Text essay:

The displacement of books by television and cinema. It is about this problem that the Soviet and Russian philologist, art critic, screenwriter, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, discusses.

Before us is D.S. Likhachev’s reasoning about why the TV is now partially replacing the book. The author gives various arguments and comes to the conclusion that this is due to the fact that we watch TV without being distracted, with interest.

Thus, the author's position is as follows: TV replaces the book, because it distracts a person from worries and does not require any physical costs from him: it is enough to sit comfortably so that nothing interferes, and watch what you like.

Well, I am very familiar with this situation, and I believe that Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev is absolutely right. After all, the main thing is not just to read, you need to read with interest, and making sure that nothing distracts you, you can safely immerse yourself in another world. The heroine of A. S. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin" Tatyana Larina loved to read on the balcony, without being distracted by minor problems. And so she enjoyed reading.

Based on the statistics on the Internet, we can notice that the number of people visiting the Internet is increasing daily.

Based on my own reasoning and the reasoning of the author, I came to the conclusion: if a person wants an occupation to give him pleasure, then it is necessary to create conditions so that nothing distracts from the work.

Text by D. S. Likhachev:

The famous Russian academician D.S. Likhachev, in one of his “Letters on the Good and the Beautiful,” discusses the importance of instilling a love of reading. The author convinces the younger generation of the benefits of literature, which makes people wise, "gives ... the most extensive and deepest experience of life."

The scientist believes that one should not look for selfish motives in reading. They should not be engaged for the sake of high grades or fashion trends.

How does an interest in reading arise, a love for a book is born? In Likhachev's letter, one can find answers to these questions. From personal experience, the author recalls that a true love for books was instilled in him by a literature teacher who knew how to “read, explain what he read”. He, along with schoolchildren, “laughed, admired, marveled at the art of the writer.”

Your position on the issue

There is no doubt that the teacher has an important role to play in fostering interest in literature.

I was also lucky to have a teacher who unobtrusively and fascinatingly introduces the class to the work of writers. You want to read works from the school curriculum not only for the sake of academic performance, because a talented teacher knows how to intrigue, not to finish a little, so that the wards have a desire to deeply familiarize themselves with the content, form their own opinion about the plot.

The academician notes the importance of favorite works for a person. That's right, because exciting reading begins with interesting books that you want to re-read, delving into every detail.

Arguments from literature

In the 6th grade, Ekaterina Ivanovna told us about N.V. Gogol's collection “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”. At first, the plots of some stories seemed creepy, but still interested. Now the creator of “mystical” stories has become my favorite author. I often return to his "Inspector", "Petersburg Tales", "Taras Bulba", "Dead Souls". You can read them endlessly, enjoying the subtlety of humor and the sharpness of Gogol's language.

The scholar Likhachev also mentions the role of the family in developing the habit of reading. The respectful attitude of parents to books is passed on to children. The recommendations of the elders help to choose useful and worthy literature. The final choice, of course, will remain with the reader himself, but at first he should still be guided.

Classical literature has been tested by time, therefore "... there is something essential in it." Indeed, the works of the classics provide answers to any moral questions, enrich the spiritual and vocabulary. It seems to me that it is such books that make the reader wise.

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Letter Eleven

About careerism

"Letters about the good and the beautiful"

A person develops from the first day of his birth. He is looking to the future. He learns, learns to set new tasks for himself, without even realizing it. And how quickly he masters his position in life. He already knows how to hold a spoon and pronounce the first words.

Then he also studies as a boy and a young man.

And the time has come to apply your knowledge, to achieve what you aspired to. Maturity. We have to live in reality...

But the acceleration persists, and now, instead of teaching, the time comes for many to master the position in life. The movement goes by inertia. A person is constantly striving towards the future, and the future is no longer in real knowledge, not in mastering the skill, but in arranging oneself in an advantageous position. The content, the original content, is lost. The present time does not come, there is still an empty aspiration to the future. This is careerism. Inner restlessness that makes a person unhappy personally and unbearable for others.

Letter 12

The person must be intelligent

A person must be intelligent! And if his profession does not require intelligence? And if he could not get an education: so there were circumstances? What if the environment doesn't allow it? And if intelligence makes him a "black sheep" among his colleagues, friends, relatives, will it simply interfere with his rapprochement with other people?

No, no and NO! Intelligence is needed under all circumstances. It is necessary both for others and for the person himself.

This is very, very important, and above all, in order to live happily and for a long time - yes, for a long time! For intelligence is equal to moral health, and health is necessary in order to live long - not only physically, but also mentally. In one old book it says: "Honor your father and your mother, and you will live long on earth." This applies both to the whole people and to the individual. This is wise.

But first of all, let's define what intelligence is, and then why it is connected with the commandment of longevity.

Many people think: an intelligent person is one who read a lot, received a good education (and even predominantly humanitarian), traveled a lot, knows several languages.

And meanwhile, you can have all this and be unintelligent, and you can not possess any of this to a large extent, but still be an internally intelligent person.

Education should not be confused with intelligence. Education lives on the old content, intelligence lives on the creation of the new and the awareness of the old as new.

More than that ... Deprive a truly intelligent person of all his knowledge, education, deprive him of his very memory. Let him forget everything in the world, he will not know the classics of literature, he will not remember the greatest works of art, he will forget the most important historical events, but if with all this he retains a susceptibility to intellectual values, a love of acquiring knowledge, an interest in history, an aesthetic sense, he will be able to to distinguish a real work of art from a rough "thing" made only to surprise if he can admire the beauty of nature, understand the character and personality of another person, enter into his position, and having understood another person, help him, will not show rudeness, indifference, gloating , envy, but will appreciate another if he shows respect for the culture of the past, the skills of an educated person, responsibility in solving moral issues, the richness and accuracy of his language - spoken and written - this will be an intelligent person.

Intelligence is not only in knowledge, but in the ability to understand another. It manifests itself in a thousand and a thousand little things: in the ability to argue respectfully, to behave modestly at the table, in the ability to imperceptibly (precisely imperceptibly) help another, to protect nature, not to litter around oneself - not to litter with cigarette butts or swearing, bad ideas (this is also garbage, and what else!)

The Likhachev family, Dmitry - in the center, 1929. © D. Baltermants

I knew peasants in the Russian North who were truly intelligent. They observed amazing cleanliness in their homes, knew how to appreciate good songs, knew how to tell “by-life” (that is, what happened to them or others), lived an orderly life, were hospitable and friendly, treated with understanding both other people’s grief and someone else's joy.

Intelligence is the ability to understand, to perceive, it is a tolerant attitude towards the world and towards people.

Intelligence must be developed in oneself, trained - mental strength is trained, as physical ones are also trained. And training is possible and necessary in any conditions.

That the training of physical strength contributes to longevity - this is understandable. Much less people understand that for longevity, the training of spiritual and spiritual forces is also necessary.

The fact is that a vicious and evil reaction to the environment, rudeness and misunderstanding of others is a sign of mental and spiritual weakness, human inability to live ... Pushing in a crowded bus - a weak and nervous person, exhausted, reacting incorrectly to everything. Quarrels with neighbors - also a person who does not know how to live, deaf mentally. Aesthetically unreceptive is also an unhappy person. He who does not know how to understand another person, attributing only evil intentions to him, always taking offense at others - this is also a person who impoverishes his life and interferes with the lives of others. Mental weakness leads to physical weakness. I am not a doctor, but I am convinced of this. Years of experience convinced me of this.

Friendliness and kindness make a person not only physically healthy, but also beautiful. Yes, it's beautiful.

The face of a person, distorted by anger, becomes ugly, and the movements of an evil person are devoid of grace - not deliberate grace, but natural, which is much more expensive.

The social duty of a person is to be intelligent. This is a duty to yourself as well. This is the guarantee of his personal happiness and the "aura of goodwill" around him and towards him (that is, addressed to him).

Everything I talk about with young readers in this book is a call to intelligence, to physical and moral health, to the beauty of health. Let us be long-lived, as people and as a people! And the veneration of the father and mother should be understood broadly - as the veneration of all our best in the past, in the past, which is the father and mother of our modernity, the great modernity, to belong to which is great happiness.

Dmitry Likhachev, 1989, © D. Baltermants

letter twenty two

Love to read!

Each person is obliged (I emphasize - is obliged) to take care of his intellectual development. This is his duty to the society in which he lives and to himself.

The main (but, of course, not the only) way of one's intellectual development is reading.

Reading should not be random. This is a huge waste of time, and time is the greatest value that cannot be wasted on trifles. You should read according to the program, of course, not strictly following it, moving away from it where there are additional interests for the reader. However, with all the deviations from the original program, it is necessary to draw up a new one for yourself, taking into account the new interests that have appeared.

Reading, in order to be effective, must interest the reader. Interest in reading in general or in certain branches of culture must be developed in oneself. Interest can be largely the result of self-education.
It is not so easy to compose reading programs for yourself, and this must be done with the advice of knowledgeable people, with the existing reference books of various types.

The danger of reading is the development (conscious or unconscious) in oneself of a tendency to "diagonal" viewing of texts or to various types of high-speed reading methods.

Speed ​​reading creates the appearance of knowledge. It can be allowed only in certain types of professions, being careful not to create in oneself the habit of speed reading, it leads to a disease of attention.

Have you noticed what a great impression those works of literature that are read in a calm, unhurried and unhurried environment, for example, on vacation or in case of some not very complicated and not distracting illness, make?

“Teaching is difficult when we do not know how to find joy in it. It is necessary to choose forms of recreation and entertainment that are smart, able to teach something.

"Disinterested", but interesting reading - that's what makes you love literature and what broadens a person's horizons.

Why is TV now partially replacing the book? Yes, because the TV makes you slowly watch some kind of program, sit back comfortably so that nothing bothers you, it distracts you from worries, it dictates to you how to watch and what to watch. But try to choose a book to your liking, take a break from everything in the world for a while, sit comfortably with a book, and you will understand that there are many books that you cannot live without, which are more important and interesting than many programs. I'm not saying stop watching TV. But I say: look with a choice. Spend your time on something that is worthy of this waste. Read more and read with the greatest choice. Decide for yourself your choice, in accordance with the role that your chosen book has acquired in the history of human culture in order to become a classic. This means that there is something significant in it. Or maybe this essential for the culture of mankind will be essential for you?

A classic is one that has stood the test of time. You won't waste your time with it. But the classics cannot answer all the questions of today. Therefore, it is necessary to read modern literature. Don't just jump on every trendy book. Don't be fussy. Vanity causes a person to recklessly spend the largest and most precious capital that he possesses - his time.

letter twenty-six

Learn to learn!

We are entering an age in which education, knowledge, professional skills will play a decisive role in the fate of a person. Without knowledge, by the way, which is becoming more and more complicated, it will simply be impossible to work, to be useful. For physical labor will be taken over by machines, robots. Even calculations will be done by computers, as well as drawings, calculations, reports, planning, etc. Man will bring in new ideas, think about things that a machine cannot think of. And for this, the general intelligence of a person, his ability to create something new and, of course, moral responsibility, which a machine cannot bear in any way, will be increasingly needed. Ethics, simple in previous ages, will become infinitely more complex in the age of science. It is clear. This means that a person will face the hardest and most difficult task of being not just a person, but a man of science, a person morally responsible for everything that happens in the age of machines and robots. General education can create a person of the future, a creative person, a creator of everything new and morally responsible for everything that will be created.

Teaching is what a young person needs now from a very young age. You must always learn. Until the end of his life, not only taught, but also studied all the major scientists. If you stop learning, you won't be able to teach. For knowledge is growing and becoming more complex. At the same time, it must be remembered that the most favorable time for learning is youth. It is in youth, in childhood, in adolescence, in youth, that the human mind is most receptive. Receptive to the study of languages ​​(which is extremely important), to mathematics, to the assimilation of simple knowledge and aesthetic development, standing next to moral development and partly stimulating it.

Know how not to waste time on trifles, on "rest", which sometimes tires more than the hardest work, do not fill your bright mind with muddy streams of stupid and aimless "information". Take care of yourself for learning, for acquiring knowledge and skills that you will master easily and quickly only in your youth.

And here I hear the heavy sigh of a young man: what a boring life you offer our youth! Only study. And where is the rest, entertainment? What are we not to rejoice at?

No. The acquisition of skills and knowledge is the same sport. Teaching is difficult when we do not know how to find joy in it. We must love to study and choose smart forms of recreation and entertainment that can also teach something, develop in us some abilities that will be needed in life.

What if you don't like studying? That cannot be. This means that you simply did not discover the joy that the acquisition of knowledge and skills brings to a child, a young man, a girl.

Look at a small child - with what pleasure he begins to learn to walk, talk, delve into various mechanisms (for boys), nurse dolls (for girls). Try to continue this joy of learning new things. This largely depends on you. Don't promise: I don't like to study! And you try to love all the subjects that you study at school. If other people liked them, then why might you not like them! Read real books, not just reading. Study history and literature. An intelligent person should know both well. They give a person a moral and aesthetic outlook, make the world around us big, interesting, radiating experience and joy. If you don’t like something in any subject, strain and try to find in it a source of joy - the joy of acquiring a new one.

Learn to love learning!

Text from the exam

(10) "Disinterested" reading was taught to me at school by my literature teacher. (11) I studied in the years when teachers were often forced to be absent from classes - either they dug trenches near Leningrad, or they had to help some factory, or they just got sick. (12) Leonid Vladimirovich (that was the name of my literature teacher) often came to class when the other teacher was absent, sat down at ease on the teacher's table and, taking books out of his portfolio, offered us something to read. (13) We already knew how he knew how to read, how he knew how to explain what he read, to laugh with us, to admire something, to be surprised at the art of the writer and to rejoice in the future. (14) So we listened to many places from "War and Peace", "The Captain's Daughter", several stories by Maupassant, an epic about Nightingale Budimirovich, another epic about Dobrynya Nikitich, a story about Woe-Misfortune, Krylov's fables, Derzhavin's odes and much, much other. (15) I still love what I listened to when I was a child. (16) And at home, father and mother loved to read in the evenings. (17) We read for ourselves, and read some of the places we liked for us. (18) I remember how they read Leskov, Mamin-Sibiryak, historical novels - everything that they liked and gradually began to like us. (19) "Disinterested" but interesting reading is what makes one love literature and broadens one's horizons.

(20) Be able to read not only for school answers and not only because everyone is reading this or that thing now - it is fashionable. (21) Know how to read with interest and slowly. (22) Why is the TV now partially replacing the book? (23) Yes, because the TV makes you slowly watch some kind of program, sit back comfortably so that nothing bothers you, it distracts you from worries, it dictates to you how to watch and what to watch. (24) But try to choose a book to your liking, take a break from everything in the world for a while, sit comfortably with a book, and you will understand that there are many books that you cannot live without, which are more important and interesting than many programs. (25) I'm not saying: stop watching TV. (26) But I say: look with a choice. (27) Spend your time on something that is worthy of this waste. (28) Read more and read with the greatest selection. (29) Determine for yourself your choice, in accordance with the role that the book you have chosen has acquired in the history of human culture in order to become a classic. (30) This means that there is something significant in it. (31) Or maybe this essential for the culture of mankind will be essential for you? (32) A classic is one that has stood the test of time. (33) With him you will not lose your time. (34) But the classics cannot answer all the questions of today. (35) Therefore, it is necessary to read modern literature. (36) Just don't jump on every trendy book. (37) Don't be vain. (38) After all, vanity makes a person recklessly spend the largest and most precious capital that he possesses - his time.

(According to D.S. Likhachev)

Introduction

Reading is a source of knowledge. With the help of reading, we can get information from the distant past, feel the inner state of a poet or writer who creates highly artistic works.

Recently, the book has been greatly supplanted by the latest technology - more and more people can be seen with tablets and phones. But the feeling when you completely immerse yourself in the written, inhale the smell of paper, experience all their sorrows and joys together with the characters is incomparable to anything.

Problem

D.S. Likhachev states the problem of attitudes towards reading, which is becoming less and less important for modern people. It's about reading fiction.

Comment

The author says that there is nothing more beautiful than the leisurely reading of literary works. Literature absorbs the incredible experience of people in various situations. It helps to understand people, understand the motivations of others, the human soul, it makes us wiser.

To realize the full benefit of the process is possible only with careful reading, which makes it possible to look at the details. If you didn’t get to read the book correctly, then you should re-read it several times.

In the life of every person there should be a work to which he will turn during periods of difficulties and doubts, which he will quote, being in noisy companies for general amusement or to relieve the atmosphere.

Reading should be chosen only according to your own taste, not relying on fashion, so as not to lose valuable time.

The author recalls his teacher of literature, who taught his students the sacrament of reading, gave the joy of communicating with the book. This was a particularly valuable experience, since his training took place during the war years, and the teacher was often forced to be absent from classes due to the construction of trenches or work in a factory. The works read at the lessons of Leonid Vladimirovich became the author's favorite for life.

A significant role in shaping the love of reading is played by parents, who, by their example, should show the child their attitude to the book, reread interesting moments together, and discuss.

For those who absolutely do not know what to read, the author recommends turning to the classics, which have stood the test of time and cannot be useless. To understand modern reality, it is worth reading modern authors.

Author's position

D.S. Likhachev urges to be attentive when reading, not to waste on the opinion of the crowd, not to chase after fashion. The main thing is that reading should cause pleasant sensations, so it is important to take a comfortable position, choose a time when no one will disturb you and you will have nowhere to rush. Only then can you get true knowledge and emotions.

own position

Argument #1

In the novel in verse by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" the main character Tatyana is passionate about reading. She reads novels that her mother loved, is fond of sentimental works. She is no less interested in philosophical works. After meeting Eugene Onegin, Tatyana begins to be attracted to the more serious works of Rousseau and Byron.

Spending long winter evenings unhurriedly reading, the girl gets as many emotions and impressions as we probably don’t get after watching the most exciting movie.

Argument #2

Another heroine of Russian literature is Sonya Marmeladova from the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" also puts reading at the head of his life. Her favorite book is the Bible. She turns to her in moments of doubt and emotional distress.

When she reads the legend of the resurrection of Lazarus for Raskolnikov, she is so absorbed in reading that trembling permeates her entire flesh. After reading it, Raskolnikov begins to think about many things.

Conclusion

Reading cannot be replaced. Neither watching movies, nor listening to audiobooks, nor even retelling the work, can fully give an idea of ​​the contents of the book.

For many people, reading books is what gives us the richest, most extensive and deepest experience of life. Many people think that if they read a book just to give an account to someone, it will bring as much benefit as deep, "selfless" reading. Is it so? Why should books be read with interest?

In the text of D.S. Likhachev raises the problem of interest in reading.

The author reveals this problem, discussing how he came to understand what “disinterested” reading is. The author tells us a story from his school childhood. D.S. Likhachev says that he was taught "disinterested" reading by a school teacher. He recalls how Leonid Vladimirovich knew how to read, to interest. The author emphasizes that they did it at ease, so these books sunk into their hearts: “I still love what I listened to when I was a child.” The guys just liked to listen and therefore they went into every little detail of the content of the book.

The author discusses this problem by comparing a book with a TV set. D.S. Likhachev gives his commentary on the question - why is the TV partially crowding out the book. Realizing that if you read a book, like a television program, "at your own pace, delving into the details", then the book can become even more interesting than some television programs.

There are many examples in literary works that confirm my idea. For example, in Yuri Yakovlev's story "Girls from Vasilyevsky Island" we see how Tanya Savicheva's friend holds her diary in her hands. Valya Zaitseva had to rewrite the contents of Tanya's diary on concrete slabs. The girl read every word and imagined what happened to Tanya. It was hard for Valya Zaitseva to write this, because she read carefully and a real picture of what was happening with Tanya opened before her. Thus, we see that only careful, "disinterested" reading reveals a real picture of what is happening.

Another example proving my point may be the heroine of the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". Tatyana Larina, when she read books, imagined herself as the heroine of these books. She read books attentively and "disinterestedly", she just liked it. She went into details and therefore she could see the true picture of the work.

Thus, I was again convinced that the book should be read with interest. Attentively and naturally, going into every detail of what is happening. Only then can one see the true thoughts of what the author wanted to convey. Only then will the book give us a vast and profound experience of life.