Education is a single purposeful process of education and training. Modern ways of getting education

The Law on Education in the Russian Federation - 273 FZ, adopted by the State Duma on December 21, 2012, it fully regulates the field of education in our country. For leaders, this document is a reference book, a kind of Bible, which they must know and strictly observe all the provisions. It is desirable that both parents and students of various educational institutions also get acquainted with the main provisions of the Law.

Unfortunately, within the framework of one article it is impossible to analyze in detail the entire Law, each of its paragraphs. We will analyze the key, most important provisions that can help many consumers of educational services, since the Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" is applied in kindergartens, schools, colleges, universities, etc.

Basic concepts

Education is a single purposeful process of educating and educating a person, a set of acquired knowledge, skills, experience, moral values, attitudes. The goal is to form a comprehensively developed citizen with a high intellectual, physical, cultural, spiritual and moral development.

It is a mistake to believe that education consists only in obtaining information. We are using terms incorrectly here.

Education is the purposeful acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities.

Education is a process aimed at the spiritual and moral development of the individual, as a result of which the development of generally accepted rules and norms should occur.

Education includes training (acquisition of knowledge and skills), upbringing (mastering of generally accepted norms), physical development.

education requirement

A teacher is a person who carries out the educational process. He is in an employment relationship with an educational organization, performs certain job duties, receiving a salary for this. Before the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” was adopted, there were no restrictions at the legislative level for accepting a teacher in a school or a kindergarten teacher. At school, it was quite normal to see a teacher as a person who himself hardly graduated at one time. In the absence of professional personnel, with low pay for teachers, few people went to pedagogical universities. The problem is exacerbated by the very low percentage of graduates who decide to link their lives with educational institutions.

Today the situation is different: the law "On Education in the Russian Federation" establishes a ban on teaching activities for persons who do not have the appropriate qualifications. In Art. 46 of the Law expressly establishes that a person who has graduated from a higher educational institution has the right to be an employee of education. Education alone is not enough. It will also be necessary to pass the additional specialization "Pedagogy", if the university or college of the applicant is not pedagogical.

Education document

The Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" provides for the issuance of supporting documents (certificate, diploma) for passing the following stages of education:

Basic general.
Average general.
Primary vocational.
Medium professional.
Higher education - bachelor's degree.
Higher education is a specialty.
Higher education - magistracy.

Education system

The Law "On Education of the Russian Federation" (latest edition) contains a hierarchy of the main components in a unified education system:

and instructions - these are regulatory documents, according to which schools, institutes, colleges, etc. are required to carry out educational activities. It does not matter the status of an educational organization: commercial, budgetary, state - if it has a license to issue the relevant documents, then it is obliged to carry out training based on standards .
Direct implementation of training: educational organizations, teaching staff, students, legal representatives.
Federal state bodies, authorities of subjects exercising control. The main role belongs to the Federal State Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Education (Rosobrnadzor). In the regions, this function is performed by the ministries of education of the regions. They monitor the implementation of state standards in educational institutions.
Organizations providing educational activities. In districts, district education committees are responsible for financing budget schools. They also carry out evaluation activities in the controlled territory of all schools.
Associations of individuals or legal entities engaged in educational activities. A striking example is the trade union of pedagogical workers.

Goals of Federal State Standards

The Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" assigns a key place to federal state standards. They perform the following tasks:

Unity of education. It follows that throughout the country, students receive the same level of education, which means equality of opportunity.
Continuity. Despite the dynamic development and reform of the education system, the introduction of new standards and requirements, the key task is to maintain continuity. It is impossible to completely destroy the entire system every year for the sake of momentary political or economic gain.
Variability. Despite the unity of education as a whole, the law on education in the Russian Federation excludes the rigid totalitarian framework of unity in obtaining it. Depending on the abilities, desires, time, various options for achieving certain tasks are created.
Warranty. It follows that the state controls the unity of education throughout the country.

You can study at home! Forms of study

It is difficult for a Soviet person to imagine this, but the Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" provides for education not only in educational institutions. Article 17 lists the acceptable forms of education:

In the traditional form - in specialized educational institutions.
In an alternative form - outside specialized educational institutions.

The traditional form is divided into:

Full-time.
Correspondence.
Part-time.

Distance learning is gaining popularity these days. In the age of information technology, it has become a reality to visit museums, theaters, rare exhibitions on the other side of the planet without leaving home. Information and communication technologies have also penetrated into education.

The Law "On Education of the Russian Federation" is a new law. However, he does not single out distance education in a separate category. The student is at home, prepares according to an individual schedule, listens to lectures remotely, using communication channels. Therefore, distance education belongs to the category of distance learning.

Alternative form

The child does not have to be sent to school today to receive the Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" allows for such a possibility. In addition, the state allocates money for alternative forms of education for each child.

Kinds

Obtaining a certificate outside the school is divided into two types:

Family education.
Self-education.

Family education involves the transfer of the function of education to the family. It is for this form that the state pays compensation. Of course, schools react very painfully to this. This is understandable: no one wants to be left without a salary. Judicial practice shows that the courts are completely on the side of the parents. The average compensation for a middle and senior student is about 10,000 rubles.

The problem of attracting child labor as cleaners

School duty is a tradition that we inherited from the Soviet past. Many parents still do not see a problem in washing floors by children as part of school duty. However, Article 34 of the Law directly provides for the consent of parents to such involvement of the child in labor. Classes in technology and labor training are obligatory. It is on them that students are legally required, in accordance with federal state programs, to be involved in work: sewing, cooking, woodworking. Everything else - only at the request of the parents.

Results

So, the main law that regulates the field of education is the Federal Law "On Education of the Russian Federation". Its articles contain a description of the organization of the educational process, the competencies of local authorities, forms and types of education, the rules for final certification, etc. We analyzed the most interesting points of this Law in the article.

For the purposes of this Federal Law, the following basic concepts shall apply:

1) education - a single purposeful process of education and training, which is a socially significant good and is carried out in the interests of a person, family, society and the state, as well as a set of acquired knowledge, skills, values, experience and competence of a certain volume and complexity in order to intellectual, spiritual and moral, creative, physical and (or) professional development of a person, satisfaction of his educational needs and interests;

2) upbringing - an activity aimed at developing the personality, creating conditions for self-determination and socialization of the student on the basis of socio-cultural, spiritual and moral values and the rules and norms of behavior accepted in society in the interests of the individual, family, society and the state;

3) learning - a purposeful process of organizing the activities of students to acquire knowledge, skills, skills and competencies, gain experience in activities, develop abilities, gain experience in applying knowledge in everyday life and form students' motivation to receive education throughout their lives;

4) level of education - a completed cycle of education, characterized by a certain unified set of requirements;

5) qualification - the level of knowledge, skills, abilities and competence, characterizing readiness to perform a certain type of professional activity;

6) federal state educational standard - a set of mandatory requirements for education of a certain level and (or) for a profession, specialty and area of training, approved by the federal executive body that performs the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of education;

7) educational standard - a set of mandatory requirements for higher education in specialties and areas of training, approved by educational institutions of higher education, determined by this Federal Law or a decree of the President of the Russian Federation;

8) federal state requirements - mandatory requirements for the minimum content, the structure of additional pre-professional programs, the conditions for their implementation and the terms of study for these programs, approved in accordance with this Federal Law by authorized federal executive bodies;

9) educational program - a complex of the main characteristics of education (volume, content, planned results), organizational and pedagogical conditions and, in the cases provided for by this Federal Law, certification forms, which is presented in the form of a curriculum, a calendar curriculum, work programs of educational subjects, courses, disciplines (modules), other components, as well as assessment and methodological materials;

10) an exemplary basic educational program - educational and methodological documentation (an exemplary curriculum, an exemplary calendar study schedule, exemplary work programs for subjects, courses, disciplines (modules), other components), which determines the recommended volume and content of education at a certain level and (or) a certain direction, the planned results of the development of the educational program, approximate conditions for educational activities, including approximate calculations of the standard costs of providing public services for the implementation of the educational program;

11) general education - a type of education that is aimed at developing the personality and acquiring, in the process of mastering the basic general educational programs, knowledge, skills, and the formation of competencies necessary for a person's life in society, a conscious choice of a profession and obtaining professional education;

12) vocational education - a type of education that is aimed at the acquisition by students in the process of mastering the basic professional educational programs of knowledge, skills, and the formation of competence of a certain level and volume, allowing them to conduct professional activities in a certain area and (or) perform work in a specific profession or specialty;

13) vocational training - a type of education that is aimed at acquiring by students the knowledge, skills and competencies necessary to perform certain labor, service functions (certain types of labor, service activities, professions);

14) additional education - a type of education that is aimed at the comprehensive satisfaction of the educational needs of a person in intellectual, spiritual, moral, physical and (or) professional improvement and is not accompanied by an increase in the level of education;

15) student - an individual who is mastering the educational program;

16) a student with disabilities - an individual who has deficiencies in physical and (or) psychological development, confirmed by the psychological-medical-pedagogical commission and preventing education without creating special conditions;

17) educational activities - activities for the implementation of educational programs;

18) educational organization - a non-profit organization that carries out educational activities on the basis of a license as the main type of activity in accordance with the goals for the achievement of which such an organization was created;

19) an organization providing training - a legal entity carrying out, on the basis of a license, along with the main activity, educational activities as an additional type of activity;

20) organizations carrying out educational activities - educational organizations, as well as organizations providing training. For the purposes of this Federal Law, individual entrepreneurs engaged in educational activities are equated with organizations engaged in educational activities, unless otherwise provided by this Federal Law;

21) a pedagogical worker - an individual who is in labor, service relations with an organization carrying out educational activities, and performs the duties of training, educating students and (or) organizing educational activities;

22) curriculum - a document that defines the list, labor intensity, sequence and distribution of training subjects, courses, disciplines (modules), practice, other types of educational activities and, unless otherwise established by this Federal Law, forms of intermediate certification of students;

23) individual curriculum - a curriculum that ensures the development of an educational program based on the individualization of its content, taking into account the characteristics and educational needs of a particular student;

24) practice - a type of educational activity aimed at the formation, consolidation, development of practical skills and competence in the process of performing certain types of work related to future professional activities;

25) orientation (profile) of education - the orientation of the educational program to specific areas of knowledge and (or) types of activities, which determines its subject and thematic content, the prevailing types of educational activities of the student and the requirements for the results of mastering the educational program;

26) means of training and education - devices, equipment, including sports equipment and inventory, instruments (including musical ones), visual aids, computers, information and telecommunication networks, hardware, software and audiovisual means, printed and electronic educational and information resources and other material objects necessary for the organization of educational activities;

27) inclusive education - ensuring equal access to education for all students, taking into account the diversity of special educational needs and individual opportunities;

28) adapted educational program - an educational program adapted for training persons with disabilities, taking into account the peculiarities of their psychophysical development, individual capabilities and, if necessary, providing correction of developmental disorders and social adaptation of these persons;

29) quality of education - a comprehensive characteristic of educational activities and training of a student, expressing the degree of their compliance with federal state educational standards, educational standards, federal state requirements and (or) the needs of an individual or legal entity in whose interests educational activities are carried out, including the degree of achievement planned results of the educational program;

30) relations in the field of education - a set of public relations for the realization of the right of citizens to education, the purpose of which is the development by students of the content of educational programs (educational relations), and public relations that are associated with educational relations and the purpose of which is to create conditions for the realization of the rights of citizens to education;

31) participants in educational relations - students, parents (legal representatives) of underage students, teachers and their representatives, organizations engaged in educational activities;

32) participants in relations in the field of education - participants in educational relations and federal state bodies, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, employers and their associations;

33) conflict of interests of a teaching worker - a situation in which a teaching worker, in the course of his professional activities, has a personal interest in obtaining material benefits or other advantages and which affects or may affect the proper performance of professional duties by a teaching worker due to a contradiction between his personal interest and interests student, parents (legal representatives) of minor students;

34) supervision and care of children - a set of measures for the organization of nutrition and household services for children, ensuring their compliance with personal hygiene and daily routine.

Law of the Russian Federation "On Education"- N 273-FZ - regulates social relations that appear in the field of education due to the realization by the population of the right to education. Provides state guarantees of freedoms and rights of people in the field of education and appropriate conditions for the realization of the right to education. Determines the legal status of the participants in the relationship within the framework of educational activities. Establishes the economic, legal, organizational basis of education in our country, the principles of state policy in the field of education, the rules for the operation of the educational system and the implementation of educational activities.