Question 1. What were the main goal and direction of Russia's foreign policy in the reign of Alexander II?

Answer. The main goals were to overcome international isolation after the Crimean War and foreign policy calm in order to carry out domestic political reforms, for which peace was needed. Main directions:

1) relations with European powers;

2) relations with the Ottoman Empire;

3) accession of Central Asia to Russia;

4) Far East policy.

Question 2. Describe the European policy of Russia. What were the main achievements of Russia in this direction?

Answer. The head of the Russian Foreign Ministry, Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov (by the way, a classmate of A.S. Pushkin at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum) used the contradictions between the European powers, which were many then, to strengthen Russia's position in the international arena. Over time, it also turned out that Russia also has common interests with some European states. As a result, the following was achieved:

1) managed to overcome the international isolation of Russia;

2) joint suppression of the Polish uprising of 1863-1864 was agreed upon;

3) improved relations with France, and after their new deterioration - with Austria;

4) it was possible to recreate the Black Sea military fleet without the opposition of Europe;

5) after the unification of Germany, it was possible to establish further rapprochement between Russia and Austria and Germany.

Question 3. Tell us about Russia's policy in Central Asia. Can we assume that Russia pursued a colonial policy in this area?

Answer. Most of Central Asia was conquered, only some peoples (for example, the Kazakhs) came under the rule of Russia voluntarily. The conquests were usually carried out by small forces, in which the Cossacks played a great role. Russia seized states that were at a much lower stage of development, while it began to control vast new lands. It could well be called a colonial takeover.

Question 4. How did Russia's relations with China and Japan develop?

Answer. Russia signed several treaties with these states, which finally determined the boundaries between them. At that time, both China and Japan were trying to follow the path of modernization, albeit with different results. At the same time, the strongest countries of the world, including Russia, considered them backward and prepared colonial conquests on their territory.

Question 5. What were the features of the accession of the Far Eastern territories?

Answer. These lands were annexed peacefully, through the signing of agreements with China and Japan. The rationale for annexing some of them to Russia, for example, the Amur region, was the Russian settlers who had already penetrated there. Some territories for some time were joint possession of two states.

Polish question

Remark 1

Having ascended the throne in $1855, Alexander II granted amnesty to the participants in the Polish uprising in $1830. However, this did not solve the problems associated with this region. After the Napoleonic Wars, part of the lands of the Duchy of Warsaw entered Russia as the Kingdom of Poland. Alexander I granted a liberal constitution to the Kingdom of Poland, but soon he himself chose a reactionary model of behavior. In $1830, the Polish uprising broke out, after the suppression of which the Polish constitution was canceled. The strengthening of the regime in Poland confirmed the opinion of Nicholas I as a dictator.

Despite the efforts of the state, the national liberation movements in Poland did not disappear. Despite the deep difference between the currents, all the secret organizations were united by the fact that they wanted the restoration of Poland within the borders of $1772$.

In $1864$, another uprising took place, because. earlier, revolutionary-minded young people were drafted into the army. After this uprising, the Kingdom of Poland became Privislensky region without any autonomy. So, office work, laws and education were introduced in $1865 in Russian, and the agrarian reform deprived the gentry of most of the land and peasants.

Caucasus

As for the development of the Caucasus, Alexander II inherited from Nicholas I the so-called. Caucasian war dragging on for many years. This conflict was due to the gradual incorporation of the territories of the Caucasus into Russia. Most of the mountain peoples professed Islam, some of them became part of Russia, and some fiercely resisted and entered the imamat of Chechnya and Dagestan under the leadership Shamil. This military-theocratic formation was liquidated in $1859$ by the commander-in-chief, Prince Baryatinsky A.I. after Shamil surrendered. Until $1864-1865$. the problem was the resistance of the peoples of the Western Caucasus. However, thanks to the actions Evdokimova N.I. The Western Caucasus was annexed, the Caucasian War ended.

National policy in the Caucasus was a complex issue, because a large number of different peoples lived there. Baryatinsky A.I. insisted on the displacement of the highlanders, for this it was necessary to populate the Caucasus with Terek Cossacks and, in general, with Russian settlers. As a result, even during the war, many fled to the Ottoman Empire, and the Circassians were forcibly resettled, and in total up to $100 thousand people were evicted.

There was another opinion on this issue. Milyutin D.A., Secretary of War, called for flexibility. The position of Alexander II was just that. The traditions and religion of the mountain peoples remained inviolable. The Islamic clergy also received support from the state. In addition, in the Caucasus, a court operated legally, administering justice within the framework of traditions.

Jewish question

Remark 2

In the first half of the $19th century. anti-Semitic sentiments prevailed in the Russian Empire. Jews, like other representatives of the taxable estate, did not have complete freedom of movement, but lived in the so-called. the Jewish Pale of Settlement, which included:

• Belarus,
• Lithuania,
• Ukraine,
• polish lands,
• Bessarabia.

Under Nicholas I, the policy towards the Jews became tougher. For Jewish merchants, taxes were inflated. The Pale of Settlement was finally fixed, beyond which Jews did not have the right to live. Although the Jewish people did not carry any threat to the autocracy, its identity was in conflict with Orthodoxy.

Under Alexander II, the Jews became equal in rights with the Russian population. At first, there were benefits for living beyond the Pale of Settlement for merchants of the 1st guild, some artisans and scientists. Jews could once again sell alcohol, own land, and so on. Such a policy led to more assimilation than the forcible attempts to integrate into Russian life, adopted earlier.

However, the national policy of Alexander II was not always soft. Liberal reforms led to the rise of national movements in the Belarusian and Ukrainian environment. The government considered these regions to be primordially Russian, and therefore did not agree to the recognition of the Belarusian and Ukrainian peoples, their cultures and languages.

Alexander's National Policy II

Grade 9

Goals :

Educational

to form students' knowledge about the features of the national policy of the government of AlexanderII

lead to an understanding of the problems of Russia as a multinational and multi-confessional state

to create in schoolchildren an idea of ​​​​the situation of some peoples that are part of the Russian Empire (Poles, Jews, Ukrainians, Belarusians, highlanders)

ensure the assimilation of new concepts and terms: "separatism", "anti-Semitism", "communities"

recall and consolidate such concepts and terms as: "empire", "imam", "imamat", "Seim"

Educational

continue to develop the ability to compare and generalize

develop memory, attention and imagination of students

develop and enrich students' speech

Educational

cultivate tolerance towards other peoples

Lesson type: combined

During the classes

Lesson stage

Methodological techniques

Timing

Main content

Student activities

Notes

(for introspection)

Org. Moment

Greetings

roll call

mood

(1 min.)

Good afternoon! I'm glad to see you! Have a seat.

Guys, who's out today? (noting)

greetings

tell who is missing

listen, get everything you need, calm down, tune in

Homework

(1 minute)

Please open your diaries and write down your homework.

FOR ALL: paragraph 20, orally answer the questions after it

OPTIONAL: in writingcomplete the creative task "Petition to the Tsar" (write a petition to the emperor on behalf of the Polish, Ukrainian people, asking for certain privileges; justification is required)

I am answering the questions

Write down, ask questions

Checking d / z

(Check - 7 min plus 1 min briefing = 8 min)

Condensed Poll:

testing

card work

control conversation

Before we start learning new material, let's check how you learned the previous one. Let's do it in the following way: part will solve tests, part will work on cards, and we will talk with three "lucky ones". We will do this at the same time. I give you the work, you sign them, write in the same sheets. Read carefully, everything is written there: where to sign, how much time is given to complete, how many correct options. Once I will voice it, then read it yourself so that there are no unnecessary questions. I show the form and comment: sign here, there may be several answers, complete within 7 minutes. The options are different, the questions are different, from here you can clearly see all of you, after 2 comments, I, without accepting your work, put "2", so it's better, at the very least, but on your own.

We remove everything from the tables, leaving only the writing pen.

Any questions? Work carefully, carefully and quietly. You can start an assessment on the topic covered.

Simultaneously:

Some students write a test

part - works on cards, 3-4 people (the first desks of the second row) talk to me (control conversation)

.

slide 2

Lesson plan.

1. Polish uprising;
2. Finnish autonomy;
3. Ukraine and Belarus;
4. Jewish question;
5. "Cultural Russification".

slide 3

Lesson assignment.

Prove that the national policy of the autocracy was contradictory?

slide 4

Polish uprising.

Bourgeois reforms did not affect the outskirts of the country. An acute situation developed in Poland, where secret societies began to emerge. The "Reds" were in favor of the reforms, the "Whites" were against it. Both of them wanted to restore Poland within the borders of 1772. In 1862, Konstantin Nikolayevich became the governor, and the administration was headed by Marquis Velikovsky, a supporter of the Constitution of 1815.
Polish rebels.

slide 5

Fighting anti-Russian sentiments, he closed the Agricultural Society and drafted revolutionary youth into the army. In response, an uprising broke out.
The National Committee gave land to the peasants, but the Russians sent troops to Poland and the "Whites" made Gen. Lyangevich.
The suppression of the rebellion was led by Gen. Muraviev, who shot the rebels despite the protests of England.
Hanger Ants.

slide 6

In Sept. 1863 The uprising was led by the Reds. But Alexander II ordered an agrarian reform to be carried out in Poland, and the peasants turned their backs on the rebels.
After the suppression of the uprising, the remnants of the autonomy were liquidated and the Kingdom of Poland was renamed the Privislinsky Region, where the forced Russification of the population began.
Suppression of the uprising.

Slide 7

Finnish autonomy.

Fearing a repetition of the “Polish” variant in Finland, the authorities in 1863 convened the Finnish Diet, which had not been assembled for more than 30 years.
Church control over education was abolished, teaching in Finnish was introduced. Finnish military units were created as part of the Russian army, their own monetary system and customs appeared even on the border with Russia.
Finnish coat of arms.

Slide 8

Ukraine and Belarus.

In the 60s. the rumbling of national self-consciousness of Ukrainians and Belarusians began. The government considered these territories "ancestral lands" and denied the local peoples even cultural independence. In the 1860s In Ukraine, there are educational organizations-communities. In response, the government banned the printing of books in Ukrainian. The leaders of the Kiev "Old Hromada" were fired from Kiev University.
Monument to Vladimir the Baptist on the shoreDnieper.

Slide 9

After the uprising in Poland, the rights of Catholics in Belarus were limited, where a conflict broke out between the Orthodox and Catholic churches, who claimed that Belarusians were part of the Russian, or Polish peoples.
But among the intelligentsia there was confidence in the independence of the Belarusian people. Soon books in the Belarusian language began to appear.
Kiev-Pechersklaurel.

Slide 10

Jewish question.

There were also changes in the Jewish question. If earlier a policy of Christianization was carried out, now a course has been taken for "enlightenment".
Parts of the Jewish population were allowed to live outside the Pale of Settlement. Soon a stratum of the Jewish bourgeoisie and intelligentsia appeared. But in the 1970s, Jewish schools began to close, and Jewish access to city councils was restricted.
At a Jewish school.(photo from the 19th century)

slide 11

"Cultural Russification".

The forced Christianization of the peoples of the Volga region showed its failure. Many newly baptized people returned to the old faith. Then Alexander II set a course to familiarize the Volga peoples with Russian culture. This led to the formation of a local intelligentsia. Kayum Nasyri laid the foundations of the Tatar literary language and opened the 1st Tatar school. In 1869, I. Yakovlev founded the Chuvash teacher's school.
RuinsBulgar.

slide 12

The formation of national cultures proceeded on the basis of close mutual influence with Russian culture. The University in Kazan was one of the centers of Russian science. A. Butlerov, L. Tolstoy, M. Balakirev and others studied here. Similar processes took place in other regions. Altai writing was created. Centers for the study of Armenian and Georgian cultures arose in St. Petersburg. But the exemption from the army was cancelled.
Kazan Kremlin.

View all slides

The personality of Alexander II stands out against the background of other Russian emperors of the 19th century. He inherited the throne immediately after the defeat of the empire in the Crimean War. The son of the conservative Nicholas I carried out a series of liberal reforms in the country. For the abolition of serfdom, Alexander II was named the emperor-liberator. Judicial, zemstvo, city and other reforms of 1860-1870. gave impetus to the development of the country.

In foreign policy, the emperor and his followers had to face a series of challenges. The main task was to eliminate the consequences of the lost Crimean War and overcome the international isolation of the empire. In 1863-1864. there was an uprising in the Kingdom of Poland. During the reign of Alexander II, a victorious war against Turkey took place, and the peoples of the Balkans were liberated.

The logical conclusion of the foreign and domestic undertakings of Alexander II was an attempt at a constitutional reform of the Russian Empire. The tragic death of the emperor interrupted the liberal course. Emperor Alexander III returned to a conservative policy and curtailed the constitutional undertakings of his father and his associates.

Polish uprising of 1863

Conference in London 1871 - a convention was signed that canceled the articles on the neutralization of the Black Sea. Russia received the right to have a military fleet on the Black Sea, to strengthen the southern border. The revival of Sevastopol as the main naval base began (cancellation of the articles of the Paris Peace Treaty)

"Union of Three Emperors" (Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary) 1872 - an agreement of dynastic monarchs who united to fight against republican and revolutionary socialist ideas. The isolation of Paris, which had recently dominated European affairs, was emphasized.

Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878. The course of the war

June 1877	Russian troops crossed the Danube and entered Bulgaria. The detachment of General I.V. Gurko crossed the Balkans and occupied the Shipka Pass. The attempts of the Russian army to capture the strong Turkish fortress of Plevna ended in failure.
August-December 1877	Russian troops and Bulgarian militias in fierce and bloody battles defended their positions on the Shipka Pass.
August 1877	The systematic siege of Plevna began, which led to the surrender of the Turkish garrison (November 28, 1877)
	I.V. Gurko defeated the 42,000th Turkish group and occupied Sofia.
	In the battle near Sheinovo, troops under the command of Generals F.F. Radetsky and M.D. Skobelev defeated the thirty thousandth Turkish army.
Early January 1878	The cities of Philippopolis (Plovdiv) and Adrianople fell

• Serbia, Montenegro and Romania gained independence
• the autonomy of Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina was proclaimed
• autonomous Bulgaria received a Christian government and a prince, who was approved by Porto with the consent of the European powers
• Southern Bessarabia returned to Russia, and the fortresses in the Caucasus - Kars, Ardagan, Bayazet and Batum - retreated.
• Turkey was obliged to pay a significant indemnity.

Berlin Congress 1878 - England and Austria-Hungary, under the pretext of protecting Turkey, refused to accept the terms of the San Stefano peace and achieved their revision:

• the territory of the autonomous Bulgarian principality was reduced three times
• Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina, and England - the island of Cyprus
• reduced the size of the contribution

Internal crisis at the turn of the 1870-1880s. M.T. Loris-Melikov and his program:

The appearance of the program (which was called the “Loris-Melikov Constitution”) dates back to the beginning of 1881. It was due to:

• political crisis at the turn of the 70-80s.
• activation of the socio-political movement, including Zemstvo-liberal
• the activities of the populist organization "Narodnaya Volya", which launched terror tactics

To overcome the "sedition" it is necessary and useful to call on the society to develop the necessary measures, that is, cooperation between the authorities and society

• create temporary preparatory commissions for drafting bills
• create an elected body under the tsar from representatives of zemstvos and cities ("General Commission")
• both preparatory and general commissions were supposed to have a legislative nature of activity

The Loris-Melikov project was the first step towards building a constitutional system in Russia, the beginning of preparations for the creation of a parliament. The project was approved by Alexander II, but on the same day - March 1, 1881. the emperor was killed. The project was rejected by Alexander III, as a result of which M.T. Loris-Melikov was forced to resign.