In a newborn child, all analyzer systems are morphologically ready for display. However, they must go through a significant path of functional development.

The most organ of knowledge of the child is the mouth, so taste sensations arise before the rest. At 3-4 weeks of a child's life, auditory and visual concentration appears, which indicates her readiness for visual and auditory sensations. In the third month of life, she begins to master the motor skills of the eyes. The fixation of an object that acts on the analyzer is associated with the coordination of eye movements.

The child quickly develops a visual analyzer. Especially sensitivity to colors, visual acuity, general sensitivity to light stimuli.

The development of auditory sensations is of great importance. Already in the third month, the child localizes sounds, turns his head to the source of the sound, reacts to music and singing. The development of auditory sensations is closely related to language acquisition. At the third month of life, the child can already distinguish the affectionate and angry tone of the tongue stretching towards her, and at the sixth month of life, she distinguishes the voices of people close to her.

I. M. Sechenov emphasized the great importance of kinesthetic sensations in the development of cognitive activity. The perfection of the motor sphere of the child, the differentiation of its movements, necessary for the performance of various types of activity, largely depends on them.

M. M. Koltsova put forward the idea of ​​the unity and interconnection of all manifestations of the motor analyzer, starting from simple motor components and ending with the kinesthesia of the language. During the formation of the language, restriction of movements leads to the cessation of babble and pronunciation of the first syllables. The rhythm of speech correlates with the rhythm of bodily movements that the child makes. The arguments of M. M. Koltsova coincide with those experimental data that show the relationship of rhythm, tempo and loudness of speech with temperament.

Organic sensations in interaction with kinesthesia and distant sensations form another vital complex of sensitivity. The basis here is organic feelings and sensations of the body scheme (correspondence of its parts). The feeling of health, strength gives a person cheerfulness, self-confidence, stimulates vigorous activity.

Consequently, sensations arise and develop throughout a person's life and constitute its sensory organization.

B. G. Ananiev writes that there are no significant differences in the level of sensitivity of the same analyzers in children, although they are obvious in an adult. Hypersensitivity is noted in steelmakers, artists, textile workers. So, textile workers distinguish 30-40 shades of black fabric, while non-specialists - only 2-3 shades. Therapists are very good at distinguishing noises. Consequently, activity affects the development of types of sensitivity that are significant for a given profession. It has been experimentally confirmed that it is possible to increase the sensitivity to human recognition tenfold.

The formation of a socially significant personality can take place on an extremely limited sensory basis, even if the two leading sensitivities - sight and hearing - are lost. Then tactile, vibrational, olfactory sensitivity becomes the leading one in the development of personality. The example of the deaf-blind A. Skorokhodov, an outstanding psychologist, convincingly shows what heights of creative activity a person can achieve, relying in his development on "non-wire" sensations.

Development of sensations The improvement of sensations in the course of a person's individual life can consist both in increasing the sensitivity of one or another analyzer, and in developing the ability to distinguish - a clearer differentiation of various properties of external objects. For example, a person may have a high threshold of auditory sensitivity, but not be able to distinguish their constituent parts in complex sound stimuli: a musical chord is perceived by this person in a generalized way, he does not distinguish individual tones in it. This shortcoming can be corrected: through purposeful training, a person can develop his ability to feel, learn to distinguish musical tones. An athlete, who performs a ski jump for the first time, is poorly versed in his muscular-motor sensations, although he may have a great sensitivity of the motor analyzer. After the first jump, he can talk about it only in the most general form, without highlighting individual sensations. However, in the process of training, his motor sensations become clearer, as a result of which he can differentiate the individual elements of his movements. The development of sensations is based on the concentration of excitations in the cortical sections of the analyzers, limiting their initial generalization by developing special differentiations. This process, as I. P. Pavlov says, is nothing more than "the gradual damping of the initially widely excited cerebral end of the analyzer, excluding its smallest part that corresponds to the given conditioned stimulus." In humans, this process is active. This or that activity for its best performance requires focusing on individual elements of the work. In this regard, these elements are highlighted and better reflected in sensations. Physical exercise, associated with the conscious execution of very precise movements, is highly conducive to the development of muscle-motor sensations. An experienced athlete can accurately differentiate the subtlest muscle-motor sensations associated with the sport in which he trains. There is not a single type of sensation that could not be developed in the process of training. The second signaling system plays an important role in this. Feelings become clearer and more distinct if they are associated with their verbal designations. The development of sensations that are important in a particular type of activity is in direct connection with the presence of differentiated terminology and its correct application. It would hardly be possible to develop well the sensations of musical tones if these tones were not denoted by the corresponding terms. What is not indicated by a word is poorly distinguished from the general complex.

6. In psychopathology, the following violations of sensations are distinguished, which include:

1. Hyperesthesia - a violation of sensitivity, which is expressed in the super-strong perception of light, sound, smell. It is typical for conditions after somatic diseases, traumatic brain injury. Patients may perceive the rustling of leaves in the wind as rumbling iron, and natural light as very bright.

2. Hypothesia - decreased sensitivity to sensory stimuli. The environment is perceived as faded, dull, indistinguishable. This phenomenon is typical of depressive disorders.

3. Anesthesia - most often the loss of tactile sensitivity, or the functional loss of the ability to perceive taste, smell, individual objects, is typical for dissociative (hysterical) disorders.

4. Paresthesia - a feeling of tingling, burning, crawling. Usually in zones corresponding to the zones of Zakharyin-Ged. Typical for somatoform mental disorders and somatic diseases. Paresthesias are due to the peculiarities of blood supply and innervation, which differ from senestopathies. The heaviness under the right hypochondrium has long been familiar to me, and occurs after fatty foods, but sometimes it spreads into pressure over the right collarbone and into the right shoulder joint.

5. Senestopathies - complex unusual sensations in the body with experiences of movement, transfusion, overflow. Often frivolous and expressed in unusual metaphorical language, for example, patients talk about the movement of a tickle inside the brain, the transfusion of fluid from the throat to the genitals, stretching and constriction of the esophagus. I feel, says patient S., that ... as if the veins and vessels were empty, and air is being pumped through them, which must necessarily enter the heart and it will stop. Sort of like swelling under the skin. And then pushes of bubbles and boiling of blood.

6. Phantom syndrome is observed in persons with loss of limbs. The patient represses the absence of a limb and seems to feel pain or movement in the missing limb. Often such experiences arise after awakening and are supplemented by dreams in which the patient sees himself with a missing limb.

7. STUDY METHODS

experimental

Methods for studying sensations are associated with experiments, mainly physiological or psychophysiological.

Pain sensations have one feature, which can be noticed by easily pricking a finger. First, there is a relatively weak, but precisely localized pain sensation. After 1-2 seconds it becomes more intense. For the first time, G. Head managed to share this “double feeling” in 1903. His sensory nerve was cut for experimental purposes. Then it was already known that the nerves are able to recover. Immediately after the transection, all types of sensitivity disappeared in the experimental area, which were restored at an unequal rate. After 8-10 weeks, the first signs of recovery appeared, after 5 months pain sensitivity was restored, but very peculiar. A light injection, even a touch from an assistant, caused an excruciating, almost unbearable feeling of pain. The subject was screaming, shaking all over, clutching at the one who irritated. At the same time, if he was blindfolded, he could not tell where the sensation of pain arises. And only five years later the pain fully recovered. This is how the doctrine of protopathic and epicritical sensitivity arose. Protopathic sensitivity (from the Greek protos - the first and pathos - suffering)

represents the most ancient primitive undifferentiated sensitivity of a low level, and epicpytic (from the Greek. epikriticos - making a decision) is a highly sensitive and finely differentiated type of sensitivity that arose at later stages of phylogenesis.

Diagnostic

Diagnostic methods for studying sensations are mainly related to the measurement of sensitivity thresholds and require the presence of special equipment.

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Sensations are an elementary mental cognitive process of direct reflection of individual features, properties of objects and phenomena when they act on the sense organs. Sensations are the elementary basis of all cognitive processes in general, however, in addition to cognitive processes, they also perform regulatory, communicative and motivational functions.

Classification of sensations:

1. Exteroceptive - skin, taste;

2. Proprioceptive - pressure, stretching in muscles, ligaments, joints.

3. Interoceptive - pain, temperature;

4. Special vibrational and vestibular sensations.

Feel properties:

1. Quality - each type of sensation has its own specific features that distinguish it from other types (auditory sensations are characterized by pitch, timbre, loudness, etc.)

2. Intensity - is determined by the strength of the acting stimulus and the functional state of the receptor.

3. Duration - is determined by the functional state of the sense organ, the duration of the stimulus and its intensity.

4. Spatial localization of the stimulus.

Feeling patterns:

1. Sensations are specific and correspond to the morphophysiological organization of their receptors, sensory organs. The specificity of the sense organs, receptors and their sensations naturally develops under the influence of specific stimuli. In their absence, not only the sensations themselves disappear, but the sense organ itself is reduced (the eyes of a mole).

2. Sensations are spatially projected at the site of action of the stimulus (finger prick).

3. Adaptation of sensations: positive, negative. Negative adaptation occurs under the influence of strong suprathreshold stimuli that act for a long time and constantly. The highest degree of adaptation of this type can be a complete negative adaptation, when a person does not feel the action of the stimulus at all. Positive adaptation occurs under the influence of threshold and subthreshold stimuli.

4. The law of sensitivity, or thresholds of sensations. The lower absolute threshold is determined by the smallest strength of the stimulus that causes primary sensations. Weaker irritation does not cause sensations and are subthreshold. The upper absolute threshold is determined by the greatest strength of the stimulus, at which a sensation still occurs. If the strength of the stimulus is greater than the upper absolute threshold, pain may occur, and the sense organ itself may be destroyed.

5. The law of contrast of sensations. The intensity and quality of sensations depends on previous, successive and simultaneous stimuli (cold and room temperature water).

6. The law of synesthesia - manifests itself in the appearance on the basis of any analyzer of sensations that are not specific to this analyzer (color music, warm or cold light). The reason for such phenomena is the interaction of the mechanisms of various analyzers in temporal and neural connections, as well as the anatomical proximity of the analyzers.

7. The law of compensation for sensations determines the increased functions of present sensations, an integral sensory sphere in case of loss or inhibition of other sensations of this sensory sphere (the blind hear better).

Perception - a cognitive mental process, consisting in the reflection of objects and phenomena, in activity, in their integrity, in the unity of their properties. Perception arises from the direct interaction of the subject with the surrounding world. The result of perception is holistic images, which in humans differ in varying degrees of structure, constancy, objectivity and meaningfulness. In humans, perception can be arbitrary and conscious.

Perception functions: orientational, communicative, cognitive, regulatory, activity.

Perception properties:

1. Volume - a property that determines a person's ability to simultaneously perceive an individually limited number of units or objects of perception.

2. Integrity - the earliest property, which is determined by the objective systemic integrity of the object and the homogeneity of spaces. limitation, that is, a certain form.

3. Structurality - is determined by 2 operations: analysis and comparison.

This property is formed in children at school age in connection with the development of the cognitive sphere.

4. Objectivity - the ability to spatially combine the image of perception with its subject

5. Constancy - the ability to adequately perceive repeatedly and under changed conditions the same object, i.e. in a different position in space under different lighting, and maybe a slightly changed object, a person recognizes as the same upon repeated perception.

6. Meaningfulness, that is, the definition of not only the image of an object or phenomenon, but also the meaning, purpose and other semantic characteristics.

7. Apperception - the main setting through which people. perceives and understands the environment. The attitude is determined by a number of factors: age and personal experience, the peculiarity of the cognitive sphere, professional experience, motivational and value orientation.

8. Transposition - transfer to different objects of perception of a common feature for all of them. It is based on 3 operations: analysis, comparison and generalization.

9. Purposefulness - a property determined by the degree of development of consciousness.

Classification of types of perception:

1. Simple perception is the result of the reflection of one analyzer and the formation of single-mode images (visual, auditory, etc.)

2. Complex - a reflection of the image of one object in the interaction of various analyzers.

3. Special - the perception of space, time, movement, man by man.

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Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..3

1. Sensation: concept, meaning, features of sensations in humans and animals……………………………………………………………………………4

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………15

Introduction

We learn about the richness of the world around us, about sounds and colors, smells and temperature, size and much more through the senses. With the help of the sense organs, the human body receives in the form of sensations a variety of information about the state of the external and internal environment.

Sensation is the simplest mental process, which consists in reflecting the individual properties of objects and phenomena of the material world, as well as the internal states of the body with the direct impact of stimuli on the corresponding receptors.

The sense organs receive, select, accumulate information and transmit it to the brain, which receives and processes this huge and inexhaustible stream every second. As a result, there is an adequate reflection of the surrounding world and the state of the organism itself.

Since sensations result from the action of a certain stimulus on the corresponding receptor, the classification of sensations proceeds from the properties of the stimuli that cause them and the receptors that are affected by these stimuli.

The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that the feeling of a role in the life of a reasonable person.

1. Sensation: concept, meaning, features of sensations in humans and animals

As already mentioned above: sensation, sensory experience is the simplest mental process, which is a mental reflection of individual properties and conditions of the external environment, arising from a direct impact on the sense organs, a differentiated perception by the subject of internal or external stimuli and stimuli with the participation of the nervous system.

In psychology, sensations are considered the first stage (in fact, they are not included there) of a series of biochemical and neurological processes, which begins with the impact of the external (environment) environment on the receptors of the sensory organ (that is, the organ of sensation) and then leads to perception, or perception (recognition ) .

In the Soviet-Russian psychological school, it is customary to consider sensation and feeling as synonyms, but this is not always true for other psychological schools. Other equivalents to the term sensations are sensory processes and sensitivity.

Both animals and humans have sensations and the perceptions and ideas that have arisen on their basis. However, human sensations are different from animal sensations. A person's feelings are mediated by his knowledge, i.e. socio-historical experience of mankind. Expressing this or that property of things and phenomena in the word (“red”, “cold”), we thereby carry out elementary generalizations of these properties. A person's feelings are connected with his knowledge, the generalized experience of the individual.

Sensations reflect the objective qualities of phenomena (color, smell, temperature, taste, etc.), their intensity (for example, higher or lower temperature) and duration. Human sensations are as interconnected as the various properties of reality are interconnected.
2. Physiological basis of sensations

The physiological basis of sensations is the processes of nervous excitation, which take place in special nervous mechanisms called analyzers.

The function of the analyzers is to decompose into separate elements complex influences emanating from the external or internal environment. With their help, the “highest, most subtle analysis” (Pavlov) is carried out, which is necessary for the differentiated adaptation of the organism to environmental conditions. The analyzers have a complex structure, in which receptors, pathways and central sections of the analyzers are distinguished.

Receptors are nervous devices very different in their structure (see the figure below), adapted to the perception of certain stimuli, which are transformed by them into special nerve excitations. In the receptors, the initial, or lower, analysis of the influences of the environment is carried out.

The conductive parts of the analyzers serve only as transmitters of nervous excitations.

The brain ends, or central (cortical) sections, analyzers consist of cells of the cerebral cortex of the cerebral hemispheres with a specific structure. They carry out the highest analysis, which provides the most accurate adaptive reactions of the body. The centripetal nerve impulses that come here cause nervous processes in the corresponding parts of the cortex, which form the physiological basis of sensations.

With all the diversity of their morphological structure, analyzers in their totality represent a certain integral system, and not the sum of isolated nervous devices.

The physiological basis of sensations is made up of complex diverse conditioned reflex processes. Analyzers are "self-adjusting" neural devices operating on the principle of feedback. Thus, the receptors are better adapted to the perception of stimuli (for example, turning towards the stimulus), strengthening or weakening the processes of excitation and inhibition in peripheral nerve devices, etc. Thus, the function of the analyzers cannot be considered as simply conducting nervous excitation from receptors to cerebral cortex. A large role in their activity is played by various reflex connections that regulate in a certain way both the work of receptors and involve other analyzers in the overall activity. So, for example, a light stimulus causes not only a reaction of the light-sensing organ itself (decomposition of the visual purple of the rods and cones of the retina), but at the same time, constriction or expansion of the pupil and accommodation of the lens: a strong sound stimulus causes not only the corresponding auditory sensation, but also the expansion of the pupil and increased light sensitivity of the retina.

3. Types of sensations, characteristics of types

Different schools have different attitudes towards the problem of sensory processes. B. G. Ananiev in his work “The Theory of Sensations” singled out the largest number of sensations (11). There are more types of receptors in animals.

distant sensations

• Vision
• Smell

contact sensations

• Tactile sensations
• Temperature sensations
• vibration sensations
• kinesthetic sensations

deep feelings

• Sensitivity from internal organs
• muscle sensitivity
• vestibular sensitivity
• Dizziness (symptom)

According to the nature of the reflection and the location of the receptors, it is customary to divide sensations into three groups:

1. exteroceptive, reflecting the properties of objects and phenomena of the external environment and having receptors on the surface of the body;
2. interoceptive, having receptors located in the internal organs and tissues of the body and reflecting the state of the internal organs;
3. proprioceptive, whose receptors are located in the muscles and ligaments and provide information about the movement and position of our body. The subclass of proprioception, which is the sensitivity to movement, is also called kinesthesia, and the corresponding receptors are called kinesthetic.

Exteroceptors can be divided into two groups: contact and distant receptors. Contact receptors transmit irritation through direct contact with objects that act on them. These include: touch and taste buds. Distant receptors respond to stimuli emanating from a distant object. These include visual, auditory and olfactory. I have named only five receptors corresponding to the types of sensations, but in reality there are many more.

The composition of touch, along with tactile sensations (sensations of touch), includes a completely independent type of sensations - temperature. Temperature sensations are not only part of the sense of touch, but also have an independent, more general significance for the entire process of thermoregulation and heat exchange between the body and the environment. An intermediate position between tactile and auditory sensations is occupied by vibrational sensations. A large role in the overall process of human orientation in the environment is played by sensations of balance and acceleration. The complex systemic mechanism of these sensations covers the vestibular apparatus, vestibular nerves and various parts of the cortex, subcortex and cerebellum.

From the point of view of the data of modern science, the accepted division of sensations into external and internal is not enough. Some types of sensations can be considered external-internal. These include temperature and pain, taste and vibration, muscular-articular and static-dynamic.

Sensations are a form of reflection of adequate stimuli. An adequate exciter of visual sensation is electromagnetic radiation, characterized by wavelengths in the range from 380 to 770 millimicrons, which are transformed in the visual analyzer into a nervous process that generates a visual sensation. Auditory sensations are the result of exposure to receptors of sound waves with an oscillation frequency of 16 to 20,000 Hz. Tactile sensations are caused by the action of mechanical stimuli on the surface of the skin. Vibratory, which acquire special significance for the deaf, are caused by the vibration of objects. Other sensations (temperature, olfactory, taste) also have their own specific stimuli. However, different types of sensations are characterized not only by specificity, but also by properties common to them. These properties include quality, intensity, duration, and spatial localization.

4. Basic properties of sensations

Quality is the main feature of a given sensation, distinguishing it from other types of sensations and varying within a given type. Auditory sensations differ in pitch, timbre, loudness; visual - by saturation, color tone, etc. The qualitative variety of sensations reflects the infinite variety of forms of motion of matter.

The intensity of sensation is its quantitative characteristic and is determined by the strength of the acting stimulus and the functional state of the receptor.

The duration of a sensation is its temporal characteristic. It is also determined by the functional state of the sense organ, but mainly by the duration of the stimulus and its intensity. When a stimulus is applied to a sense organ, sensation does not occur immediately, but after some time, which is called the latent (hidden) period of sensation. The latent period for different types of sensations is not the same: for tactile sensations, for example, it is 130 milliseconds, for pain - 370 milliseconds. The taste sensation occurs 50 milliseconds after the application of a chemical stimulus to the surface of the tongue.

Just as a sensation does not arise simultaneously with the beginning of the action of the stimulus, it does not disappear simultaneously with the termination of its action. This inertia of sensations is manifested in the so-called aftereffect.

The visual sensation has some inertia and does not disappear immediately after the stimulus that caused it ceases to act. The principle of cinematography is based on the inertia of vision, on the preservation of a visual impression for some time.

A similar phenomenon occurs in other analyzers. For example, auditory, temperature, pain and taste sensations also continue for some time after the action of the stimulus.

Sensations are also characterized by the spatial localization of the stimulus. Spatial analysis, carried out by distant receptors, gives us information about the localization of the stimulus in space. Contact sensations (tactile, pain, taste) correspond to that part of the body that is affected by the stimulus. At the same time, the localization of pain sensations is diffuse and less accurate than tactile ones.

Various sense organs that give us information about the state of the external world around us can display these phenomena with greater or lesser accuracy. The sensitivity of the sense organ is determined by the minimum stimulus that, under given conditions, is capable of causing a sensation. The minimum strength of the stimulus that causes a barely noticeable sensation is called the lower absolute threshold of sensitivity.

Irritants of lesser strength, the so-called subthreshold ones, do not cause sensations, and signals about them are not transmitted to the cerebral cortex. The cortex at every single moment from an infinite number of impulses perceives only vital ones, delaying all the rest, including impulses from internal organs. This position is biologically reasonable. It is impossible to imagine the life of an organism in which the cerebral cortex would equally perceive all impulses and provide reactions to them. This would lead the body to inevitable death.

The lower threshold of sensations determines the level of absolute sensitivity of this analyzer. There is an inverse relationship between absolute sensitivity and the threshold value: the lower the threshold value, the higher the sensitivity of this analyzer.

Our analyzers have different sensitivities. The threshold of one human olfactory cell for the corresponding odorous substances does not exceed 8 molecules. It takes at least 25,000 times more molecules to produce a taste sensation than it does to create an olfactory sensation.

The sensitivity of the visual and auditory analyzer is very high. The human eye, as shown by the experiments of S.I. Vavilov, is able to see light when only 2 - 8 quanta of radiant energy hit the retina. This means that we would be able to see a burning candle in complete darkness at a distance of up to 27 kilometers. At the same time, in order for us to feel touch, we need 100-10,000,000 times more energy than with visual or auditory sensations.

Description of work

We learn about the richness of the world around us, about sounds and colors, smells and temperature, size and much more through the senses. With the help of the sense organs, the human body receives in the form of sensations a variety of information about the state of the external and internal environment.
Sensation is the simplest mental process, which consists in reflecting the individual properties of objects and phenomena of the material world, as well as the internal states of the body with the direct impact of stimuli on the corresponding receptors.

Content

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..3
1. Sensation: concept, meaning, features of sensations in humans and animals………………………………………………………………………………4
2. The physiological basis of sensations……………………………………………5
3. Types of sensations, characteristics of types…………………………………….7
4. Basic properties of sensations…………………………………………………10
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………… 15
List of used literature…………………………………………..16

Feeling- This is a mental cognitive process, which consists in reflecting the individual properties of objects that have a significant impact on the sense organs of the individual. Feeling in a person's life occupies a special position: it helps to perceive the world around us, to build interdisciplinary connections based on one's own impressions. Human sensations interact very closely with all the senses: sight, hearing, smell and touch are "guides" to the mysterious inner world of the individual.

Feelings are both objective and subjective. Objectivity lies in the fact that in this process there is always a reflection of an external stimulus. Subjectivity is expressed in the individual perception of a particular analyzer.

How does the analyzer engine work? Its task consists of three stages:

The stimulus affects the receptor, as a result of which the latter has a process of irritation, which is transmitted to the corresponding analyzer. For example, if you shout loudly, the individual will definitely turn towards the source of the noise, even if he is not facing him personally.

The nature of human sensations is extremely diverse. What can be attributed to sensations? First of all, these are our feelings that make up the essence of emotions: feelings of anxiety, a sense of danger, the unreality of what is happening, uncontrollable joy and sadness. The process of sensation is made up of numerous experiences, which, creating a moving string of events, form the emotional sphere of a person with its individual characteristics.

Types of sensations

• visual sensations are formed as a result of contact of light rays with the retina of the human eye. She is the receptor that is affected! The visual analyzer is designed in such a way that the light-refracting component, consisting of a lens and a vitreous transparent liquid, forms an image. Feelings may be different. So, the same stimulus has a different effect on people: some person, at the sight of a dog running up to him, will carefully turn to the side, another will calmly pass by. The strength of the impact of the stimulus on the nervous system depends on the development of the emotional sphere and individual characteristics.
• auditory sensations arise through special stimuli - auditory waves that propagate sound vibrations. The auditory sensations that the human analyzer can catch consist of three types - speech, music and noise. The first arise as a result of the perception of the speech of another person. When we listen to a monologue, we involuntarily begin to pay attention not only to the meaning of the spoken phrases, but also to the intonation, the timbre of the voice. Musical sounds can give our ears an unimaginable aesthetic pleasure. Listening to certain melodies, a person calms down or, conversely, excites his nervous system. There are cases when musical accompaniment helped a person in solving complex problems, inspired new discoveries, creative achievements. Noise almost always negatively affects the auditory analyzers of the individual and his state of mind. Constant exposure to noise adversely affects the psyche and can lead to complete or partial hearing loss.
• vibration sensations also referred to as auditory. It has been noticed that in people with disabilities (blind and deaf), the ability to perceive vibrations increases several times! For a healthy person, short-term fluctuations have a positive effect: they calm, stimulate activity or encourage specific steps. However, if the vibrations of the same type are repeated for too long, they will become a source of poor health and lead to a state of irritation.
• Olfactory sensations are called to be "on guard" of our health. Before taking food, a person feels its aroma. If the product is stale, the olfactory analyzer will immediately send a signal to the brain that this food should not be consumed. Also, by smell, you can recognize familiar places or return to different experiences. For example, inhaling the aroma of fresh strawberries heated in the sun, we remember the warm summer and the special mood that accompanied the rest at that moment.
• Taste sensations are directly related to the ability to recognize the taste of food and enjoy its diversity. There are taste buds on the tongue that are sensitive to these sensations. Moreover, different parts of the tongue react differently to the same food. So, sweet is best perceived by the tip, sour - by the edges, bitter - by the root of the tongue. To create a complete picture of taste sensations, it is necessary that the food be as diverse as possible.
• Tactile sensations carry the opportunity to get acquainted with the state of the physical body, to determine what it is: liquid, solid, sticky or rough. Most accumulations of tactile receptors are on the fingertips, lips, neck, and palms. Thanks to tactile sensations, a person, even with his eyes closed, can accurately determine which object is in front of him. For blind people, hands partially replace vision.
• Feeling the pressure perceived as a strong touch. A characteristic feature of this sensation is complete concentration in one place, as a result of which the force of the impact increases.
• Pain are formed as a result of exposure to the skin or internal organs of adverse factors. The pain can be stabbing, cutting, aching, it varies in intensity. Pain sensations are located under the skin deeper than the touch receptors.
• Temperature sensations associated with the function of heat transfer. There are receptors on the human body that react differently to heat and cold. So, for example, the back and feet are most sensitive to cold, while the chest remains warm.
• kinesthetic sensations called actually tactile. They are necessary for the formation of a sense of balance, determining the position of the body in space. A person, even with his eyes closed, can easily tell whether he is lying now, sitting or standing. The perception of movement and motor activity are important components of kinesthetic sensations. They create a feeling of confidence when moving the body in space.

Development of sensations and perception

For the development of all types of sensations, it is necessary to use a specially selected set of exercises. At the same time, it is recommended to pay attention to irritants that will occur naturally during the day and try to observe them. So, sunrise can bring no less pleasure than painting or playing a musical instrument. By learning to notice the beauty of the environment, a person “trains” his senses, activates their work, refines perception, and therefore he becomes happier. Below are exercises that can be used both in combination and separately from each other.

"Tree Watch"

This exercise can be performed for quite a long time. And the longer you begin to do it, the deeper you can master and develop your visual sensations. Its essence is as follows: not far from your home, you need to choose one tree, which you will periodically observe. Intervals in observation should have an equal interval: two to five days, at most a week. The time of year is not important, but it is desirable to be able to observe seasonal changes.

At the set hour, leave the house and head to the selected object. For ten to fifteen minutes, simply contemplate the natural beauty embodied in this particular tree. You can think of something of your own, but most importantly, do not forget to note the essential details. Considering the tree, try to answer the following questions as fully as possible: how it looks, what feelings you have, what has changed since the last visit (for example, there were more yellow leaves in the fall or fresh, green ones appeared in the spring). Exercise perfectly develops observation, provides a unique opportunity to relax the soul from daily worries and experiences. The strength of this task lies in its simplicity and accessibility for every individual.

"Who sings louder?"

This exercise is aimed at developing auditory sensations and can be used in practice by both adults and children. While on a walk, set yourself the goal of distinguishing the singing of birds, listening to the sounds uttered by wildlife. It is best to “listen” to the birds in the early morning, when there are still no extraneous sounds and there are few people on the street. You'd be surprised how much you didn't notice before. Be sure to mark your observations in a special notebook, write down important thoughts that come to mind.

"Guess - ka"

The whole family can play this game. The exercise is aimed at developing olfactory sensations. The task is not difficult to perform: you buy several products of different categories and varieties in the store. Products can be chosen to your taste, however, keep in mind that homeowners should not know what exactly your choice was. Then you invite relatives with their eyes closed at close range to identify the product. Bring them to the nose in turn cucumber, peeled banana, yogurt, milk, tomato. The task of your opponents is to guess what kind of food you brought home. Children are allowed to ask leading questions. Exercise is a great mood lifter.

"What am I feeling right now?"

The essence of this exercise is to compose for yourself as clearly as possible a spectrum of temperature and tactile sensations. To achieve the desired effect, follow simple recommendations: while taking a shower, turn on cool and warm water alternately. Notice how you feel during these periods of time. You can write down your thoughts in a special notebook, then it will be interesting to read.

Going outside in warm weather, try to mentally tune in to the perception of temperature. Notice how the skin receptors "rejoice" in the sunlight, how pleasant it is for you to walk in light clothes through which air freely penetrates. When you get home, record your observations on paper.

Thus, the role of sensations in human life is significant enough. Thanks to sensations, it becomes possible to distinguish colors and colors of one's own mood, to see the world around in all its diversity. The process of sensation gives each of us the ability to become the creator of our individuality.