It is necessary to define the concept of "independence".

By independence, we understand a certain property of character, which manifests itself in the fact that a person is proactive, has adequate self-esteem and feels personal responsibility for what he does.

Human behavior is closely connected with the work of his thoughts, with feelings and with his will.

This connection has two sides:

• for the formation of independent judgments and actions, it is necessary that a person has correctly formed emotional and thought processes;
• the development of independence gradually strengthens and develops the ability to make their own highly motivated decisions and to carry them out despite the difficulties.

The concept of independence in literature

Different literary sources interpret independence in different ways. This was paid attention to at the end of the 19th century.

In the works of K.N. Wentzel described how important the formation of independence is for preschool children.

Domestic teachers throughout the 20th century studied the independence of the child in connection with teaching children about life. Researchers considered the development of independence as one of the most important principles of personality development.

According to S.L. Rubinshtein, independence is an integral quality of a holistic personality, which combines rationality, emotionality and will in a person.

V.D. Ivanov noted in his works that absoluteness is inherent in independence, because it is simply impossible to be free and independent while living among people. Those. one way or another, a person is always led by someone or something, which means that it is simply impossible to be in society on your own.

The connection of independence with society

Also, according to T.V. Markova, independence is associated with other people, without whom a person cannot show independence. After all, if you isolate a person, he simply will not need to show independence from anyone.

Some dictionaries describe independence as the independence and freedom of a person from external influences.

An independent person is able to act without external support, he does not give in to coercion and does not need help. An independent person acts independently, has his own judgments, shows initiative and is decisive in his actions.

Psychologists describe independence as a manifestation of a strong-willed personality, which manifests itself in the fact that a person acts according to his own initiative, he sets a goal for himself, without the help of others, finds ways to achieve it and achieves it.

In pedagogical dictionaries, independence is understood as a certain property of character, which manifests itself in the fact that a person is proactive, has adequate self-esteem and feels personal responsibility for what he does.

Independence is also the stage at which the formation of a person's personality takes place. Throughout life, sometimes a person meets with the need to overcome this stage.

Interestingly, even at a young age, children begin to strive for independence. This need becomes evident already in early childhood and it is important to develop and support it.

A person will be able to act independently only when he has fully mastered this activity and has become its carrier.

Therefore, the independence of the child can be perceived as a period of formation of a holistic activity. Independence is the criterion for whether he has fully mastered this activity.

Independence is one of the main qualities of a person's personality. It manifests itself in the fact that a person is able to set a specific goal for himself, persistently achieves it on his own, treats this very responsibly, acts consciously and takes the initiative not only in everyday situations, but also in unusual conditions that require him to accept non-standard solutions.

Self-reliance as a mental state

There is also a point of view that independence is a special mental state in which a person:

• sets a goal;
• keeps in mind the ultimate goal of his actions and organizes himself in such a way as to achieve this goal;
• able to act even in difficult circumstances without the help of other people. Compares the result with what was planned to achieve earlier.

After analyzing all possible definitions for the concept of “independence”, we concluded that independence should be understood as such a quality of a person in which a person takes the initiative, is critical of himself, is aware of his own responsibility for the implementation of activities, knows how to plan this activity, sets himself specific problems, finds without the help of others ways to solve it, and solves it, relying on his knowledge, skills and experience.

Another interesting definition of independence is given by A.A. Lyublinskaya, who claims that the independence of a child does not arise by itself, and a small person is not born independent. This quality needs to be developed. The development of independence can and should begin already in the preschool period of childhood.

Signs of independence in children

The studied literature made it possible to clarify what features children with formed independence have:

1. First, preschoolers show independence differently from adults. This is not spontaneous behavior, independent of the requirements of the educator. This is the independence of the child in solving those problems and observing the conditions that an adult sets before the child.
2. The degree of independence in children increases as children develop. It becomes more developed as the child learns more and more mentally or physically difficult activities.
3. There are three stages in the formation of independence in a person. Let's discuss them in a little more detail.

Stages of development of independence in a child

The first stage in the development of this quality: a preschooler, in his usual conditions, when he has already formed many habits, acts independently and without reminders from the groans of an adult. He himself cleans up toys after himself, he decides to wash his hands when it's time to eat. He himself pronounces words of politeness when you need to ask someone for something or thank him for something.

The second stage: the preschooler begins to use the methods of action familiar to him in circumstances unusual for him, which are nevertheless close in essence to his everyday circumstances.

The third stage: the child acts independently even in those situations in which he has never encountered before.

The action learned by him begins to bear a generalized character and is transferred to all the circumstances that the preschooler encounters, even if this happens for the first time.

Formation of children's independence in preschool age

The formation of independence at the age of preschool education is associated with the assimilation of various types of activities by the preschooler. Gradually, through this activity, the child begins to show his own position. If at first the independence of the child is manifested in actions of a reproductive nature, then gradually it develops into creative initiative.

The child's consciousness begins to work more clearly, he seeks to control himself and evaluates his actions. Moreover, different types of activity affect different aspects of this side of the personality.

For example, game activity makes it possible to form initiative and activity in a child. Many scientific studies describe different approaches to play with children.

For example, M.I. Lisina describes the essence of the game as a form of communication. D.B. Elkonin perceives the game as a way of mastering the activities of adults. J. Piaget writes that the game is a manifestation of the development of the mental abilities of the child.

All these approaches, focusing on one of the aspects of the game, do not fully describe the essence of children's games as a whole.

Play as a means of developing children's independence

The game is the main activity of the child in the preschool period. However, in the future, its importance does not decrease.

According to L.S. Vygotsky at preschool age, there are two main channels along which the life of a child flows: these are games and work. He wrote that the game is the richest source for the formation of the child's personality. Thanks to the game, positive emotions are born in the child, which contributes to a more active and favorable flow of all mental processes.

The use of gaming techniques has a huge impact on the formation of independence and. It also develops the qualities of his personality. Also, the game is attractive to children in that there are many different situations in it that make him act creatively and independently, as well as show resourcefulness and ingenuity.

Development of independence in labor activity

Older preschoolers begin to change their attitude towards their responsibilities. They begin to take responsibility for their work. The child now learns to do something not for himself, but for others. He begins to take the initiative, he has a different attitude towards himself. His self-esteem becomes more objective.

Performing the simplest labor tasks, preschoolers begin to interact with each other: they distribute their duties together, learn to negotiate, act in such a way that a friend has the opportunity to continue this action.

Older preschoolers are able to help each other, exercise control over each other, and correct each other. They like to take the initiative and be independent. They are not offended by the assessment of their work, they are not inclined to praise themselves, they are very modest when evaluating their work.

It is very important to accustom the child to elementary household work, as this allows you to instill independence in the child, to establish a special relationship with an adult. Children and adults provide real mutual assistance to each other, coordinate their actions, distribute roles. If this relationship arises before school, then in the future they will only develop.

Independence in productive activities

During productive activity, the child forms his independence from adults, he learns to independently find adequate methods of self-expression.

During communication in the preschool period, an expanded form of communication with peers begins to appear. The basis of communication is respect for each other, which can only appear to an equal person. At the age of five or seven, the child begins to perceive his comrades as individuals. He has an urgent need to imitate his peers, or compete with them.

Older preschoolers have other features of the manifestation of their individuality. At the age of six, the child begins to show the initiative and independence of the child more subtly and in a variety of ways.

This is manifested in what kind of plan the child builds, how widely the plots of group games unfold.

The child begins to try to independently perform complex and responsible tasks. Children are much better at judging other people's work and other people's behavior.

Independence of a child of an older preschooler

The independence of older preschoolers is also manifested in the fact that they learn to organize their activities.

They show initiative no longer in acting contrary to the requirements of their parents. Senior preschoolers use their own initiative to do better and better what they are entrusted with, to do the work so that it meets the requirements of an adult.

The child begins to show mental criticality, tends to express his own position, which is independent of the point of view of other people.

According to the works of G.A. Uruntaeva, at first the child shows independence in imitating others. This is his own initiative, his desires and aspirations. This is due to the fact that natural processes take place in the brain of a child. He learns to imitate, he develops feelings of sympathy for other people, he learns to empathize with them, wants to support them emotionally, is interested in other people.

Thus, we conclude that every child has a natural need to be independent.

How to determine the level of children's independence?

Also, in older preschoolers, a sufficient level of independence is manifested in the fact that he persistently strives to solve the tasks set, acting independently of adults. He is trying to mobilize all the accumulated experience and knowledge for this, is in search of effective solutions. All this testifies to the personal maturation that must occur in order to prepare for further education in school.

The independence of the child is the result of the fact that the preschooler obeys adults, and also shows his own initiative. How well a preschooler has learned the rules of behavior depends on the number of opportunities that he has to show the independence of the child in a variety of life conditions.

So, we understand independence as such a quality of a person in which a person takes the initiative, is critical of himself, realizes his own responsibility for the performance of his activity, knows how to plan this activity, sets specific tasks, finds ways to solve it without the help of others, and solves it, based on their knowledge, skills and experience.

We will discuss the features of the development of this quality in older preschoolers in one of the following articles.

self care education preschool educational

Children's independence in recent years has increasingly become the object of increased attention of scientists, teachers and educators. This is connected not so much with the implementation of a personality-oriented and activity approach to the development, upbringing and education of children, but with the need to solve the problem of preparing the younger generation for living conditions in modern society, a practice-oriented approach to organizing the educational process. Within the framework of this approach, it is believed that children in the process of upbringing and education in kindergarten should learn on their own, set the goal and objectives of their activities, analyze its conditions, formulate problems and hypotheses, assumptions about options for solving problem situations, find means for this, overcome disagreements. , organize and adjust the course of both individual and joint activities, achieving a positive result.

One of the system-forming qualities of a person is independence, which acquires special weight in the conditions of the current and future socio-economic situation. The development of this quality leads to the development of the personality of the preschooler as a whole.

The need for the formation and development of independence is dictated by the needs of society for non-standard people who can think creatively and make discoveries for the benefit of mankind. And the solution to this issue is reflected in the process of developing independence, which allows a person to pose new problems, find new solutions.

Independence - independence, freedom from external influences, coercion, from outside support, help. Independence - the ability for independent action, judgment, initiative, determination. Such definitions are given by the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language. In pedagogy, this is one of the volitional spheres of the individual. This is the ability not to be influenced by various factors, to act on the basis of one's views and motives.

Interest in this problem is due, first of all, to the fact that the desire for independence is characteristic of young children. This is the internal need of the growing organism of the child, which must be supported and developed. Independence is considered and studied in the works of Ivanov V.D., Osnitsky A.K., Teplyuk S., Markova T.A., K.P. Kuzovkova, SL. Rubinstein, R.S. Bure, L.F. Ostrovskaya, T. Guskova, I.S. Kona, A.A. Lyublinskaya, E.O. Smirnova.

According to Teplyuk S., the origins of independence arise at an early age, at the junction of the first and second years of a child's life. It is here that the ways of forming independent actions and skills begin, gradually becoming more complex in the game and activities, in the perception of the environment and in communication. With the help of an adult, the child's independent skills are consolidated, manifested in a variety of activities, gradually acquiring the status of personality traits. Teplyuk S. notes the role of parents in the development of children's independence. Parents should purposefully develop it, not leaving it for later. At the same time, parents should remember that with the development of independence, each time the volume of independent actions of the child increases, and the help of an adult decreases. An indicator of the independence of the child is the effectiveness of his actions. This indicator cannot be replaced by adult control. Control invariably involves obedience, and a strong union of these two concepts can develop lack of will, irresponsibility, laziness, infantilism. Independence is a tax to inner freedom, to freedom of choice of actions, deeds, judgments, in it are the origins of responsibility, self-confidence, the origins of creativity, self-esteem.

V.D. Ivanov in his work indicates that independence cannot be absolute, since it is impossible to live in a society (in a family) and be free, independent from society. Everything depends on each other: both individuals and groups of people, and human duties. Therefore, a sufficient level of independence should be borne in mind. Ivanov also considers independence inextricably linked with amateur performance and self-government. Ivanov singles out the necessary components of sufficient independence:

• 1) the ability to respond to criticism, the ability to accept it;
• 2) responsibility, i.e. the need and obligation to take responsibility for their actions. Responsibility is impossible without adequate self-esteem. The prerequisite for responsibility is freedom of choice.
• 3) discipline. It has two plans - external and internal. External discipline is characterized by obedience and diligence. The inner plan involves a deeper level of discipline, when, in addition to the clear fulfillment of duties, creativity is introduced in meaningful activities. It is this kind of discipline that is characteristic of independence.

T.V. Markova notes that independence allows you to establish truly humane relations with other people based on mutual respect and mutual assistance. Without the independence of each, the joint life of people, their way of life, work, economic, cultural and other relations is impossible. A person in various conditions of life should be able to independently comprehend the situation, participate in the development of team decisions.

A.A. Lublinskaya argues that independence does not arise suddenly, it develops from early childhood on the basis of strengthening the simplest skills and habits.

M. Montessori considered independence and independence as a biological quality of a person. Nature gave people the opportunity to develop them for the formation of all the necessary skills, the realization of abilities, the acquisition of knowledge. All steps in the development of the child - from the acquired skill in movements, learning to roll over, sit, crawl, walk to the formed social and communicative reactions and skills (gestures, speech, intonations, behavioral aspects ...) - this is a step of the child to independence from adults.

According to E.O. Smirnova, independence is not so much the ability to perform some actions without outside help, but the ability to constantly break beyond one's capabilities, set new tasks for oneself and find solutions to them. Independence does not mean complete freedom of action and deeds, it is always enclosed within the framework of norms accepted in society. It is important for each child to evaluate his actions by a significant adult - mom or dad. It is important for them to please their parents with their new successes and achievements.

Academician I.S. Kohn defines independence as a property of a person, which implies, firstly, independence, the ability to make and implement important decisions on one’s own, without prompting from outside, secondly, responsibility, readiness to be responsible for the consequences of one’s actions, and, thirdly, belief in that such behavior is real, socially possible, and morally right.

According to SL. Rubinshtein, independence is the result of a person’s great inner work, his ability to set not only individual goals and tasks, but also determine the direction of his activity.

K.P. Kuzovkova, exploring the works of the Hungarian scientist I. Molnar, indicates that, according to the author, independence is an integral expression of many emotional and intellectual properties of the personality, orientation and will.

In the works of K.P. Kuzovkova, T. Guskova determined the levels of independence of preschoolers. The authors note that the level of independence depends on the content of a particular activity (objective, mental, communicative) performed by a child without the help of other people. Independence has another characteristic - the degree of severity. Comparing the actions of two children of the same age, one can always determine which of them is more independent, i.e. more persistent, less dependent on support, focused on the task. In a preschooler, this quality is most often manifested in objective activities.

Consequently, any activity is meaningful, but it is independent only when the person who performs it masters it in full, i.e. becomes its bearer. In this regard, independence can be defined as a special moment in the formation of a holistic activity, as a criterion for the degree of mastery of this activity.

Thus, the authors note that independence is one of the leading qualities of a person, expressed in the ability to set a specific goal, persistently achieve its fulfillment on one’s own, be responsible for one’s activities, and act consciously and proactively not only in a familiar environment, but also in new conditions requiring the adoption of non-standard solutions.

According to specialists in educators and psychologists, independence is a mental state of a person, which includes: the ability to set a task; the ability to keep in mind the ultimate goal of an action and organize one's actions in line with its achievement; the ability to perform actions to varying degrees of complexity without outside help, to correlate the result obtained with the original intention.

INDEPENDENCE

one of the leading qualities of a person, expressed in the ability to set certain goals and achieve their own achievement. forces C provides for a responsible attitude of a person to his behavior, the ability to act consciously and proactively, not only in a familiar environment, but also in new conditions, incl. requiring non-standard decisions.

C is not an inborn trait, it is formed as the child grows up and has its own characteristics at each age stage. At the 5-6th month of life, the child begins to take independent actions - sits down, tries to get a toy, etc., by the 1st year of life - burns, maintains the balance of his body, carries out purposeful actions To, awakens the desire for C, associated with the child's need to satisfy his desires without help and support from adults. At the 3rd year of life, due to increased physical. A variety of actions become available to the child. At this age, the child also begins to realize himself, separate himself from the world around him, and the foundations of self-consciousness are laid. This is manifested in a heightened desire for S., often even contrary to the wishes of the parents. The so-called. crisis of 3 years (see Crises age) - a stage of formation of the personality, for to-rogo transition to a new, more perfect level of consciousness and behavior is characteristic. This stage is extremely favorable for the reasonable encouragement of the child's motivation, instilling in him useful skills. Parents and caregivers seeking to suppress children. , as a rule, face acute negative reactions and behavioral disorders. If they manage to make obedience the main mechanism of the child's behavior, this seriously complicates the formation of S.

S.'s formation in ml. school age proceeds relatively smoothly. Complication of this process is possible in adolescence. The heightened need for self-assertion in adolescents is often based on a distorted idea of ​​S., which they perceive as complete independence from other people's opinions, advice, and assessments. At the same time, a demonstrative rejection of the authority of elders is often combined with a passive dependence on the standards of the teenage subculture. In the practice of education, taking into account the growing opportunities of adolescents, the positive direction of their aspirations and activity, make it possible to mitigate the course of the adolescent crisis and form a genuine S.

Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia. - M: "Great Russian Encyclopedia". Ed. V. G. Panova. 1993 .

Synonyms:

See what "INDEPENDENCE" is in other dictionaries:

INDEPENDENCE- INDEPENDENCE, independence, pl. no, female 1. distraction noun to independent. State independence. Independence of work. 2. Independence, freedom from external influences, coercion, from outside support, help. ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

independence- deprive independence. Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian dictionaries, 1999. independence independence, autonomy; independence, originality, unconventionality, individuality, ... ... Synonym dictionary

independence- a generalized personality trait that appears in initiative, criticality, adequate self-esteem and a sense of personal responsibility for one's activities and behavior. The independence of the individual is associated with the active work of thought, feelings and will. This… … Great Psychological Encyclopedia

independence- INDEPENDENT, oh, oh; flax, flax. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

INDEPENDENCE- English. self dependence; German Selbstandigkeit. Independence, tending to rely on self rather than others, and not seek support from others. Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009 ... Encyclopedia of Sociology

independence- what and in what. Independence of views (in views). He often demonstrated independence of judgments (in judgments) ... Control Dictionary

Independence- a positive spiritual and moral quality of a person, manifested in initiative, criticality, self-regulation, a sense of personal responsibility for oneself and one's activities, in the ability to set certain goals for oneself and achieve them ... ... Fundamentals of spiritual culture (encyclopedic dictionary of a teacher)

independence- full autonomy... Dictionary of Russian Idioms

INDEPENDENCE- 1. In general - a characteristic of any system, when in all its separate parts a model of universal compatibility of all its components is manifested or reflected. When a system such as a questionnaire or test is considered, the term internal is used ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Psychology

INDEPENDENCE- a generalized personality trait that appears in initiative, criticality, adequate self-esteem and a sense of personal responsibility for one's activities and behavior. The independence of the individual is associated with the active work of thought, feelings and will. This… … Eurasian wisdom from A to Z. Explanatory dictionary

independence- savarankiškumas statusas T sritis švietimas apibrėžtis Esminė asmenybės savybė, leidžianti protingai pasirinkti veiklos ir bendravimo tikslus, priemones ir būdus, aktyviai ir produktyviai veikti. Tai vienas iš savaveiksmiškumo bruožų, rodančių… … Enciklopedinis edukologijos žodynas

Books

• Internal Independence of Finland, R. Danielson. This book will be produced in accordance with your order using Print-on-Demand technology. Internal independence of Finland. response to new attacks. Written by Richard Danielson. Translation.… Buy for 1655 rubles
• Independence of the judiciary, Collective of authors. The collection contains reports of the participants of the scientific conference, as well as other materials analyzing the scientific heritage of Vera Ivanovna Anishina, the topics and problems that sounded in her writings and…

Svetlana Morozova
Self-reliance: what is it?

Modern society needs people capable of independent judgments and assessments, deeds and actions. Psychologists believe that children from early childhood tend to independence. And this well-known phrase "I myself" often sounding from the mouth of a baby, means the beginning of the formation of a personality. V. A. Sukhomlinsky believed that a citizen is born in a child at those moments when a small person wants to express himself, his "I".

Independence is not born by itself, it is brought up and developed. Kindergarten has a special place in this. The preschool period is the time when children grow up, in which the most important personality traits develop. And, as adults, we must competently approach the process of education.

What such independence?

Independence- this is a complex quality, it is expressed in freedom from external influences and coercions.

Independence is the ability to subordinate one's behavior to one's own views.

Independence is the willingness to carry out activities without relying on outside help.

Independence- this is when children do everything without adults, alone.

Independence- this is when no one forces, does not command, does not direct, does not prompt.

"wanted and did".

Autonomy is when"As I thought, so shall it be".

Independence is when we hear "I dress myself", "I make my own bed" etc.

Development process independence can be divided into three stage:

This is when they act according to a ready-made model with the help of adults, elders, copying their actions. This stage is called the stage of imitation, it helps to form a certain fund of skills, methods of action. It is very important that the child goes through this stage with older children, where he sees revealing ways to organize a joint game or work, the distribution of roles or responsibilities, forms of control and encouragement, conflict resolution, helping a friend. It is important to consider here that the older guys have some experience in the activity.

Stage partial independence when the child is able to self parts work finds ways to implement them.

Stage complete independence when the child on one's own performs certain work in favorite, familiar activities.

important role in the development independence must be attributed to the game. It occupies a special place in a child's life. The game provides an opportunity for emotional manifestations to come out, to show the level autonomy and creativity. In games, leaders are revealed who themselves capture the main roles or are chosen.

Adults must reinforce all acquired skills independence to expand the boundaries of their manifestation. But it also happens that parents, seeing this independence, begin to think that the child can act without the help of adults. But no, this is a delusion. Such decision can be negative.

Dear Parents! Don't forget that when a child gains experience independent action, it is important to push the boundaries of what they are allowed to do. It is necessary to more actively introduce choice into their lives, the choice of occupations, clothes, friends. But every child needs to practice choice: I tried myself in one field of activity, choose another, decide how you will act - on your own or with friends, whether you will ask for help or not.

Firstly, independence is a sign of having a strong character, which - and we are talking about men - is very useful to have. Such men are respected by others, and the owner of this character himself has something to respect himself for.

Secondly, independence is a sign of a man's self-sufficiency, and the habit of being true to himself. Nice habit, you know. Again, respectful in every sense.

And thirdly, independence is independence from external influences; whispering, slander, other people's opinions, even bossy coercion and the ability to do without outside help. And also this lack of need and desire to ask for any help. Because if you fulfill your request, you unwittingly become a debtor of this person. Indebted to him. What kind of independence after that, to hell.

Independence implies initiative, determination and courage. This is the fourth. It is more interesting to live with initiative, resolute and courageous. And more fun. And girls love them too. Some pluses...

Summarizing the above, independence is a trait, no, a property of a worthy and proud person. That is, a person, in particular, a man, who is now in a terrible deficit.

What else does independence mean?

The ability and desire to set goals in life. Choose them. And it is possible to find it yourself, if the Omniscient allows it. And follow these goals strictly.

Are there problems?

An independent person decides them himself. At my own expense, so to speak.

Independence is freedom of choice. And the ability to pay for this freedom. Because everything has its price, and the further in life, the higher the price. And independence is a sign of adulthood. And personal responsibility. For everything that happens to you and around you.

Independence is self-control. Not outside control. If someone controls you from the outside, you are not a free person. And that means it's not independent.

What is self-control?

Well, for example, you really want to hit the bastard in the ear. But you don't because you control your emotions. You just hit the bastard in the stomach, and when he folds in half, you add to his neck. That's what self-control is.

Independence is the responsibility for one's own choice. And willingness to pay for this choice. And she can be, oh, how big. And if you pay at the price presented to you and stay on your feet, you are a completely independent person.

Of course, an independent person provides for himself, and does not beg for beer or an apartment from his parents and relatives. Moreover, he will not allow anyone to support himself, as, for example, Gosha performed by Alexei Batalov from the film “Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears”. An independent person will not allow to live at the expense of even a person dear to him, and will turn inside out, but he will be able to provide for himself and the person who is dear to him.

And in general, an independent person is good.

A dependent one is just a weakling...