RESPONSE PLAN
1. A word about a poet.
2. Civic lyrics.
3. philosophical lyrics.
4. Landscape lyrics.
5. Love lyrics.
6. Conclusion.
1. Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev (1803-1873) - Russian poet, contemporary of Zhukovsky, Pushkin, Nekrasov, Tolstoy. He was the smartest, exceptionally educated man of his time, a European of "the highest standard", with all the spiritual needs brought up by Western civilization. The poet left Russia when he was 18 years old. The best time of his life, 22 years, he spent abroad. At home, he became known only in the early 50s of the XIX century. Being a contemporary of Pushkin, he nevertheless was ideologically connected with another generation - the generation of “wise men”, who sought not so much to actively intervene in life as to comprehend it. This propensity for knowledge of the surrounding world and self-knowledge led Tyutchev to a completely original philosophical and poetic concept. Tyutchev's lyrics can be thematically presented as philosophical, civil, landscape and love. However, these themes are very closely intertwined in each poem, where a passionate feeling gives rise to a deep philosophical thought about the existence of nature and the Universe, about the connection of human existence with universal life, about love, life and death, about human destiny and the historical destinies of Russia.
Civic lyrics
During his long life, Tyutchev witnessed many "fatal minutes" of history: the Patriotic War of 1812, the Decembrist uprising, the revolutionary events in Europe in 1830 and 1848, the Polish uprising, the Crimean War, the reform of 1861, the Franco-Prussian war, the Paris Commune .. All these events could not but excite Tyutchev both as a poet and as a citizen. Feeling tragically his time, the crisis state of the era, the world on the eve of historical upheavals, Tyutchev believes that all this contradicts the moral requirements of man, his spiritual needs.
Waves in the fight
Elements in the debate
Life in change -
Eternal stream...
The poet treated the theme of the human personality with the passion of a person who experienced the regime of Arakcheev, and then Nicholas I. He understood how little life "and movement in his native country:" In Russia, the office and the barracks, "everything moves around the whip and rank," - he said to Pogodin. In mature verses, Tyutchev will write about the "iron dream" in which everything sleeps in the empire of the tsars, and in the poem "December 14, 1825", dedicated to the uprising of the Decembrists, he writes:
Self-rule has corrupted you,
And his sword struck you, -
And in incorruptible impartiality
This verdict was confirmed by the Law.
The people, shunning treachery,
Swears your names -
And your memory is from posterity,
Like a corpse in the ground, buried.
O victim of reckless thought,
You hoped maybe
What will become scarce of your blood,
To melt the eternal pole!
Barely, smoking, she sparkled,
On the age-old mass of ice,
Iron winter died -
And there were no traces left.
"Iron Winter" brought deathly peace, tyranny turned all manifestations of life into "feverish dreams". The poem "Silentium!" (Silence) - a complaint about the isolation, the hopelessness in which our soul resides:
Be silent, hide and hide
And feelings and dreams...
Here Tyutchev gives a generalized image of the spiritual forces hidden in a person doomed to "silence". In the poem "Our Century" (1851), the poet speaks of longing for the world, of the thirst for faith that a person has lost:
Not the flesh, but the spirit has become corrupted in our days,
And the man is desperately longing...
He rushes to the light from the night shadow
And , having found the light, grumbles and rebels.
We burn with unbelief and wither,
He endures the unbearable...
And he knows his death
And longs for faith...
"...I believe. My God!
Come to the aid of my unbelief!”
“There are moments when I am suffocated by my powerless clairvoyance, like someone buried alive who suddenly comes to his senses. But unfortunately, I’m not even allowed to come to my senses, because for more than fifteen years I constantly foresaw this terrible catastrophe - all this stupidity and all this thoughtlessness must inevitably lead to it, ”wrote Tyutchev.
In the poem "Over this dark crowd ...", echoing Pushkin's poems about freedom, it sounds:
Will you rise when, Freedom,
Will your golden beam shine? ..
………………………………………..
Corruption of souls and emptiness,
What gnaws the mind and aches in the heart, -
Who will heal them, who will cover them?..
You, pure robe of Christ...
Tyutchev felt the greatness of the revolutionary upheavals of history. Even in the poem "Cicero" (1830) he wrote:
Happy is he who visited this world
In his fatal moments!
He was called by the all-good,
Like an interlocutor at a feast.
He is a spectator of their high spectacles ...
Happiness, according to Tyutchev, lies in the "fatal minutes" themselves, in the fact that the bound gets permission, in the fact that the suppressed and forcibly detained in its development finally comes out. The quatrain "The Last Cataclysm" prophesies the last hour of nature in grandiose images heralding the end of the old world order:
When the last hour of nature strikes,
The composition of the parts will collapse earthly:
Everything visible will again be covered by water,
And God's face will be depicted in them!
Tyutchev's poetry shows that the new society never got out of the state of "chaos". Modern man has not fulfilled his mission to the world, he has not allowed the world to rise with him to beauty, to reason. Therefore, the poet has many poems in which a person is, as it were, recalled back to the elements as having failed in his own role.
In the 40-50s, Tyutchev's poetry was noticeably updated. Returning to Russia and approaching Russian life, the poet pays more attention to everyday life, everyday life and human concerns. In the poem "Russian Woman" the heroine is one of the many women in Russia, suffering from lack of rights, from the narrowness and poverty of conditions, from the inability to freely build her own destiny:
Far from the sun and nature
Far from light and art
Far away from life and love
Your younger years will flash,
Feelings that are alive will die,
Your dreams will shatter...
And your life will pass unseen...
The poem "These poor villages ..." (1855) is imbued with love and compassion for the poor people, dejected by a heavy burden, for their long-suffering and self-sacrifice:
These poor villages
This meager nature
The land of native long-suffering,
The land of the Russian people!
………………………………………..
Dejected by the burden of the godmother,
All of you, dear land,
In the form of a slave, the King of heaven
Went out blessing.
And in the poem "Tears" (1849), Tyutchev speaks of the social suffering of those who are offended and humiliated:
Human tears, oh human tears,
You pour early and late sometimes ...
Flow unknown, flow invisible,
Inexhaustible, innumerable, -
Pour like rain streams pour,
In autumn, deaf, sometimes at night.
Thinking about the fate of Russia, about its special long-suffering path, about originality, the poet writes his famous lines, which have become an aphorism:
Russia cannot be understood with the mind,
Do not measure with a common yardstick:
She has a special become -
One can only believe in Russia.
Philosophical lyrics
Tyutchev began his career in that era, which is commonly called Pushkin's, he created a completely different type of poetry. Without canceling everything that was discovered by his brilliant contemporary, he showed Russian literature one more way. If for Pushkin poetry is a way of knowing the world, then for Tyutchev it is an opportunity to touch the unknowable through the knowledge of the world. Russian high poetry of the 18th century was philosophical poetry in its own way, and in this respect Tyutchev continues it, with the important difference that his philosophical thought is free, prompted directly by the subject itself, while the former poets were subject to provisions and truths prescribed in advance and well known . The content of life, its general pathos, its main collisions, and not those principles of the official faith that inspired the old odic poets, turn out to be sublime in him.
The poet perceived the world as it is, and at the same time was able to evaluate the entire short duration of reality. He understood that any "today" or "yesterday" is nothing but a point in the immeasurable space of time. “How little real man is, how easily he disappears! When he is far away, he is nothing. His presence is nothing more than a point in space, his absence is all space, ”wrote Tyutchev. He considered death to be the only exception that perpetuates people by pushing the individual out of space and time.
Tyutchev by no means believes that the modern world is built properly. According to Tyutchev, the world surrounding a person is barely familiar to him, barely mastered by him, and in terms of its content it exceeds the practical and spiritual needs of a person. This world is deep and mysterious. The poet writes about the "double abyss" - about the bottomless sky reflected in the sea, also bottomless, about infinity above and about infinity below. A person is included in the "world rhythm", feels a kindred closeness to all earthly elements: both "night" and "day". Not only Chaos turns out to be native, but also Cosmos, “all the sounds of a blissful life.” The life of a person on the verge of "two worlds" explains Tyutchev's addiction to the poetic image of a dream:
As the ocean embraces the globe,
Earthly life is surrounded by dreams...
Night will come - and sonorous waves
The element hits its shore.
Sleep is a way of touching the secrets of existence, a special supersensible knowledge of the secrets of space and time, life and death. "Oh time, wait!" - the poet exclaims, realizing the transience of being. And in the poem "Day and Night" (1839), the day appears only as an illusion, a ghostly cover thrown over the abyss:
To the world of mysterious spirits,
Above this nameless abyss,
The cover is thrown over with gold-woven
High will of the gods.
The day is this brilliant cover... The day is beautiful, but it is just a shell that hides the true world, which is revealed to man at night:
But the day fades - the night has come;
Came - and, from the fatal world
The fabric of the fertile cover
Tearing off, throwing away...
And the abyss is naked to us
With your fears and darkness
And there are no barriers between her and us -
That's why we are afraid of the night!
The image of the abyss is inextricably linked with the image of the night; this abyss is that primordial chaos from which everything came and into which everything will go. It beckons and frightens at the same time, frightens with its inexplicability and unknowability. But it is as unknowable as the human soul - "there are no barriers between it and us." Night leaves a person not only alone with the cosmic darkness, but also alone with himself, with his spiritual essence, freeing him from petty daily worries. The night world seems to Tyutchev true, because the true world, in his opinion, is incomprehensible, and it is the night that allows a person to touch the secrets of the universe and his own soul. The day is dear to the human heart because it is simple and understandable. Sunlight hides a terrible abyss from a person, and it seems to a person that he is able to explain his life, to control it. Night gives rise to a feeling of loneliness, being lost in space, helplessness in front of unknown forces. That is, according to Tyutchev, the true position of man in this world. Maybe that's why he calls the night "holy":
The holy night has risen into the sky,
And a pleasant day, a kind day,
Like a golden veil she twisted,
A veil thrown over the abyss.
And, like a vision, the outside world is gone...
And a man, like a homeless orphan,
It stands now and is weak and naked,
Face to face before the dark abyss.
In this poem, as in the previous one, the author uses the antithesis technique: day - night. Here Tyutchev again speaks of the illusory nature of the daytime world - "like a vision" - and of the power of the night. A person is not able to comprehend the night, but he realizes that this incomprehensible world is nothing but a reflection of his own soul:
And in the alien, unsolved night
He recognizes the heritage of the family.
That is why the onset of evening twilight brings a person the desired harmony with the world:
An hour of longing inexpressible!..
Everything is in me and I am in everything! ..
Giving preference to the night at this moment, Tyutchev considers the inner world of man to be true. He talks about this in the poem "Silentium!". The true life of a man is the life of his soul:
Only know how to live in yourself -
There is a whole world in your soul
Mysterious magical thoughts...
It is no coincidence that images of a starry night, pure underground springs are associated with inner life, and images of daylight rays and external noise are associated with outer life. The world of human feelings and thoughts is a true world, but unknowable. As soon as a thought takes on a verbal form, it is instantly distorted: "A thought uttered is a lie."
Tyutchev tries to see things in contradiction. In the poem "Gemini" he writes:
There are twins - for terrestrial
The two deities are Death and Sleep...
Tyutchev's twins are not twins, they do not echo each other, one is feminine, the other is masculine, each has its own meaning; they coincide with each other, but they are also at enmity. For Tyutchev, it was natural to find polar forces everywhere, one and yet dual, consistent with each other and turned against each other.
"Nature", "element", "chaos", on the one hand, space - on the other. These are perhaps the most important of those polarities that Tyutchev reflected in his poetry. Separating them, he penetrates deeper into the unity of nature in order to bring the divided again together:
Thought after thought, wave after wave
Two manifestations of the same element:
Whether in a tight heart, in a boundless sea,
Here in prison, there - in the open, -
The same eternal surf and end,
The same ghost is disturbingly empty.
Tyutchev's philosophical idea about the unknowability of the world, about man as an insignificant particle in the infinite Universe, that the truth is hidden from man in a frightening abyss, was expressed even in his love lyrics:
I knew the eyes - oh, those eyes!
How I loved them, God knows!
From their magical, passionate night
I couldn't tear my soul away.
In this incomprehensible gaze,
Life exposing to the bottom,
Such grief was heard
Such passion! -
this is how the poet describes the eyes of his beloved, in which he sees, first of all, “a magical, passionate night.” They beckon him, but do not calm him down, but make him worry. Tyutchev's love is both pleasure and fatal passion, but the main thing is the path to knowing the truth, because it is in love that life is bared to the bottom, in love a person is as close as possible to the most important and most inexplicable. Therefore, for Tyutchev, the inherent value of every hour, every minute of a fleeting life is so important.
landscape lyrics
Tyutchev's landscape lyrics would be more accurately called landscape-philosophical. The image of nature and the thought of nature are fused together in it; landscapes take on a symbolic meaning. Nature, according to Tyutchev, leads a more honest and meaningful life before man and without man than after man appeared in it. The poet has repeatedly declared nature to be perfect for the reason that nature has not reached consciousness, and man has not risen above it. Greatness, splendor opens the poet in the world around him, the world of nature. It is spiritualized, personifies the very “living life” that a person yearns for:
Not what you think, nature:
Not a cast, not a soulless face -
It has a soul, it has freedom,
It has love, it has a language...
Nature in Tyutchev's lyrics has two faces - chaotic and harmonic, and it depends on a person whether he is able to hear, see and understand this world:
What are you howling about, night wind?
What are you complaining about so madly? ..
………………………………………..
In a language understandable to the heart
You keep talking about incomprehensible flour ...
There is melodiousness in the waves of the sea,
Harmony in spontaneous disputes...
………………………………………..
Unperturbed build in everything,
Consonance is complete in nature...
And when the poet manages to understand the language of nature, its soul, he achieves a sense of connection with the whole world, with the cosmos - "Everything is in me and I am in everything." This state of mind sounds in many poems of the poet:
So connected, united from the ages
union of consanguinity
Intelligent human genius
With the creative power of nature...
Say the cherished word he -
And a new world of nature
In the poem “Spring Thunderstorm”, not only a person merges with nature, but also nature is animated, humanized: “spring, the first thunder, as if frolicking and playing, rumbles in the blue sky”, “rain pearls hung, and the sun gilds threads”. The spring action unfolded in the higher spheres and met with the exultation of the earth - mountains, forests, mountain streams - and the delight of the poet himself.
In the poem "Winter is angry for a reason..." the poet shows the last fight between the outgoing winter and spring:
Winter is getting angry
Her time has passed
Spring is knocking on the window
And drives from the yard.
Winter is still busy
And grumbles at Spring.
She laughs in her eyes
And it only makes more noise...
This fight is depicted as a village quarrel between an old witch - winter and a young, cheerful, mischievous girl - spring. For the poet, in the depiction of nature, the splendor of southern colors, the magic of mountain ranges, and the “sad places” of central Russia at different times of the year are attractive. But the poet is especially partial to the water element. Almost a third of the poems are about water, sea, ocean, fountain, rain, thunder, fog, rainbow. Restless, the movement of water jets is akin to the nature of the human soul, living with strong passions, overwhelmed by high thoughts:
How good are you, O night sea, -
It's radiant here, it's gray-dark there...
In the moonlight, as if alive,
It walks and breathes and it shines...
In the endless, in the free space
Shine and movement, roar and thunder...
………………………………………..
In this excitement, in this radiance,
All, as in a dream, I'm lost standing -
Oh, how willingly in their charm
I would drown my whole soul ...
Admiring the sea, admiring its splendor, the author emphasizes the closeness of the elemental life of the sea and the incomprehensible depths of the human soul. The comparison "as in a dream" conveys a person's admiration for the greatness of nature, life, eternity.
Nature and man live according to the same laws. With the extinction of the life of nature, the life of man also dies out. The poem "Autumn Evening" depicts not only the "evening of the year", but also the "meek", and therefore "bright" withering of human life:
And on everything
That gentle smile of fading,
What in a rational being do we call
Divine bashfulness of suffering!
The poet in the poem "Autumn Evening" says:
Is in the lordship of autumn evenings
A touching, mysterious charm! ..
The “lightness” of the evening gradually, turning into twilight, into the night, dissolves the world in darkness, which disappears from the visual perception of a person:
Shades of gray mixed,
The color faded...
But life does not stop, but only hid, dozed off. Twilight, shadows, silence - these are the conditions in which the spiritual forces of a person awaken. A person remains alone with the whole world, absorbs it into himself, merges with it himself. The moment of unity with the life of nature, dissolution in it - the highest bliss available to man on earth.
love lyrics
The theme of love occupies a special place in Tyutchev's work. A man of strong passions, he captured in poetry all the shades of this feeling and thoughts about the inexorable fate that haunts a person. Such a fate was his meeting with Elena Aleksandrovna Denisyeva. A cycle of poems is dedicated to her, representing, as it were, a lyrical story about the poet's love - from the birth of a feeling to the untimely death of her beloved. In 1850, 47-year-old Tyutchev met 24-year-old E. A. Denisyeva, a teacher of his daughters. Fourteen years, until the death of Denisyeva, their union lasted, three children were born. Tyutchev did not break with his official family, and society rejected the unfortunate woman, "the crowd, surging, trampled into the mud what bloomed in her soul."
The first poem of the "Denisiev cycle" is an indirect, hidden and ardent plea for love:
Send, Lord, your consolation
To the one who is the path of life,
Like a poor beggar past the garden
Wandering along the sultry pavement.
The entire "Denisiev cycle" is a self-report made by the poet with great severity, with the desire to atone for his guilt before this woman. Joy, suffering, complaints - all this in the poem "Oh, how deadly we love ...":
Do you remember when you meet
At the first meeting fatal,
Her magical eyes, speeches
And the laughter of an infant is alive?
And a year later:
Where did the roses go,
The smile of the lips and the sparkle of the eyes?
Everything was singed, tears were burned out
Its hot moisture.
Later, the poet surrenders to his own feeling and checks it - what is a lie in it, what is the truth.
Oh, how deadly we love!
As in the violent blindness of passions
We are the most likely to destroy
What is dearer to our heart! ..
In this cycle, love is unhappy in its very happiness. Tyutchev's relationship of love captures the whole person, and along with the spiritual growth of love, all the weaknesses of people, all their "evil life", transmitted to them from public life, penetrate into it. For example, in the poem "Predestination":
Love, love - says the legend -
The union of the soul with the soul of the native -
Their union, combination,
And their fatal radiance,
And... the fatal duel...
Defending his love, the poet wants to protect her from the outside world:
All that I managed to save
Hope, faith and love,
All merged into one prayer:
Survive, survive!
In the poem "She was sitting on the floor..." a page of tragic love is shown, when it does not please, but brings sadness, although sadness also comes with a bright memory:
She was sitting on the floor
And sorted out a pile of letters -
And, like cooled ashes,
Picked them up and threw them...
………………………………………..
Oh, how much life was here
Irrevocably experienced!
Oh, how many sad minutes
Love and joy killed!..
In a fit of tenderness, the poet kneels before a man who has had the fidelity of feelings to look back, to return to the past.
One of the most vital and mournful poems of this cycle is "All day she lay in oblivion ...". The inevitable extinction of the beloved against the backdrop of the summer riot of nature, her departure into "eternity", bitter hopelessness - all this is the tragedy of an already elderly poet who will have to survive these moments:
You loved, and the way you love -
No, nobody has succeeded yet!
Oh Lord! .. and survive this ...
And my heart didn't break into pieces...
Among the poems dedicated to Denisyeva, perhaps the highest in spirit are those written after her death. There is a kind of resurrection of the beloved. Sad attempts are being made to correct after her death what was not corrected during her lifetime. In the poem "On the eve of the anniversary of August 4, 1864" (the day of Denisyeva's death), belated repentance for sins before her. The prayer is addressed not to God, but to man, to his shadow:
This is the world where we lived with you,
My angel, do you see me?
Even in the sad lines of Tyutchev, the light of hope dawns, which gives a person a glimmer of happiness. A meeting with the past, perhaps, is one of the most difficult trials for a person, and all the more unexpectedly, two poems by Tyutchev stand out against the background of sorrowful memories - "I remember the golden time ..." and "I met you - and all the past ...". Both of them are dedicated to Amalia Maximilianovna Lerchenfeld. There is a gap of 34 years between these verses. Tyutchev met Amalia when she was 14 years old. The poet asked for the hand of Amalia, but her parents refused him. The first verse begins with the words:
I remember golden times.
I remember the dear edge of my heart ...
The same words are repeated in the second verse. It turned out that the sounds of the music of love never ceased in the soul of the poet, which is why “life spoke again”:
As after centuries of separation,
I look at you, as if in a dream, -
And now - the sounds became more audible,
Not silenced in me...
There's not just one memory
Then life spoke again, -
And the same charm in you,
And the same love in my soul! ..
In 1873, before his death, Tyutchev wrote:
“Yesterday I experienced a moment of burning excitement as a result of my meeting with ... my good Amalia ... who wished to see me for the last time in this world ... In her face, the past of my best years appeared to give me a farewell kiss.”
Having known the sweetness and delight of the first and last love, Tyutchev remained radiant and pure, conveying to us the bright that fell to him on the path of life.
6. A. S. Kushner in his book “Apollo in the Snow” wrote about F. I. Tyutchev: “Tyutchev did not compose his poems, but ... lived them ...“ Soul ”is the word that permeates all of Tyutchev’s poetry , his main word. There is no other poet who has been mesmerized by her with such passion, so focused on her. Isn't it, almost against his will, that made Tyutchev's poetry immortal? It is difficult to disagree with these words.
A. A. Fet
Similar information.
“A few lines are enough for Tyutchev; solar systems, foggy spots of "War and Peace" and "The Brothers Karamazov" he compresses into one crystal, into one diamond. That is why criticism so mercilessly beats over him. His perfection is almost impenetrable to her. This nut is not so easy to crack: the eye sees, but the tooth is numb. To interpret Tyutchev is to turn a diamond into coal,” D. Merezhkovsky wrote.
Today, after many years, we take the liberty of once again taking up the interpretation of Tyutchev's poetry. The most important thing that strikes in Tyutchev's lyrics is its philosophical nature, scale, and propensity for deep generalizations. Even poems about nature and love are imbued with the poet's philosophical reflections. In these reflections, the human soul is exposed, the tragedy of its earthly existence is revealed. Tyutchev's man is a part of nature, the crown of her creation, but at the same time his worldview is deeply tragic, it is poisoned by the awareness of the frailty of human existence. In this the poet sees the eternal conflict between man and nature.
Tyutchev's nature is a living being, full of powerful vitality:
Not what you think, nature:
Not a cast, not a soulless face -
It has a soul, it has freedom,
It has love, it has a language...
However, this language is incomprehensible to humans. This is exactly what the poet declares in the poem "Singularity is in the waves of the sea." Calmness, harmony, reasonableness and proportionality are poured in nature: “there is melodiousness in the waves of the sea”, harmony in the rustle of reeds, “an imperturbable order in everything”. The freedom of a person, this particle of nature, is illusory and illusory. He is aware of his discord with nature, not understanding its true causes:
Where, how did the discord arise?
And why in the general choir
The soul does not sing like the sea,
And the thinking reed grumbles?
Nature for the poet is a "sphinx", with her "skill" she destroys a person who seeks to know her and unravel her secrets. However, all the efforts of people are in vain: “What, it may turn out, there is no Riddle from the century and it never had.” In his disappointment, a sense of hopelessness, a tragic worldview, Tyutchev goes further, refusing to see the meaning in the very "creation of the Creator":
And there is no feeling in your eyes
And there is no truth in your speeches,
And you don't have a soul.
Take heart, heart, to the end:
And there is no Creator in the creation!
And there is no point in praying!
("And there is no feeling in your eyes")
Just like nature, man himself, his inner world, is incomprehensible. His soul is the "Elysium of shadows", silent and beautiful, but far from real life joys and sorrows.
Tyutchev's favorite landscapes paint pictures of nocturnal nature, when the whole world plunges into darkness, into chaos, shrouded in mystery:
Mysteriously, as on the first day of creation,
In the bottomless sky, the starry host burns,
Distant music exclamations are heard,
The neighboring key speaks more audibly.
The darkness of the night in Tyutchev is always accompanied by some kind of deadness, bliss, immobility, the world of day life is, as it were, closed by a special veil: “Movement was exhausted, labor fell asleep ...”. But at the same time, in the silence of the night, some kind of “wonderful daily rumble” wakes up. This rumble reveals the life of the invisible world, of mysterious forces beyond the control of man:
Where does this incomprehensible rumble come from? ..
Or mortal thoughts liberated by sleep,
The world is incorporeal, audible, but invisible,
Now swarms in the chaos of the night.
("How sweetly the dark green garden breathes")
The night hour for the poet is "an hour of inexpressible longing." And at the same time, he would like to merge inseparably with this unsteady twilight, the night air, the slumbering world:
Silent dusk, sleepy dusk,
Lean into the depths of my soul
Quiet, languid, fragrant,
Shut everything up and be quiet.
Feelings - a haze of self-forgetfulness
Fill over the edge!..
Let me taste destruction
Mix with the dormant world!
("Shadows of gray mixed")
Together with the theme of nature, the motif of time, past and future enters Tyutchev's lyrics in an unusually harmonious way. The poem “I sit thoughtful and alone” is devoted to this topic. Time is inexorable and irrevocable - a person is powerless before his power. A person is just a "cereal of the earth", which quickly withers. But every year, every summer - "a new cereal and a different leaf!" However, the motive of the future, the understanding of the infinity of human existence here does not balance the pessimistic thoughts of the poet. The motive of confrontation between the eternal life of nature and the finite, mortal human life sounds unusually sharp here:
And everything that is will be again
And the roses will bloom again
And thorns too...
But you, my poor, pale color,
You don't have a rebirth
Don't bloom!
(“I sit thoughtful and alone”)
The plucked flower will eventually wither, just as the living beating of human life dies down. Feelings of love and bliss are also perishable. Tyutchev's man is helpless, disarmed by ignorance in the face of time and fate:
Alas, that our ignorance
And helpless and sad?
Who dares to say goodbye
Through the abyss of two or three days?
("Alas, that of our ignorance")
Being a romantic, Tyutchev poeticizes and spiritualizes the unrestrained play of natural elements - “the roar of summer storms”, the riot of violent sea waves. The quiet whisper of the waves, their wonderful play in the sun is “sweet” for the poet. The "violent murmur" of the sea, its "prophetic groans" are also intelligible to him. The poet's heart is forever given to the wayward sea element, at the bottom of the sea he forever "buried" his "living soul".
In the poem “Wave and Thought”, the poet compares the sea element with the world of human thoughts, with impulses of the heart. Human thoughts follow each other like wave after wave. And in the heart is the same "eternal surf and lights out." A poignantly dreary feeling is mingled here with the poet's philosophical thought: our earthly affairs, joys and sorrows are just an "anxiously empty ghost."
We meet in the poet's lyrics and quite realistic landscapes, which, however, are full of marvelous charm, special Tyutchev's subtlety and grace. They can only be compared with the pictures of Russian nature created by Pushkin.
Is in the autumn of the original
Short but wonderful time -
The whole day stands as if crystal,
And radiant evenings ...
("There is in the original autumn")
We read in Pushkin's poem "Autumn":
Sad time! oh charm!
Your farewell beauty is pleasant to me,
I love the magnificent nature of wilting,
Forests clad in crimson and gold.
Tyutchev's spring landscapes are also magnificent, when nature smiled "through a thinning sleep." Nothing can compare with the beauty of the first green leaves washed in the sun, with the freshness of the spring wind, with the blueness of the sky, with the singing of a distant flute ... The human soul itself, it would seem, wakes up along with the spring awakening of nature.
Thus, the world of nature in Tyutchev's lyrics is a mysterious and unknowable world, a world that opposes human life and its transient joys. Nature indifferently looks at a person, not allowing him to penetrate into his essence. Love, bliss, dreams, longing and sadness - all these feelings are transient and finite. Tyutchev's man is powerless in the face of time and fate - nature is powerful and eternal.
F. I. Tyutchev is a brilliant lyricist, a subtle psychologist, a deep philosopher. A singer of nature, keenly aware of the cosmos, a wonderful master of poetic landscape, spiritualized, expressing human emotions.
Tyutchev's world is full of mystery. One of his mysteries is nature. Two forces constantly oppose and coexist in it: chaos and harmony. In the abundance and triumph of life, death peeps through; night is hidden under the cover of day. Nature in Tyutchev's perception continuously doubles, "polarizes". It is no coincidence that the poet's favorite technique is the antithesis: “the valley world” is opposed to “icy heights”, the dull earth is opposed to the sky shining with a thunderstorm, the light is shadows, the “blissful south” is “fatal north”.
Tyutchev's pictures of nature are characterized by dynamism. In his lyrics, nature lives at different hours of the day and seasons. The poet draws the morning in the mountains, and the “night sea”, and the summer evening, and the “misty noon”, and the “first spring thunder”, and the “gray-haired moss” of the north, and the “fragrances, flowers and voices” of the south.
Tyutchev seeks to capture the moment of transformation of one painting into another. For example, in the poem “Grey-gray shadows mingled ...” we see how twilight gradually thickens and night comes. The poet conveys a quick change in the states of nature with the help of non-union constructions, homogeneous members of the sentence. The dynamism of the poetic picture is given by the verbs: “mixed up”, “fell asleep”, “faded”, “resolved”. The word “movement” is perceived as a contextual synonym for life.
One of the most remarkable phenomena of Russian poetry is Tyutchev's poems about the captivating Russian nature, which in his poems is always spiritualized:
Not what you think, nature:
Not a cast, not a soulless face -
It has a soul, it has freedom,
It has love, it has a language...
The poet seeks to understand and capture the life of nature in all its manifestations. With amazing artistic observation and love, Tyutchev created unforgettable poetic pictures of the “original autumn”, spring thunderstorms, summer evenings, mornings in the mountains. An excellent image of such a deep, penetrating image of the natural world can be a description of a summer storm:
How cheerful is the roar of summer storms,
When, picking up the flying dust,
Thunderstorm, surging cloud,
Confused sky blue.
And thoughtlessly
Suddenly he will run into the oak forest,
And the whole oak forest will tremble
Loud and noisy...
Everything in the forest appears to the poet alive, full of deep meaning, everything speaks to him "in a language understandable to the heart."
With images of the natural elements, he expresses his innermost thoughts and feelings, doubts and painful questions:
Unflappable order in everything;
Consonance is complete in nature, -
Only in our ghostly freedom
We create discord with her.
“The faithful son of nature,” as Tyutchev called himself, he exclaims:
No, my passion for you
I can not hide, mother earth!
In the “blooming world of nature”, the poet saw not only “an excess of life”, but also “damage”, “exhaustion”, “fading smile”, “spontaneous discord”. Thus, Tyutchev's landscape lyrics also express the conflicting feelings and thoughts of the poet.
Nature is beautiful in all forms. The poet sees harmony in "spontaneous disputes". The consonance of nature is opposed to eternal discord in human life. People are self-confident, they defend their freedom, forgetting that a person is just a “dream of nature”. Tyutchev does not recognize a separate existence, he believes in the World Soul as the basis of all life. A person, forgetting about his connection with the outside world, dooms himself to suffering, becomes a toy in the hands of Rock. Chaos, which is the embodiment of the creative energy of the rebellious spirit of nature, frightens people.
Fatal beginnings, the attack of chaos on harmony determine human existence, its dialogue with fate. A man is waging a duel with "irresistible Fate", with disastrous temptations. He tirelessly resists, defends his rights. The problem of “man and destiny” is most clearly reflected in the poem “Two Voices”. Addressing readers, the poet calls:
Take courage, O friends, fight diligently,
Although the battle is unequal, the struggle is hopeless! ..
Unfortunately,
anxiety and labor only for mortal hearts...
There is no victory for them, there is an end for them.
The silence of nature, which surrounds a person, looks ominous, but he does not give up; he is driven by a noble will to resist the merciless force and courage, readiness to go to death in order to “wrest the victorious crown from Doom”.
On all his work lies the stamp of reflections on the contradictions in public life, of which the poet was a participant and thoughtful observer.
Calling himself “a fragment of the old generations,” Tyutchev wrote:
How sad half asleep shadow
With exhaustion in the bones
Towards the sun and movement
Follow the new tribe.
Tyutchev calls man an insignificant dust, a thinking reed. Fate and the elements rule, in his opinion, over a man, a homeless orphan, his fate is like an ice floe melting in the sun and floating away into the all-encompassing sea - into the “fatal abyss”.
And at the same time, Tyutchev glorifies the struggle, courage, fearlessness of a person, the immortality of a feat. For all the fragility of human existence, people are possessed by a great thirst for the fullness of life, flight, heights. The lyric hero exclaims:
Oh Heaven, if only for once
This flame developed at will -
And, without languishing, without tormenting the share,
I would shine - and went out!
Tension and drama also penetrate the sphere of human feelings. Human love is only a “fatal duel”. This is especially keenly felt in the "Denisiev cycle". Tyutchev's psychological mastery, the depth of comprehension of the innermost secrets of the human heart make him the forerunner of Tolstoy's discoveries in the field of "dialectics of the soul", determine the movement of all subsequent literature, more and more immersed in the subtlest manifestations of the human spirit.
The seal of duality lies on Tyutchev's love lyrics. On the one hand, love and its “enchantment” are the “key of life”, “wonderful captivity”, “pure fire”, “union of the soul with the soul of the native”; on the other hand, love appears to him as “violent blindness”, “an unequal struggle between two hearts”, “a fatal duel”.
Tyutchev's love is revealed in the guise of an insoluble contradiction: boundless happiness turns into tragedy, moments of bliss entail a terrible retribution, lovers become executioners for each other. The poet makes a startling conclusion:
Oh, how deadly we love
As in the violent blindness of passions
We are the most likely to destroy
What is dear to our heart!
Tyutchev's lyrics are full of anxiety and drama, but this is the real drama of human life. In an effort to capture it, to turn it into beauty, this is also a “victory of immortal forces”. Tyutchev's poetry can be said in his own poems:
Among thunders, among fires,
Among the seething passions,
In spontaneous fiery discord,
She flies from heaven to us -
Heavenly to earthly sons,
With azure clarity in your eyes -
And on the stormy sea
Pours conciliatory oil.
Tyutchev's literary heritage is small in volume, but A. Fet rightly noted in the inscription on Tyutchev's collection of poems:
Muse, observing the truth,
She looks, and on the scales she has
This is a small book
Volumes are much heavier.
The outstanding Russian lyricist Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was in all respects the opposite of his contemporary and almost the same age as Pushkin. If Pushkin is rightly called the "sun of Russian poetry", then Tyutchev is a "night" poet. Although Pushkin published in his Sovremennik in the last year of his life a large selection of poems by the then unknown poet, who was in the diplomatic service in Germany, he was unlikely to like them very much. Although there were such masterpieces as "Vision", "Insomnia", "How the ocean embraces the globe", "The Last Cataclysm", "Cicero", "What are you howling about, the wind of the night? .." Pushkin was alien to before of all, the tradition that Tyutchev relied on: German idealism, to which the great poet remained indifferent, and poetic archaism of the 18th - early 19th centuries (primarily Derzhavin), with which Pushkin waged an irreconcilable literary struggle.
We get acquainted with Tyutchev's poetry already in elementary school - these are poems about nature, landscape lyrics. But Tyutchev's main thing is not an image, but an understanding of nature - philosophical lyrics, and his second theme is the life of the human soul, the intensity of a love feeling. The unity of his lyrics gives an emotional tone - a constant vague anxiety, behind which stands a vague, but unchanging feeling of the approach of the universal end.
Along with emotionally neutral landscape sketches, Tyutchev's nature is catastrophic, and her perception is tragic. Such are the poems "Insomnia", "Vision", "The Last Cataclysm", "How the ocean embraces the globe", "What are you howling about, night wind? ..". At night, the waking poet opens his inner prophetic vision, and behind the peace of daytime nature, he sees the element of chaos, fraught with catastrophes and cataclysms. He listens to the universal silence of an abandoned, orphaned life (in general, the life of a person on earth for Tyutchev is a ghost, a dream) and mourns the approach of the universal last hour:
And our life costs before us,
How ghost, on the edge land.
O, scary songs now not sing
Pro ancient chaos, about native! - the poet conjures “night wind”, but continues the poem like this:
How greedily world souls night
Heeds story beloved! Such duality is natural: after all, in the human soul there are the same storms, “under them (i.e., under human feelings) chaos stirs”; the same "darling" as in the surrounding world.
The life of the human soul repeats and reproduces the state of nature - the thought of the poems of the philosophical cycle: "Cicero", "As over hot ashes", "My soul is an Elysium of shadows", "Not what you think, nature!", "Tears of people ”, “Wave and Thought”, “Two Voices”. In the life of a person and society, the same storms, night, sunset, rock dominates (the poem “Cicero” about this with the famous formula “Blessed is he who visited this world in its fatal moments”). Hence the acute feeling of the finiteness of being (“As above hot ashes”), the recognition of hopelessness (“Two Voices”). It is impossible to express all this, and even more so to be understood and heard by people, in this Tyutchev follows the widespread romantic idea of the fundamental incomprehensibility of the poet's insights to the crowd.
Equally catastrophic and disastrous for a person is love (“Oh, how deadly we love”, “Predestination”, “Last Love”). Where does Tyutchev get all these "fatal passions" from? They are determined by the era of great socio-historical cataclysms in which the poet lived and worked. Let us note that the periods of Tyutchev's creative activity fall at the turn of the 20-30s of the 19th century, when revolutionary activity in Europe and Russia began to decline and the Nikolaev reaction was established, and at the end of the 40s, when a wave of bourgeois revolutions swept across Europe again.
Let us analyze the poem “I love the service of Lutherans”, dated September 16, 1834. What attracted the Orthodox Christian Tyutchev to the faith of German Protestants, followers of Martin Luther, the founder of the European Reformation? He saw in the atmosphere of their cult the situation of the universal end, so akin to his soul: “Having gathered on the road, Faith is before you for the last time.” Therefore, her house is so “empty and bare” (and in the first stanza - “These bare walls, this temple is empty”). At the same time, in this poem, Tyutchev with amazing power expressed the meaning of any religion: it prepares a person, his soul for the last departure. After all, death from a religious point of view is good: the soul returns to its divine womb, from which it left at birth. The Christian must be ready for this at any moment. He goes to God's temple in order to prepare the soul for this:
But hour has come, struck... pray God,
AT latest once you pray now.
F.I. Tyutchev was a poet of tragic and philosophical perception of life. This view of the world determined the expression of all poetic themes in his work.
The theme of Tyutchev's lyrics
Having lived a long life, he was a contemporary of many tragic events not only in Russia, but also in Europe. The civic lyrics of the poet are peculiar. In the poem "Cicero" he writes:
Happy is he who visited this world
In his fatal moments!
He was called by the all-good,
Like an interlocutor at a feast,
He is a spectator of their high spectacles ...
Understanding one's destiny, the desire to understand the meaning of life and the cycle of history distinguishes the poet's lyrics. Tyutchev, considering historical events, finds in them more tragic. In the poem “December 14, 1825,” the poet passes his sentence on the Decembrist uprising, calling the rebels “victims of reckless thought,” who
“We hoped ... that your blood would become scarce in order to melt the eternal pole!”
He also says that the Decembrists themselves are a product of Autocracy
(“You have been corrupted by Autocracy”).
The poet understands the futility of such a speech and the strength of the reaction that came after the defeat of the uprising (“The iron winter died - and there were no traces left”).
Century , in which the poet had to live - the age of iron winter. In this age, the law becomes
Be silent, hide and hide
And my thoughts and dreams...
The ideal of the poet is the harmony of man and the world, man and nature, which is given only by faith, but it was faith that man lost.
We burn with unbelief and wither,
He endures the unbearable...
And he knows his death
And longs for faith...
“... I believe, my God!
Come to the aid of my unbelief!”
The modern poet's world has lost harmony, lost faith, which threatens with future cataclysms of mankind. In the quatrain "The Last Cataclysm" the poet paints a picture of the Apocalypse:
When the last hour of nature strikes,
The composition of the parts will collapse earthly:
Everything visible will again be covered by water,
And God's face will be displayed in them!
The poet prefers not to talk about specific human destinies, giving broad generalizations. Such, for example, is the poem "Tears":
Human tears, oh human tears,
You pour early and late sometimes ...
Flow unknown, flow invisible,
Inexhaustible, innumerable...
Russia and the Russian people in the work of the poet
Perhaps it was Tyutchev who managed to poetically express
Russia cannot be understood with the mind,
Do not measure with a common yardstick:
She has a special become -
One can only believe in Russia.
In this quatrain, everything that we say about our country to this day:
- which is beyond reasonable understanding,
- a special attitude that leaves us only the opportunity to believe in this country.
And if there is faith, then there is hope.
Philosophical sounding of Tyutchev's works
All of Tyutchev's poetry can be called philosophical, because, no matter what he talks about, he strives to comprehend the world, the world of the unknowable. The world is mysterious and incomprehensible. In the poem "Day and Night", the poet claims that the day is only an illusion, but the true world is revealed to man at night:
Day - this brilliant cover ...
But the day fades - the night has come;
Came - and, from the fatal world
The fabric of the fertile cover
Tearing off, throwing away...
And there are no barriers between her and us -
That's why we fear death!
It is at night that a person can feel like a particle of a boundless world, feel harmony in his soul, harmony with nature, with a higher principle.
An hour of longing inexpressible!…
Everything is in me and I am in everything!
In Tyutchev's poetry, images of the abyss, the sea, the elements, the night often appear, which are also found in nature, in the human heart.
Thought after thought, wave after wave
Two manifestations of the same element:
Whether in a tight heart, in a boundless sea,
Here in prison, there in the open,
The same eternal surf and end,
The same ghost is disturbingly empty.
The philosophical lyrics of the poet are closely connected with. Actually, we can say that all the landscape lyrics of the poet are imbued with philosophical reflections. The poet speaks of nature as an animated, thinking part of the world, in nature "there is a soul, ... there is freedom, ... there is love, ... there is a language." Man is connected with nature by the “union of consanguinity”. But at the same time natural world incomprehensible to man.
Sky (Dream of harmony) is opposed to earth (loneliness):
"Oh, how the earth, in the sight of heaven, is dead!"
Tyutchev the lyricist knows how to convey the slightest changes in nature, to notice the brevity of beautiful moments.
Is in the autumn of the original
A short but wonderful time.
Man, on the other hand, appears before the secret of nature as a “homeless orphan”.
The tragic understanding of the world by Tyutchev
The tragic attitude is reflected in the love lyrics of the poet.
Oh, how deadly we love!
As in the violent blindness of passions
We are the most likely to destroy
What is dear to our heart!
Love, in his opinion, is not only a merger of kindred souls, but also their "fateful duel." The tragic love for E. Denisyeva, her death was reflected in many poems of the poet
(“She sat on the floor”, “She lay unconscious all day”, “On the eve of the anniversary of August 4, 1864”).
Continuing, the poet speaks of the enormous power of resurrection, rebirth, which love has
There's not just one memory
Then life spoke again -
And the same charm in you,
And the same love in my soul!
The incessant search for answers to the eternal questions of being, the ability to show the soul of a person, to touch the finest strings of the human soul makes Tyutchev's poetry immortal.
Did you like it? Do not hide your joy from the world - share