08/20/1598 (2.09). - The defeat of the Governor A. Voeikov Khan Kuchum. The final conquest of Siberia.
Conquest of the Siberian Khanate
The Siberian Khanate was part of the Tatar-Mongol Horde. By the middle of the 16th century, that is, by the time the Siberian Khanate entered into direct relations with Russia, which was already expanding to the east, the territory of the Khanate extended over the entire Western Siberia from the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains in the west to the rivers Nadyma and Pima in the east. This vast state bordered in the northwestern Urals on the Perm lands inhabited by Komi, Perm and Voguls (Mansi), who were already at the end of the 14th century. In the western Urals, this was the border with the Kazan Khanate, which occupied the Kama basin (). In the southwestern Urals, the Siberian Khanate bordered on the Nogai Horde; in the 15th-16th centuries, the Khanate also included the lands of the Bashkirs living on the eastern slopes of the Urals. In the south, the border of the khanate ran along the upper reaches of the Irtysh and along the Om River, and in the southeast it included the entire Baraba steppe.
The entire Siberian Khanate, despite its huge size, was sparsely populated. It was believed that in the middle of the XVI century. there were 30.5 thousand inhabitants: they were mainly Tatars (especially in the western and southern lands), as well as Mansi, Permians - in the west, Khanty (Ostyaks) - in the central and eastern regions. Many tribes led a nomadic lifestyle. There were no cities in the Siberian Khanate. In the areas of the Vekhneobye, along the tributaries of the Ob - Sosva and Pelym, in places inhabited by Finno-Ugric tribes, small fortified settlements (towns) were created along the rivers. Later, Tatar towns along the banks of the river were created according to the same type. Tours. These are Kyzyl-Tura (Ust-Ishim), Kasim-Tura, Yavlu-Tura, Ton-Tur. On the Tura, at the confluence of the river. Tyumen, the capital of the Siberian Khanate was also created under the Taibugid dynasty - Chimga-Tura (XIII century) (now Tyumen). Another capital on the river. The Irtysh, on its right steep bank, 16 km from the current Tobolsk, was founded in the 13th century. Isker. Later he was Siber, Sibir, Siberia, after which the whole Khanate was named. This capital at the beginning of the XV century. also called Qashlyk. In the XV century. Siberia (Isker-Kashlyk) became the main capital of the Siberian Khanate, although in 1420 the residence was again transferred to Chimgu-Tura and Tobolsk.
The conquest of Moscow and the khanates were not perceived in Siberia as a general war of Russians against all Tatar fragments of the Horde. It was believed that Moscow simply had old scores with the Kazan Tatars because of their raids on Russia, and that this only concerned them.
This is confirmed by the fact that in 1555 the ambassadors of the Siberian Khan Ediger came to Moscow to congratulate him on the acquisition of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates and ask him to take the entire Siberian land under his hand. Ivan the Terrible agreed and established a tribute: to give one sable and one squirrel from each person. “And we have 30,700 people,” the Siberian ambassadors said.
But the tribute collectors in 1556 brought only 700 sables, after which the Tsar sent the Moscow Tatars to Siberia with a letter - to collect all the tribute by all means. In September 1557, the messengers returned, bringing 1,000 sables and 104 sables in exchange for 1,000 squirrels, as well as a written obligation of Khan Yediger to pay tribute annually with the explanation that, due to his continuous wars with the Uzbeks and Kazakhs, it was impossible to collect the entire tribute.
In 1563 Yediger was killed by a new khan - Kuchum. He decided that, due to the distance from Moscow and the impossibility of control, he could afford to stop collecting tribute and even killed the Moscow ambassador who had come for tribute. Moreover, Kuchum began to persecute the Mansi and Khanty (Voguls and Ostyaks), who paid tribute to Moscow in the Perm Territory. And after the raid on Moscow by the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray in 1571-1572. emboldened Kuchum finally broke off relations of vassalage with Moscow.
In 1573, the khan began to disturb the possessions of the Stroganov industrialists in Perm. The Stroganovs began to hire Cossacks for protection. In July 1579, 540 Volga Cossacks, led by the ataman and his associates, came to them. And in 1581, repelling the attack of the Kuchumov detachment, they decided to go beyond the Urals to Siberia in order to discourage the arrogant Tatars from hunting for new raids.
The campaign of Yermak Timofeevich's detachment to the Siberian Khanate lasted from September 1, 1581 to August 15, 1584. After the first successes and, Yermak undertook the conquest of the Tatar settlements along the Irtysh and Ob. However, the small forces of the Russian detachment, forced to fight continuously for two years, were depleted and began to lose combat effectiveness. Kuchum, on the other hand, tried to inflict damage on them with unexpected attacks. On August 6, 1585, Yermak himself died, with a small detachment of 50 people who fell into a Tatar ambush. The surviving Cossacks were forced to leave for Russia. Thus, two years after the "victorious conquest" Siberia was lost. The Khanate of Kuchum was restored there.
By this time, Ivan the Terrible had died, and the new one did not yet know about the death of Yermak and the flight of his governors from Siberia. Not receiving any news from Siberia, who managed state affairs under Theodore Ioannovich, he decided to send a new governor, Ivan Mansurov, and a new military detachment to Siberia. Thus began the second conquest of the Siberian Khanate (1585-1598).
Mansurov went to Siberia in the summer of 1585 with a detachment of archers and Cossacks. He founded the Big Ob city on the right bank of the Ob (until the 18th century it was called in Khanty Rush-Vash - the Russian city. Following Mansurov, archery heads were sent from Moscow to Siberia - Vasily Sukin, Ivan Myasnoy, Daniil Chulkov with three hundred warriors and with a supply of firearms, artillery.These detachments did not go to the capital of Kuchum on the Irtysh, but went up the Tura to the former Tatar capital of Chimgi-Tura and founded the Tyumen fortress at the mouth of the Tyumenka River (1586), and at the mouth of the Tobol River - Fortress Tobolsk (1587).These fortresses became the strongholds of all further advance of the Russians in Siberia.Occupying strategically dominant heights and key points on the rivers, they became a solid military-defense basis for the further development of the region and for control over the local population.
Thus, the Cossack tactics of hasty military campaigns were changed to a strategy of successive consolidation on the rivers by building fortresses on them and leaving permanent garrisons in these fortresses - first of all along the rivers Tura, Pyshma, Tobol, Tavda, and then Lozva, Pelym, Sosva, Tara, Katie and, of course, Obie. In the 1590s, the following network of Russian fortresses was created: Lozvinsky town on the river. Lozva (1590); Pelym on the river. Tavde (1592-1593); Surgut on the river. Ob (1593); Berezov on the river. Sosva (1593); Tara on the river. Tara (1594); Obdorsk on the Lower Ob (1594); Ket town on the river. Ob (1596); Narym town on the river. Ket (1596-1597); Verkhoturye (1598).
This method of conquering Siberia practically excluded bloody battles and Russian losses, forcing the enemy to take up passive defensive positions. All this forced Kuchum to migrate to the south and reduce his raids on the lands developed by the Russians. Kuchum's attempts to take a large Russian fortress invariably ended in defeat. In 1591, Kuchum was defeated by the governor Vladimir Masalsky-Koltsov. In 1595, Kuchum's troops were put to flight by the governor Domozhirov. In 1597, Kuchum's detachments unsuccessfully tried to capture the Tara fortress, and, finally, in August 1598, at the mouth of the Irmen River, Kuchum's army was utterly defeated by the detachments of the voivode Andrey Matveyevich Voeikov, part of the khan's family was captured. The khan himself fled with his three sons and was later killed in the Nogai steppes.
This last battle of the Russian troops with the detachments of Khan Kuchum, which ended the conquest of the Siberian Khanate, which had been going on for two decades, later colorfully painted in various fiction novels, historical writings, reflected in folk songs and even in paintings, in reality was not of a grandiose nature. If the Russian army of 150 thousand people took part in the conquest of Kazan, then only 404 people participated from the Russian side in the last decisive battle with Kuchum for the Siberian Khanate. From the side of Kuchum, the army was also no more than 500 people who did not have firearms. Thus, in the decisive battle for the conquest of the vast lands of Siberia, less than one thousand people participated on both sides!
Kuchum as the Khan of Siberia was nominally succeeded by his son Ali (1598-1604), who was forced to roam the uninhabited, desert territories of Western Siberia, having no shelter. With his death, the history of the Siberian Tatar state, the largest fragment of the former powerful Horde, which not so long ago defeated Russia, both formally and actually ceased.
(The book by V.V. Pokhlebkin "Tatars and Russia. 360 years of relations in 1238-1598" was used. M., 2000).
Now the place of that battle lies at the bottom of the Novosibirsk reservoir, somewhere opposite Bystrovka, among the Pichugovsky Islands. Sergei Kolontsov, head of the archeology department at the Center for the Protection of the Historical and Cultural Heritage of the Novosibirsk Region, says that fragments of chain mail and arrowheads were found at the mouth of the Irmen even before the flood. The Leningrad archaeologist Gryaznov, when exploring this area, noted the presence of large mounds in this place - perhaps these were mass graves of that battle. But the excavations were not carried out - the Komsomol construction was going on, which was more important than history. 72 mapped archaeological objects went under water then. In 1998, already modern Cossacks marched Voeikov from Tara and installed a memorial cross on the banks of the reservoir.
For the reliability of the legends of the Romanov writers of history about "the conquest of Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberia by the Russian aggressors from the bad Tatars" read the thoroughly reasoned works of the Gumilev historian G.R. Enikeev "The Great Horde: Friends, Enemies and Heirs" and "Heritage of the Tatars" (Moscow, "Algorithm").
The Siberian Khanate occupied the territory inhabited by peoples who were at various stages of development - Khanty, Mansi, Trans-Ural Bashkirs, etc.
It also included Turkic-speaking tribes: Kipchaks, Argyns, Karluks, Kangly, Naimans, etc., known according to some sources under the collective name of the Siberian Tatars.
19. What two dynasties competed for the throne in the Siberian Khanate? What was their fundamental difference from each other?
Dynasties of Taibugins and Sheibanids. After a long struggle between representatives of the White Horde, the Sheibanids, and representatives of the local nobility, the Taibugins - the descendants of the legendary Taibuga Khan, the Sheibanid - Ibak seized power. For formal reasons, the Taibugins could not have the status of a khan in any of the Mongol uluses - according to Genghis Khan's Yasa, only Genghisides could become a khan. In the documents, the Sheibanids are called "kings" ("khans"), and the Taibugins - "princes".
20. What was the emblem of the Siberian Khanate?
Description: in the ermine shield there are two black sables, standing on their hind legs and supporting them with their front legs, one - a golden five-pronged crown, the other - a blackened lying bow and two arrows placed crosswise, points down.
Finally, the Siberian Khanate was annexed in 1598 after the defeat of Khan Kuchum. The image of sables symbolize the fur wealth of Siberia. Its basis was the emblem of the city of Tobolsk. The coat of arms is crowned with an altabas (brocade) cap of the third outfit of Tsar Ivan Alekseevich, decorated with gold zapons.
21. What was the name in the 16-17 centuries. The territory of Transbaikalia and the western Amur region?
Dauria (Daurian land).
22. Some of what peoples of Siberia were already part of the Moscow principality by the beginning of the 16th century?
Ostyaks (Khanty and Mansi); Siberian Tatars.
23. What is the reason for the dispersed settlement of the local peoples of Siberia?
The majority of peoples that do not have their own national-state and national-territorial formations are distinguished by a high dispersal of the population. The small peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East, who do not have their own autonomies, are settled in fairly compact ethnic arrays. Such dispersion is due to the long-term development of this territory by the Russians; traditional focal settlement of the peoples of Siberia.
24. What is the difference between approaches in posing the question of the development of Siberia and the Far East from the statement about the beginning of the colonization of this region by the Russian state since the 16th century?
In the first case, the main role in the process of joining the Siberian lands to the Russian kingdom is assigned to the people's forces - industrialists, merchants, fugitive peasants, service people. Representatives of these classes, Russians by nationality, settled Siberian territories even before the “official” government movement to the east in the 16th century, merging with the local population and establishing economic ties.
In the second case, the state is considered the main "engine" for the seizure of the eastern territories, i.e. government of the Russian kingdom. It equips expeditions, provides funds for reconnaissance campaigns, and so on. Thus, according to this approach, the colonization of Siberia occurs "from above".
Siberian Khanate - a bit of history
Along with the history of Yermak's campaign, the history of the Siberian Khanate was also subjected to strong mythologization. In practice, we can say that we do not know anything about the history of this khanate, and we do not want to know. It is characterized in the famous work "History of Siberia from ancient times to the present day" as "primitive statehood." Once it was primitive, then there is nothing to study. V.N. Shunkov, editor-in-chief of the second volume of The History of Siberia from Ancient Times, defended with all his might the thesis: “it is hardly doubtful that until the end of the 16th century, the primitive communal system was still dominant among the majority of the peoples of Siberia.”
But, as we see, this is not so. A state that managed to exist for 371 years cannot be called primitive. He had such a device that provided him with stability and stability, despite turbulent events. It was a fairly well developed state. L.R. Kyzlasov wrote: “The discoveries of recent years have shown that almost everywhere in Siberia, with the possible exception of a narrow strip of the tundra zone, in antiquity or from the early Middle Ages there were independent urban centers.” These discoveries, I will add to the statement of Leonid Romanovich, also require a deep study of the history of the Siberian Khanate before the arrival of the Russians.
However, it is very difficult to do work on the study of the history of the Siberian Khanate now, because information about it is scattered in hard-to-reach literature, according to numerous, rare and often untranslated sources into Russian. Archaeologists did practically nothing to study the cities of this khanate, despite the fact that their location is well known, and some cities have remained on the map to this day. For example, 35 kilometers southeast of Tobolsk, and now on the banks of the Irtysh, there is the village of Abalak, known since the time of the Siberian Khanate.
The complexity and inaccessibility of sources greatly complicates the work. G.F. has already encountered this state of affairs. Miller. He did a lot of work, copying documents in the administrative huts of Siberian cities, interviewing the local population, visiting places of historical events and examining ancient finds. He managed to bring the history of the Siberian Khanate only to the time of Genghis Khan. He managed to make a rough sketch of its ancient history, and he relied on extremely contradictory and unreliable information that required additions and clarifications.
But compared to the truly legendary Soviet version of the pre-Russian history of the Siberian Khanate, Miller's work looks like an outstanding achievement of historical thought.
Here is the version presented in the book of the Irkutsk local historian Dmitry Kopylov "Ermak". Pointing out that Siberia was a sparsely populated and undeveloped territory, he reports that at the end of the 15th century there were two principalities on the site of the Siberian Khanate: Ishim, located in the lower reaches of the Ishim with its capital in Kyzyl-Tura, and Tyumen, in the interfluve of the Tura and Tavda, with capital in Chimgi-Tur. Tura is a city. This means that both capitals of the principalities were cities. Kopylov does not indicate the location of these cities. "Kyzyl" is the adjective red. So, the capital of the Ishim principality was the "Red City". And what is “Chim-gi” is not clear, and is not explained in the book of the Irkutsk local historian.
The Ishim principality was ruled by Sargachik. If the state is called a principality, then Sargachik was a prince. The Tyumen principality was ruled by Ibak Khan. If so, then his state should be called a khanate. But in Kopylov's book, Ibak Khan rules the principality. Okay, let's go.
About Ibak Khan it is reported that he annexed the lands along the Tura, Tavda, Tobol, Irtysh and Ishim. This is a huge territory, the conquest of which requires a lot of strength. It must be assumed that he conquered the Ishim principality, located in the lower reaches of the Ishim. Ibak Khan ended his life badly. In 1493 he was killed by a certain Mahmet. Who this Mahmet is remains not entirely clear. Judging by the presentation of Kopylov, this is the son of Sargachik. Judging by his name, he may have been a Muslim. Mahmet killed Ibak Khan and founded a new state - the Siberian Khanate. He made the town of Kashlyk, or Isker, the capital.
In 1558, Kuchum, the middle son of Murtaza and a direct descendant of Ibak, elevated his father to the throne of the Siberian Khanate. What he did with Mahmet, history is silent. Maybe he killed him, or maybe he died himself. I like the second version more. Died old-old Makhmet, Khan of the Siberian Khanate. Kuchum found out that the throne of the khanate was empty, and, like an exemplary son, he suggested to his father - dad, go sit on it for a while.
And in 1564, Kuchum himself became the Khan of the Siberian Khanate. Apparently, Murtazy was old, he did not sit on the throne of the khanate for a long time, but he did not repeat the mistakes of Makhmet, he gave the khanate to his middle son.
From this moment begins the history of the Siberian Khanate, headed by Khan Kuchum on the throne.
And here is how the history of the Siberian Khanate is described by G.F. Miller.
The first ruler of this territory, whose name is preserved in history, was On-Son. His power extended to the Tatars who lived along the Irtysh and Ishim. The capital of that possession was in the city of Kizyl-Tura, which was inhabited in the days of Kuchum.
Judging by the context and further description of the history of this place, the reign of On-Som dates back to ancient times, around the second half of the 12th century. After him, his heir, most likely his son, Irtyshak, ruled. According to Miller, the name of the Irtysh River came from his name. Why he became so famous that a large river was named after him remains unknown.
Irtyshak ruled, apparently, at the beginning of the 13th century. Most likely, he was defeated and subjugated by the noyons of Genghis Khan. When Genghis Khan himself stormed Bukhara, the prince of the Kazakh Horde named Taybuga, the son of Khan Mamyk, appeared to him and asked the omnipotent Khan for possession of the Irtysh, Tobol, Ishim and Tura. Mercy was shown to the prince, and Taibuga became the ruler in these lands.
So he just became the founder of the Siberian Khanate. So, 1217 can be considered the year of foundation of the Siberian Khanate. Taibuga Khan built a city in the lands granted to him, which he named in honor of his benefactor - "Chingidin", that is, "the city of Chingiz". Subsequently, he became known under the Tatar name "Chimgi-Tura". After the conquest of the Siberian Khanate, the Russians built their city, Tyumen, on the site of Chingidin.
From Taibug came a whole family of rulers who ruled intermittently until 1588. Little is known about the events that took place in the Siberian Khanate during this dynasty. It is only known that at the end of the 15th century the power of this dynasty almost ended up in the wrong hands.
G.F. Miller talks about it this way. The great-grandson or great-great-grandson of Taibug, Mar-khan was married to the sister of the Kazan Khan Upak. Apparently, relations between relatives were far from cloudless, because Upak began a war against Mar and defeated his army. Mar Khan was killed, and his family: his wife, sons Obder and Ebalak, were taken prisoner, taken to Kazan and soon died in captivity. The Siberian Khanate for a time fell under the rule of the Kazan Khan.
The sons of Mar left sons, Mahmet, who was the son of Obder, and Angish, who was the son of Ebalak. When their father was defeated, the noble Tatars hid the Khan's grandchildren and then secretly raised them. The conqueror of the khanate did not know that the legitimate heirs to the throne were still alive. When Mahmet grew up, in 1493 he raised an uprising against the Kazan Khan. It was supported by the inhabitants of the former khanate. Khan Upak led an army to suppress the uprising. But near Chingidin, he was defeated by Mahmet's militia. Khan was captured and killed.
Mahmet, as the legitimate heir to the throne in the senior line, declared himself Khan and restored the Siberian Khanate. For himself, he built a new capital on the Irtysh, 16 versts from the place where Tobolsk would later be founded. It was the city of Isker, or Siberia.
In the Remezov chronicle, which Miller acquired in Tobolsk and later laid as the basis for his research, the capital built by Makhmet was called Kash-lyk. But Miller never heard such a name anywhere and therefore specifically interviewed the Tobolsk, Tyumen and Tara Tatars. They all said that the capital of the Siberian Khanate was called Isker, and most often Siberia: “In the Remezov chronicle, this city is called Kashlyk, but this name, as I heard, is not used by any people,” he writes in “History of Siberia” .
In the future, when describing events, Miller uses only the name "Siberia". This circumstance, however, did not prevent our historians from taking the word of the Remezov Chronicle and naming the capital of the Siberian Khanate Kashlyk. Under this name, the city entered into all patriotic myths.
After the death of Mahmet, Angisha ruled, who left the throne to Mahmet's son, Qasim. Qasim left the throne to his eldest son, Yediger. In addition to him, there were also the sons of Senbakht and Sauskani.
Yediger died unexpectedly in 1563. There was no one to transfer power to, since his brothers had also died by that time, leaving no heirs. No information has been preserved about their fate and the cause of such an early death. Ediger left behind a pregnant wife. In principle, the Siberian taishi could have waited until the khansha was relieved of her burden, and then finally decide the issue of succession to the throne. But, apparently, they feared a long anarchy in the khanate and immediately sent an embassy to Bukhara, to Murtaza, with a request to release one of their sons to the khan's throne.
Murtazy was not just a Bukhara khan. He was still a descendant of Genghis Khan, who once put the ancestor of the dynasty of Siberian khans on the throne. Apparently, the Siberian taishis reasoned that a new khan should also be given to them by a descendant of Genghis Khan. Murtazy Khan came from the clan of Sheibani Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, and his son Jochi, who became the ruler of Bukhara. By the name of this ancestor, the whole family of Bukhara rulers was called Sheibanids.
By the way, Soviet historians sometimes spoke about the “struggle of the Taibugids and Sheibanids”, but did not explain what kind of clans they were and from whom they came. These are not at all the clans of the "rulers of the Ishim and Tyumen khanates." The Sheibanids are a genus of Genghisides who enjoyed great prestige throughout the East. The Taibugids family simply could not compete with him for anything, mainly because they were weak in front of the Sheibanids (although the Taibugids received power from the hands of Genghis Khan himself).
So, envoys from the Siberian Khanate came to Murtaza Khan, a descendant of Genghis Khan in the twelfth generation, and asked him to give them a ruler from his own family. Murtaza sent his middle son Kuchum to rule in Isker. At this time, according to Abulgazi Khan, who wrote in Arabic, Kuchum was thirty years old. He was Khan until 1003 AH, that is, until 1595. This year he was 62 years old.
Here is such a version. Of course, it is difficult to vouch for her and say that she is absolutely reliable. But still, it inspires much more confidence than the legends of Soviet historians. It inspires confidence because it clearly names the participants in the events, clearly lists the sequence of events, and because it has a link to the history of neighboring peoples and states.
Verkhoturov Dmitry Nikolaevich
Source
Political history
Origins (1220-1375)
Perhaps for the first time the term "Siberia" is mentioned in the Secret History of the Mongols compiled in 1240 ("Yuan-chao mi-shi"), which speaks of the conquest of Jochi in 1206 by forest tribes south of Shibir. At the same time, researchers cannot confidently localize this area; it is suggested that "maybe that was the name of the northern outskirts of the Baraba plane between the Ob and the Irtysh" (Palladium).
More confidently can be identified with the Tobol-Irtysh interfluve region Siberia and Iberia, mentioned in the first half of the XIV century as part of the Golden Horde by the secretary of the Egyptian Sultan Al-Omari. In the same century, the cities of the future Siberian Khanate are found on Western European maps: Qashlyk in the form sebur appears in the map of the Venetians by the Pizzigani brothers (1367), and Chingi-Tura in the form Singui appears in the Catalan Atlas (1375).
Historians do not have a single idea of what administrative and political unit served as the basis for the formation of the Tyumen (Siberian) Khanate. On this account, there are two almost equal versions and one original.
Taibugin holding
According to the version originating from Academician G.F. Miller, who, in turn, relied on the so-called. “Siberian Chronicles” of the 17th century (Esipovskaya, Remezovskaya and governors of Peter Godunov), the lands of the future khanate were originally part of the Taybuginsky yurt, founded in 1220 and being the hereditary possession of the descendants of the Siberian prince Taybuga. Unlike other uluses of the Golden Horde, the Taibuginsky yurt had autonomy. Adherents of this version even endow the Taibugins with the status of khans, that is, put them on the same level as the Genghisides. Therefore, the Taibuginsky yurt should be called the Tyumen Khanate itself.
It is reported that the legend of Taibug is also discussed in the "Genealogy of the Turks" by the Uzbek historian, Shibanid Khan Abulgazi. True, this work was compiled at the same time as the Siberian chronicles, that is, 400 years after the events described. Unfortunately, it is currently not available.
Among modern researchers, the version of the khans from the Taibugin clan is defended, for example, by G. L. Fayzrakhmanov. Consistently developing his point of view, he, following a number of other historians (Z. Ya. Boyarshinova, N. N. Stepanov, N. G. Apollova), claims that the capital of the Shibanid khans was Haji-Muhammad, Abu-l-khair and even Ibak was not Chingi-Tura, but the town of Kyzyl-Tura (now the village of Ust-Ishim) at the confluence of the Ishim into the Irtysh. And Khan Ibak took possession of Chingi-Tura only in the early 1480s, which meant that he took the throne of the Tyumen Khanate.
Several facts testify against this version:
Part of Shibanid dominions
In the future, the composition and boundaries of the uluses changed several times, but the Shibanids generally managed to retain their former ulus (yurt). The ulus of Shiban turned out to be the only one in the Golden Horde that retained its territory and status after the administrative-territorial reform of Khan Uzbek:
In a word, we mentioned above in detail [that] since Shaiban Khan cut with a saber and conquered enemies [and] vilayets, then / 48a / revered and respected for this reason all the people of his sons and grandsons. When [Uzbek-] Khan, in anger at these oglans, gave [them] to Isatai as a koshun, then Isatai paid respect to the oglans of Shaiban Khan for their father, gave [them] buyrak and karlyk, which are a two-part ale, and left them to themselves .
There is a description of the ulus in the last quarter of the XIV - the first quarter of the XV centuries, from which it is obvious that the land of the future Siberian Khanate at that moment was completely controlled by the Shibanids:
A certain light on the relationship between the Ulus of Shiban and the Taybuginsky yurt is shed by the message “Selected Chronicles from the Book of Victories” ( Tawarikh-i guzide nusrat name) that the head of one of the four tribes subordinate to Shiban was called Taybuga from the Burkuts (associated with the Kungirats), and the head of another tribe - Tukbuga from tyumen. When Abu-l-Khair took Chingi-Tura in 1428, Adadbek and Kebek-Khoja-biy from the tribe burkut, the genus of the aforementioned Taibugi.
The offspring of the "Great Jam"
Zh. M. Sabitov identifies the Taibugins with the descendants of the Saljiut Alatay, one of the four emirs of Khan Uzbek, arguing that this is the only emir whose descendants are not known. It is characteristic that in one of the lists of "Chingiz-name" Alatay is also named Burkut .
The version of Zh. M. Sabitov regarding Alatay is also interesting in that Uzbek transferred Alatay to the control of the tribe ming, that is, mangyts (future Nogays). And according to the remark of A. Z. Validi, the full version of "Chingiz-name" calls Chingi-Tura from the time of Khan Haji-Muhammad a Mangyt settlement. Finally, the dependence of many Uzbek and Siberian khans on the Nogai murzas is well known, and after the defeat of the Siberian Khanate, the Taibuginsky yurt became part of the Nogai Horde.
According to the logic of Zh. M. Sabitov, the Taibuginsky yurt arose as a fragment of the Golden Horde of the times of the Great Memory, created by the descendants of Emir Alatay, who acted by analogy with the descendants of other emirs of Khan Uzbek - Isatai, Nangudai and Kutluk-Timur, who began to rule in different parts Golden Horde behind the puppet khans-genghisides. With the strengthening of the Mangyts in the Golden Horde, the status of puppet khans extended to the Shibanids, which was expressed in the formula:
From ancient times to the present, each khan, who was proclaimed by the emirs of the Mangyts, provided the emirs of the Mangyts with freedom in the state. If now [Muhammad Shaybani-] khan also acts according to our ancient custom, then it’s fine [that is, we proclaim him khan], and if not, [also] well [that is, we can do without him].
Vilayet of Chingy-Tura (1375-1468)
In 1359, the Great Haunt begins in the Golden Horde, in which the Shibanids take an active part.
Time of Tokhtamysh
According to Chingiz-name, prince Tokhtamysh, who at first suffered defeat from Urus Khan and his descendants, turned to the head of the Shibanid clan, Kaganbek, for help. Kaganbek did not provide assistance to Tokhtamysh, however, help came from Kaganbek's cousin Arab Shah. Thanks to the latter, Tokhtamysh was able to defeat both the Uruskhanids and Mamai, uniting the Golden Horde for the first time since the start of the Great Jail. As gratitude, Tokhtamysh handed over to the Arab Shah the authority over the Ulus of Shiban.
As already reported, Arab Shah and his brother roamed between the upper reaches of the Yaik in summer and the mouth of the Syr Darya in winter. The first blows of Tamerlane against Tokhtamysh were inflicted precisely on the Ulus of Shiban. Nizam ad-Din Shami testifies that in 1389 Tamerlane sent Jahan Shah Bahadur, Omar Bahadur and Uch-Kara Bahadur "towards the Irtysh in search of the enemy." The noyons reached the Irtysh and completely plundered the vilayet. The campaign of Tamerlane is also known, which ended in April 1391 with the construction of a barrow near the Ulytau mountains in the Karaganda region, where the following inscription is carved:
In the country of seven hundred black Tokmaks in the year of the sheep, in the middle spring month, the Sultan of Turan Temurbek marched two hundred thousand troops, named after his kind, to the blood of Toktamysh Khan. Having reached this, he erected this Mound, so that it would be a sign. God bless! If God wills! May God have mercy on people! May he remember us with mercy!
It is also impossible to pass by two manuscripts published in 1903 under the general title "On the Religious Wars of Sheikh Bagautdin's Disciples Against Foreigners of Western Siberia". According to these manuscripts, in 1394-1395, 366 sheikhs, accompanied by 1,700 horsemen, led by a khan from the Shibanid dynasty, undertook a campaign from Bukhara along the Irtysh up to Kashlyk with the aim of converting local residents to Islam. In the campaign, 300 sheikhs and 1,448 horsemen died, and the losses of the opposite side cannot be counted:
They exterminated a great multitude of pagans and Tatars, fighting in such a way that there was not a stream or river left along the banks of the Irtysh, wherever they fought, and did not give those pagans the opportunity to escape ...
The details of the campaign indicate that either the year or the name of the khan were confused. Given that one of the heroes of the works, Sheikh Bahauddin Nakshband, died in 1389, and it was typical for Tamerlane to accuse his enemies of apostasy and generally use religious motives to justify his campaigns, the time of the campaign is more like the era of Tamerlane.
However, for the first time the name "Tyumen" is mentioned in Russian chronicles in connection with the representative of the Tukatimurid clan, Khan Tokhtamysh, when under 1408 the chronicler wrote:
State of Haji Muhammad (1421-1428)
From the analysis of the "Collection of Chronicles" and the Siberian Chronicle, it follows that the founder of the Siberian Khanate was a descendant of Shayban Hadji-Muhammed, who was proclaimed Khan of Siberia in 1420. Then, many years of internecine struggle began in the khanate, which ended only in 1495 with the proclamation of the city of Siberia (Kashlyk) as the capital of the state.
State of nomadic Uzbeks (1428-1468)
The provincial status of Tyumen was interrupted for a long time by the Shibanid Abu-l-Khair, who made Chingi-Tura the capital of the Uzbek Khanate he founded. In this capacity, the city stayed from 1428 to 1446 (18 years in total). At the same time, the “vilayet of Chingi-Tura” was first mentioned, in which Khan Abu-l-Khair appointed administrators (darugs). " Genghis-name"and "Nusrat-name" Mention that Kazan was subordinate to the Tyumen khans during this period.
Tyumen Khanate (1468-1495)
The Tyumen Khanate as an independent state arose in the XIV century, before that it was part of the Golden Horde under the name "Ibir". It was located in the middle reaches of the Tobol and the interfluve of its tributaries Tavda and Tura. As a result of a long struggle between the rulers of the White Horde, the Sheibanids and Taibugins, who represented the local nobility, the Shibanid Ibak seized power in the state. Under the brothers Ibak and Mamuka, who from 1480 dared to fight for the throne of the Great Horde, the Tyumen Khanate reached its greatest influence. In 1495, Ibak was killed by Taibugin Makhmet, who moved the capital of the Khanate to the fortified town of Siberia (Kashlyk), which became the capital of the new Siberian Khanate. The lands of the Tyumen Khanate entered the Siberian Khanate at the beginning of the 16th century.
Isker yurt (1495-1582)
Siberian Khanate of Kuchum (1563-1582)
However, in 1563, Ibak's grandson Shibanid Khan Kuchum seized power. He executed co-rulers - brothers Ediger and Bekbulat. Khan Kuchum stopped paying tribute to Moscow, but in 1571 he sent a full yasak of 1,000 sables. In 1572, he completely broke off tributary relations. In 1573, Kuchum sent his nephew Makhmetkul with a retinue for reconnaissance purposes outside the khanate. Makhmut Kuli reached Perm, disturbing the possessions of the Stroganovs. Kuchum made great efforts to strengthen the significance of Islam in Siberia.
The conquest of Siberia by the Russian kingdom (1582-1598)
ControlThe Siberian Khanate was a multinational political association. At the head of the state was a khan, who was elected by the aristocratic elite - beks, murzas, tarkhans. The state structure was paramilitary in nature. In managing the khanate, the khan was assisted by his vizier - karach and advisers. The Siberian khans interfered little in the affairs of the uluses ruled by noble murzas and beks. During the war, the Murzas, together with their detachments, took part in campaigns, as they were interested in military booty, which was an important source of income for the Tatar feudal lords. The feudal nobility also included a small part of the feudalizing elite of the Ostyaks and Voguls (Mansi). The rest of the non-Turkic population ( Ostyaks, Voguls and Samoyeds) was in a subordinate position, which created internal contradictions in the Khanate and weakened its power. Economy and populationArmyIn addition to the Siberian detachments, the soldiers of the local tribes subordinate to the Khanate took part in the army of the Siberian Khanate during the campaigns. It is difficult to estimate the size of the Siberian army, but it is known that during the battle on Lake Abalatsky, Prince Mametkul commanded a tumen - a unit theoretically consisting of 10,000 soldiers. The armed forces of the khanate were scattered, in connection with which Kuchum, during the invasion of Russian troops, did not manage to gather them into a single fist. Kuchum himself had at his disposal the Nogai guard. Most of the Siberian princes had their own fortified towns with garrisons stationed there. On the battlefield, Siberian warriors used the tactics traditional for nomads to maneuver and bombard the enemy with arrows in mounted formation. Siberian warriors also knew how to fight on foot. An important role in the military art of the Turks was played by intelligence, thanks to which the Siberian troops could arrange ambushes and surprise attacks on the enemy. The armament complex of the Siberian warriors consisted of bows with arrows, which were their main weapons, spears, darts, sabers, broadswords, daggers and battle axes. Warriors used chain mail, helmets and armor as protective weapons. In addition to edged weapons, Siberian warriors also used artillery. Siberian rulerssee alsoNotes
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In the vast expanses of the Siberian tundra and taiga, forest-steppe and black earth expanses, a population settled, hardly exceeding 200 thousand people by the time the Russians arrived. In the regions of the Amur and Primorye by the middle of the XVI century. about 30 thousand people lived. The ethnic and linguistic composition of the population of Siberia was very diverse. The very difficult living conditions in the tundra and taiga and the exceptional disunity of the population led to the extremely slow development of the productive forces among the peoples of Siberia. By the time the Russians arrived, most of them were still at various stages of the patriarchal-tribal system. Only the Siberian Tatars were at the stage of formation of feudal relations.
In the economy of the northern peoples of Siberia, the leading place belonged to hunting and fishing. A supporting role was played by the collection of wild edible plants. Mansi and Khanty, like the Buryats and Kuznetsk Tatars, mined iron. The more backward peoples still used stone tools. A large family (yurts) consisted of 2 - 3 men or more. Sometimes several large families lived in numerous yurts. In the conditions of the North, such yurts were independent settlements - rural communities.
Since. Obi lived Ostyaks (Khanty). Their main occupation was fishing. Fish was eaten, clothes were made from fish skin. On the wooded slopes of the Urals lived the Voguls, who were mainly engaged in hunting. The Ostyaks and Voguls had principalities headed by tribal nobility. The princes owned fishing grounds, hunting grounds, and besides that, their fellow tribesmen also brought them “gifts”. Wars often broke out between the principalities. Captured prisoners were turned into slaves. In the northern tundra lived the Nenets, who were engaged in reindeer herding. With herds of deer, they constantly moved from pasture to pasture. The reindeer provided the Nenets with food, clothing, and shelter, which was made from reindeer skins. Fishing and hunting foxes and wild deer were common occupations. The Nenets lived in clans headed by princes. Further, to the east of the Yenisei, the Evenki (Tungus) lived. Their main occupation was fur hunting and fishing. In search of prey, the Evenks moved from place to place. They also dominated the tribal system. In the south of Siberia, in the upper reaches of the Yenisei, lived Khakass cattle breeders. Buryats lived in Uangara and Baikal. Their main occupation was cattle breeding. The Buryats were already on the way to becoming a class society. In the Amur region lived the tribes of Daurs and Duchers, more economically developed.
The Yakuts occupied the territory formed by Lena, Aldan and Amgoyu. Separate groups were placed on the river. Yana, the mouth of Vilyui and the Zhigansk region. In total, according to Russian documents, the Yakuts at that time numbered about 25 - 26 thousand people. By the time the Russians appeared, the Yakuts were a single people with a single language, a common territory and a common culture. The Yakuts were at the stage of decomposition of the primitive communal system. The main large social groups were tribes and clans. In the economy of the Yakuts, the processing of iron was widely developed, from which weapons, blacksmith accessories and other tools were made. The blacksmith enjoyed great honor among the Yakuts (more than a shaman). The main wealth of the Yakuts was cattle. The Yakuts led a semi-sedentary life. In the summer they went to winter roads, they also had summer, spring and autumn pastures. In the economy of the Yakuts, much attention was paid to hunting and fishing. The Yakuts lived in yurts-balagans, insulated with turf and earth in winter, and in summer - in birch bark dwellings (ursa) and in light huts. Great power belonged to the ancestor-toyon. He had from 300 to 900 heads of cattle. The Toyons were surrounded by servants - chakhardars - from slaves and domestic servants. But the Yakuts had few slaves, and they did not determine the mode of production. The poor rodovici were not yet the object of the birth of feudal exploitation. There was also no private ownership of fishing and hunting lands, but hay lands were distributed among individual families.
Siberian Khanate
At the beginning of the XV century. in the process of the disintegration of the Golden Horde, the Siberian Khanate was formed, the center of which was originally Chimga-Tura (Tyumen). The Khanate united many Turkic-speaking peoples, who rallied within its framework into the people of the Siberian Tatars. At the end of the XV century. after lengthy civil strife, power was seized by Mamed, who united the Tatar uluses along the Tobol and the middle Irtysh and placed his headquarters in an ancient fortification on the banks of the Irtysh - "Siberia", or "Kashlyk".
The Siberian Khanate consisted of small uluses, headed by beks and murzas, who constituted the ruling class. They distributed pastures and hunting grounds and turned the best pastures and water sources into private property. Islam spread among the nobility and became the official religion of the Siberian Khanate. The main working population consisted of "black" ulus people. They paid the murza, or bek, annual "gifts" from the products of their household and tribute-yasak to the khan, and carried out military service in the detachments of the ulus bek. The khanate exploited the labor of slaves - "yasyrs" and poor, dependent community members. The Siberian khanate was ruled by the khan with the help of advisers and karachi (vizier), as well as yasauls sent by the khan to the uluses. Ulus beks and murzas were vassals of the khan, who did not interfere in the internal routine of the life of the ulus. The political history of the Siberian Khanate was full of internal strife. The Siberian khans, pursuing an aggressive policy, seized the lands of part of the Bashkir tribes and the possessions of the Ugrians and Turkic-speaking inhabitants of the Irtysh region and the basin of the river. Omi.
Siberian Khanate by the middle of the 16th century. located on a vast expanse of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia from the basin of the river. Tours in the west and to Baraba in the east. In 1503, Ibak's grandson Kuchum seized power in the Siberian Khanate with the help of Uzbek and Nogai feudal lords. The Siberian Khanate under Kuchum, which consisted of separate, economically almost unrelated uluses, was politically very fragile, and with any military defeat inflicted on Kuchum, this state of Siberian Tatars was condemned to cease to exist.
Accession of Siberia to Russia
The natural wealth of Siberia - furs - has long attracted attention. Already at the end of the XV century. enterprising people penetrated the "stone belt" (Urals). With the formation of the Russian state, its rulers and merchants saw in Siberia an opportunity for great enrichment, especially since those undertaken since the end of the 15th century. the search for ores of precious metals has not yet been successful.
To a certain extent, the penetration of Russia into Siberia can be put on a par with the penetration of certain European powers into overseas countries at that time in order to pump out jewels from them. However, there were also significant differences.
The initiative in developing relations came not only from the Russian state, but also from the Siberian Khanate, which in 1555, after the liquidation of the Kazan Khanate, became a neighbor of the Russian state and asked for patronage in the fight against the Central Asian rulers. Siberia entered into vassal dependence on Moscow and paid tribute to it in furs. But in the 70s, due to the weakening of the Russian state, the Siberian khans began attacks on Russian possessions. The fortifications of the merchants Stroganovs stood in their way, who were already beginning to send their expeditions to Western Siberia to buy furs, and in 1574. received a royal charter with the right to build fortresses on the Irtysh and own lands along the Tobol to ensure the trade route to Bukhara. Although this plan was not carried out, the Stroganovs managed to organize a campaign of the Cossack squad of Yermak Timofeevich, who went to the Irtysh and by the end of 1582, after a fierce battle, took the capital of the Siberian Khanate, Kashlyk, and expelled Khan Kuchum. Many vassals of Kuchum from among the Siberian peoples subject to the khan went over to the side of Yermak. After several years of struggle, which continued with varying success (Yermak died in 1584), the Siberian Khanate was finally destroyed.
In 1586, the Tyumen fortress was established, and in 1587, Tobolsk, which became the Russian center of Siberia.
A stream of trade and service people rushed to Siberia. But besides them, peasants, Cossacks, townspeople, who fled from feudal oppression, moved there.
