Winnie the Pooh

A sanguine cycloid, of a realistic syntonic character, in harmony with the surrounding reality: laughing when it's funny, and sad when it's sad. Abstract concepts are alien to the cycloid. He loves life in its simple manifestations - food, wine, women, fun, he is good-natured, but can be narrow-minded.

Piglet

An example of a psychasthenic, a realistic introvert, whose character is determined by defensiveness, a sense of inferiority, manifested in the form of anxiety, cowardly-tense uncertainty, dreary-obsessive fear of the future and incessant experience of the events of the past. He analyzes the possible outcome of events and always considers the most terrible one as the preferred one. At the same time, he is extremely conscientious, ashamed of his cowardice and wants to be significant in the eyes of others, for which he resorts to overcompensation.

Owl

Pronounced autoism, isolation on oneself and one's inner world, complete detachment from reality, building immanent harmony in one's soul. This is a property of a schizoid, a closed-in-depth personality.

Donkey Eeyore

Eeyore, first of all, draws attention to himself with his constant gloomy mood. The psychiatrist would say that he suffers from severe endogenous depression, which completely takes over the personality and controls its behavior. In such cases, the character can be deformed and acquire a contradictory combination of characteristic radicals. On the one hand, Eeyore is aggressive and casuistic, on the other hand, he is cut off from those around him. The first is the essential property of the epileptoid - a tense-authoritarian character, the second - the schizoid. Eeyore is convinced that everything is hopelessly bad and everyone treats him badly, but deep down he is quite subtle and, even, rather kind. He can subtly mock the interlocutor, but at the same time, in the depths of his soul, feel goodwill towards him. Eeyore resembles the character of F. M. Dostoevsky. In psychopathology, this character is called mosaic.

Rabbit

He is authoritarian, strives to subjugate others, which is combined in him with an inferiority complex and a mechanism of hypercompensation as a way to overcome it. Definitive-epileptoid. His strongest side is organizational skills. The weakest is insincerity and narrow-mindedness. His immanent inner world is practically empty; he needs people to satisfy his socio-pedagogical ambitions. He strives to organize something, to command someone. Sometimes he succeeds, but most often he gets into a mess and, due to the lack of depth and subtlety, underestimates his partners.

tiger

Hezpel and demonstrative - the properties of a hysteric. He strives to draw attention to himself, is incredibly boastful, completely unable to answer for his words. He reminds Khlestakov. The main radical is sanguine with a hyperthymic bias.

Cool! But there is such a test - Sondi! That's right there! This test is passed when applying for a job in the police!

Psychiatrists are rushing to us.
Hope to cure.
Soon, soon biathlon.
I just can't believe it!

Thank God, at least not a pig. I found in myself the makings of Eeyore. True, for some reason optimistic, although the cartoon donkey must be a pessimist. November, answer like a specialist: what is this, a split personality?

november, thank you, you are a kind person. You, in my opinion, the image of Pinocchio would be more suitable.

This is what you delivered!

Alina, we all need to be treated

website

I have a little bit of each)

november is not needed with you! Thanks for the positive!

november, I am a general practitioner, category 1. A friend is a psychiatrist.

Lioness, psychiatrist is your profession? Or are you also laughing?

november, I'm laughing so hard! From a psychiatrist's point of view, I'm a psychiatrist.

Lioness, keep it simple and smile! Don't look like a cartoon Owl - it doesn't suit you! All stupid things on earth are done with a serious expression on your face and a moralizing tone!

november, there are questions about your knowledge of psychiatry. Where did you get such bad guys? SPIT OUT and WASH YOUR MOUTH!

hahahaha, and I'm the main Winnie the Pooh then))

november

And I don't even know... what type of character do they have?
Definitely not a Tiger, not a Rabbit, and not an Eeyore.
The owl is too closed, Piglet is cowardly, Well, he doesn’t look like Winnie the Pooh either (

And it turns out funny: “As for the main character, the RB-shnik, he, according to psychologists, is a drug addict who suffers from a severe mental dependence on biathlon. Biathlon is the center of his existence, and RB is only truly happy when he is.”

larakarp, then we are all Winnie the Pooh, because we love biathlon like honey. Drugs, in short!

Interestingly, if in the characterization of Winnie the Pooh "honey" is replaced with "biathlon", then it will suit someone?

A group of Canadian psychology experts analyzed (.pdf) the characters and behavior of the characters in one of the world's most popular children's books. It turned out that everything is not at all as cute and funny as it seems to an innocent childish look. In the world of adults, Winnie, Tigger, Piglet and other inhabitants of the Magic Forest have serious mental disorders.

So the restless Tigger suffers from a pronounced attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which does not give him a minute to sit still without trying to attract the attention of others.

Piglet's problem is a pathological causeless anxiety and fear, it is also an anxiety disorder. This is evidenced both by the shy and nervous nature of the piglet, and by its very demeanor: shuddering, tremors, constant attempts to hide in a corner and hide from the terrible world.
Rabbit

The rabbit is a typical anancaste, that is, a pathological pedant. This is how psychologists describe this disorder: “anxious suspiciousness, fear of getting dirty, fear of thieves, scoundrels, over-accuracy, over-punctuality, exactingness, pangs of conscience…”. Do you recognize our hero?

Owl got OCD - obsessive-compulsive disorder. There is also little pleasant: "suspicious personalities, prone to rare maximally decisive actions, which is immediately noticeable against the background of their dominant calmness."

The diagnosis of Eeyore can also be made by a non-specialist: chronic depression. A droopy look, slow speech, melancholy and inescapable pessimism - these symptoms are understandable to anyone who has experienced depression at least once in their life.

Winnie the Pooh

As for the main character, Winnie the Pooh, he, according to psychologists, is a drug addict who suffers from a severe mental dependence on honey. Honey is the center of his existence, and Pooh is only truly happy when he has it. When there is no honey, all the thoughts of the bear cub are occupied only with how to get it. Moreover, Pooh, like a true drug addict, is ready to do anything, his brain is very inventive in the fight for honey, while in all other areas of life, Pooh is stupid and has little interest in anything.

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Winnie the Pooh and All-All-All ... (continued)

CHAPTER FOUR,
in which Eeyore loses his tail and Pooh finds

The old gray donkey Eeyore stood alone in the overgrown thistle corner of the Forest, his front legs wide apart and his head hanging to one side, and thought about Serious Things. Sometimes he thought sadly: “Why?”, and sometimes: “For what reason?”, and sometimes he even thought: “What is the conclusion from this?” And it is not surprising that sometimes he generally ceased to understand what he, in fact, was thinking about.

Therefore, to tell you the truth, hearing the heavy steps of Winnie the Pooh, Eeyore was very glad that he could stop thinking for a minute and just say hello.

How are you feeling? he asked dejectedly, as usual.

How about yours? - asked Winnie the Pooh. Eeyore shook his head.

Not very how! he said. “Or not at all. I feel like I haven't felt like myself in a very long time.

Ay-ay-ay, - said Pooh, - very sad! Let me take a look at you.

Eeyore continued to stand, looking dejectedly at the ground, and Winnie the Pooh walked around him.

Oh, what happened to your tail? he asked in surprise.

What happened to him? - said Eeyore.

He is not!

Are you wrong?

A tail is either there or it isn't. I don't think you can go wrong here. And you don't have a tail.

What then is there?

Well, let's see, - said Eeyore.

And he turned slowly towards the place where his tail had been; then, noticing that he could not manage to catch up with him, he began to turn in the opposite direction until he returned to where he started, and then he lowered his head and looked from below and finally said, sighing deeply and sadly:

It seems you are right.

Of course I'm right, said Pooh.

This is quite natural, - Eeyore said sadly. - Now everything is clear. There is no need to be surprised.

You probably forgot it somewhere, - said Winnie the Pooh.

Probably someone dragged him away ... - said Eeyore. - What to expect from them! he added after a long pause.

Pooh felt he should say something useful, but he couldn't think of what it was. And he decided instead do anything useful.

Eeyore, - he said solemnly, - I, Winnie the Pooh, promise you to find your tail.

Thank you, Pooh, - said Eeyore. - You are a true friend. Not like some!

And Winnie the Pooh went in search of a tail.

He set out on a wonderful spring morning. Small transparent clouds played merrily in the blue sky. They either ran into the sun, as if they wanted to close it, then quickly ran away to let others indulge.

And the sun shone merrily, not paying any attention to them, and the pine tree, which wore its needles all year round without taking off, seemed old and shabby next to the birch trees, which put on new green lace. Winnie walked past pines and fir trees, walked along slopes overgrown with junipers and burdocks, walked along steep banks of streams and rivers, walked among piles of stones and again among thickets, and finally, tired and hungry, he entered the Dark Forest, because it was precisely there, in the Dark Forest, lived an Owl.

“And if anyone knows anything about anything,” the bear cub said to himself, “then it is, of course, Owl. Or I'm not Winnie the Pooh, - he said. - And I - he, - added Winnie the Pooh.

The owl lived in the magnificent castle "Chestnuts". Yes, it was not a house, but a real castle. In any case, it seemed to the bear cub, because on the door of the castle there was both a bell with a button and a bell with a cord. An ad was pinned under the bell:

And under the bell is another announcement:

Both of these announcements were written by Christopher Robin, who alone in the whole Forest knew how to write. Even the Owl, although she was very, very smart and knew how to read and even sign her name - Sava, would not have been able to write such difficult words correctly.

Winnie the Pooh carefully read both announcements, first from left to right, and then - in case he missed something - from right to left.

Then, to be sure, he pressed the bell button and rapped on it, and then he pulled the bell cord and shouted in a very loud voice:

Owl! Open! The Bear has arrived. The door opened and Owl looked out.

Hello, Pooh, she said. What news?

Sad and terrible, said Pooh, because Eeyore, my old friend, has lost his tail, and he is very hurt about it. Be so kind as to tell me, please, how can I find it?

Well, - said the Owl, - the usual procedure in such cases is as follows ...

What does bull zest mean? - said Pooh. - Do not forget that I have sawdust in my head and long words only upset me.

Well, that means what needs to be done.

As long as she means it, I don't mind," said Pooh humbly.

And you need to do the following: first, report to the press. Then...

Cheers," said Pooh, raising his paw. "So what are we supposed to do with this... what did you say?" You sneezed as you were about to speak.

I didn't sneeze.

No, Owl, you sneezed.

I'm sorry, Pooh, but I didn't sneeze. You can't sneeze and not know you sneezed.

Well, you can't know that someone sneezed when no one sneezed.

I started to say: first tell...

Well, here you are again! Be healthy, - said Winnie the Pooh sadly. l

Report to the press, - the Owl said very loudly and clearly. - Give an advertisement to the newspaper and promise a reward. It should be written that we will give something nice to whoever finds the tail of Eeyore.

I see, I see," said Pooh, nodding his head. "By the way, about 'something pretty,'" he continued sleepily, squinted at the buffet, which stood in the corner of the Owl's room. - Let's say, with a spoonful of condensed milk or something else, for example, one sip of honey ...

Well, - said the Owl, - we, then, will write our announcement, and it will be pasted all over the Forest.

“A spoonful of honey,” the bear cub muttered to himself, “either ... or not, at worst.”

And he took a deep breath and began to try very hard to listen to what the Owl was saying.

And the Owl spoke and spoke some terribly long words, and these words became longer and longer ... Finally, she returned to where she started, and began to explain that Christopher Robin should write this announcement.

He's the one who wrote the notices on my door. Have you seen them, Pooh?

Pooh had been saying “yes” and “no” in turn for quite some time to everything Owl said. And since the last time he said “yes, yes”, this time he said: “No, no, never!” although he had no idea what he was talking about.

How did you not see them? - Asked the Owl, obviously surprised. - Let's go and look at them.

They went outside and Pooh looked at the bell and the notice underneath it and looked at the bell and the string that came from it and the more he looked at the bell string the more he felt he saw something somewhere very similar ... Somewhere in a completely different place, once before ...

Nice string, right? - said the Owl.

Pooh nodded.

It reminds me of something, he said, but I can't remember what. Where did you get it?

I somehow walked through the forest, and he was hanging on a bush, and at first I thought that someone lives there, I called, and nothing happened, and then I called very loudly, and he came off, and, since he , in my opinion, nobody needed it, I took it home and ...

Owl, - said Pooh solemnly, - someone really needs him.

Eeyore. To my dear friend Eeyore. He... he loved him very much.

Loved him?

Was attached to him, - said Winnie the Pooh sadly.

With these words, he took the lace off the hook and took it to the owner, that is, Eeyore, and when Christopher Robin nailed the tail in place, Eeyore began to rush through the Forest, waving his tail with such delight that Winnie the Pooh tickled all over and he had to hurry home and eat a little.

Half an hour later, wiping his lips, he proudly sang:

Who found the tail? I am Winnie the Pooh! About two (True, it was about eleven!) I found the tail!

Video of accentuations of cartoon characters :)

Accentuations are extremely pronounced (on the verge of the norm), character traits. Of course, these are not absolutely accurate examples, but it is very similar to typical representatives of these types of accentuation.

I have compiled this list with the characteristic features of these characters, so that you can look at yourself from the outside. On the example of characters, you can see how accentuations are expressed, both good and bad traits.

Accentuation of character in examples of heroes and cartoon characters.

Isteroid-Carlson, Tigra (from American Winnie the Pooh). Boastful. "I am the best, I have all the best." He always wants to stand out, he is an artist in life, he creates a vivid picture of the world. He should always be in the spotlight, if he cannot attract attention, he is offended, or throws a tantrum. Cowardly, but easily starts fights, and disassemblies, easily changes friends.

Schizoid - White Knight, G. Pirelman. He likes to play alone as a child, loves more the company of adults, is inactive, intellectually rich. Most often there is no understanding and love for poetry. His world - schemes and numbers, unsociable. Intuition is missing. As a rule, it is a black sheep, fenced off from others.

Paranoid - Spider-Man, Dr. Dread Always energetic, even if he is sick, he cannot lie down for a long time and do nothing. He does not doubt his innocence, acts decisively. Purposeful does not like to chat and philosophize. Lifestyle - struggle. Heavy in jealousy.

Labile type of mood accentuation - Princess Nesmeyana, Masyanya. The mood is bad and everything around is bad. A person left behind, stuck in childhood. Sincere, naive, capricious. Easily loses sleep and calmness, often cries. Life is full of experiences. Moods change and the world changes. Intuition is well developed, he feels good about himself, he is grateful.

Epileptoid - Matroskin. Knowing life, a realist, is always right in his opinion, and often turns out to be right in reality. He is the only good one. Sociable, thrifty, but loves gambling. In love and relationships, the owner is jealous. Always knows what is right and what is best. Reasonable, fair, but does not tolerate the opinions of others, sharply different from his opinion. He values ​​his own very much.

Asthenic type of accentuation-donkey Eeyore. He is afraid of the world around him, that people will bring him pain and grief. Patient self-esteem, constantly thinking about himself and loved ones and analyzes their health and his own. A negative word addressed to him hurts him as if alive, he is hypersensitive, shy, in childhood such children often stutter. Influenced.

An excitable type of accentuation - a healthy optimist (an excited optimist) - is usually associated with a bear in cartoons. You can also cite Lolo from Lolo and Pepe as an example. He does not understand how to obey adults, does everything in his own way, so he often gets into trouble. People are gifted, talented, generous mentally and financially. Crane undisciplined. Putting things in order everywhere: in business, in the house, in thoughts is a big problem for them. Often they do the opposite. They do not pay attention and do not listen to criticism.

Unstable, depressive type of accentuation, strongly influenced from outside. In cartoons and films, usually absolutely depressive characters are not found, but they are disturbing, unstable, quite. Although, there is one exception - Pinocchio. Although it partially corresponds to the donkey Eeyore, and periodically Nesmeyana and Masyan, but he is constantly in such a depressed state, depending on Piglet. Live without joy. Sleep is poor: restless, wakes up frequently. The mood is usually from so-so to bad. A pessimist in life and appreciates this in himself. There is no energy. Often he is just unlucky.

Anxious-responsible (anxious-pedantic) type of accentuation. Gadget, from Chip and Dale Rescue Rangers, Leonardo (Leo) from Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. Responsible, always worried about the process and the result. Well, think about it, you have to do it again, you have to do it. Always ready for disaster. Intelligent, but believes in omens and rituals. A little adventurous. By temperament, he is honest, not spiteful, and not envious. In adult representatives of this type of accentuation, a sense of responsibility and punctuality increase. He tries to obey the law and does not get into the police.

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Classification, formation factors and treatment for character accentuation

Accentuations are overly pronounced character traits related to the extreme version of the norm, bordering on psychopathy. With this feature, some traits of a person's character are pointed, disproportionate in relation to the general personality type, leading to a certain disharmony.

The term "personality accentuation" was introduced in 1968 by a psychiatrist from Germany, K. Leonhard, who described this phenomenon as overly pronounced individual personality traits that tended to go into a pathological state under the influence of adverse factors. Later, this issue was considered by A.E. Lichko, who, on the basis of the works of Leongrad, developed his own classification and introduced the term “character accentuation” into everyday life.

And although the accentuated character is by no means identified with a mental illness, it is important to understand that it can contribute to the formation of psychopathologies (neurosis, psychosis, etc.). In practice, it is very difficult to find the line to separate "normal" from accentuated personalities. However, psychologists recommend identifying such people in teams, because accentuation almost always determines special abilities and psychological disposition to specific activities.

Classifications

Accentuations of character in terms of severity can be explicit and hidden. Explicit accentuation is an extreme version of the norm, when certain character traits are expressed throughout life. The manifestation of hidden accentuations is usually associated with some kind of traumatic circumstances, which, in principle, is the usual version of the norm. During a person's life, the forms of accentuations can change from one to another under the influence of various external and internal factors.

Lichko classification

The most common and understandable classifications of character types include the aforementioned systems developed by Leonhard and Lichko. Lichko studied character accentuations that can be observed in adolescence to a greater extent, and the following types are distinguished in his classification:

Classification of Leongrad

In many ways, the classification of character types proposed by Leongrad, who studied character accentuations mainly in adults, is similar and identified the following types:

One of the modifications of the Leongarad classification is the Shmishek system, which proposed to divide the types of accentuations into accentuations of temperament and character. So, he attributed hyperthymia, distimism, cyclothymia, anxiety, exaltation and emotiveness to accentuations of temperament. But the author ranked excitability, stuckness, demonstrativeness and pedantry directly as accentuations of character.

Examples

Popular heroes of modern animated films and literary works, endowed with pronounced personal characteristics, can serve as the clearest examples of types of character accentuations. Thus, an unstable or dysthymic type of personality is well illustrated in the hero of the famous children's work "The Adventures of Pinocchio" by Piero, whose mood is usually bleak and depressed, and his attitude to surrounding events is pessimistic.

The donkey Eeyore from the cartoon about Winnie the Pooh is best suited to the asthenic or pedantic type. This character is distinguished by unsociableness, fear of disappointment, concern for one's own health. But the White Knight from the famous work "Alice in Wonderland" can be safely attributed to an extroverted schizoid type, characterized by intellectual development and unsociableness. Alice herself belongs rather to the cycloid type, which is characterized by alternating increased and decreased activity with corresponding mood swings. The character of Don Quixote Cervantes is revealed in a similar way.

The accentuation of the character of the demonstrative type is clearly manifested in Carlson - a narcissistic character who loves to brag, striving to always be the object of everyone's attention. Winnie the Pooh from the children's book of the same name and the cat Matroskin can be safely attributed to the excitable type. These two characters are similar in many ways, as both are distinguished by an optimistic warehouse, activity and immunity to criticism. An exalted character can be observed in the hero of the modern cartoon "Madagascar" King Julian - he is eccentric, inclined to exaggerate his own emotions, does not tolerate inattention to himself.

The labile (emotional) type of character accentuation is revealed in Tsarevna-Nesmeyana, but the fisherman from A.S. Pushkin "On the Fisherman and the Fish" is a characteristic representative of the conformal (extroverted) type, who finds it easier to adapt to the opinions of others than to defend his point of view. The paranoid (stuck) type is typical for most purposeful and self-confident super-heroes (Spider-Man, Superman, etc.), whose life is a constant struggle.

Formation factors

The accentuated character is formed, as a rule, under the influence of a combination of various factors. There is no doubt that one of the key roles in this is played by heredity, that is, some innate personality traits. In addition, the following circumstances may influence the appearance of accentuations:

• Appropriate social environment. Since character is formed from early childhood, the people around the child have the greatest influence on personality development. He unconsciously copies their behavior and adopts their features;
• Destructive upbringing. Lack of attention from parents and other people around, excessive guardianship or severity, lack of emotional closeness with the child, excessive or conflicting demands, etc.;
• Dissatisfaction of personal needs. With an authoritarian type of management in the family or school;
• Lack of communication in adolescence;
• Inferiority complex, high self-esteem or other forms of disharmonious self-image;
• Chronic diseases, especially those affecting the nervous system, physical disabilities;
• Profession. According to statistics, character accentuations are more often observed in representatives of such professions as actors, teachers, medical workers, military personnel, etc.

According to scientists, the accentuation of character is more often manifested in the puberty period, but as they grow older, it turns into a latent form. As for the genesis of the phenomenon under consideration, a number of previous studies show that, in general, education itself cannot create conditions in which, for example, a schizoid or cycloid personality type could be formed. However, with certain relationships in the family (excessive indulgence of the child, etc.), it is quite possible that the child will develop a hysterical character accentuation, etc. Very often, people with a hereditary predisposition have mixed types of accentuations.

Peculiarities

Accentuations of character are found not only in their "pure" form, easily classifiable, but in a mixed form. These are the so-called intermediate types, which are the result of the simultaneous development of several different features. Taking into account such personality traits is very important when raising children and building communication with adolescents. It is also necessary to take into account the features of an accentuated character when choosing a profession, when identifying a predisposition to a particular type of activity.

Very often, an accentuated character is compared with psychopathy. It is important to take into account the obvious difference here - the manifestation of accentuations is not permanent, since over time they can change their severity, smooth out or even disappear. Under favorable life circumstances, individuals with an accentuated character are even able to reveal special abilities and talents in themselves. For example, a person with an exalted type can discover the talent of an artist, actor, etc. in himself.

As for the manifestations of accentuations in adolescence, this problem is very relevant today. According to statistics, almost 80% of adolescents have character accentuations. And although these features are considered temporary, psychologists talk about the importance of their timely recognition and correction. The fact is that some of the pronounced accentuations under the influence of certain adverse factors can transform a mental illness already in adulthood.

Treatment

Excessively pronounced accentuation of character, leading to a clear personality disharmony, may indeed require some treatment. It is important to emphasize that therapy for the problem under consideration should be inextricably linked with the underlying disease. For example, it has been proven that with repeated craniocerebral injuries against the background of an accentuated character, the formation of psychopathic disorders is possible. Despite the fact that character accentuations themselves are not considered pathologies in psychology, they are quite close to mental disorders in a number of ways. In particular, an accentuated character is one of the psychological problems in which it is not always possible to maintain normal behavior in society.

Explicit and hidden character accentuations are diagnosed during special psychological tests using appropriate questionnaires. Treatment is always prescribed individually, depending on the specific type of accentuation, its causes, etc. As a rule, correction is carried out with the help of psychotherapy in an individual, family or group form, but sometimes additional drug therapy may be prescribed.

My weekdays

Accentuations of character in terms of severity can be explicit and hidden. But the author ranked excitability, stuckness, demonstrativeness and pedantry directly as accentuations of character. For example, a person with an exalted type can discover the talent of an artist, actor, etc. in himself. Accentuations are overly pronounced character traits related to the extreme version of the norm, bordering on psychopathy.

With this feature, some traits of a person's character are pointed, disproportionate in relation to the general personality type, leading to a certain disharmony.

This type is characterized as "overactive", with its inherent increased vitality and mood. Emotional lability is expressed in frequent and causeless mood swings.

Accentuation of character in examples

So, he attributed hyperthymia, distimism, cyclothymia, anxiety, exaltation and emotiveness to accentuations of temperament. But the White Knight from the famous work "Alice in Wonderland" can be safely attributed to an extroverted schizoid type, characterized by intellectual development and unsociableness. Alice herself belongs rather to the cycloid type, which is characterized by alternating increased and decreased activity with corresponding mood swings.

The accentuation of the character of the demonstrative type is clearly manifested in Carlson - a narcissistic character who loves to brag, striving to always be the object of everyone's attention. The paranoid (stuck) type is typical for most purposeful and self-confident super-heroes (Spider-Man, Superman, etc.), whose life is a constant struggle.

Types of accentuations and socionic types

The accentuated character is formed, as a rule, under the influence of a combination of various factors. Since character is formed from early childhood, the people around the child have the greatest influence on personality development. Profession. According to statistics, character accentuations are more often observed in representatives of such professions as actors, teachers, medical workers, military personnel, etc.

Very often, people with a hereditary predisposition have mixed types of accentuations. It is also necessary to take into account the features of an accentuated character when choosing a profession, when identifying a predisposition to a particular type of activity.

Under favorable life circumstances, individuals with an accentuated character are even able to reveal special abilities and talents in themselves. As for the manifestations of accentuations in adolescence, this problem is very relevant today. According to statistics, almost 80% of adolescents have character accentuations.

The fact is that some of the pronounced accentuations under the influence of certain adverse factors can transform a mental illness already in adulthood. For example, it has been proven that with repeated craniocerebral injuries against the background of an accentuated character, the formation of psychopathic disorders is possible. Despite the fact that character accentuations themselves are not considered pathologies in psychology, they are quite close to mental disorders in a number of ways.

Personality types according to Leonhard

Explicit and hidden character accentuations are diagnosed during special psychological tests using appropriate questionnaires. All information provided on this site is for reference only and does not constitute a call to action.

Prone to fantasy, posturing and pretense. Assiduous, focused on high quality work and special accuracy, prone to frequent self-checks, doubts about the correctness of the work, formalism. Prone to protracted conflicts, clearly defines the circle of enemies and friends. This type is characterized by insufficient controllability, weakening of control over drives and impulses, increased impulsivity.

Leohard identified the following types of accentuation of character, temperament, personality: - Demonstrative type. Excessively pronounced accentuation of character, leading to a clear personality disharmony, may indeed require some treatment.

/ 1st year / vp 1st year / accentuation

Accentuation (from lat. accentus- accent), Accentuation of character, Accentuation of personality, Accentuated personality trait - a feature of character (in other sources - personality) that is within the clinical norm, in which its individual features are excessively enhanced, as a result of which selective vulnerability is found in relation to some psychogenic influences while maintaining a good resilience towards others. Accentuations are not mental disorders, but in a number of their properties they are similar to personality disorders, which allows us to make assumptions about the existence of a connection between them. According to the ICD-10, it is classified as one of the problems associated with the difficulties of maintaining a normal lifestyle (Z73.)

Lichko A. Character accentuations as a concept in psychiatry and medical psychology

More than a quarter of a century has passed since the appearance of Karl Leonhard's book on accentuated personalities. This monograph was republished both in German and in Russian. Its author contrasted accentuated personalities as variants of the norm with psychopathy as manifestations of pathology. K.Leonhard believed that in developed countries about half of the population belongs to accentuators. However, the types of accentuated personalities described by him were, in fact, variants of character types. Personality in psychology is a broader concept than character, it also includes abilities, inclinations, intellect, worldview. K.Leonhard used the name "accentuated characters" for only a part of the described types. But with each type of accentuation, the personality can be very different. For example, with the epileptoid type, one can be both a fanatical Catholic and a militant atheist, have outstanding musical abilities and not have any, become an immoral criminal money-grubber or a fearless fighter for truth and justice. All this prompted us to develop a position on "accentuation of character" and, in addition, to try to distinguish them not only from psychopathy (personality disorders), but also from the "average norm" and try to give the clearest possible definition. As you know, in Russian psychiatry, psychopathy includes character anomalies that “determine the entire mental appearance” (total character), “during life they do not undergo any drastic changes” (relative stability of character) and “prevent adapting to the environment” ( cause social maladjustment). “Character accentuations are variants of his norm, in which individual character traits are excessively strengthened, which results in selective vulnerability to certain psychogenic factors with good and even increased resistance to others.” Explicit and hidden character accentuations. If a psychologist or psychiatrist turns his gaze to those around him, then only about 10% of them, with a short contact, judging by their behavior, actions and statements in everyday life, can be attributed to one of the types of accentuation described below. These are clear character accentuations. In adolescence, when the character is still being formed and its features have not yet been smoothed and polished by life experience, or during the period of involution, when these features can be sharpened, this percentage can be large. In most other persons, the type of character is clearly manifested only in special conditions, when fate strikes at the place of least resistance of this type, at its Achilles heel. For example, in a situation where it is necessary to quickly establish close informal contacts with a new environment, one will do this with interest and pleasure, easily join the new environment and even take a leadership position in it, i.e. he will show the features of hyperthymia, while the other will withdraw into himself, isolate himself from others, will be unable to intuitively feel into the new atmosphere, will prefer loneliness and “inner freedom” to the minimum necessary conformism, i.e. open up like a schizoid. On the other hand, the former, in the event of forced isolation, deprivation of a wide circle of contacts, restriction of freedom of action, and even doomed to idleness, is capable of a violent affective reaction that damages him and does not at all contribute to changing the situation for the better for him, while the latter will endure these conditions quite steadfastly. plunging into the inner world of fantasies and reflections. These are hidden character accentuations. These are the majority of the population. It is possible that some of the accentuations, being obvious in adolescence, become hidden when they grow up. To identify hidden types of character accentuations in adolescence, we have developed a special method suitable for mass examinations - the Pathocharacterological Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDO). Through this method, different types of character accentuations were found in about two-thirds of the adolescent population. In marginal teenage contingents, as related to antisocial (delinquent, abusing drugs and other intoxicating substances, etc.) or suffering from non-psychotic mental disorders (tendency to acute affective reactions, psychogenic depression, etc.) and chronic somatic diseases, and even among the elite part of adolescents (students of prestigious mathematical, art and English schools), the proportion of accentuators identified with the help of PDO exceeded 80%, and sometimes reached almost 100%. The ratio of types of character accentuations and types of personality disorders. In the English-language psychiatric literature there is no concept similar to accentuated personalities or character accentuations in German and Russian psychiatry. However, a partial analogy can be drawn with the types of personality disorders in DSM-III-R and ICD-10. The difference lies primarily in the fact that character accentuations are variants of the norm, the severity of character traits does not reach such a degree as to cause social maladjustment and there may be neither totality nor character stability noted earlier. A comparison of types is given in the table, which also compares our classification with the systematics of K. Leonhard.

Comparison of types of character accentuations and types of personality disorders according to DSM-III-R and ICD-10

Types of character accentuations

Personality disorders (DSM-III-R, ICD-10)

Hyperthymic Cycloid Emotionally labile Sensitive Psychasthenic Schizoid Paranoid Epileptoid Hysteroid Unstable Conformal

Hyperthymic Affective-labile Emotive Anxious Pedantic Introverted Stuck Excitable Demonstrative No analogue No analogue

Analogy is absent Analogy is absent Analogy is absent Avoident Obsessive-compulsive Schizoid Paranoid Partially; antisocial, impulsive Histrionic Dissocial Dependent

Types of character accentuations. Our previous descriptions were based on the study of adolescents, in whom the types of accentuations are especially pronounced. Further follow-up studies, when adolescents became adults after 5-10 years, made it possible to make additions to the characteristics of each of the types. The hyperthymic type almost always retains high spirits, activity, enterprise and sociability, talkativeness, quick speech, and expressive facial expressions. Its representatives, thanks to a good orientation in a changing situation, often first successfully climb the social ladder. But very often, sooner or later, a career collapses due to the inability to foresee the long-term consequences of one's actions, overly optimistic hopes, promiscuity in the choice of partners, and a tendency to adventure. But in case of failures, they do not despair - they are looking for a new field for the use of seething energy. In family life, they manage to combine the ease of cheating on spouses with attachment to them, if only they look through their fingers at their adventures. In general, we can say about hyperthyms that they are good tactics and useless strategists. In some of them, short depressive phases appear with age - they turn from hyperthyms into cycloids. The most conflicting and hostile relationships in hyperthyms develop with epileptoids. Poor compatibility also happens with representatives of their own type due to the struggle for leadership, and the best with emotionally labile and conformal hyperthyms willingly accepting leadership. Cycloids behave differently as they mature. For some of them, the phasing is smoothed out, for the other part, on the contrary, it becomes even more obvious. Finally, a small part, as it were, “gets stuck” in one phase for many years, turning into hyperthyms or melancholics - a rare “constitutionally oppressed type” according to P.B. Gannushkin. The latter cases may be accompanied by persistent astheno-neurotic symptoms with hypochondrization. Some cycloids have a connection of phases with the time of year. For some, “downs” occur in the winter - something similar to “winter hibernation” sets in with constant lethargy, a drop in activity, a decrease in interest in everything, avoidance of noisy companies and a preference for the usual narrow circle of contacts. During these periods, a sharp break in the stereotype of life is hard to bear - moving to a new place of residence, a new job, the appearance of new family members who change their usual way of life. For others, subdepressive states usually occur in the spring, and “ups” in the fall. They themselves note it well. A vivid example of this group is A.S. Pushkin: “I don't like spring. in the spring I am sick, Blood wanders, feelings, mind are constrained by melancholy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . And every fall I bloom again. I again feel love for the habits of being; Sleep flies in succession, hunger finds in succession; Easily and joyfully plays in the heart of blood, Desires boil - I'm happy again, young. » "Autumn" was written by Pushkin at the age of 34. The use of tricyclic antidepressants during mild depression in cycloids appears to be irrational. There may be a tendency to "rocking" the phases, which become more pronounced. Correction is best done with the help of tranquilizers or eglonil (dogmatil, sulpiride). The labile (emotionally labile) type of character accentuation also undergoes various changes over the years. Some of its representatives, as it were, are approaching cycloids: they have short subdepressive phases lasting several days. In others, the features of emotional lability are smoothed out, in others they remain, as in youth. A quick intuitive perception of the attitude of others towards oneself, excessive sensitivity to emotional rejection from significant persons, and a constant need for empathy are usually retained. Representatives of this type often retain some infantility, for many years remain very youthful, look younger than their years. But the signs of aging appear early and almost suddenly. It is as if they do not have a period of real maturity - from youth they pass into old age. In life, they are difficult to combine with representatives of the epileptoid and sensitive types of accentuation, most of all they prefer communication with hyperthyms, which cheer them up. The sensitive type of accentuation in adulthood undergoes few changes, although, due to hypercompensation, they try to mask some features. Nevertheless, there is a constant preoccupation with the attitude of others around him, caution and timidity in contacts, feelings due to his own inferiority complex. Psychogenic depressions and phobias easily develop. If you manage to get a family and children, then the sensitivity is smoothed out, if they remain single, it can even become sharper. This is especially evident among the "old maids", who are always afraid of being suspected of extramarital sexual contacts. But only occasionally does it come to "sensitive delusions of attitude" according to E. Kretschmer. The psychasthenic (anancast) type of accentuation also changes little with age. Everyone also lives in constant anxiety for the future, they are prone to reasoning, introspection. Indecision is combined with unexpected haste of action. Obsessions easily arise, which, like pedantry, serve as a psychological defense against anxiety. But if in adolescence, psychasthenics, like sensitives, have a negative attitude towards alcohol and other intoxicants, then as they grow older, alcoholic beverages can become more attractive as a way to suppress internal anxiety, constant tension. In relation to relatives and subordinates, petty despotism can appear, which, apparently, feeds on the same internal anxiety. Relations with others are sometimes spoiled by petty principles. The schizoid type of accentuation is also distinguished by the stability of the main character traits. Closure with age may be partly masked by external formal contacts, but the inner world still remains sealed for others, and emotional contacts are difficult. There is restraint in the manifestation of emotions, equanimity in exciting situations, although the ability to control oneself in schizoids may be not so much associated with willpower as with weakness of temperament. There is a lack of empathy, the ability to empathize. In social life, youthful nonconformism does not weaken with age: they tend to look for unconventional solutions, prefer unaccepted forms of behavior, are capable of unexpected escapades, without regard for the harm they cause to themselves. Enrichment with life experience does little to change weak intuition in contacts with others, the inability to understand feelings, desires, and fears not expressed by others, which was noted by G. Asperger in schizoid children. The fate of schizoid accentuators largely depends on the extent to which they manage to satisfy their hobby. Sometimes they suddenly discover remarkable abilities to stand up for themselves and their interests, to force others to keep their distance. Spouses and children often cause dissatisfaction with their silence. In professional activities, they can even be long-winded, although scriptures are usually preferred to oral statements. In their sympathies, schizoids sometimes tend to be emotionally labile, perhaps feeling in their character what they themselves lack. The epileptoid type of accentuation also retains its main features over the years, especially the combination of slow inertia in movements, actions, and thoughts with affective explosiveness. In an affect, they are able to lose control over themselves, break out into a stream of abuse, inflict beatings - at these moments, there is no trace of slowness. In some cases, over the years, “hypersociality” with lust for power, the establishment of “one’s own order”, intolerance of dissent, rancor in relation to insults is increasingly manifested. Alcohol abuse is accompanied by severe forms of intoxication with aggressiveness and loss of memory of certain periods of time. If alcoholism develops, then it proceeds malignantly. Some are especially vindictive and sadistic inclinations. In groups, they strive to become a ruler, in contacts - to subjugate, subjugate others, although they are often servile to superiors and the powerful of the world, especially if they expect benefits and indulgences for themselves. Pedantic accuracy is visible in clothes, hairstyle, preference for order in everything. Sexual partners themselves are easily cheated, but they cannot stand infidelity to themselves, they are extremely jealous and suspicious. The hysterical type of accentuation is distinguished by boundless egocentrism, an insatiable thirst for constant attention of the environment to oneself. When growing up, social adaptation largely depends on how the profession or social position allows you to satisfy this thirst. They claim an exclusive position both in the family and in sexual contacts. Unsatisfied egocentrism in adulthood leads to the fact that violent opposition becomes the element of hysteria in social life. They revel in their own eloquence, their "outstanding" role. They win in transitional moments in society, in situations of crisis and confusion. It is then that loudness can be mistaken for energy, theatrical militancy - for determination, the desire to be in front of everyone - for organizational skills. Once in power - big or small - hysteroids do not so much manage as they play management. The leadership hour of hysteroids soon passes, as soon as the environment understands that problems cannot be solved with crackling phrases. An unstable type of accentuation is often detected in adolescence. Judging by the catamnesis, the fate of the majority is sad: alcoholism, drug addiction, crime. In an asocial company, the unstable remain in the role of the "six" - subordinates, servile to the leaders, but ready for anything. Only cowardice can keep from serious crimes. In cases of satisfactory social adaptation, the main features - aversion to work, a thirst for constant entertainment, irresponsibility - are smoothed out, more often under the influence of a strong personality, on which they turn out to be dependent, and a strictly regulated regime. The conformal type of character accentuation described by us is still little recognized. Its main features are blind adherence to the customs of its environment, uncriticality to everything that is drawn from the familiar environment and prejudiced rejection of everything that comes from people not of its own circle, dislike of the new, change, intolerance of breaking stereotypes. But all this allows you to adapt in conditions when life does not require much personal initiative, when you can swim along the channel laid by the familiar environment. But even in the era of social cataclysms, conformists begin to behave like many of the familiar environment - for example, to show unbridled aggressiveness. Paranoid accentuation as a special type of character. This is the most late developing type of character: it is clearly formed in adulthood, more often at 30-40 years old. In adolescence and young age, these individuals are endowed with epileptoid or schizoid features, sometimes hysterical and even hyperthymic. The basis of paranoid accentuation is an overestimation of one's personality - one's abilities, one's talents and skills, one's wisdom and understanding of everything. Hence the deep conviction that everything they do is always right, what they think and say is always the truth, what they claim is certainly entitled. It is this basis that serves for super-valuable ideas, which P. B. Gannushkin considered the main feature of this type. But paranoid accentuation, as long as it has not reached a pathological level - paranoid psychopathy, paranoid personality development - is also a variant of the norm, although usually an extreme one. Overvalued ideas differ from delusional ones in that they are perceived by the immediate environment, at least part of it, as quite real or possible and acceptable. By implementing overvalued ideas, the paranoid accentuator will not cause obvious damage to himself or put himself in an extremely dangerous position. The absence of delusional ideas distinguishes paranoid accentuation from paranoid psychosis. But in paranoid psychopathy, the picture is also usually limited to overvalued ideas, although in severe decompensation they can transform into delusional ones. Other features of paranoid accentuation are the same as in paranoid psychopathy - paranoid personality disorder according to DSM-III-R. Namely, all people who disagree with overvalued ideas are either ignorant or envious. Any obstacles to the implementation of their ideas awaken a militant readiness to defend their real and imaginary rights, regardless of anything. Rancor is combined with suspicion, a tendency to see malicious intent and malicious collusion everywhere. But all these features, when accentuated, do not reach such a degree as to cause social maladjustment, especially persistent. Yes, and these features themselves may not appear constantly, but only in certain situations, when interests are either infringed, or, conversely, great power is in the hands of a paranoid accentuator. Paranoid psychopathy differs from accentuation primarily in the stability of the formed character and its totality - the manifestation of its features everywhere and always and constant social maladjustment. With severe decompensation of paranoid psychopathy, as indicated, paranoid psychosis develops, when overvalued ideas turn into crazy ones. Then even the previously gullible and under the influence of a paranoid personality environment begins to understand the morbidity of these ideas, and the actions of a paranoid person can cause obvious harm to him. Differences in the soil on which paranoid accentuation and psychopathy are formed affect character traits. Preceding epileptoidness contributes to aggressiveness, a tendency to physical sadism, violent affective outbursts when opposed from the outside, hypochondria with accusations of others of harming their health (“vindictive hypochondriacs”), fanaticism with impatience for dissent. Schizoid premorbid turns into emotional coldness, indifference to the suffering of others (“mental sadism” according to E. Fromm), restraint, the ability to keep a distance in relations with others, unconditional surrender to one’s overvalued idea (epileptoid premorbid rather pushes this idea to bring tangible benefit). Hyperthymic accentuation introduces unrestraint, splashing energy, incontinence, complete disregard for a real assessment of the situation, unjustified conviction in one's future success into paranoid development. Hysteroid traits are manifested by posturing, demonstrativeness, a thirst to attract admiring glances, a demand for worship, a tendency to self-dramatization and deliberate exaltation. Mixed types of character accentuations and the frequency of different types. Mixed types make up the majority. However, there are frequent and never encountered combinations. For example, hyperthymia may be associated with hysteroidity or instability, but not with schizoidness or sensitivity or psychasthenic features. When growing up, in mixed types, one of the components of the combination may come to the fore, depending on the conditions in which the subject finds himself. Different types of accentuations occur with unequal frequency. Population norms were established for adolescence in the 70s cohort. Hyperthymic type was determined in 4-12%, cycloid - 3-8%, emotionally labile - 2-14%, sensitive - 2-7%, psychasthenic - about 1%, schizoid - 1-8%, epileptoid - 2-9 %, hysterical - about 2%, unstable - 1-14%, conformal - 1-11%. The range of fluctuations depended on gender and age. Genesis of accentuations - heredity or upbringing? It is impossible to grow hyperthym, cycloid or schizoid with any special upbringing. Apparently, these types of accentuations are due to a genetic factor. However, among the blood relatives of epileptoids, hysteroids, there are often people with the same character traits. Nevertheless, upbringing from childhood as an “idol of the family” - conniving hyper-protection with protection from difficulties, permissiveness, satisfaction of the slightest desires and whims, can instill hysteroid traits in many, with the exception, perhaps, of those who are already endowed with sensitive or psychasthenic traits. Those who grow up in conditions of rigid relationships with constant aggressiveness around acquire pronounced epileptoid properties. They are most difficult to instill in emotionally labile, sensitive and psychasthenic adolescents. Hypoprotection to the point of neglect, asocial companies from childhood are able to cultivate traits of unstable accentuation, which can also be superimposed on the core of other types, with the exception of sensitive and psychasthenic. Sensitivity is likely to be both genetic and the result of physical disabilities, such as stuttering. Emotional lability is the result of infantilizing upbringing or combined with constitutional infantilism. Mixed types, in terms of the role of heredity and education, can be divided into two groups - intermediate and amalgam. Combinations with intermediate types are genetically determined (for example, the father has epileptoid accentuation, the mother has hysteroid accentuation, their descendant is endowed with features of both types). With amalgam types, the genetic core of one type, under the influence of the environment, especially education, is superimposed with features of another type. The role of character accentuations in the development of mental disorders and the significance for psychotherapy. Accentuations of character as variants of the norm should not be attributed to the area of ​​“pre-disease”, primarily because each of the types creates not only an increased risk of certain mental (and possibly some somatic) disorders, namely those that are the result of a blow to its Achilles heel. But each type of accentuation has an increased resistance to a number of other psychogenic influences. A representative of sensitive accentuation will easily give both psychogenic depression and phobic neurosis with an unfavorable attitude towards him from the immediate environment, but will show high resistance to the temptation and compulsion to use alcohol, drugs and other intoxicants. An epileptoid in an unfavorable environment will enter into a struggle, but alcohol is extremely dangerous for him and alcoholism often proceeds malignantly. In the event of mental disorders, character accentuations attract attention primarily as a certain systematics of the premorbid background. In psychogenic disorders, accentuations play the role of soil, a predisposing factor. On the one hand, the type of accentuation determines which of the psychogenic adverse effects is likely to cause a breakdown. For a hysteroid, this is the loss of attention of significant persons, the collapse of hope for the satisfaction of inflated claims. The epileptoid will have a harder time enduring the infringement of his interests, self-assigned "rights", the loss of valuable property, as well as the protest against his undivided rule on the part of those who, from his point of view, should meekly demolish him. The schizoid will be in a crisis situation if it is necessary to quickly establish informal emotional contacts with a new environment. Deprivation of a favorite hobby can be a blow for him. The burden of responsibility is heavy for a psychasthenic, especially for others. For those who are emotionally labile, the most painful is the emotional rejection by close and significant persons, as well as the forced separation from them or their loss. The accentuation of character also acts as a pathoplastic factor, leaving a strong imprint on the picture of mental disorders. For example, premorbid sensitivity contributes to the development of ideas of attitude, depression, and epileptoidness - to the ideas of persecution, dysphoria, affective outbursts. Hyperthymia, cycloidity, emotional lability in premorbid contribute to affective disorders in the picture of various mental disorders. In acute psychoses, the influence of premorbid accentuation may have little effect, but the types of subsequent remissions are closely related to accentuations. The choice of the most appropriate methods of psychotherapy and psychotherapeutic programs also largely depends on the type of character accentuation in both non-psychotic disorders and psychoses. For example, hyperthyms in group psychotherapy sessions feel like a fish in water, but for a sensitive person, its very environment can become a mental trauma, and an epileptoid with his desire for power, resentment and vindictiveness can be difficult for the group. Hyperthyms do not tolerate a directive tone, emotionally labile people gravitate towards auto-training, looking for empathy and empathy. They and the sensitives get temporary relief from the catharsis. Psychasthenics willingly accept rational psychotherapy, but there is always a danger that for them it can turn into empty verbal chewing gum that does not correct behavior in any way. More effective for them may be non-verbal methods of group and behavioral psychotherapy. Psychotherapy in schizoids is successful if the patient feels sympathy and trust in the psychotherapist. Hobbies for the schizoid are also psychological protection and can serve as a key to contact. The epileptoid appreciates attention to his person, to his health in particular. Rational psychotherapy is perceived as the advice of a competent specialist and as a way of making a carefully considered decision. Hysteroids are readily treated with suggestive methods, but the effect is only the elimination of individual symptoms, which are soon replaced by others. Their compensation depends on the situation - on the possibilities of satisfying one's egocentrism. With unstable accentuation, psychotherapy is ineffective. Inclusion in a group with a strong leader can work. Thus, character accentuations can serve in psychiatry and medical psychology as a systematics of the premorbid background in mental and psychosomatic disorders. The types of accentuation may affect the features of the clinical picture, vulnerability and tolerance to various psychogenic factors, the prognosis for social adaptation and the choice of psychotherapeutic programs. In particular, with multi-axis diagnostic classification, types of character accentuation have been proposed as a special pathocharacterological axis.

Examples of character accentuation

Each person has his own unique character - a unique combination of essential and stable personality traits acquired by him in the process of formation and development.

By nature, a person can be cruel, kind, critical, demanding, selfish, polite, responsible, deceitful, accurate, thrifty, etc., these traits are manifested in relation to other people and to oneself, to deeds or things.

Due to innate individual characteristics, the situation of development and the acquired life experience, some qualities can be expressed more strongly than others. These bright, pointed features, which under certain conditions make it difficult to relate to other people and lead to disharmony in relationships with the world, are called character accentuations. And people with such personality traits are accentuators.

An extended article on character accentuations and psychopathy is available here.

But accentuation is not a pathology or a disease, it is a variant of mental health. Unlike mental illness, accentuations cause specific reactions only in certain situations, are more clearly manifested only at any period of life and do not lead to social maladaptation. That is, the accentuation of character is a certain vulnerability of a person in some living conditions, a “weak link” of the personality. Examples are the excited and joyful mood, the constant optimism of Doctor Livesey from the famous cartoon Treasure Island, or, on the contrary, the depressed mood, pessimism and gloom of Eeyore from the children's fairy tale about Winnie the Pooh.

Personality disorders (psychopathies) are covered in a separate article here.

Accentuations are distinguished by types. The most famous typologies are presented by K. Leonhard, who introduced this term and by A.E. Lichko.

According to A.E. Lichko, distinguish the following types of character accentuations:

1. Hysteroid type. Such traits as a constant thirst for attention, egocentrism, demonstrativeness in behavior and communication, the need for reverence and approval are characteristic.

2. Hyperthymic type. Characterized by mobility, noisiness, excessive sociability, high spirits, a tendency to mischief.

3. Asthenoneurotic type. Characteristic features: irritability, anxiety, constant fears, increased fatigue in communication and work.

4. Psychasthenic type. Such people are suspicious, indecisive, prone to introspection and introspection.

5. Schizoid type. They are characterized by isolation, unsociableness, detachment, secrecy.

6. Epileptoid type. People of this type are prone to a dreary - gloomy mood, conservative, scrupulous, pedantic.

7. Sensitive type. Characteristic features: increased shyness, resentment, impressionability, timidity, excessive sensitivity.

8. Labile type. Such people have extreme variability of mood, which fluctuates very sharply and for any reason.

9. Unstable type. Characterized by the desire for entertainment, idleness, idleness, pleasure, there are no strong-willed efforts in work and life.

10. Conformal type. Such people do not tolerate big changes and like to be "like everyone else."

11. Cycloid type. It combines the states of hyperthymia and asthenicity, which replace each other.

Of course, the same person may have several pointed features, in addition, the degree of their severity varies from person to person. Each of the accentuations can develop both in a positive and in a negative direction. For example, demonstrativeness as an accentuated feature can be useful for an actor or a pop singer, while scrupulousness and thoroughness will help not to miss important details in the investigation of crimes.

It is possible to determine the presence or absence of character accentuations using specially selected psychological techniques. Knowing your own characteristics, your “weaknesses”, you can avoid life situations that make us the most vulnerable due to our individual nature.

As part of our project, the analytical modules "Personality" and "MMPI SMIL" will help to identify character accentuations.