachi on the coast of the Kara Sea, primitive tundras are found in the upper part of the slopes of Pai-Khoi, tundra surface-gleys, as well as peat-bogs, are widespread throughout the entire district. In the south-west of the district, in the northern taiga subzone, gley-podzolic soils and illuvial-ferruginous-humus podzols are formed.

The soil-forming process is caused by low temperatures, short summers, widespread permafrost, waterlogging, and develops according to the gley-bog type. Chemical weathering proceeds poorly, while the released bases are washed out of the soil, and it is depleted in calcium, sodium, potassium, but enriched in iron and aluminum. Lack of oxygen and excess moisture hinder the decomposition of plant residues, which slowly accumulate in the form of peat.

The territory is located in the zones of tundra (76.6%), forest-tundra (15.4%), the southwestern part - in the northern taiga subzone (8%). In the tundra zone, subzones of arctic (4.9%), mountain (3.5%), northern (10.3%), southern (57.9%) tundras are distinguished.

In the Arctic tundra subzone (the coast of the Kara Sea and Vaigach Island), vegetation does not form a continuous cover. Frozen soil, exposed on dry soils from snow by strong winds, cracks, and the surface of the tundra is divided into separate polygons (polygons). The vegetation consists largely of sedges, grasses: small sedges, cereals, cotton grass, as well as slate forms of shrubs.

In the mountain tundra subzone, the main background is created by sedge-lichen associations and creeping shrubs of willow and dwarf birch.

The northern tundra covers the north of the Malozemelskaya tundra, in the Bolshezemelskaya tundra they are confined to large uplands, the southern slopes of the Pai-Khoi ridge. Here, the moss and lichen cover are closed, thickets of dwarf birches and low-growing willows appear. Significant areas are occupied by grass-sedge swamps, in the valleys of rivers and streams there are willows and tundra meadows with abundant multi-species forbs and cereals.

In the subzone of the southern tundra, large areas are covered with thickets of dwarf birch (dwarf birch), as well as various types of willows, wild rosemary, and juniper. A moss or lichen cover is developed, shrubs, forbs, marsh plant complexes are widely represented. In the forest-tundra zone, sparse forest vegetation appears on the watersheds, and in the river valleys and on the southern slopes of the hills, woody vegetation appears in islands: low-growing spruce and birch, less often larch, alternating with areas of tundra and swamps.

The subzone of the northern taiga is characterized by the presence of significant tracts of dense woody vegetation with a predominance of spruce and spruce-birch forests; pine grows along the sandy terraces of rivers and in swamps. In the floodplains, areas with impenetrable thickets of various species of willow and alder alternate with sedge bogs and meadows. Cereals (reed grass, bluegrass, foxtail, red fescue) with an admixture of herbs grow on the tundra meadows in the khilides.

More than 600 species of flowering plants, several hundred species of mosses and lichens are found on the territory of the district. Brown algae predominate among macrophytes, which are represented here by algae (about 80 species), in rivers and flowing lakes - sedge, arcticophila horsetail. In river phytoplankton, diatoms and blue-green algae dominate, and in lakes - green idiatom algae.

In the flora, species of the northern groups are widespread, taiga (boreal) species are quite widespread. Among the flowering plants, cereals, cruciferous, sedge, and willow predominate. Under anthropogenic impacts on the vegetation cover of the tundra, shrubs, mosses, and lichens are replaced by grasses that form the secondary vegetation cover. The largest areas with secondary vegetation are found in the Bolshezemelskaya tundra, in the areas of geological exploration and oil and gas production.

The flora is rich in a variety of food plants: berries, edible herbs. Cloudberries, blueberries, lingonberries, blueberries, crowberries are of the greatest importance. In the forest-tundra zone, along the river valleys and in the taiga zone, red and black currants, honeysuckle grow, raspberries, strawberries, and wild roses are found. In warm years, bird cherry and mountain ash ripen, and in the south of the Malozemelnaya tundra and in Kanino-Timanye, cranberries. Used in the squirrel, wild onions and other meadow plants.

The resources of fodder plants of floodplain meadows are rich - cereals, legumes, herbs, sedges; significant reserves of lichens on deer pastures - cladonia, cetraria; Medicinal plants are ubiquitous.

There are more than 100 species of cap mushrooms in the district. Their species composition increases in the direction from north to south. In the northern tundra, russula, mushrooms, boletus, dry mushrooms grow from edible ones, aspen mushrooms appear to the south, in the forest tundra and taiga - milk mushrooms, mushrooms, volnushki, white and others.

The animal world is represented by the inhabitants of the tundra, taiga, arctic deserts. Aquatic invertebrates are numerous: ciliates, phytomonads, oligochaetes, nematodes, rotifers, lower crustaceans, mollusks, etc. The species composition of insects is diverse, a huge number of blood-sucking ones: mosquitoes, midges, gadflies. Of the cyclostomes, lamprey is found. More than 30 species of fish are found in rivers and lakes. From the passage - salmon, omul and others; from semi-anadromous - nelma, whitefish, vendace; from non-water (local) - pike, ide, hornet, perch, burbot, peled, grayling and others. In coastal seas - herring, saffron cod, flounder, polar cod, smelt and others (about 50 species of marine fish).

From amphibians there are grass frog, Siberian salamander, common toad, from reptiles - viviparous lizard. The species composition of birds is diverse - about 160 species, including 110 species of birds nesting in the area. Winters about 20 species. Geese, ducks, as well as white partridge, one of the background species of the tundra and forest-tundra, are of commercial importance.

There are 31 species of land mammals. The most numerous rodents are lemmings, voles, and squirrels are found in the taiga. Of the other groups of mammals, the arctic shrew and hare are common; among predators - polar fox, wolf, fox, wolverine, brown and polar bear, marten, otter, ermine, weasel; from artiodactyls - wild northern deer.

In the coastal seas there are marine mammals: white whale, North Atlantic porpoise, narwhal, ringed seal, sea hare, gray seal, Atlantic walrus. Among terrestrial mammals, the main objects of fishing are arctic fox, fox, brown bear, marten, and torn. Of the marine mammals, only ringed seals and bearded seals continue to be hunted. A number of species are acclimatized in the region. Of the rodents, this is the muskrat, which has spread widely throughout the territory and has been an object of hunting; from fish - sterlet, but its population remained very small. Single specimens of pink salmon acclimatized in the Barents Sea basin come to spawn.

However, despite all of the above, of all the polar territories of Russia, the district has the most advantageous geographical position, because. is closest to the European part of the country, which is characterized by high human potential, infrastructural security, and a dynamically developing industrial complex.

The Nenets Autonomous Okrug has the richest reserves of minerals that are of great strategic importance for the country. First of all, these are oil fields. The shelf potential of the Barents Sea is a single super-province with the Timan-Pechora province, which is a unique base of hydrocarbon raw materials. Of no small importance for the development of the region is a high degree of exploration of oil and gas areas and at the same time a low degree of their depletion, their fairly compact location and proximity to European markets, as well as good physical and chemical properties of oil. All of the above significantly increases the competitiveness of the district.

Population characteristics

Due to its natural and climatic conditions, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug belongs to the underdeveloped territories with a low population density. The permanent population of the district as of 01.01.2007 amounted to 41.9 thousand people, which took 0.3% of the total number in the North-West. The population density was 0.2 people/km2, which is 40 times lower than in the Northwestern Federal District (8.0 people/km2).

At the same time, the level of urbanization of the Okrug is quite high and amounts to 64% (about 27 thousand people, of which 12,702 are men and 7,845 are women), which is explained by the high concentration of the population in the only city of the Okrug, Naryan-Mar, although this indicator and lower than in Russia (73.1%) and in the Northwestern Federal District (82.2%). The rural population of the Okrug lives in 42 rural settlements and their number is about 15 thousand people. 7845 men and 7459 women.

The number of pensioners is 11 thousand people, of which 5 thousand are employed.

Born in 2008: 691 people, 16.4 per 1,000 population.

Deaths in 2008: 537 people, 12.8 per 1000 population.

The natural increase per one thousand people in 2008 was 3.6.

Among the inhabitants of the district, the Russian population prevails; other nationalities also live on its territory. In the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Nenets are 12% of the population.

General results of population migration to the NAO in 2008:

- arrivals - 548 people, of which within Russia - 515 (including within the regions - 320, from other regions - 195), from foreign countries - 33;

There were 698 people who left, 696 of them within Russia (including 352 within the regions, 344 to other regions), and 2 to foreign countries.

The migration balance as of 01.01.2009 amounted to (-)150 people.

The distribution of the population by main age groups in the NAO and the average age of the population as of January 01, 2009 are presented in Appendix A (Tables 3, 4).

Despite the fact that in the Autonomous Okrug the incidence of tuberculosis is less than the national average among the rural and nomadic population of the Autonomous Okrug, these figures are 3-5 times higher. This is facilitated by the extreme conditions of living in the plague, problems with the isolation of patients and the implementation of sanitary - anti-epidemic, medical - diagnostic measures.

The territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is the original land of residence of the Nenets, who belong to the tundra group.

According to the State Statistics Committee of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the number of Nenets living in the Okrug is 6.381 thousand people, or 15.2%.

Over thousands of years of habitation, the peoples of the region have created a vibrant and original culture, maximally adapted to the natural conditions of the harsh Arctic.

The main area of ​​activity of the Nenets is the traditional sectors of the economy - reindeer herding, hunting and fishing.

The Nenets people are represented in the bodies of state power and local self-government. In the office of the Administration of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, there is a department for the affairs of the indigenous peoples of the North.

According to Rosstat, the district ranks first in Russia in terms of income. In the Nenets Autonomous Okrug in 2009, the maximum amount of per capita cash income of the population was recorded - 48 thousand 146 rubles - despite the fact that the average figure in Russia is about 16 thousand rubles. The highest wages are in the extractive industries, in financial activities, in transport and in construction. Since 2005, the wages of state employees have been increasing. In 2009, a novice doctor or teacher received from 40 thousand rubles a month.

Another positive aspect is that the growth rate of cash income outstrips the growth rate of the subsistence minimum in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Today, the subsistence minimum for one person is about 10 thousand rubles. This figure, as in previous years, is almost 2 times higher than the average for the Russian Federation, which is associated with a high level of prices in the district due to the cost of transportation costs for the delivery of goods to the district.

The unemployment rate in the district is slightly higher than the national average - 3.5 percent against 2.5.

Characteristics of the economy (industry, transport, agriculture)

The main industries of the district are fuel (96.5%) and food (2.3%) (fish, dairy, meat-packing). Agriculture is also developed in the region - crop production: potatoes and turnips, animal husbandry: reindeer breeding, hunting: fishing, hunting and sea fur hunting.

On the territory of the Okrug, on the basis of the development of oil, gas and coal deposits, the Timan-Pechora fuel and energy complex is being formed. Currently, 12 hydrocarbon deposits are being developed. In recent years, the Okrug has acquired the importance of an important energy region, which is associated with the discovery of significant hydrocarbon reserves in the Okrug. Also, 81 oil and gas fields have been discovered in the region.

State Unitary Enterprise "Naryan-Mar Power Plant" is the largest enterprise in the power industry of the district. It accounts for about 80% of all electricity generated in the district. The rest of the settlements are provided with electricity from local diesel power plants.

The volume of industrial production in 2006 amounted to 77,300.9 million rubles, an increase of 64%.

Shipped goods of own production in 2006 by type of activity:

Extraction of minerals - in the amount of 76,188.0 million rubles (production index - 106% compared to 2005);

Manufacturing industries - 473.1 million rubles;

Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water - 639.8 million rubles.

More than 1028 enterprises and organizations operate on the territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. In the structure of industrial production of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, 98.6% is occupied by the fuel industry.

As of January 1, 2007, the largest oil producing companies are Lukoil-Komi LLC (43% of oil produced), Polar Lights Company LLC (9% of oil produced), OJSC Severnaya Neft (OJSC NK Rosneft ) (32% of oil produced), OAO Total Exploration Development Russia (7% of oil produced).

Land resources and pastures

The area of ​​the land fund of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is 17,681 thousand hectares. Reindeer pastures (99.8 percent) dominate in the structure of agricultural land (73.5 percent).

biological resources

Among aquatic biological resources fish stocks are of the greatest economic importance. 32 species of waterfowl have been recorded in the county. The main object of personal trade is the white partridge, which lives in the shrub tundra, its number in these places reaches 30–60 breeding pairs per 1 square kilometer.

The main commercial mammals in the NAO represented by arctic fox, white hare and ermine. Much less common are the brown bear, fox, wolf, marten, weasel, otter, muskrat. On Novaya Zemlya and in the mainland tundra of the district, wild reindeer live (from 7 to 12 thousand heads). The polar bear is found along the coast of the Barents Sea to the Czech Bay. The main economically valuable hunting species is the arctic fox. The main areas of its fishing are located in the north of the Bolshezemelskaya tundra and the Yugorsky Peninsula.

Transport development.

The road network of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug includes public roads (of federal and territorial significance) and departmental roads built at the expense of various ministries and departments. Since the 1960s for the transportation of goods in winter, temporary and permanent roads are built - the so-called winter roads. The length of public roads is 229 km, of which the length of federal roads is 4 km (1.7%), territorial - 225 km (98.3%). The length of paved roads is 179 km (76.7%). For the transportation of goods in winter, the so-called "winter roads" are used. The length of departmental roads and winter roads of the district is more than 1000 km.

Prospects for the development of road transport are associated with the completion of the construction of the Naryan-Mar - Usinsk road. It will connect hydrocarbon production centers with the district center, and the district will also have the opportunity of land transport access to the Komi Republic and the all-Russian transport system.

Air transport

The most important role in the transport network of the district is played by air transport. The two main enterprises are JSC "Naryan-Mar United Air Squadron" and Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Amderma Airport". By means of aviation, the district center of Naryan-Mar is connected with all the settlements of the district, and through Arkhangelsk, Moscow and St. Petersburg with almost all regions of Russia.

The airfield of Naryan-Mar belongs to class "B" and meets modern requirements, which allows you to receive aircraft AN-24, AN-26, TU-134, TU-152, IL-76 and BOEING-737. The squadron's own fleet of aircraft consists of AN-2 aircraft, MI-8T, MI-8 MTV-1 helicopters and is used for local air transportation.

Water transport

The length of navigable river routes is over 240 km. The main seaports are Naryan-Mar, Amderma, as well as 16 port points located at the mouths of rivers flowing into the White, Barents and Kara Seas.

The port of Naryan-Mar simultaneously accepts ships of sea and river traffic. The port is freezing, the duration of sea navigation is 135 - 150 days a year. The main sea carriers are OAO Nenets International Freight Forwarding Company TRANS-NAO and OAO Northern River Shipping Company.

The Amderma Sea Port of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is located on the Northern Sea Route and is an Arctic offshore port, where unloading is carried out on an open road.

River regular passenger traffic between settlements located along the Pechora River is carried out by motor ships of the State Unitary Enterprise NAO Naryan-Mar Transport Company. Freight transportation is carried out by OAO IC Pechora River Shipping Company and OAO Pechora River Port. In 2005, a river station was built at the expense of the district budget.

Pipeline transport

The beginning of the development of pipeline transport in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug was laid in 1978 with the commissioning of the local gas pipeline Vasilkovskoye field - Naryan-Mar with a length of 63 km.

Currently, oil is exported from the territory of the Okrug to the south from the largest Kharyaginskoye field being developed via the Kharyaga-Usinsk oil pipeline, 149 km long, 530 mm in diameter, and further along the Usinsk-Ukhta oil pipeline, 406 km long, 720 mm in diameter. Within the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the most significant oil pipeline connects the Ardalinskoye and Kharyaginskoye fields (length 64 km, diameter 325 mm).

In the northern direction, oil supplies are carried out by OAO Lukoil through the sea terminal in the area of ​​the village. Varandey, whose throughput in 2005 was 1.5 million tons, and by 2010 should reach 12-14 million tons.

The territory of the Nenets Okrug is unique, here is the only standard of flat tundra in Europe, where you can see untouched landscapes and natural complexes. The wealth of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug is not only the minerals found on its territory, but also the unique northern nature and the ancient people of reindeer herders with thousands of years of tradition.

The Nenets Autonomous Okrug, located in the north of the East European Plain, is part of the Northwestern Federal District and borders on the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Mezensky District of the Arkhangelsk Region and the Komi Republic. The population of the district is 42,789 people (as of 2013). The area of ​​the district is 175.81 thousand square meters. km. The Nenets Okrug occupies the Kanin Peninsula, two large islands - Vaigach and Kolguev and small islands - Peskov, Dolgiy, Bolshoi Zelenets, Maly Zelenets, Sengeevsky, Gulyavskie Koshki and others. Almost all the lands of the district, except for the southwestern part, are located beyond the Arctic Circle and are washed by the seas of the Arctic Ocean - the Barents, White and Kara.

In 1929, the Nenets Okrug became the first national okrug in the Far North, and in 1977 it was renamed the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Two-thirds of the Okrug's population are Russians, one-third are the small peoples of the North, Komi and Nenets.

The administrative center is the city of Naryan-Mar (translated from Nenets as “Red City”), located 1500 km from Moscow. There is no time difference with Moscow. You can get to the city by plane, and during the shipping season from mid-June to October - by sea. The city was founded in the 30s of the twentieth century as a seaport and river pier. Now Naryan-Mar is one of the main transshipment bases for oil tankers.

The Nenets Okrug is located in the Arctic climate zone, where the influence of Atlantic cyclones is strong, which is why the weather here is constantly changing. The subarctic climate is harsh - winters are cold here, lasting up to 5 months in the western part of the district, and up to 6.5 months in the eastern. The average temperature in winter is 11-20 C, in summer - + 6-13 C. In winter, there are thaws, and in summer there are frosts. In autumn, the sea slightly softens the climate on the coast, and in spring and summer it makes it cooler. From August to September, the maximum amount of precipitation usually falls. Fogs and blizzards often occur in the area.

In most of the territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, permafrost occurs, which is interrupted on the coast and in the southern part. Most of the lands of the Nenets Okrug are tundra - arctic mountain, northern, southern, a quarter falls on the forest tundra and a small part, about 8% of the entire territory - on the northern taiga.

The Nenets Okrug is of great interest for extreme, geological, ethnographic and ecological tourism. For nature lovers and scientists, this place is simply expanse.

On the territory of the district there is the Nenets State Nature Reserve with an area of ​​almost 314 hectares, of which 182 hectares are in the sea area. The reserve occupies the northeast of the Malozemelnaya tundra, the Pechora delta and all the islands of the Pechora Bay. The reserve preserves both unique endemic plants and rare species of birds and animals - lesser swan, white-tailed eagle, white-billed loon, lesser white-billed bird, Atlantic walrus, gray seal, bearded seal (beared seal), ringed seal, there is a rare amphibian - Siberian salamander . Rare cetaceans enter the bays - northern fin whales and high-browed bottlenose.

In the Pechora Delta, valuable species of fish spawn - navaga and salmon, salmon, omul, grayling are found in lakes, smelt and polar cod walk in coastal waters.

Be sure to visit one of the most memorable places in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, which is the unique area of ​​the Belaya River on the Northern Timan. Geographically, the Northern Timan is a gently sloping upland, consisting of four ridges, elongated from the southeast to the northwest.

In its upper reaches, the Belaya River winds its way into high rocky banks composed of whitish quartz sandstone. Thanks to frosty weathering and rain streams that wash away the destroyed material from the slopes, the shores are decorated with bizarre remnant figures that give free rein to fantasy and imagination. The soft rock of sedimentary origin is so worn out by severe temperature and water weathering that strong winds blow amazing statues, monuments, pillars, arches out of shapeless cobblestones. Here you can see vases, dinosaurs, figures of people and animals, chess pieces and dilapidated buildings. A real stone city! Everywhere there are whole placers of white, shimmering like snow, sand, such as you will not find in the most fashionable resorts. The tundra is also surprising here - instead of the standard wet swamp covered with moss, dwarf birch and willow, there is a pleasant dry surface covered with reindeer moss, pebbles and sand. It has a rugged terrain with excellent drainage and very strong winds.

Downstream, the Belaya flows in relatively low, bushy banks, and then again rushes into a narrow, deep canyon. Here Belaya cuts through the Chaitsyn Stone ridge, and in its high banks majestic and beautiful, and at the same time gloomy rocks of sandstones and basalts are exposed. This is a unique natural monument - the Big Gate Canyon.

Along the entire course of the river, there are beautiful outcrops of rocks, in some places sheerly breaking into the water. On the shallows there are magnificent agates. In the basalts of the "Big Gate" canyon, there are often secretions made of chalcedony, a beautiful bluish agate with transparent crystals of rock crystal in the form of bubbles inside, lilac amethyst and other minerals.

The river is full of rapids and requires attention and special care from the traveler. There are places completely littered with huge boulders with several waterfalls up to one and a half meters high, under which there is the main danger - foam boilers. Water, with a roar, merging through a narrow gap, falling, forms not even foamy water, but water foam with an extremely low density.

The water in the river is so transparent that, even climbing a rock, you can see all the inhabitants of the river - grayling, trout, salmon. The abundance of fish in the river is simply amazing. Often the number of spinning throws coincides with the number of fish caught. On its banks you can find thickets of Karelian birch, reminiscent of orchards, in some areas along the banks grow mountain ash, currant, aspen, spruce. There is something to eat: there are a lot of cloudberries on the swamps, blueberries and blueberries on the slopes.

The Belaya River can be interesting both for water tourism and for hiking: its banks are passable along its entire length.

Those who like to eat berries will not be able to pass by huge fields of cranberries, cloudberries, blueberries and lingonberries, mushroom pickers will also be able to "hunt" - there are a lot of edible mushrooms in the tundra.

On the territory of the district, sites of ancient people were found, which belong to the Paleolithic era (8th millennium BC), and settlements of people of the Bronze Age. On the island of Vaygach, the sacred island of the Nenets, 200 monuments of ancient Nenets culture were discovered - sanctuaries and cemeteries, parking lots, idols, altars.

On the territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, in the lower reaches of the Pechora River, 26 kilometers from Naryan-Mar, there is one of the memorable places of the Russian North - the place where the ancient capital of the entire Pechora Territory - Pustozersk was located.

The territory of the ancient settlement of Pustozersk is located on the shore of Lake Gorodetskoye. It was founded in 1499 during the expedition of the Moscow squad to the Yugra land by the governors of Ivan Sh: princes P. Ushaty, S. Kurbsky and V. Brazhnik. During the 16th - 19th centuries it was the economic and cultural center of the Pechora Territory, played an important role in the development of the Far North and the development of Arctic navigation. It was a place of exile for state criminals.

In 1644, a prison for thieves and disgraced people was set up in Pustozersk - the most terrible and farthest in the north of the state. Here, for about 15 years, the ideologue of the Old Believers and the outstanding Russian writer of the 17th century, Archpriest Avvakum, languished in prison. For several years, the famous diplomat and cultural figure of the 17th century boyar Artamon Matveev stayed. Among the prisoners were princes Semyon Shcherbaty, Ivan Dolgoruky, participants in the uprisings of K. Bulavin, S. Razin, the Solovetsky “sitting” and others.

The monument includes an ancient settlement (fortress) and a township part. The cultural layer from the side of Lake Gorodetskoye (southern and eastern part of Pustozersk) is almost 4 meters high and contains the entire suite of cultural strata for 500 years. Archaeological work has been carried out since 1987 by the AAE under the leadership of O.V. Ovsyannikov.

Monument to Pustozersk (obelisk), opened on August 2, 1964. Located on the site of the former Pustozersk. Erected on the initiative of V.I. Malyshev, Doctor of Philology, Director of the Ancient Storage of the Pushkin House (St. Petersburg), according to the project of the chief architect of Arkhangelsk V. M. Kibirev. It was built at the expense of the Arkhangelsk Regional Executive Committee by the Leningrad master builder S. T. Ustinov, with the participation of students from the Naryan-Mar Construction School.

The monument is a tetrahedral obelisk made of the stone of the former foundation of the Church of the Transfiguration (height 3.7 m, width 1.4 m) on the north side - a marble slab with the following content: “The city of Pustozersk, founded in 1499, was located on this site , the economic and cultural center of the Pechora Territory, which played an important role in the development of the Far North and in the development of Arctic navigation. From here industrialists came out to develop Novaya Zemlya, Svalbard and the Siberian rivers.

In the last century, Pustozersk became the object of versatile study by specialists. The city existed until the middle of the twentieth century. Now only monuments and grave crosses of the old Pustozero cemeteries remind of its former glory. But interest in the history of Pustozersk does not weaken. This is evidenced by the Avvakumov Readings held in Naryan-Mar, the constant desire of residents and guests of the Nenets Okrug to visit this unique place. In 1991, the territory of the former Pustozersk was declared a museum zone.

The city of Naryan-Mar is located beyond the Arctic Circle in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The hallmark and main architectural asset of the city is the building of the main post office of the district.

Naryan-Mar is a small town that you can get around in one day. There are no special attractions here, the weather is harsh. But despite this, tourists coming here will be able to have a great time. The houses in the city are painted orange and yellow, so they look quite interesting in the sun. The nature of Naryan-Mar impresses with its pristine beauty and severity. But the main feature and attraction of the city is the building of the main post office. This ancient building is a true architectural masterpiece, reminiscent of a church. In the good old days, the telegraph office of the Arctic Circle was located here, now it is a branch of the Russian Post and the city administration. Previously, there was a beautiful and large clock on the highest tower of the building, then they were removed and replaced with a spire. In 2000, the building of the main post office of the city of Naryan-Mar was carefully restored.

The town has high food prices, poor cellular communication and the Internet, a trip here is only suitable for people with a strong spirit who prefer to live away from civilization. The reward will be beautiful nature and local attractions, even if there are not so many of them.

For local residents, the main post office is not only a cultural and architectural monument of history - it is a kind of visiting card of the city and its main asset.

Your trip to Pym-Va-Shor will not be forgotten. The state natural monument Pym-Va-Shor, which in translation from the Komi means “hot water stream”. The only mineral-thermal springs in the Far North, first described by Archimandrite Veniamin in 1849, are located between the streams Pym-Va-Shor and Dyr-Shor - tributaries of the Adzva. This is a group of 8 sources with a total debit of 25-30 l/s. The water temperature in the springs in winter and summer is from 18 to 28 °C (previously it reached 40 °C). Some sources are located above the water level in the stream, others - under water. The spring water contains a large set of microelements - titanium, chromium, iron, zinc, nickel, copper, bromine, etc. The gas dissolved in the spring water contains carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, and radon. Among the Nenets and Komi, the water of the Pym-Va-Shor springs has been considered healing since ancient times, curing stomach, lung and skin diseases. The swimming pool was built by the geologists of the Polar-Ural expedition (now partially destroyed). The springs are located in a very picturesque place. Streams cut through the limestone of the Carboniferous age, forming canyons. The limestone ridges are covered with red moss. One of them contains a cave.

The main dwelling of the Nenets Chum, which was built from 30-50 poles, was covered with two layers of deer skins with trimmed wool. The inner layer of the skins was laid with wool inside, and the top layer was laid out. In the summer it was covered with tires sewn from boiled birch bark.

The Nenets have been living in tents since ancient times. For the Nenets, this is the center of the entire life of the family, which is perceived as the whole world. The plague has a hole at the top, it corresponds to the location of the sun during the day, and the moon at night. Inclined poles covered with skins correspond to the airy sphere that envelops the Earth. The richer the family was, the larger the chum was. The poor have a pointed chum, while the blunt one, on the contrary, is among the Nenets with a good income. Chum is built from poles. This requires 40 poles.

Then the poles are covered with reindeer skins, which the Nenets call nyuks. Deer skins are sewn together into continuous panels, and then the poles are covered. It takes 65 to 75 reindeer to cover the plague in winter. From June to September there is a transition from winter to summer nukes. The diameter of the plague reaches up to 8 meters, it can contain up to 20 people.

Inside the plague, every object and every place has its own purpose since antiquity. The central axis of the plague is a pole, which the Nenets consider sacred and call simzy. 7 heads of family and tribal spirits are placed on it. A shaman in a chum always had a simza decorated with the image of the sacred minle bird. Along the simza, the smoke from the hearth rises to the upper opening of the plague. According to the legends, heroes used the sacred pole to fly to battles and military exploits.

Behind the sims is a sacred place - "si". Only older men are allowed to step on it. For children and women, this is a forbidden place. At this place is a sacred chest. It stores the spirits of the patrons of the hearth, family and clan. All family savings and relics, weapons and a chest with tools are also stored there. These things are available only to the head of the house, and are inviolable for other members. The “not” place is for a woman, it is located opposite the si, at the entrance. Here she does all the household chores. In the middle, between not and si, is a sleeping place. A belt with amulets and a knife is placed at the head. Going to bed, the man takes cover with a female egg. In summer, the sleeping place is fenced off with a calico canopy. The canopy is used only at night, during the day it is carefully rolled up and secured with pillows. The children lie next to their parents. Further from the Simza, the unmarried eldest sons lay down, then the old people and other family members, including guests. It is very smoky in the chum, but in summer the smoke is a good escape from mosquitoes.

Chum often moved with its owners from place to place. Therefore, there are no beds or wardrobes in the tents. Of the furniture, there is only a small table - roofing felt and a chest. Before the advent of mobile power plants, lamps were used to illuminate the plague. They were made from bowls and filled with fish oil, in which the wick was immersed. Later, kerosene lamps appeared. For shaking snow from shoes and the hem of outerwear, there is a mallet at the entrance to the chum.

There is a cradle for small children in the chum. Previously, the baby was placed in the cradle immediately after birth, and taken out only when he began to walk. At the bottom of the cradle, wood shavings and dry moss were poured. The skins of deer and polar fox served as diapers. The child was attached to the cradle with special straps. When breastfeeding, the mother took the child along with the cradle. Such cradles are still used today.

In the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, 320 amateur art groups have been created, which preserve the ancient cultural traditions of the small peoples of the North, constantly participate in All-Russian and international festivals and holidays.

At festivals and exhibitions held in the region, you can buy unique products made of leather and fur, wood, bone and deer antler, made by craftsmen according to ancient traditions, and even be present at their creation.

You will enjoy many things while traveling in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug! These will be both man-made monuments created by the ancient and modern inhabitants of these places, the original culture of the peoples who today inhabit this region, and unique natural attractions.

  42 437 ()

0.24 people/km²

Total, at current prices
- Per capita

145.8 billion rubles ()

RUB 3,419 thousand

Northwestern Northern Russian, Nenets Fedorov, Igor Gennadievich 83 RU-NEN MSK (UTC+4)

Nenets Autonomous Okrug(Nen. Nenecie Autonomous Okrug) - a subject of the Russian Federation (as part of the Arkhangelsk region), is part of the North-Western Federal District.

The administrative center of the district is the city of Naryan-Mar (22,375 people). The district was formed on July 15, 1929. It borders Arkhangelsk Oblast to the west, Komi to the south, and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug to the east.

Geographical position

The Nenets Autonomous Okrug is located in the north of the East European Plain, most of it is located above the Arctic Circle. Includes Kolguev and Vaygach islands, Kanin and Yugorsky peninsulas. It is washed by the White, Barents, Pechora and Kara Seas of the Arctic Ocean.

natural conditions

Hydrography

The territory of the district is washed in the west by the waters of the White, in the north of the Barents and Pechora, in the north-east of the Kara Sea, forming numerous bays - bays: Mezenskaya, Cheshskaya, Kolokolkovskaya, Pechora, Khaipudyrskaya and others.

Characterized by a dense river network (an average of 0.53 km per 1 km² of area), an abundance of lakes. The rivers belong to the basins of the seas of the Arctic Ocean, they are mostly flat in nature, and on the ridges they are rapids. It is fed mainly by melted snow waters (up to 75% of runoff). Rain waters are of subordinate importance (15-20% of the runoff), the share of groundwater is 5-10% or practically absent. The distribution of runoff has a pronounced seasonality with summer and winter low water, large spring and insignificant autumn floods. The duration of freeze-up is 7-8 months. The ice thickness reaches 0.7-1.2 m by the end of winter, and small tundra rivers freeze to the bottom.

Among the lakes stand out Golodnaya Guba (186 km²), lake systems: Vashutkinsky, Urdyugsky, Indigsky, etc. Most of the lakes are small with a water surface area of ​​​​up to 3 km² and average depths of 0.5-3 m, less often 4-5 m. The basins of the lakes are mainly of residual glacial and thermokarst origin, in the river valleys there are relict oxbow lakes. Marshes occupy 5-6%, on the coast up to 10-20% of the territory. Their depth is from 0.5 to 2 m. The main types of bogs are: hilly (flat and large-hilly) and upland sphagnum ridge-hollow atmospheric feeding, floodplain lowland ground feeding and transitional sphagnum. The thickness of peat deposits of hilly bogs reaches 3-5 m. Groundwater, with the exception of the area of ​​​​the city of Naryan-Mar, has not been studied enough.

Land resources

As of January 1, the land fund of the district amounted to 17,681,048 hectares. It is divided into the following categories: agricultural land - 16,799.3 thousand hectares (95.01%); lands of settlements - 12.4 thousand hectares (0.07%); lands of enterprises of industry, transport and other non-agricultural purposes - 39.8 thousand hectares (0.23%); land for nature protection - 2.0 thousand hectares (0.01%); reserve land - 827.5 thousand hectares (4.68%). The area of ​​agricultural land (hayfields, pastures, arable land) is 25.9 thousand hectares, or less than 0.15% in the structure of the district's land fund. 847.8 thousand hectares (4.8%) are occupied by forests, 1089.3 thousand hectares (6.2%) are occupied by swamps, 1000.4 thousand hectares (5.66%) are under water. Reindeer pastures account for 13,202.2 thousand hectares (74.67%).

Soils

Depending on the bioclimatic conditions, relief, the nature of the parent rocks, the depth of surface waters, the following main types of tundra soils are distinguished: arctic-tundra gleyic, tundra primitive, tundra surface-gley, peat-bog, sod. Tundra podzolized illuvial-humus soils are formed on sandy and sandy soil-forming rocks under conditions of good drainage. Arcto-tundra gleys are found on the island of Vaigach and the coast of the Kara Sea, primitive tundras are found in the upper part of the slopes of Pai-Khoi, tundra surface-gleys, as well as peat-bogs, are widespread throughout the entire district. In the south-west of the district, in the northern taiga subzone, gley-podzolic soils and illuvial-ferruginous-humus podzols are formed.

The soil-forming process is due to low temperatures, short summers, widespread permafrost, waterlogging and develops according to the gley-bog type. Chemical weathering proceeds poorly, while the released bases are washed out of the soil, and it is depleted in calcium, sodium, potassium, but enriched in iron and aluminum. Lack of oxygen and excess moisture make it difficult for plant residues to decompose, which slowly accumulate as peat.

Vegetation

The territory is located in the zones of tundra (76.6%), forest-tundra (15.4%), the southwestern part - in the northern taiga subzone (8%). In the tundra zone, subzones of arctic (4.9%), mountain (3.5%), northern (10.3%), southern (57.9%) tundras are distinguished.

In the Arctic tundra subzone (the coast of the Kara Sea and Vaigach Island), vegetation does not form a continuous cover. Frozen soil, exposed on dry soils from snow by strong winds, cracks, and the surface of the tundra is divided into separate polygons (polygons). The vegetation consists largely of mosses and lichens, herbs: small sedges, grasses, cotton grass, as well as slaty forms of shrubs.

In the subzone of mountain tundra, the main background is created by sedge-lichen associations and creeping shrubs of willow and dwarf birch.

The northern tundra covers the north of the Malozemelskaya tundra, in the Bolshezemelskaya tundra they are confined to large uplands, the southern slopes of the Pai-Khoi ridge. Here, the moss and lichen cover are closed, thickets of dwarf birches and low-growing willows appear. Significant areas are occupied by grass-sedge swamps, in the valleys of rivers and streams there are willows and tundra meadows with abundant multi-species forbs and cereals.

In the subzone of the southern tundra, large areas are covered with thickets of dwarf birch (dwarf birch), as well as various types of willows, wild rosemary, and juniper. Moss and lichen cover is developed, shrubs, forbs, marsh plant complexes are widely represented. In the forest-tundra zone, sparse forest vegetation appears on the watersheds, and in the river valleys and on the southern slopes of the hills, woody vegetation appears in islands: undersized spruce and birch, less often larch, alternating with areas of tundra and swamps.

The northern taiga subzone is characterized by the presence of significant tracts of dense woody vegetation with a predominance of spruce and spruce-birch forests; pine grows along the sandy terraces of rivers and swamps. In the floodplains, areas with impenetrable thickets of various species of willow and alder alternate with sedge bogs and meadows. On tundra meadows and lays, cereals (reed grass, bluegrass, foxtail, red fescue) grow with an admixture of forbs.

More than 600 species of flowering plants, several hundred species of mosses and lichens are found on the territory of the district. In coastal sea waters, macrophytes, which are represented here by algae (about 80 species), are dominated by brown algae, in rivers and flowing lakes - sedge, horsetail and arctophila. Diatoms and blue-green algae dominate in river phytoplankton, while green and diatom algae dominate in lakes.

In the flora, species of the northern groups are widespread, taiga (boreal) species are quite widespread. Among the flowering plants, cereals, cruciferous, sedge, and willows predominate. Under anthropogenic impacts on the vegetation cover of the tundra, shrubs, mosses, and lichens are replaced by grasses that form the secondary vegetation cover. The largest areas with secondary vegetation are found in the Bolshezemelskaya tundra, in the areas of geological exploration and oil and gas production.

There are more than 100 species of cap mushrooms in the district. Their species composition increases in the direction from north to south. In the northern tundra, russula, mossiness mushrooms, boletus mushrooms, dry mushrooms grow from edible ones, aspen mushrooms appear to the south, in the forest tundra and taiga - milk mushrooms, mushrooms, volnushki, white and others.

Animal world

Represented by the inhabitants of the tundra, taiga, arctic deserts. Aquatic invertebrates are numerous: ciliates, phytomonads, oligochaetes, nematodes, rotifers, lower crustaceans, molluscs, etc. The species composition of insects is diverse, a huge number of blood-sucking ones: mosquitoes, midges, gadflies. Of the cyclostomes, lamprey is found. More than 30 species of fish are found in rivers and lakes. From the passage - salmon, omul and others; from semi-anadromous - nelma, whitefish, vendace; from non-water (local) - pike, ide, roach, perch, burbot, peled, grayling and others. In the coastal seas - herring, saffron cod, flounder, polar cod, smelt and others (about 50 species of marine fish).

From amphibians there are grass frog, Siberian salamander, common toad, from reptiles - viviparous lizard. The species composition of birds is diverse - about 160 species, including 110 species of birds nesting in the area. Winters about 20 species. In terms of species richness and abundance, passerines and shorebirds (waders) are most represented - more than 40 species each, and waterfowl - about 30 species. Geese, ducks, as well as ptarmigan, one of the background species of the tundra and forest tundra, are of commercial importance.

There are 31 species of land mammals. The most numerous rodents are lemmings (Siberian and ungulates) and voles (water, housekeeper, Middendorff, narrow-skulled), squirrel is found in the taiga. Of the other groups of mammals, the arctic shrew and mountain hare are common; predators include arctic fox, wolf, fox, wolverine, brown and polar bear, marten, otter, ermine, weasel; of artiodactyls - wild reindeer and elk.

In the coastal seas, marine mammals are found: white whale, North Atlantic porpoise, narwhal, ringed seal, sea hare, gray seal, Atlantic walrus. Among terrestrial mammals, the main fish species are arctic fox, fox, brown bear, marten, otter and elk. Of the marine mammals, only ringed seals and bearded seals continue to be hunted. A number of species are acclimatized in the region. Of the rodents, this is the muskrat, which has spread widely throughout the territory and has been an object of fishing; from fish - sterlet, but its population remained very small. Single specimens of pink salmon acclimatized in the Barents Sea basin come to spawn.

Minerals

The Okrug has large oil and gas reserves, as it is located in the northern part of the Timan-Pechora oil and gas province, which ranks 4th in Russia in terms of oil reserves. 83 hydrocarbon deposits were discovered: 71 oil, 6 oil and gas condensate, 1 gas and oil, 4 gas condensate and 1 gas. Moreover, the depth of hydrocarbons is relatively small, and the physico-chemical properties are high, as a result, the high profitability of most deposits.

There are also deposits of coal, manganese, nickel, copper, molybdenum, gold, diamonds, however, most of the deposits have not been fully explored. Lead-zinc and copper ores have been found on Vaygach Island.

Story

The first human settlements on the territory of the district date back to the 8th millennium BC. e. (paleolithic). There are numerous sites of the Bronze Age (- millennium BC). In the 13th century A.D. e. tribes of unidentified ethnicity lived here, which the Russians knew under the name "Pechera", and the Nenets called "sirtya". This culture includes the Orta settlement, the sanctuaries on the Gnilka River and on the island of Vaygach.

The Lower Pechora and the coast of the Barents Sea were mastered, in addition to Russians (Pomors) and Nenets, also Komi-Zyryans, Komi-Permyaks and Komi-Izhma. In the 18th century, Pomors began to settle on the Kaninsky Peninsula.

By the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of March 2, 1932, the administrative center Nenets National District, Northern Territory, was transferred from the village of Telvisochnoye to the working settlement of Naryan-Mar.

Attractions

• Administration building of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug in Naryan-Mar.

Protected areas

Settlements

Main article: Settlements of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug

In the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, there is 1 city (Naryan-Mar), 1 urban-type settlement (Iskateley), 42 rural settlements.

Power

Governors and heads of administration

• Fedorov, Igor Gennadievich since February 24, 2009 .
• Potapenko, Valery Nikolaevich from June 2, 2008 to February 16, 2009.
• Barinov, Alexey Viktorovich from February 6, 2005 to July 21, 2006.
• Butov, Vladimir Yakovlevich from December 13, 1996 to February 17, 2005.
• Khabarov, Vladimir Viktorovich from March 21, 1996 to December 25, 1996.
• Komarovsky, Yuri Vladimirovich from November 30, 1991 to February 1996.

Representatives in the State Duma

• Koshin Igor Viktorovich - powers recognized on February 9, 2012, expire in March 2014
• Panteleev Alexey Borisovich - powers recognized on July 18, 2009, terminated ahead of schedule from February 9, 2012
• Akhmedov Farhad Teymurovich - powers recognized on June 6, 2007, terminated on July 18, 2009
• Konovalova Tatyana Ivanovna - powers were recognized on May 23, 2001, terminated ahead of schedule on July 12, 2005 due to a sudden death.
• Vyacheslav Alekseevich Vyucheisky, Chairman of the Assembly of Deputies of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug - powers recognized on January 23, 1996, confirmed on December 25, 1996, terminated on May 23, 2001

From the administration of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug - the executive body of state power:

• Biryukov Yury Stanislavovich - powers recognized on December 22, 2006, confirmed on April 22, 2009, expire in February 2014.
• Sabadash Alexander Vitalievich - authorities were recognized on June 25, 2003, terminated ahead of schedule on May 26, 2006, remained in office until June 27, 2006.
• Volkov Yury Nikolaevich - authorities were recognized on January 31, 2002, terminated ahead of schedule from September 26, 2002
• Butov Vladimir Yakovlevich, head of administration of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug - powers recognized on December 25, 1996, terminated on January 1, 2002
• Khabarov Vladimir Viktorovich, head of administration of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug - powers recognized on April 10, 1996, terminated on December 25, 1996
• Komarovsky Yury Vladimirovich, head of administration of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug - powers recognized on January 23, 1996, terminated on March 19, 1996

Mass media

Newspapers

• Choice of NAO

Television and radio broadcasting

• GTRK Zapolyarye
• TV channel Sever

Broadcasting

• GTRK Zapolyarye
• Naryan-Mar FM

News agencies

Notes

Links

• Official website of the administration of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug
• Nenets National Okrug - Great Soviet Encyclopedia
• "Law of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug "On the Status, Administrative Centers and Borders of Municipalities of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug""
• Administrative-territorial division of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug
• Coats of arms of settlements in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Federal structure of Russia
Republic
The edges
Areas
Cities fed. values
Autonomous region
Autonomous regions
1 Part of the Arkhangelsk region 2 Part of the Tyumen region

RSFSR
Autonomous republics (ASSR)
Bashkir (1919-1990¹) Buryatskaya (1923-1990¹) Gorno-Altaiskaya (1990¹-1991²) Gorskaya (1921-1924) Dagestan (1921-1990¹) Kabardino-Balkarian (1936-1990¹; 1944-1957 Kabardian) Kazakskaya (1925-1936) Kalmyk (1935-1943; 1958-1990¹) Karakalpak (1932-1936) Karachay-Cherkess (1990-1990¹) Karelian (1923-1940; 1956-1990¹) Kyrgyz (1920-1925) / Kyrgyz (1926-1936) Komi (1936-1990¹) Crimean (1921-1945) Mariyskaya (1936-1990¹) Mordovian (1934-1990¹) Volga Germans (1918-1941) North Ossetian (1936-1990¹) Tatar (1920-1990¹)

The Nenets Autonomous Okrug is a unique inimitable subject of the Russian Federation. The vast territory of the region is almost completely located beyond the Arctic Circle. The last snow here melts at the end of July, and winter lasts 220–240 days on average.

The Nenets Okrug is a mysterious northern expanse with a unique landscape and a set of natural, historical and cultural values, unusual and indescribable for a person who has never been to the north. For example, northern lights or a winter rainbow, snowstorms when visibility ends at arm's length, vast expanses of snow-covered tundra, when it seems that you can go to the edge of the world and look there.

The Nenets Autonomous Okrug was formed on July 15, 1929 by the Decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on the basis of the will of the Nenets people.

The territory of the district is 176.7 thousand square meters. km. Within the current borders, the district borders on the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (yes, these are two different subjects of the Russian Federation), the Komi Republic and the Mezensky District of the Arkhangelsk Region, from the north the border runs along the coast of the White, Barents and Kara seas, including the adjacent islands.

In the Nenets Autonomous Okrug there are more than 30 cultural heritage sites - monuments of architecture and history, which are under state protection.

Naryan-Mar is the administrative center and the only city in the district. Also in the district there are 1 urban-type settlement and 42 rural settlements.

An interesting feature of the city is that the houses are given names. Locals can easily show you where the Titanic, Little Red Riding Hood, Sandwich, Gingerbread House, Bruise, Sandwich or the Royal stables are located. By calling a taxi, you can ask the dispatcher to drive up to the sandwich, and you will be understood.

For 12 years, the city has completely changed its appearance, from 2-storey barrack-type houses to modern high-rise buildings.

Naryan-Mar and other settlements of the district are not connected with the "mainland" by cars or railways. You can get to the district only by plane or by winter road. The expression "Island on the mainland" characterizes the transport situation in the district.

The indigenous people of the district are the Nenets. 7 thousand people out of 43 thousand of the total population of the district.

The Nenets people lead a nomadic lifestyle, moving across the territory of the entire district. The rhythm and duration of camping is determined by the state of reindeer pastures, their ability to feed the animals. As soon as this ability is lost, there is a need to change pastures.

The number of deer in the district is 168 thousand heads, which is more than the number of people. Reindeer for the Nenets is the center of life. Food, clothing, housing, transportation all provide this amazing animal.

All Nenets have been living in tents since ancient times. For them, this is the center of the whole life of the family, which is perceived as a whole world with its own laws and rules.

Of great interest is the archaeological heritage of the district. A special place is occupied by the monument of federal significance Pustozerskoye settlement. Pustozersk is the first city beyond the Arctic Circle. From the moment the "city and fortress" appeared, Pustozersk has become the center of the entire lower and middle Pechora: from the Timan tundra to the northern Urals, from the coast of the Barents Sea and Vaigach to the Vym and Usa rivers. It was the largest settlement in the Far North, the administrative, commercial, cultural and religious center of the Pechora Territory, a military stronghold. The first Russian city beyond the Arctic Circle.

It was here that Archpriest Avakum wrote the unique Life of Archpriest Avvakum, Written by Himself.

White Nights

One of the reasons for coming to the Nenets tundra is the phenomenon known as "white nights". In summer, the sun does not set below the horizon 24 hours a day. This period lasts from May 29 to July 15. Have you ever seen the moon and the sun in the sky at the same time? Such miracles are possible in the Nenets Okrug!

Long northern "polar nights" allow you to see another natural phenomenon - the "Northern Lights". Around Naryan-Mar there are quite a few convenient places to watch the impressive play of sunlight.

Our region is fraught with many other wonders and mysteries. You can travel along it both in winter and summer - and there is always a feeling or illusion that you managed to embrace the immensity.