Taking advantage of the weakening of Russian positions in the southern part of the Kuril Islands, Japanese fishermen first appear in Kunashir in 1799, and the next year on Iturup, where they destroy Russian crosses and illegally set up a pillar with a sign indicating that the islands belong to Japan. Japanese fishermen often began to arrive on the shores of South Sakhalin, fished, robbed the Ainu, which was the reason for frequent skirmishes between them. In 1805, Russian sailors from the frigate "Yunona" and the tender "Avos" on the shores of Aniva Bay set up a pole with the Russian flag, and the Japanese parking lot on Iturup was devastated. The Russians were warmly welcomed by the Ainu.

In 1854, in order to establish trade and diplomatic relations with Japan, the government of Nicholas I sent Vice Admiral E. Putyatin. His mission also included the delimitation of Russian and Japanese possessions. Russia demanded recognition of its rights to the island of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, which had long belonged to it. Knowing perfectly well what a difficult situation Russia found itself in, waging a simultaneous war with three powers in the Crimea [Crimean War], Japan put forward unfounded claims to the southern part of Sakhalin. At the beginning of 1855, in the city of Shimoda, Putyatin signed the first Russian-Japanese Treaty of Peace and Friendship, according to which Sakhalin was declared undivided between Russia and Japan, the border was established between the islands of Iturup and Urup, and the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate were opened for Russian ships and Nagasaki.

[The Shimoda Treaty of 1855 in Article 2 defines:

“From now on, the border between the Japanese state and Russia will be established between the island of Iturup and the island of Urup. The entire island of Iturup belongs to Japan, the entire island of Urup and the Kuril Islands to the north of it belong to Russia. As for the island of Karafuto (Sakhalin), it is still not divided by the border between Japan and Russia.”

In our time, the Japanese side claims that this treaty comprehensively took into account the activities of Japan and Russia in the region of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands up to the time of its conclusion and was concluded as a result of negotiations between Japan and Russia in a peaceful atmosphere. The plenipotentiary representative of the Russian side at the talks, Admiral Putyatin, when signing the treaty, said: "In order to prevent future disputes, as a result of careful study, it was confirmed that Iturup Island is Japanese territory." Documents recently published in Russia show that Nicholas I considered Urup Island to be the southern limit of Russian territory.

The Japanese side considers erroneous the assertion that Japan imposed this treatise on Russia, which was in a difficult position during the Crimean War. It is completely contrary to the facts. At that time, Russia was one of the great European powers, while Japan was a small and weak country that the US, England and Russia forced to abandon the 300-year policy of self-isolation of the country.

Japan also considers erroneous the assertion that Russia allegedly has "historical rights" to the islands of Iturup, Kunashir, Shikotan and the Habomai ridge, confirmed by this treatise as a Japanese possession, by virtue of their discovery and expeditions. As mentioned above, both Nicholas I and Admiral E.V. Putyatin (1803-1883+), on the basis of the then objective situation, concluded a treatise, realizing that the southern limit of Russia is the island of Urup, and Iturup and to the south of it are the territory of Japan. Beginning in 1855, for more than 90 years, neither Tsarist Russia nor the Soviet Union ever insisted on these so-called "historical rights."

There was no need for Japan to discover these islands, located at the shortest distance from her and visible from Hokkaido to the naked eye. On the map of the Shoho era, published in Japan in 1644, the names of the islands of Kunashir and Iturup are recorded. Japan ruled these islands before anyone else.

Actually, Japan substantiates its claims to the so-called "Northern Territories" precisely by the content of the Shimodsky treatise of 1855 and by the fact that until 1946 the Iturup, Kunashir, Shikotan islands and the Habomai ridge were always the territories of Japan and never became the territories of Russia. ]

The government of Alexander II made the Middle East and Central Asia the main direction of its policy and, fearing to leave its relations with Japan uncertain in the event of a new aggravation of relations with England, agreed to sign the so-called Petersburg Treaty of 1875, according to which all the Kuril Islands in exchange for the recognition of Sakhalin Russian territory passed to Japan. Alexander II, who had previously sold Alaska in 1867 for a symbolic and at that time amount of 11 million rubles, made a big mistake this time by underestimating the strategic importance of the Kuril Islands, which were later used by Japan for aggression against Russia. The tsar naively believed that Japan would become a peaceful and calm neighbor of Russia, and when the Japanese, substantiating their claims, refer to the 1875 treaty, they somehow forget (as G. Kunadze "forgot" today) about its first article: "... and henceforth eternal peace and friendship will be established between the Russian and Japanese empires. Then there was 1904, when Japan treacherously attacked Russia. At the conclusion of the peace treaty in Portsmouth in 1905, the Japanese side demanded from Russia as an indemnity the island of Sakhalin. The Russian side then stated that this was contrary to the 1875 treaty. What did the Japanese say to this?

The war crosses out all agreements, you have been defeated and let's proceed from the current situation. Only thanks to skillful diplomatic maneuvers did Russia manage to keep the northern part of Sakhalin for itself, and South Sakhalin went to Japan.

At the Yalta Conference of the Heads of Powers, the countries participating in the anti-Hitler coalition, held in February 1945, it was decided after the end of the Second World War that South Sakhalin and all the Kuril Islands be transferred to the Soviet Union, and this was the condition for the USSR to enter the war with Japan - three months after end of the war in Europe.

On September 8, 1951, 49 states signed a peace treaty with Japan in San Francisco. The draft treaty was prepared during the Cold War without the participation of the USSR and in violation of the principles of the Potsdam Declaration. The Soviet side proposed to carry out demilitarization and ensure the democratization of the country. Representatives of the United States and Great Britain told our delegation that they had come here not to discuss, but to sign the treaty, and therefore they would not change a single line. The USSR, and with it Poland and Czechoslovakia, refused to sign the treaty. And interestingly, Article 2 of this treaty states that Japan waives all rights and title to Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands. Thus, Japan itself renounced its territorial claims to our country, backing it up with its signature.

[At present, the Japanese side claims that the islands of Iturup, Shikotan, Kunashir and the Habomai ridge, which have always been Japanese territory, are not included in the Kuril Islands, which Japan abandoned. The US government, regarding the scope of the “Kuril Islands” concept in the San Francisco Peace Treaty, stated in an official document: “(They) do not include and there was no intention to include (in the Kuriles) the Habomai and Shikotan ridges, or Kunashir and Iturup, which previously have always been part of Japan proper and therefore must rightly be recognized as being under Japanese sovereignty." ]

RUSSIAN-JAPANESE AGREEMENTS 1855, 1858, 1875

Treaty of 1855 on trade and borders - signed on 26 Jan. (February 7) in the city of Shimoda by E. V. Putyatin, Masanori Tsutsui and Toshiakira Kawaji. The treaty established diplomatic relations between countries. In the possessions of both states, the Russians and the Japanese were supposed to enjoy patronage, protection of personal security and inviolability of property. State. the border was established between the islands of Iturup and Urup, with the former going to Japan, while the latter, like the other Kuril Islands to the north, were Russian possessions. Sakhalin (Karafuto) remained undivided. For Russian shipping, the ports of Shimoda, Hakodate and Nagasaki were opened. Mutual trade was allowed in the first two ports, and in one of them Russian could be opened. consulate. In Russian subjects extended extraterritoriality and all the rights and advantages that Japan has presented and will subsequently give to other nations. Regular Russian-Japanese were installed. diplomatic relations. Treaty of 1858 on trade and navigation - signed 7 (19) Aug. in the city of Edo, E. V. Putyatin, Gembano Nagai, Shinanono Inovaye, and others. He kept in force the articles of the agreement of 1855 that did not contradict the new treatise. The parties agreed to exchange permanent diplomats. representatives. In addition to Hakodate and Nagasaki, 3 more ports were opened for the Russians in 1859-63. In all open ports, permanent Rus. consulates. Russians were allowed to freely visit Edo and Osaka for the purpose of trade, and live in open ports. Trade between the Russians and the Japanese was to be carried out freely, by mutual agreement, without the interference of the authorities of both states. Conflicts between the subjects of the contracting parties were to be dealt with by consuls and representatives of local authorities, the guilty were punished according to the laws of their country. The subjects of both countries were subject to all the rights and advantages granted to other foreigners. It operated until 1895. The customs tariff was attached to the agreement, which was canceled in 1867. The 1875 agreement on the exchange of territories was signed on April 25. (May 7) in St. Petersburg by A. M. Gorchakov and Takeaki Enomoto. Provided after the exchange of ratifications. letters of immediate transfer to Russia Yuzh. Sakhalin (Karafuto) in exchange for 18 Kuril Islands, departing to Japan. The border between both empires in this district was established through the strait between Cape Lopatka in Kamchatka and about. Shumshu. Residents of the exchanged territories could return to their fatherland or remain in place: while retaining freedom of religion, property and the right to engage in crafts, subject to acceptance of citizenship and submission to the laws of the country, to which these possessions departed. Japanese courts were entitled without paying bargaining. and customs duties for 10 years to visit the port of Korsakov on Yuzh. Sakhalin, where the Japan was established. consulate. Japanese ships, merchants and fishermen were given the right of most favored nation in the ports and waters of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and Kamchatka. 10(22) Aug. 1875 in Tokyo, an addendum was adopted. an article to the treaty regulating the procedure for the exchange of territories and the rights of residents remaining in the ceded territories.

Lit .: Yuzefovich T., Political and trade agreements between Russia and the East, St. Petersburg, 1869; Fainberg E. Ya., Russian-Japanese. relations in 1697-1875, M., 1960; Sat. border treaties concluded by Russia with neighboring states, St. Petersburg, 1891; International relations in the D. East (1840-1649), 2nd ed., M., 1956.

Soviet historical encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ed. E. M. Zhukova. 1973-1982 .

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Treaty of 1855 on trade and borders, signed on January 26 (February 7) in the city of Shimoda by E. V. Putyatin on the part of Russia, Tsutsui Masanori and Kawaji Toshiakira on the part of Japan. According to the agreement, which consisted of 9 articles, ... ...

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- (Japanese: Nippon, Nihon) I. General information Ya. a state located on the islands of the Pacific Ocean, near the coast of East Asia. There are about 4 thousand islands in the territory of Yakutia, stretching from the north-east to the south-west for almost 3.5 thousand ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

On February 7, 1855, in the Japanese city of Shimoda (now Shizuoka Prefecture) on the island of Honshu, Russia and Japan signed a treaty on trade and borders, which was the first ever diplomatic agreement between the two countries. The treatise was signed by E. V. Putyatin and Toshiakira Kawaji.

In 1853-1854, the first Russian-Japanese negotiations were held in Nagasaki between the mission headed by Vice Admiral Evfimy Vasilyevich Putyatin and the representatives of the Japanese government regarding the establishment of interstate relations, trade and the definition of the state border. The negotiations ended without results, and E. V. Putyatin left Nagasaki for a while. However, Japan at that time concluded a treaty of friendship with America and opened the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate. Upon learning of this, E. V. Putyatin, with the approval of the tsarist government, demanded the resumption of negotiations. In this situation, in December 1854, the second round of negotiations between Japan and Russia began in Shimoda. Masanori Tsutsui and Toshiakira Kawaji were appointed as plenipotentiaries from Japan.

Shimodsky treatise on trade and borders between Russia and Japan was signed on February 7, 1855, which was a great diplomatic success of Putyatin's mission. It took place against the backdrop of a difficult foreign policy situation for Russia, which arose as a result of the Crimean War, which was unfortunate for her. The Russian side at that time did not have the possibility of any kind of forceful pressure on Japan, so during these negotiations the issue of determining the border line was resolved without the threat of the use of military force. E. V. Putyatin achieved an agreement exclusively through negotiations. In this regard, the behavior of Russian diplomacy was radically different from the American “gunboat diplomacy”. It was with her help that the United States achieved the opening of the ports of Japan, sending four of its warships directly into Tokyo Bay in violation of the ban of its government and threatening to start shelling Edo Castle.

Shimodsky treatise consisted of 9 articles. The main idea of ​​the treaty was the establishment of "permanent peace and sincere friendship between Russia and Japan." For Russians in Japan, essentially consular jurisdiction was introduced. The Kuril Islands north of Iturup Island were declared possessions of Russia, in turn, Japan received the islands of Kunashir, Iturup, Shikotan and Habomai, while Sakhalin continued to be a joint, inseparable possession of the two countries.

The ports of Shimoda, Hakodate, and Nagasaki were also open to Russian ships. Russia received the most favored nation treatment in trade and the right to open consulates in these ports.

The provision on joint ownership of Sakhalin was more beneficial for Russia, which continued its active colonization of Sakhalin (Japan at that time did not have such an opportunity due to the lack of a fleet). Later, Japan began to intensively populate the territory of the island and the issue of it began to become more acute and controversial. The conflicts between the parties were resolved in 1875 with the signing of the St. Petersburg Treaty, according to which Russia ceded all the Kuril Islands to Japan in exchange for full ownership of Sakhalin.

The date of the signing of the Shimoda Treaty since 1981 is celebrated in Japan as the "Day of the Northern Territories".

The Russians must have discovered the northern islands of Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir and Iturup before others?

Judging by written sources, their “discovery” belongs to the Dutch. The Kuril Islands (Tishima) are the first to be settled by Russians, and the northern islands of Japan, Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir and Iturup, by the Japanese. However, the important point is that discovery alone is not a sufficient condition to insist on the right to own the territory.

The Dutchman Martin Geritz de Vries (?–1647) saw the islands of Kunashir and Iturup in 1643 and landed on the island of Urup.

During the 15th and 16th centuries, the Russians created a centralized state around Moscow and began to expand their territory. Cossack ataman Ermak Timofeevich (?–1585) and his associates, having crossed the Ural Range, began to advance into the depths of Siberia in the second half of the 16th century. Cossack detachments were rapidly moving east, taking furs from the indigenous people and taking away land. The Cossacks reached the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk in 1639. In 1707, detachments of Cossacks led by Vladimir Atlasov completed the conquest of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Atlasov from the southern tip of Kamchatka first observed the northern part of the Kuril Islands in 1697-1699.

In 1711, the expedition of Danila Antsiferov (?–1712) and Ivan Kozyrevsky landed on Shumshu Island, and two years later their second expedition reached Paramushir Island. Having received from the Ainu information about the order of the arrangement of 14 islands stretching to the island of Matsumae (now Hokkaido), I. Kozyrevsky compiled a “Drawing of Sea Islands” (1713). The Russian expedition of Martyn Shpanberg (?–1761) sailed along the Kuril Islands and, following the open sea, reached the city of Shimoda. The members of his crew, having landed on the shore near the city of Shimoda, returned to the ship, bringing with them tangerine trees, pearls and other items. In the second half of the 18th century, the leader of the Cossack detachment, Ivan Cherny, explored the Kuril Islands from the north to the nineteenth island - Iturup and founded a Russian settlement on the island of Urup.

On the other hand, in Japan in 1635, the samurai of the Matsumae principality, Hiroyoshi Murakami, explored the island of Ezo and for the first time mapped the islands of Kunashir, Iturup and other northern regions. Presented from this map in 1644 by the Matsumae domain to the Tokugawa government, the geographical map is called the Shoho Period Map. This is the oldest map in the world, on which the Habomai group of islands, the islands of Shikotan, Kunashir and Iturup are clearly marked. The Ainu, who previously lived on these islands, paid tribute to the principality of Matsumae and traded with it.

In 1754, the principality of Matsumae began direct exploitation of the island of Kunashir, establishing a trading post there, and in 1786, an official of the central government, Tokunai Mogami, conducted a study of the islands of Iturup and Urup. To repeat, we note that the “discovery” of the islands can serve as only one of the grounds for claiming the right to own these territories, but the existence of this ground alone is insufficient. It is necessary to take into account the questions in their entirety: was sovereignty over this area exercised or not on an equitable basis, and did other states raise or did not raise objections to the exercise of sovereignty over these territories?

During the period of the Japanese-Russian negotiations on the conclusion in 1855 of the Treaty on Trade and Borders, the fact of the actual administration of the islands of Kunashir and Iturup by the principality of Matsumae already took place. Since tsarist Russia recognized this fact, an agreement was freely reached on drawing the line of the state border between the islands of Itu-rup and Urup. At the same time, however, the principle of the discovery of the Kuril Islands did not receive its correct understanding. This is due to the fact that the indigenous population already lived on these islands. Incidentally, as another such example, representatives of the West recall the expression “discovery of America” by H. Columbus, which has recently been replaced by the word “first achievement”.

Are the Ainu and other peoples the indigenous inhabitants of the islands of Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir and Iturup?

It can hardly be argued that when tsarist Russia began to move east through the Ural Mountains, its ideas about the state and state borders were the same as at the present time. It can be said that the main goal in the conquest of Siberia and Kamchatka by Russia, as well as in the advancement of the Kuril Islands to the south, was the acquisition of a fur-bearing animal, which gave a large profit, and the expansion of the territory was the result of achieving this goal. For example, the development of acute
va Urup was dictated by the desire to fish for sea beavers and other fur-bearing animals, and after this trade had exhausted itself, the Russians retired.

In the vast expanses of Siberia, there were many nationalities who hunted fur-bearing animals and grazed deer. They had no concept of the state. It was then that their conquerors appeared.

The original inhabitants of Hokkaido, Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands and the islands of Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir and Iturup were mainly Ainu and other northern peoples. All these nationalities, having been absorbed by Japan or Russia, have survived to the present day. In the event that indigenous peoples would demand independence or autonomy, the question of how to resolve this problem is not regulated by international principles.

In the event that small nationalities, having united in sufficient numbers, rise to fight for independence, in some cases they are granted independence, in other cases they come to an agreement on expanding their autonomy, and in third cases the matter ends with their extermination. There is no single set principle. True, in the second half of the 20th century, a situation developed when, even if small nationalities could not even achieve independence, they were granted extended autonomy and showed respect for their original culture and life rights.

How did contacts between the Japanese and Russians begin?

Unfortunately, the first contacts between the Japanese and the Russians were not favorable. This happened in the second half of the 16th century, when Japan, having completed a long period of internal wars, was finally united by Hideyoshi Toyotomi (1536–1598). On the other hand, the European states at that time, relying on the superiority of their military equipment, having advanced into Asia, Africa and America, began a fierce rivalry for the acquisition of colonies. One of the detachments that played an important role in the struggle for dominance in the colonies were Christian missionaries. The Tokugawa government, fearing to be dominated by a foreign state and a foreign religion, began to implement a policy of isolating the country. The arrival and departure of foreign ships was restricted to the port of Nagasaki, and trade was almost entirely monopolized by the Netherlands.

Considering the example of Qing China (which, by the way, was ahead of Japan in historical and cultural development), when the European powers Great Britain, France and Russia in the 19th century, neglecting its sovereignty, began to seize Chinese territories and China began to lose its sovereignty, its national interests, the Tokugawa government began to show more and more open fears towards foreigners. In such an environment, the Japanese came face to face with the Russians, who appeared from the north.

V. Atlasov met with a shipwrecked Japanese named Dembei, who was captured by the indigenous people in Kamchatka. Emperor Peter I (1672-1725) invited him to St. Petersburg and, after personally asking about the state of affairs in Japan, appointed him a teacher and ordered to teach Russian children the Japanese language. This event took place in 1702. Peter I became interested in the entry in the book of Marco Polo (1254–1324) about the “country of gold Chipangu”, which gave rise to fantasies in Europe. Having organized the expedition, the emperor of Russia set about mastering the path to Japan from the Pacific Ocean.

In 1782, the merchant Kodaiu Daikokuya (1751–1828) was shipwrecked and the following year was cast ashore on the island of Amchitka, one of the Aleutian Islands. K. Daikokuya was sent to St. Petersburg, where he received an audience with Empress Catherine II (1729–1796). The Empress, seeking to establish trade relations with Japan, in 1792 sent a mission to Japan under the command of Adam Laxman (1766–1796), who returned K. Daikokui to his homeland as a gift, offering Japan to start trade. However, in the end, A. Laxman, who sailed to Nemuro, Matsumae and Hakodate, returned to his homeland without reaching his goal. The Dutch came out with a slander, saying that Russia “has a plan of aggression against Japan,” and the Japanese government, referring to the closure of the country, gave the Russian mission a turn.

The Russian government in 1803 sent a mission to Japan under the command of Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov (1764–1807), but Rezanov, upon arrival in Nagasaki, came under strict supervision for six months. He was even denied acceptance of a state diploma and gifts. From such a disrespectful attitude, Captain Nikolai Aleksandrovich Khvostov, subordinate to Rezanov, became furious and began to attack Japanese settlements and guard posts on the islands of Sakhalin, Iturup and Rishiri in the period from 1806 to 1807, set fire to houses, raped and robbed the population. This incident sobered up the Japanese, who, hoping for the closure of the country, were in a good mood, and gave rise to a very definite sense of fear of Russia.

In 1811, Vasily Mikhailovich Golovnin (1776–1831), the captain of the warship Diana, and eight crew members, while surveying the area during their landing on Kunashir Island, were captured by Japanese officials. After the incident with N.A. Tail guards on the island of Kunashir were strengthened. V.M. Golovnin and his subordinates were taken under guard to Hakodate and imprisoned there. Assistant Captain P.I. Rikord, who remained on the ship, tried to free V.M. Golovnin, but his attempt was unsuccessful. The following year, he detained the Japanese ship Kase-maru and delivered its owner, the wealthy merchant Kahei Takadai (1769–1827), to the port city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky on the Kamchatka Peninsula. The extraordinary courage and insight of K. Takadai made a great impression on P.I. Ricord. A trusting and friendly relationship was established between them. In 1813, the ship P.I. Rikorda with K. Takadai on board appeared in Matsumae. Thanks to the selfless efforts of K. Takadai, the conflict was finally settled. After 26 months of captivity V.M. Golovnin and his companions finally returned to their homeland. Written in 1846 by V.M. Golovnin's "Notes in Captivity of the Japanese" were immediately translated into English, German and French and became very popular. Cold-blooded observations recorded by V.M. Golovnin, made a great contribution to the European understanding of the situation in Japan.

The Treatise on Trade and Borders of 1855 was concluded under the influence of Russia's weakness, which arose as a result of the Crimean War, which was difficult for her.

In 1853–1854, the first negotiations were held in Nagasaki between the Russian mission in Japan, headed by Vice Admiral Evfimy Vasilyevich Putyatin (1803–1883), and the government of Japan regarding the establishment of interstate relations, trade and the definition of the state border. The negotiations ended in vain, and E.V. Putyatin left Nagasaki for a while. However, Japan at that time concluded a treaty of friendship with America and opened the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate. Upon learning of this, E.V. Putyatin demanded the resumption of negotiations. In this situation, in December 1854, the second round of negotiations between Japan and Russia began in Shimoda. Masanori Tsutsui and Toshiakira Kawaji were appointed as plenipotentiaries from Japan.

Immediately after the end of the first session, the Ansei earthquake struck. The port of Shimoda was hit by a tsunami. The schooner “Diana” standing in the bay, on which E.V. Putyatin, was damaged. While being towed to the port for repairs, the ship ran into a rock and sank. Therefore, in the port of the village of Heda, which was 30 km away from the port of Shimoda, according to the drawings of a Russian officer, it was decided to build a new sailing ship to return the Russians to their homeland.

From the very beginning, the Japanese side did not have accurate information about the Crimean War. During the period when it was conducted, negotiations with Russia developed successfully, and in February 1855 the Treaty on Trade and Borders (Shimodsky Treaty) was signed and interstate relations were established between Japan and Russia for the first time. Under this agreement, taking into account the actual situation, the state border was established between the islands of Iturup and Urup. At the same time, the entire island of Iturup was recognized as the territory of Japan, and the island of Urup, as well as the Kuril Islands to the north, were recognized as the territory of Russia. As for the island of Sakhalin, the treaty stated that "it remains undivided between Russia and Japan, as it has been until now." In other words, it was decided that this island remained without a definite state affiliation and that the peoples of both states could still live on it mixed. As for the opening of ports, which Russia persistently desired, three ports were recognized as such under the agreement - Hakodate, Shimoda and Nagasaki.

Before the Shimoda Treaty between Japan and Russia was signed, the decree of Emperor Alexander I, issued in 1821, established that “the production of trade, whale and fishing, and any industry on the islands, in ports and bays, and in general throughout the entire north the western coast of America, starting from the Bering Strait to 51 degrees north latitude, also along the Aleutian Islands and along the Eastern coast of Siberia; also for the Kuril Islands, i.e., starting from the same Bering Strait to the South Cape of the Urup Island, namely up to 45 degrees 50 minutes north latitude, are granted only to Russian citizens ”and that foreign ships were forbidden to approach and moor near the sea coast and islands, which are under Russian control.

In addition, in the instructions of Emperor Nicholas I (1796–1855), sent in 1853 to Vice Admiral E.V. Putyatin, who followed the negotiations with Japan, defined trade benefits as the most important goal and stated the following: “So that the Japanese could not, following their usual rules [refer to the closure of the country], immediately evade and give a negative answer”, now, it seemed to us very thorough to start the border issue: through this it is possible, so to speak, to force the Japanese, if necessary, to enter into negotiations with us. Based on this perspective, the above instruction prescribed: “Of the Kuril Islands, the southernmost, belonging to Russia, is the island of Urup, to which we could confine ourselves, appointing it the last point of Russian possessions to the south - so that from our side the southern tip of this island was (as it actually is now) the border with Japan, and that from the Japanese side, the northern tip of Iturup Island should be considered the border.

During these negotiations, the issue of determining the border line was successfully resolved due to the fact that both sides - Japan and Russia recognized the fact that Russian power extended to the island of Urup, and Japanese power to the islands of Iturup and Kunashir. Without resorting to the threat of the use of military force, E.V. Putyatin reached an agreement through negotiations. In this respect, his behavior was fundamentally different from the American “gunboat diplomacy”, in which the United States achieved the opening of Japan’s ports by sending four of its warships directly into Tokyo Bay in violation of the ban of its government and resorting to the threat of opening artillery fire on Edo Castle.

The Russian side expressed gratitude to Japan for the fact that the Russian military sailors were able to return to their homeland on a new ship built to replace the wrecked ship in Kheda Bay.

In turn, the Japanese side for the first time was able to get their hands on the technical knowledge to build ships of the European type, and this made a great contribution to the technical progress of shipbuilding in Japan. In the village of Kheda, the barracks (in the main hall of the temple), where E.V. Putyatin. The local history museum on the history of the village of Kheda exhibits materials of that time about the construction of the schooner, illustrated scrolls telling about the life of the sailors of the Russian ship who lived in this village until the end of construction, as well as an anchor from the sunken schooner "Diana" and other items.

How did the course of the state border between Japan and Russia change after the signing of the Shimoda Treaty?

The following year, after the signing of the Treaty on Trade and Borders (Shimodsky Treaty), the Russian government, transferring the right to administer Sakhalin (Karafuto), which until then was in the hands of the Russian-American Company, to the Siberian Governor General, set as its goal to annex the entire island to the territory Russia. This happened against the backdrop of an international situation, when Russia, defeated in the Crimean War (1853–1856) and forced to abandon its selfish aspirations to seize the Bosporus and Dardanelles, faced the need to demand access to the Far East. Having forced Qing China to cede the left bank of the Amur River under the Aigun Peace Treaty in 1858, and two years later, in 1860, under the Beijing Treaty, the eastern bank of the Ussuri River, Russia in 1862 as its stronghold for advancing to Asia and the Pacific Ocean built the city of Vladivostok.

In 1859, Admiral Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Amursky, who arrived in the city of Kanagawa at the head of a squadron of seven ships, demanded that the entire island of Sakhalin be transferred to Russia from a position of superiority, but was refused by the Japanese government. On the other hand, the Russian government, making every effort to colonize Sakhalin, actually puts it under its control. As a result of this policy, conflicts began to arise between the Japanese and Russian populations living on the island.

The new government, headed by Emperor Meiji, faced with the problem of the inevitable Russification of the entire island of Sakhalin, negotiated with the government of Russia, in 1875 concluded an agreement on the exchange of Sakhalin for the Kuril Islands. Based on the content of the said treaty, the Japanese government, having renounced the right to joint ownership of the island of Sakhalin, recognized the full sovereignty of Russia over the entire island. As compensation, Russia ceded to Japan the Kuril Islands, namely 18 islands stretching from Shumshu Island to Urup Island.

This border between Japan and Russia remained unchanged until the Treaty of Portsmouth, which was concluded as a result of the Japanese-Russian war of 1904-1905.

“Japan during the Russo-Japanese War unleashed aggression against our country, taking advantage of the weakness of the tsarist government. Japan in February 1904, when negotiations between Russia and Japan were still ongoing, unexpectedly and treacherously, without declaring war, attacked our country and attacked the Russian squadron in the Port Arthur area ”(I.V. Stalin“ Appeal to the Soviet people ”from September 2, 1945). What do people in Japan think about these events?

The main reason for the Japanese-Russian war is that, having carried out a powerful increase in the land army, Russia began to seriously build up its forces in Manchuria and every day increased its pressure on the Korean Peninsula.

This historical background is vividly described in Ryotaro Shiba's well-known book Cloud Over the Slope. For Japan, the Japanese-Russian war was literally a battle in which the question was decided whether it would survive as a state or cease to exist.

The fact that she attacked without declaring war is true. However, before crossing the brink of war, Japan, announcing the severance of interstate relations, tacitly expressed its will regarding the war. The obligation to declare war before the outbreak of hostilities in accordance with international law was codified as a result of the conclusion of the Treaty on the Rules for the Opening of Hostilities in 1907, that is, after the Japanese-Russian war.

In the second half of the 19th century, when Japan, abandoning the position of closing the country, opened its eyes to the world, Asia was a space where all rights were usurped by the powers of Europe and America.

Russia's desire for territorial expansion, aimed at the partition of Poland in consultation with Prussia and Austria, did not differ from the intentions of the Western powers. However, in contrast to the Western powers, which, invading other countries and resorting exclusively to raids of warships and force of arms, carried out the colonization of Africa, Asia, South America and other regions of the world, Russia, being unable to develop expansion towards the West (before it erected a wall of Prussia and Austria), began to expand its territory by incrementing it in the eastern and southern directions. And this was the difference in the shades of the policy of Russia and these powers.

Japan, emerging from isolation in the midst of the rivalry between the powers of Europe and America for the conquest of colonies, seeing how various powers, like kites, greedily torment Qing China, strengthens its navy. At the same time, making every effort to assimilate Western science, technology and the political system, Japan sought to overcome its backwardness through modernization. Due to the fact that during the period of the closure of the country, Japanese culture passed the path of original development, Japan was able to enter the category of modern states in a relatively short time.

However, as a result of this, Japan also became infected with the predatory behavior of other powers in Europe and America. Perhaps we can assume that a typical example of this is the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895). Having won, Japan seized the island of Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula from Qing China. Japan turned out to be an obstacle in the way of Russia's policy aimed at moving south. Having united with Germany and France, Russia put pressure on Japan, and she returned the Liaodong Peninsula to China. At that time, Japan was unable to resist the demands of the three states.

This action of Russia was by no means dictated by its benevolence. That is why, as a reward for the return of the Liaodong Peninsula, Russia acquired from China the right to lay the Chinese Eastern Railway and received permission to land its troops in Port Arthur and Dalian. In addition, by resorting to force, Russia leased the Liaodong Peninsula from China, and also received the right to build a railway between Harbin and Port Arthur. Having turned Port Arthur into a fortress, Russia made this city the base of its Kwantung squadron. In 1900, taking advantage of the Boxer rebellion, Russia brought a large military contingent into Manchuria and continued to keep it there in the subsequent period. In addition, as a result of Russia's growing appetite for Korea, the confrontation between Japan and Russia has become decisive.

If the Korean peninsula were under the control of Russia, Japan would directly face the threat from her side. The interests of Japan and England, countries that faced a threat from Russia in relation to their rights and interests in China, coincided, and therefore in 1902 a Japanese-British alliance was concluded. In an effort to eliminate Russia's influence on the Korean Peninsula, Japan put forward various compromise proposals, but Russia ignored them and, on the contrary, continued to build up its troops in the Far East. In January 1904, an order was given in Russia to mobilize troops in the Far East and Siberia. And then Japan broke off diplomatic relations with Russia and, having struck at the port of Port Arthur, ignited the fire of the Japanese-Russian war.

Although the situation on the fronts was in favor of Japan, during the war, the limitations of its capabilities as a state were revealed. And after the President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt acted as an intermediary, in 1905 the Treaty of Portsmouth was signed between Japan and Russia. By forcing it to cede South Sakhalin to it, Japan acquired the right to lease the Liaodong Peninsula, as well as the rights and interests in relation to the South Manchurian Railway. The United States, which later entered into competition for their interests and benefits in Qing China, as compensation for their mediation in concluding peace with Russia, demanded that they be allowed to manage the South Manchurian Railway. By rejecting these harassment, Japan created the prospect of worsening Japanese-American relations.

Such is the history of the Japanese-Russian war, the main arena of which was Qing China and Manchuria. For a correct judgment about this war, modern logic and modern moral standards are probably inapplicable. It was an era when relations between states were determined by animal instincts, in which the strong devour the weak, and the definition formulated in the book of Karl Clausewitz (1780–1831) “On War” was in effect in the international community, which read: “War is a continuation of external politics by other means.” Issues that were not resolved through diplomatic negotiations were resolved through the use of military force. In accordance with the principles of international law, as a result of the Japanese-Russian war, the plenipotentiaries of both warring states signed the Portsmouth Peace Treaty. After its ratification, in relation to the agreed provisions, the contracting parties do not have the right to raise objections, unilaterally change them and cancel them.

Didn't all the Russo-Japanese treaties concluded before it lose their force after the revolution in Russia? And how do Japan view such events as a military expedition to Siberia, the formation of the state of Manchukuo, and the events on the Khalkhin Gol River?

The Russian Revolution of 1917 had a profound effect on capitalist states throughout the world. The struggle in each of these states by the working class and communist organizations against capitalism increased social tension. The emergence of a workers' state in Russia strengthened the feeling of solidarity among the workers of all countries with Russia as a state born of the revolution. As a result of this, they could not help dreaming of carrying out the world revolution that the Bolsheviks proclaimed. A global crisis was brewing.

The capitalist states took the side of the representatives of the old system and their troops - the White Army, which represented an intervention in the Civil War. At the insistence of the three states of the Entente, two other states - Japan and the United States, under the pretext of saving the Czechoslovak Corps, decided on a military expedition to Siberia. The Czechoslovak corps, which fought during the First World War together with the German army, as a result of revolutionary unrest, having lost its former place of deployment, moved to Siberia. In August 1918, the troops of England, Canada, France, the United States and Japan landed in Vladivostok. The Japanese troops, violating the agreement that their number, like the American armed forces, would be 7 thousand people, continued to build up their power and brought the number of troops to 72.4 thousand people in the maximum period.

As for the Civil War, starting from 1920, the advantage of the Red Army became obvious, and in March of the same year, American troops were completely withdrawn to their homeland. However, the Japanese army did not do this. In February 1920, the so-called Nikolaev incident occurred, as a result of which 384 Japanese local residents and 351 Japanese soldiers became victims of partisans in the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur. Therefore, Japanese troops continued to be in Russia until October 1922 (and in Northern Sakhalin - until 1925). This "Siberian Expedition" until very recently caused indignation on the part of the Soviet Union and distrust of Japan by the international community.

In January 1925, the Convention was concluded between Japan
and the Soviet Union on the Basic Principles of Relations (Japanese-Soviet Basic Convention), and the Japanese government recognized the Soviet regime. Important was the fact that in paragraph 1 of Art. 2, the legal validity of the Treaty of Portsmouth was confirmed, in other words, the belonging of South Sakhalin to Japan was recognized.

The fact that the states of Europe and the United States, as well as Japan, ignoring the sovereignty of Qing China, allowed themselves arbitrary actions towards it, contributed to the gradual rise of Chinese nationalism. As a result of the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, the Qing dynasty was overthrown in China and the Republic of China was established in 1912. In 1932, having provided assistance to the deposed emperor of Qing China, Xuanzhong (G. Puyi, 1906–1967), Japan founded the state of Manchukuo. Relations between Japan and Manchukuo were similar to those of the Soviet Union with the countries of Eastern Europe during the Cold War.

The Anti-Comintern Pact, concluded in 1936 between Japan and Germany, sowed the seeds of unrest in the Soviet Union, which was on the path of building communism. In 1938, there was a local clash between Japanese and Soviet troops near the small Zhangkufeng (Zaozernaya) hill in the zone of the state border between Eastern Manchuria and the Soviet Union. And in the summer of next year, there was also a clash in the zone of the state border between Western Manchuria and Mongolia in the Nomonhan region (near the Khalkhin Gol River) between Japanese and Soviet troops. Mongolia was then a satellite state of the USSR, and Soviet troops were stationed on its territory. The clash itself took place in an area where there was no clear demarcation of the state border. As a result, the Kwantung Army suffered a serious defeat, and the USSR won and thus completed the difficult task of defending Siberia and the Far East.

What was the relationship between Japan and the Soviet Union during World War II? What circumstances gave rise to the Japanese-Soviet neutrality pact? And did not Japan itself violate this pact?

Despite the fact that during the Second World War, Japan and the USSR belonged to the opposing camps, the Japanese-Soviet neutrality pact successfully operated between these states. However, one week before the surrender of Japan, that is, on August 9, 1945, the Soviet Union, in violation of the neutrality pact, attacked Japan.

In September 1939, as a result of the German invasion of Poland, World War II began. This invasion was preceded by the conclusion of the German-Soviet non-aggression pact. Simultaneously with this pact, a secret protocol was developed, according to which the spheres of influence of Germany and the Soviet Union were demarcated. In response to the call of the German army of Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), the Soviet army of Joseph Stalin (1870-1953) also invaded Poland and occupied its eastern part. Referring to the secret protocol, in other words, to the signature of Hitler, the Soviet Union, in addition to imposing a war on Finland, obtained a cession of territory from it north of Leningrad and the region in Karelia, annexed the three Baltic states and seized the region of Bessarabia from Romania.

However, distrustful of the German-Soviet non-aggression pact, Stalin did not ease his misgivings about Germany.

On the other hand, Japan, having experienced the shock of the German-Soviet non-aggression pact, also offered the Soviet Union to conclude a non-aggression pact. The Soviet Union, skillfully negotiating, twisted the Japanese proposal and demanded that she return South Sakhalin and give him some of the Northern Kuril Islands, knowing that Japan would not meet these demands. Then the Soviet Union, allegedly making a concession, agreed to conclude a neutrality pact. In April 1941, the Japanese-Soviet Neutrality Pact was signed. I. Stalin went to see the Japanese Foreign Minister Yosuke Matsuoka (1880–1946) to the platform of the railway station, the plenipotentiary representative of Japan at the negotiations, and in a surge of jubilation he embraced him.

The Japanese-Soviet Neutrality Pact consisted of four articles: Art. 1 - territorial integrity of each other; Art. 2 - if one of the contracting parties is attacked by a third state, the other contracting party remains neutral; Art. 3 - the term of the agreement is set at five years, and if each of the contracting parties does not notify of its denunciation one year before its expiration, the pact is automatically extended for another five years.

In June 1941, violating the German-Soviet non-aggression pact, Germany launched an invasion of the Soviet Union. The existence of the Japanese-Soviet neutrality pact proved to be very effective for both states. Having transferred his troops from the Far East and from Siberia to the West, I. Stalin was able to fight the German army with full dedication of his forces, and Japan, for its part, was able to send the elite troops of the Kwantung Army to the south.

In February 1945, in Yalta, on the Crimean peninsula, at a conference of the heads of the three powers - the United States of America, Great Britain and the Soviet Union, their leaders held consultations on post-war settlement in Europe after the surrender of Germany and at the same time decided on the entry of the USSR into the war against Japan (Yalta Agreement).

Two months after the Yalta Conference, on April 5, 1945, having summoned the Japanese Ambassador to the Soviet Union, Naotake Sato, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR V.M. Molotov read him a memorandum stating that "the neutrality pact between Japan and the USSR has lost its meaning, and the extension of this pact has become impossible." In response to a question from Ambassador N. Sato, the said Minister of Foreign Affairs confirmed that the Japanese-Soviet Neutrality Pact remained in force until April 1946.

On May 8, 1945, Germany capitulated and the war in Europe ended. From July 17 to August 2 of the same year in Potsdam, a suburb of Berlin, a summit conference was held with the participation of the new US President Harry Truman (he replaced F. Roosevelt, who died after an illness in April of the same year), I. Stalin and Winston Churchill. Having been defeated in the elections, the chairman of the Conservative Party of Great Britain, W. Churchill, left for his homeland before the end of the meeting and was replaced at the conference by the chairman of the Labor Party of Great Britain, Clement Attlee. On behalf of the three powers - the United States, China and Great Britain - on June 26, 1945, the Potsdam Declaration was published, which contained the terms of Japan's surrender.

On August 6, 1945, atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and on August 9 of the same year on Nagasaki.

On August 8, 1945, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR V.M. Molotov invited Japanese Ambassador N. Sato to the USSR Foreign Ministry and informed him that the Soviet Union was declaring war on Japan. On August 9, 1945, the Soviet Army launched an invasion of Manchuria. Japan accepted the Potsdam Declaration on 14 August 1945 and capitulated on its terms. The Japanese people were informed about the surrender at exactly noon in a rescript, which the Japanese emperor himself read over the radio to the whole country.

Violation of the Soviet-Japanese neutrality pact was evident. However, in the Soviet Union, after the end of the war, the point of view was widespread that Japan had violated this pact.

Thus, an authoritative researcher of the diplomatic history of Soviet-Japanese relations L.N. Kutakov, arguing that after the conclusion of the Japanese-Soviet neutrality pact, the Japanese side repeatedly violated it, cited the following examples:

1) an increase on a large scale of personnel, tanks and aviation in accordance with the "plan of special maneuvers of the Kwantung Army" ("Kantokuen");

2) the sinking of Soviet trade and

"these territories are not part of the Kuril Islands, which Japan renounced under the San Francisco Peace Treaty of 1951."
Pars pro toto. The whole cannot equal the part. "…create the danger that we will mistake a part for the whole. …encourage us - dangerously - to mistake parts for the whole." Japan has not renounced the North. Smoked, but from the Kurils. San Francisco Treaty 1951 8 September. chapter II. Territory. Article 2. (c) "Japan renounces all right, title and claim to the Kurile Islands, … Japan renounces all right, title and claim to the Kurile Islands, …" 02/16/11 The world today: Russian anti-aircraft missiles in the Kuriles ("Commentary Magazine", USA) J. E. Dyer P.J. Crowley made it equally clear that the treaty does not apply to defense of the Kuril Islands, because the islands are “not under Japanese administration.” J. Crowley just as clearly pointed out that the treaty does not apply to the defense of the Kuril Islands, since they are "not under the control of Japan".
If Jap. the tops look at the Treaty of San Francisco and see after the words "Yap-ya renounces" instead of the real 4 hieroglyphs "Chishima retto" (Kurile Archipelago, Kuriles) 4 virtual "Hoppo no Chishima" (Northern Kuriles), then what can be a clinical diagnosis?
All the Kuril Islands were called and are called in Japanese by one name, it sounds something like “Chishima”, which translates as “1000 islands”. The Southern Kuriles are called "Minami Chishima" or "Southern Chishima". In the description of the modern revisionist map of the Nemuro Subprefecture, where they painstakingly included the South Kuriles. the character combination "Minami Chishima" is used. Moreover, in international documents, in particular in Memorandum 677 (which, among others, removed the Kuriles from the sovereignty of Japan as a separate clause), the English transcription of Chishima, that is, all the Kuriles, was used.
It is funny and sad at the same time! Yap-ya looks like an enraged husband. discovered after the divorce that he was deprived of access to the body.
If you clearly said PAS in the game, you will not be able to get involved in the game again! Japan itself abdicated in San Francisco in 1951. If a mother gives the child to an orphanage and signs a notarized renunciation of the child, then what does it matter to a person who wants to adopt if he was not a witness to the signing of the renunciation? The same is true in case of divorce. How many husbands married to ex-divorced wives witnessed that divorce being finalized?
These are the kind we have in Japan, in the Russian Federation, God forgive me, jurists. The LAW clearly distinguishes between "lost (and newly found)" property and "Abandoned" property. When property is lost, the law sees that the loss occurred by accident and against the will of the owner. Found someone else's property cannot be appropriated and must be returned to the owner in due time. On the contrary, when the owner VOLUNTARY parted with his property, the law asserts that the property becomes not belonging to anyone, to anyone, and, therefore, not only the above property, but also all rights to its maintenance and use, passes to the FIRST person who took possession of it. them. Claims to the Treaty of San Francisco are unfounded, since for the Anglo-Saxons the rights of the USSR were self-evident. Japan renounced Kurile (not North-ern Kurile, Jap. Chishima (not Hoppo no Chishima) on mature reflection, 6 years after the war. What other FORMULA OF RENUNCIATION do you need?