Eastern Siberia stretches from east to west from the mountain ranges of the Pacific coast to the valley of the Ob-Yenisei interfluve, in the north it reaches the shores of the Arctic Ocean, and in the south it borders on the borders of China and Mongolia. Eastern Siberia includes the following regions: Chita and Irkutsk regions, Zabaikalsky and Krasnoyarsk territories, autonomous republics of Tuva, Yakutia and Buryatia.
Natural resources of Eastern Siberia
Eastern Siberia is a territory that is famous for countless mineral springs. Due to their colossal number, most of them are untouched by human hand. It is Eastern Siberia that gives our state such valuable materials as gold and diamonds.
The subsoil of this region is also rich in other raw materials, in particular lead, tin, zinc, mica, nickel, tungsten and aluminum. Giant industrial enterprises located on the territory of Eastern Siberia provide the population of Russia with synthetic rubber, paper, cellulose and paper.
It is here that the equipment for the mining industry itself is produced, as well as agricultural machinery - trucks and combines. The richest forests of the vast Eastern Siberia are not only sources of timber, various species of representatives of the animal and plant world have found their abode in it.
Natural complexes of Eastern Siberia: flora and fauna
It is here that fur-bearing animals are found, including sable, whose fur is of particular value in industry. Due to their uniqueness, many species of flora and fauna are under legal protection. This problem is especially acute for the inhabitants of the natural complex of the taiga, which covers more than 85% of the territory of Eastern Siberia.
Rich region and its water resources. Full-flowing large rivers flow on the territory of Eastern Siberia, crystal-clear reaches of lakes are also located here, among which is the pearl of Russia - the bottomless Baikal. The natural complex of Baikal includes the lake itself, as well as the surrounding mountain systems, represented mainly by mountain ranges.
Powerful hydroelectric power plants have already been built on many East Siberian rivers. The beauty and virgin purity of Eastern Siberia, its endless forests and blue waters of lakes are increasingly attracting tourists. It should be noted that among the travelers who decided to touch the perfection of East Siberian nature, there are not only residents of Russia, but also guests from near and far abroad.
In order to limit the harmful effects of human actions and preserve the most unique oases of the beauty of Eastern Siberia, several reserves were created here at the beginning of the last century. The largest protected area is the Stolby complex, which is located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Representatives of flora and fauna live here, which were under the threat of complete destruction. Thanks to legislative protection and the active intervention of environmentalists, the populations of such species have been able to increase over time.
Natural resource potential
The natural resource potential of Eastern Siberia throughextremely diverse and exceptionally large, not only in Russian, but also world standards. Here is concentrated a significantpart of the world reserves of timber, fresh water, coal, orescolored, including noble and rare, ferrous metals,as well as non-metallic minerals, in particulargraphite and diamonds.
The mineral resource base of the region includes over 1000deposits and prospective manifestations of more than 80minerals. In terms of reserves and production of many mineraland fuel resources VSER occupies a leading position in the Russianthese. The main ones are coal, aluminum, copper, nickel, whichbalt, molybdenum, lead, antimony, gold, platinoids, and in the futuretive also oil and gas, titanium and diamonds.
The security of the operating enterprises of the districtthese reserves are 60-100 years for the main types of metals, which is 2-3 times higher than the normative norms adopted in the world terms.
Fuel and energy raw materials occupies a prominent placein the mineral resource base of the VSER and includes stone and bu-rye coal, oil, gas, pyrites, peat.
The area belongs to the most coal-saturated territoriesRussia. Within its limits there are large coal-bearing basins.seins - Kansk-Achinsk, Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky, Minu-Sinsk (developed), as well as the giant basins reserved for the long term: Tunguska, Taimyr, North Taimyr and the western part of Lensky. More than 45% of all standard resources and 26% of the explored coal reserves of the country are concentrated in local coal basins.
The Kansk-Achinsk basin is one of the largest in the world.Brown energy is being mined here.tic coals. The raw material base of the basin is capable of 100 years to ensure annual production of up to 500 million tons, which exceedsthe current level of coal production is about 13 times. On modern stage, these coals are supplied to large thermal power plantsstations located within the Kansko-Achinsk fuel-but-energy complex. Their long-distance transportationimpossible both for economic reasons (high ash content, low calorific value), and technological (area give the property of spontaneous combustion).
Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo basin of brown and black coalswith balance reserves of over 20 billion tons is a major energy base of Eastern Siberia and the Far East, providingfueled rail transport, electricitygenetics and public utilities.
By the size of forecast resources of oil, natural gasand condensate Eastern Siberia ranks second in Russiaafter Western Siberia.
The largest oil reserves explored by geologistswithin the Yurubcheno-Tokhomsky district in the south of the Evenki AO. Organization of oil production only in this areawill fully satisfy the demand of the Achinsk oil operating plant in the Krasnoyarsk Territoryand to a large extent the needs of the Angarskpetrochemical complex in the Irkutsk region, where alsovedans rather large oil fields - Verkhnechon skoe and others.
The largest explored gas fields in the region to: Sobinskoye in Evenkia and Kovykta in the Irkutsk region.. Gas- mine production in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, formedin accordance with the needs of the Norilsk industrial hub, hasresource base of the Messoyakha deposit (on the border with Yamalo-Nenets Okrug) and others.
metalminerals of Eastern Siberia ha-characterized by a noticeable diversity and significant re-resource potential.
The region is rich in reserves iron ore and mo-can fully provide Kuznetsk and Zapad-but-Siberian metallurgical plants. Economically effective and developed iron ore reserves are concentratedturned in the Irbinsko-Krasnokamensky ore district of Vostoch-Nogo Sayan in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Angaro-Ilimsk Region in the Irkutsk region
In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, a promising Porozhinsky deposit of manganese ores has been explored, located on the right bank of the river. Yenisei, south of the mouth of the river. Podkamennaya Tunguska.
Ore reserves colored metals of Eastern Siberia havefor Russia of strategic importance, since they provideare or will soon provide the country's economy with coppernickel, polymetallic, aluminum-containingores, as well as ores of molybdenum, antimony, rare and noble ny metals.
The mineral resource potential of the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory -Norilsk industrial region can be defined as unique in terms of reserves of explored and developed compo-lex deposits copper-nickel ores with cobaltplatinoids and gold, on the basis of which the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine has been operating for more than 55 years. With considering of the modern level of production, this enterprise is provided with its own mineral resource base at least to the middle 21st century
In the future, meeting the domestic needs of the countryin copper, as well as its export can be carried out at the expense ofcommissioning of the giant Udokan field in the north of the Chita region.
Nepheline ores - a large raw material reserve of aluminum -howling industry of Eastern Siberia. Today local Achin-alumina refinery in the Krasnoyarsk Territory useshigh-grade ores of the neighboring Kemerovo region. (Western Seabir). Nepheline ores may be developed in the futureSrednetatarsky deposit (in the central part of the Yenisei Ridge, Goryach Egersky - in the Kuznetsk Alatau), etc.,laid down in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In the Angara region, it was also found several promising bauxite deposits, includingmedium-sized Central deposit.
Lead-zinc ores localized in Gorevsky partially developed field in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (at the mouth R. Angara), whose reserves account for more than 40% of the total Russian ones.
In Eastern Siberia, there are also effective for extractionantimony resources (Olimpiada gold and antimony depositliving in the central part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory), containing40% of the explored reserves of antimony, ore gold in Russia(Sukhoi Log deposit in the Irkutsk region), placer gold that (in the Republic of Tyva, Taimyr and Aginsk districts), molybdenum (Sorskoye deposit in Khakassia, providingaccounting for about 80% of the total Russian production, and promisingZhirekenskoye in the Chita region), titanium-magnetite ores (Chitin- sky region). On the Yenisei Ridge in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, explored and transferredgiven for the development of the Tatar deposit of niobium and rare earth mill.
The Krasnoyarsk Territory has significant reservesand predicted resources of non-metallic mineralssoldered, of which graphite and diamonds are of particular importance. All graphite deposits are located in the western part of Tun-Gus coal-bearing basin. Diamond-bearing areas have been identified in the middle reaches of the river. Podkamennoy Tunguska - Evenki- AO.
forest resourcesEastern Siberia- the largest in Russia and account for 35% of the nationwide. You-a high percentage of forest cover is typical for all regions of the EEAS,with the exception of the north of the Taimyr district and the steppe part Aginsky. The highest forest cover in the Irkutsk region. - almost 80%. The commercial quality of the East Siberian forest is very high,especially Angara pine. Unfortunately, currentlythe potential of these resources, including export (through the portIgarka on the Yenisei), is used very poorly due to the high costbridges for transportation of harvested raw materials and lumber to consumers.
Resource concentration fresh surface water in the areanot one of the highest in the world.Potential hydropower resources of Eastern Seaenergy is about 850 billion kWh, of which up to 40% isare cost-effective and partly usedAngara-Yenisei HPP cascade. Lake Baikal has a volume of water mass equal to 1/5 of the world'sand 9/10 Russian surface water reserves. This body of water issen UNESCO to sites of world importance and taken under special observation.
The specific water availability of the WSED is the highest in the countryafter the Far East.
There are 10% in the area agricultural land and 6% of the country's arable land. Arable land is concentrated in the southernparts of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (43%) in the south of the Irkutsk region. (23%)and in the Republic of Khakassia (about 10%), mainly in the steppe and forest steppe zones, where fertile chestnut trees are commonhigh and chernozem soils. In the steppe Transbaikalia, due to non-proper agricultural practices and wind erosion of the soil layer heavily destroyed, which created a difficult problem of its restoration.
Recreational resources Eastern Siberia is currentlyare little used, although their potential is very high, especially on the coast of Lake Baikal. Also very picturesque and can be used to use for recreation of tourists, including the organization of water- routes, the Yenisei and the Angara and the surrounding mountainousshafts. So, for example, the Stolby reserve in the vicinityKrasnoyarsk is the world center of rock climbing. Travel-actions on river vessels down the Yenisei are carried out untillarny Dixon.
Eastern Siberia is one of the regions richest in natural resources in the country. It contains 30% of the balance coal reserves, 40% of the total timber reserves, 44% of cost-effective hydropower resources, 25% of the river flow, a significant part of the reserves of gold, deposits of copper, nickel, cobalt, aluminum raw materials, mining chemical raw materials, graphite, iron ores and others. mineral. Its recreational, agricultural and territorial resources are huge and diverse. Large reserves of natural resources and favorable conditions for their exploitation determine the high efficiency of their involvement in economic turnover.
The development of the Kansk-Achinsk lignite basin is of great importance for the country's economy. The basin is located along the Trans-Siberian Railway for 700 km, its width is from 50 to 300 km. The deposits have one powerful (from 10 to 90 m) layer. Coal can be mined in an open way. The overburden ratio is from 1 to 3 cubic meters. m/t. Heat of combustion of working fuel 2800 - 4600 kcal/kg. According to the ash content, they are classified as low and medium ash (8 - 12%). The sulfur content does not exceed 0.9%. Potential possibilities of the Kansko-Achinsk basin make it possible to bring the annual coal production up to 1 billion tons. Labor productivity of one worker in the cuts of the Kansk-Achinsk basin is 5 times higher than in the Donbass.
The Minusinsk coal basin is located in the Republic of Khakassia. General geological reserves of coal are estimated at 32.5 billion tons, including 2.8 billion tons for industrial categories A + B + C1. Coals occur at a depth of up to 300 m. The thickness of coal seams is from 1 to 20 m. Coefficient overburden 4 - 5 cu. m/t.
Ulugkhemsky coal basin (Tuva) concentrates 17.9 billion tons of general geological reserves of coal. The pool is underdeveloped. Explored reserves are over 1 billion tons.
The general geological reserves of the Tunguska coal basin reach 2345 billion tons, including 4.9 billion tons of explored reserves. At present, the Norilsk and Kayerkan deposits are being exploited in the basin, which provide Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Plant with fuel. Of primary interest is the development of the Kokuyskoye deposit (lower reaches of the Angara). Here it is possible to build a cut with a capacity of 10 million tons of coal per year.
The Irkutsk basin has general geological reserves of coal of 76 billion tons, including 7 billion tons of category A + B + C1. The thickness of coal seams is 4 - 12 m. Overburden ratio 3.5 - 7 cu. m/t. Most of the explored coal reserves of the Irkutsk basin are available for open pit mining. Separate deposits are distinguished by a high sulfur content (7 - 8%) and cannot be exploited (Karantsai).
In Transbaikalia, three deposits can be developed by open pit mining: Kharanorskoye, Tataurovskoye and Tugnuiskoye. The general geological reserves of coals in Transbaikalia are estimated at 23.8 billion tons, including 5.3 billion tons for industrial categories. Most of the coals here are of poor quality. In some cases, deposits are located in floodplains (Tataurovskoye) and have overburden rocks of considerable strength (Tugnuyskoye). Open-pit mines with a total capacity of 40 million tons of coal per year can be built at the deposits of Transbaikalia.
A special place in Eastern Siberia is occupied by hydropower resources, their potential is estimated at 997 billion kW/h. The region ranks first among the country's energy bases in terms of the efficient use of hydropower resources.
In the Angaro-Yenisei region, there is a possibility of building hydroelectric power plants with a total capacity of over 60 million kW. The average capacity of hydroelectric power plants in the Yenisei basin is 12 times the capacity of hydroelectric power plants in the country (3.6 million kW compared to 0.3 million kW).
Large capacities of hydroelectric power plants in the Yenisei basin are achieved due to a favorable combination of natural conditions: high water content of rivers and aging of river valleys, which favors the construction of high dams and the creation of capacious reservoirs. River valleys are characterized by a deep cut into the surface, rocky banks and the presence of rocks at the base of structures. As a result, the hydroelectric power plants of the Angara-Yenisei region are relatively cheap compared to other hydrocascades in the country. The area of flooded agricultural land in the Yenisei basin per 1 million kWh of electricity generation is 20 times less than the national average.
At present, Eastern Siberia accounts for 8.5% of the total Russian industrial iron ore reserves. There are nine iron ore districts in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Of these, the Angaro-Ilimsky and Angaro-Pitsky districts stand out in terms of reserves and efficiency of the use of iron ore.
Among the most important tasks is the further development of the mineral resource base of the aluminum industry in Eastern Siberia. Aluminum plants still use imported raw materials, although in Eastern Siberia it is available in large quantities. It is represented by five groups, uniting nine types of mineral raw materials.
The most common deposits of nepheline rocks. They contain less alumina and are more labor intensive to mine and process. Nevertheless, the large reserves of nepheline ores and the shortage of bauxite-containing raw materials in the region determine their leading role in ensuring aluminum production.
Nepheline rocks are known in 20 deposits. They are concentrated in the Yenisei Ridge, the Eastern Sayan Mountains and the Sangilen Range. The most efficient for exploitation is the Goryachegorsk deposit of aluminum raw materials. Bauxites - the richest alumina raw material - were found in the Tatar and Bakhtinsko-Turukhansky regions. But bauxite deposits are either located at a great distance from industrial centers, or geologically poorly understood.
The Norilsk region has unique reserves of complex copper-nickel ores. In addition to a set of basic components (nickel, copper, cobalt), Norilsk ores contain gold, iron, silver, tellurium, selenium, and sulfur. Ores are represented by three types: rich, cuprous, disseminated. The deposits of the Norilsk region contain 38% of Russian copper reserves, about 80% of nickel reserves. One of the largest in the Russian Federation, the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine, operates on their basis. Near Norilsk, two deposits of complex ores are being exploited: Oktyabrskoye and Talnakhskoye.
Between 1986 and 1990 Preparations began for the development of the Gorevsky lead-zinc deposit. On the basis of this deposit, which has no equal in terms of lead reserves, the largest mining and processing plant is being formed. The development of the deposit will allow to increase the production of lead in Russia by 3 times.
The amount of one-time capital investments required for the development of the Gorevskoye deposit (including the cost of hydrotechnical facilities) will be 1.5 times higher than for other lead-zinc deposits in the country scheduled for exploitation. However, due to the large scale of the mine's production operations and favorable technical and economic indicators of ore processing, the development of the Gorevsky deposit should be profitable. Production costs at the Gorevsky Mining and Processing Plant will be 2.5 times lower than the industry average. Capital investments will pay off in 2.5 years.
Large polymetallic deposits in the region are also Kyzyl-Tashtygskoye, Ozernoye, Novo-Shirokinsky and Kholodninskoye. Highly promising for zinc and lead Kholodninskoe deposit of polymetallic ores. According to preliminary data, it is 3 times larger than the Gorevskoye field in terms of reserves. Due to the fact that the Kholodninskoye field is located near Lake Baikal, its development can only be carried out according to a waste-free technological scheme, the economic justification of which has not yet been completed.
The Ozernoe deposit of polymetallic ores is promising for industrial development. In terms of reserves and the degree of ore dressing, it is inferior to the Gorevsky and Kholodninskoye deposits, but is in more favorable conditions. The given costs for the extraction and enrichment of 1 ton of zinc concentrate during operation will be 18 - 23% lower than the average for the industry. The deposit is zinc in composition of ores (zinc is 8 times more than lead). It has been explored in detail and put into operation.
To increase the production of copper in the country, the development of the largest Udokan deposit, located in the north of the Chita region, is of great importance. Its development is associated with great difficulties caused by difficult natural conditions. The main links of production are mining and beneficiation of ores. The high content of copper in concentrates makes it possible to produce almost 2.5 times more finished products from each ton of raw materials than the national average, which reduces the cost of copper production by 2 times compared to the industry average.
There are significant gold reserves in Eastern Siberia, although they have been exploited for more than 150 years.
The area has large stocks of wood raw materials. The total stock of timber is estimated at 27.5 billion cubic meters (40% of the total Russian stock). Most of the forests of the region are located on the territory with an extremely low level of economic development. Involving them in commercial operation will require large capital expenditures, however, they can be 10 - 15% less than the national average. The effect is achieved due to the large size and high saturation of the area with wood raw materials.
Large reserves of peat (4.8 billion tons), chemical raw materials and building materials have been explored on the territory of the region. Peat can be used as a chemical raw material, fuel, organic fertilizer, animal bedding and packaging material.
The area of agricultural land in Eastern Siberia is 23 million hectares, of which arable land - 9 million hectares. The structure of agricultural land is as follows: arable land - 39.9%, hayfields - 12.7%, pastures - 46.9%, perennial plantations - 0.5%.
Questions for the final express test (December 16, 23)
1. Modern administrative-territorial division of Russia? Prospects for its change
2. Distribution of mineral resources on the territory of Russia. Classification of natural resources according to the degree of exhaustibility
3. Language families and population groups in Russia. Reproduction of the population, its dynamics?
4. Main factors of farm location
5. Regional division of Russia: basic principles and factors
6. Main indicators of the development of the region
7. State budgetary and tax regulation of the regions
8. Characteristics of the oil and gas bases of Russia (Volga-Ural).
9. Characteristics of the oil and gas bases of Russia (Barents-Pechersk).
10. Characteristics of the oil and gas bases of Russia (West Siberian).
11. Characteristics of coal deposits in Russia
12. Electric power enterprises of Russia (HPP): names, characteristics
13. Electric power enterprises of Russia (NPP): names, characteristics
14. Electric power enterprises of Russia (GRES): names, characteristics
15. Characteristics of the metallurgical bases of Russia
16. Mining and processing of copper ores
17. Extraction and processing of aluminum ores
18. Extraction and processing of nickel ores
19. Mining and processing of iron ores
20. Mining and processing of uranium ores
21. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Central Black Earth region
22. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Volga-Vyatka region
23. Economic and geographical characteristics of the North-Western region
24. . Economic and geographical characteristics of the Northern region
25. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Ural region
26. Economic and geographical characteristics of the West Siberian region
27. Economic and geographical characteristics of the East Siberian region
28. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Far East region
29. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Volga region
30. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Central region
31. Economic and geographical characteristics of the North Caucasian region
32. Agriculture in Russia: geography of grain crops
33. Agriculture in Russia: geography of livestock industries
34. Machine-building complex of Russia: heavy engineering
35. Machine-building complex of Russia: secondary engineering
36. Timber industry complex of Russia
37. Placement of enterprises of basic chemistry. Extraction of mining and chemical raw materials
38. Placement of enterprises of chemistry of organic synthesis
39. Disproportions of the territorial organization of the Russian Federation. Problem regions of Russia
40. Territories of Russia with a special economic status and prospects for their development
the main directions of development of modern geography?
2. With what geographical factors is natural zoning associated? 3. Classify the regions of the world according to the largest reserves of certain types of natural resources.
