Shapovalov Igor Vasilyevich Head of the Department of Education. Biodamage of building materials by fungi Shapovalov Igor Vasilievich

Introduction

1. Biodamages and mechanisms of biodegradation of building materials. Problem Status 10

1.1 Biodamage Agents 10

1.2 Factors affecting the fungus resistance of building materials ... 16

1.3 Mechanism of mycodestruction of building materials 20

1.4 Ways to improve the fungus resistance of building materials 28

2 Objects and methods of research 43

2.1 Objects of study 43

2.2 Research methods 45

2.2.1 Physical and mechanical research methods 45

2.2.2 Physical and chemical research methods 48

2.2.3 Biological research methods 50

2.2.4 Mathematical processing of research results 53

3 Myodestruction of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders 55

3.1. Mushroom resistance of the most important components of building materials...55

3.1.1. Fungus resistance of mineral aggregates 55

3.1.2. Fungus resistance of organic aggregates 60

3.1.3. Fungus resistance of mineral and polymer binders 61

3.2. Mushroom resistance of various types of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders 64

3.3. Kinetics of growth and development of mold fungi on the surface of gypsum and polymer composites 68

3.4. Influence of metabolic products of micromycetes on the physical and mechanical properties of gypsum and polymer composites 75

3.5. Mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone 80

3.6. The mechanism of mycodestruction of polyester composite 83

Modeling the processes of mycodestruction of building materials ...89

4.1. Kinetic model of growth and development of mold fungi on the surface of building materials 89

4.2. Diffusion of metabolites of micromycetes into the structure of dense and porous building materials 91

4.3. Forecasting the durability of building materials used in conditions of mycological aggression 98

Findings 105

Improving the fungus resistance of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders 107

5.1 Cement concretes 107

5.2 Gypsum materials 111

5.3 Polymer composites 115

5.4 Feasibility study of the effectiveness of the use of building materials with increased fungus resistance 119

Findings 121

General conclusions 123

List of sources used 126

Appendix 149

Introduction to work

6 In this regard, a comprehensive study of the processes

biodeterioration of building materials in order to increase their

durability and reliability.

The work was carried out in accordance with the research program on the instructions of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation "Modeling of environmentally friendly and waste-free technologies"

Purpose and objectives of the study. The aim of the research was to establish patterns of mycodestruction of building materials and increase their fungus resistance. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved:

study of the fungus resistance of various building materials and

their individual components;

assessment of the intensity of diffusion of mold fungi metabolites in

the structure of dense and porous building materials;

determination of the nature of the change in the strength properties of building

materials under the influence of mold metabolites;

establishment of the mechanism of mycodestruction of building materials on

based on mineral and polymer binders;

development of fungus-resistant building materials through

using complex modifiers.

Scientific novelty. The relationship between the activity modulus and the fungus resistance of mineral aggregates of various chemical and mineralogical

composition, which consists in the fact that aggregates with an activity modulus of less than 0.215 are not fungus-resistant.

A classification of building materials according to fungus resistance is proposed, which makes it possible to conduct their targeted selection for operation in conditions of mycological aggression.

The patterns of diffusion of mold fungi metabolites into the structure of building materials with different densities were revealed. It has been shown that in dense materials metabolites are concentrated in the surface layer, while in materials with low density they are evenly distributed throughout the volume.

The mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone and composites based on polyester resins has been established. It is shown that the corrosion destruction of gypsum stone is caused by the occurrence of tensile stress in the walls of the pores of the material due to the formation of organic calcium salts, which are products of the interaction of metabolites with calcium sulfate. The destruction of the polyester composite occurs due to the splitting of bonds in the polymer matrix under the action of exoenzymes of mold fungi.

The practical significance of the work.

A method is proposed for increasing the fungi resistance of building materials by using complex modifiers, which makes it possible to ensure fungicide and high physical and mechanical properties of materials.

Fungus-resistant compositions of building materials based on cement, gypsum, polyester and epoxy binders with high physical and mechanical characteristics have been developed.

Cement concrete compositions with high fungus resistance have been introduced at the OJSC KMA Proektzhilstroy.

The results of the dissertation work were used in the educational process at the course "Protection of building materials and structures against corrosion" for students of specialties 290300 - "Industrial and civil construction" and specialty 290500 - "Urban construction and economy".

Approbation of work. The results of the dissertation work were presented at the International scientific and practical conference "Quality, safety, energy and resource saving in the building materials industry on the threshold of the XXI century" (Belgorod, 2000); II regional scientific-practical conference "Modern problems of technical, natural science and humanitarian knowledge" (Gubkin, 2001); III International scientific-practical conference - school-seminar of young scientists, graduate students and doctoral students "Modern problems of building materials science" (Belgorod, 2001); International Scientific and Practical Conference "Ecology - Education, Science and Industry" (Belgorod, 2002); Scientific and practical seminar "Problems and ways of creating composite materials from secondary mineral resources" (Novokuznetsk, 2003);

International congress "Modern technologies in the industry of building materials and building industry" (Belgorod, 2003).

Publications. The main provisions and results of the dissertation are presented in 9 publications.

Scope and structure of work. The dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters, general conclusions, a list of references, including 181 titles, and appendices. The work is presented on 148 pages of typewritten text, including 21 tables, 20 figures and 4 appendices.

The author thanks Cand. biol. Sci., Associate Professor, Department of Mycology and Phytoimmunology, Kharkiv National University. V.N. Karazina T.I. Prudnikov for consultations in the course of research on mycodestruction of building materials, and the faculty of the Department of Inorganic Chemistry of the Belgorod State Technological University named after V.I. V.G. Shukhov for consultations and methodological assistance.

Factors affecting the fungus resistance of building materials

The degree of damage to building materials by mold fungi depends on a number of factors, among which, first of all, ecological and geographical factors of the environment and the physicochemical properties of materials should be noted. The development of microorganisms is inextricably linked with environmental factors: humidity, temperature, concentration of substances in aqueous solutions, somatic pressure, radiation. The humidity of the environment is the most important factor determining the vital activity of mold fungi. Soil fungi begin to develop at a moisture content above 75%, and the optimum moisture content is 90%. The temperature of the environment is a factor that has a significant impact on the vital activity of micromycetes. Each type of mold fungi has its own temperature interval of vital activity and its own optimum. Micromycetes are divided into three groups: psychrophiles (cold-loving) with a life interval of 0-10C and an optimum of 10C; mesophiles (preferring average temperatures) - respectively 10-40C and 25C, thermophiles (heat-loving) - respectively 40-80C and 60C.

It is also known that X-ray and radioactive radiation in small doses stimulates the development of certain microorganisms, and in large doses it kills them.

The active acidity of the medium is of great importance for the development of microscopic fungi. It has been proven that the activity of enzymes, the formation of vitamins, pigments, toxins, antibiotics and other functional features of fungi depend on the level of acidity of the medium. Thus, the destruction of materials under the action of molds is largely facilitated by the climate and microenvironment (temperature, absolute and relative humidity, intensity of solar radiation). Therefore, the biostability of the same material is different in different ecological and geographical conditions. The intensity of damage to building materials by mold fungi also depends on their chemical composition and molecular weight distribution between individual components. It is known that microscopic fungi most intensively affect low molecular weight materials with organic fillers. Thus, the degree of biodegradation of polymer composites depends on the structure of the carbon chain: straight, branched, or closed into a ring. For example, dibasic sebacic acid is more readily available than aromatic phthalic acid. R. Blahnik and V. Zanavoy established the following patterns: diesters of saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acids containing more than twelve carbon atoms are easily used by filamentous fungi; with an increase in molecular weight, 1-methyl adipates and n-alkyl adipates decrease in mold resistance; monomeric alcohols are easily destroyed by mold if there are hydroxyl groups at adjacent or extreme carbon atoms; The esterification of alcohols significantly reduces the mold resistance of the compound. 1 In the work of Huang, who studied the biodegradation of a number of polymers, it is noted that the tendency to degradation depends on the degree of substitution, the chain length between functional groups, and also on the flexibility of the polymer chain. The most important factor determining the biodegradability is the conformational flexibility of polymer chains, which changes with the introduction of substituents. A. K. Rudakova considers the R-CH3 and R-CH2-R bonds difficult to access for fungi. Unsaturated valencies like R=CH2, R=CH-R] and compounds like R-CO-H, R-CO-O-R1, R-CO-R1 are available forms of carbon for microorganisms. Branched molecular chains are more difficult to biooxidize and can have a toxic effect on the vital functions of fungi.

It has been established that the aging of materials affects their resistance to mold fungi. Moreover, the degree of influence depends on the duration of exposure to factors that cause aging in atmospheric conditions. So in the work of A.N. Tarasova et al. proved that the reason for the decrease in the fungus resistance of elastomeric materials is the factors of climatic and accelerated thermal aging, which cause structural and chemical transformations of these materials.

The fungus resistance of mineral-based building composites is largely determined by the alkalinity of the medium and their porosity. So in the work of A.V. Ferronskaya et al. showed that the main condition for the vital activity of mold fungi in concretes based on various binders is the alkalinity of the medium. The most favorable environment for the development of microorganisms are building composites based on gypsum binders, characterized by an optimal alkalinity value. Cement composites, due to their high alkalinity, are less favorable for the development of microorganisms. However, during long-term operation, they undergo carbonization, which leads to a decrease in alkalinity and active colonization by microorganisms. In addition, an increase in the porosity of building materials leads to an increase in their damage by mold fungi.

Thus, a combination of favorable environmental and geographical factors and physical and chemical properties of materials leads to active damage to building materials by mold fungi.

Mushroom resistance of various types of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders

Almost all polymeric materials used in various industries are more or less susceptible to the damaging effects of mold fungi, especially in conditions with high humidity and temperature. In order to study the mechanism of mycodestruction of a polyester composite (Table 3.7.), a gas chromatotraffic method was used in accordance with the work. Polyester composite samples were inoculated with an aqueous spore suspension of mold fungi: Aspergillus niger van Tieghen, Aspergillus terreus Thorn, Alternaria altemata, Paecilomyces variotti Bainier, Penicillium chrysogenum Thom, Chaetomium elatum Kunze ex Fries, Trichoderma viride Pers. ex S. F. Gray, and kept under conditions optimal for their development, i.e. at a temperature of 29 ± 2 ° C and a relative air humidity of more than 90% for 1 year. The samples were then deactivated and subjected to extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus. After that, the products of mycodestruction were analyzed in gas chromatographs "Tsvet-165" "Hawlett-Packard-5840A" with flame ionization detectors. Chromatography conditions are presented in table. 2.1.

As a result of gas chromatographic analysis of the extracted products of mycodestruction, three main substances (A, B, C) were isolated. The analysis of retention indices (Table 3.9) showed that substances A, B and C may contain polar functional groups in their composition, tk. there is a significant increase in the Kovacs retention index during the transition from a non-polar stationary (OV-101) to a highly polar mobile (OV-275) phase. The calculation of the boiling points of the isolated compounds (according to the corresponding n-paraffins) showed that for A it was 189-201 C, for B - 345-360 C, for C - 425-460 C. wet conditions. Compound A is practically not formed in the control and kept in humid conditions samples. Therefore, it can be assumed that compounds A and C are products of mycodestruction. Judging by the boiling points, compound A is ethylene glycol, and compound C is an oligomer [-(CH)2OC(0)CH=CHC(0)0(CH)20-]n with n=5-7. Summarizing the research results, it was found that the mycodestruction of the polyester composite occurs due to the splitting of bonds in the polymer matrix under the action of exoenzymes of mold fungi. 1. The fungus resistance of components of various building materials has been studied. It is shown that the fungus resistance of mineral fillers is determined by the content of aluminum and silicon oxides, i.e. activity module. The higher the content of silicon oxide and the lower the content of alumina, the lower the fungus resistance of mineral fillers. It has been established that materials with an activity modulus of less than 0.215 are non-foul resistant (fouling degree of 3 or more points according to method A GOST 9.048-91). Organic aggregates are characterized by low fungal resistance due to the content in their composition of a significant amount of cellulose, which is a source of nutrition for micromycetes. The fungus resistance of mineral binders is determined by the pH value. Low fungi resistance is typical for binders with pH=4-9. The fungus resistance of polymer binders is determined by their structure. 2. Studied fungus resistance of various classes of building materials. A classification of building materials according to their fungus resistance is proposed, which allows them to be purposefully selected for operation in conditions of mycological aggression. 3. It is shown that the growth of mold fungi on the surface of building materials is cyclical. The duration of the cycle is 76-90 days, depending on the type of materials. 4. The composition of metabolites and the nature of their distribution in the structure of materials have been established. The kinetics of growth and development of micromycetes on the surface of building materials has been analyzed. It is shown that the growth of mold fungi on the surface of gypsum materials (gypsum concrete, gypsum stone) is accompanied by acid production, and on the surface of polymeric materials (epoxy and polyester composites) - by enzymatic production. It is shown that the relative depth of penetration of metabolites is determined by the porosity of the material. After 360 days of exposure, it was 0.73 for gypsum concrete, 0.5 for gypsum stone, 0.17 for polyester composite, and 0.23 for epoxy composite. 5. The nature of the change in the strength properties of building materials based on mineral and polymeric binders is revealed. It is shown that gypsum materials in the initial period of time showed an increase in strength as a result of the accumulation of products of the interaction of calcium sulfate dihydrate with metabolites of micromycetes. However, then a sharp decrease in strength characteristics was observed. In polymer composites, no increase in strength was observed, but only its decrease occurred. 6. The mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone and polyester composite was established. It is shown that the destruction of gypsum stone is due to the occurrence of tensile stress in the walls of the pores of the material, due to the formation of organic calcium salts (calcium oxalate), which are products of the interaction of organic acids (oxalic acid) with gypsum dihydrate, and the corrosion destruction of the polyester composite occurs due to the splitting of bonds of the polymer matrix under the influence of fungal exoenzymes.

Diffusion of metabolites of micromycetes into the structure of dense and porous building materials

Cement concretes are the most important building material. Possessing many valuable properties (economical, high strength, fire resistance, etc.), they are widely used in construction. However, the operation of concretes in biologically aggressive environments (at food, textile, microbiological industries), as well as in hot humid climates (tropics and subtropics), leads to their damage by mold fungi. According to literature data, concretes based on cement binder, in the initial period of time, have fungicidal properties due to the high alkalinity of the pore fluid medium, but over time they undergo carbonization, which contributes to the free development of mold fungi. Settling on their surface, mold fungi actively produce various metabolites, mainly organic acids, which, penetrating into the capillary-porous structure of the cement stone, cause its destruction. As studies of the fungi resistance of building materials have shown, the most important factor causing low resistance to the action of mold fungi metabolites is porosity. Building materials with low porosity are most susceptible to destructive processes caused by the vital activity of micromycetes. In this regard, there is a need to increase the fungus resistance of cement concretes by compacting their structure.

For this, it is proposed to use polyfunctional modifiers based on superplasticizers and inorganic hardening accelerators.

As the review of literature data shows, mycodestruction of concrete occurs as a result of chemical reactions between the cement stone and the waste products of mold fungi. Therefore, studies of the effect of polyfunctional modifiers on fungus resistance and physical and mechanical properties were carried out on samples of cement stone (PC M 5 00 DO). As components of polyfunctional modifiers, superplasticizers S-3 and SB-3, and inorganic hardening accelerators (СаС12, NaN03, Na2SO4) were used. Determination of physical and chemical properties was carried out according to the relevant GOSTs: density according to GOST 1270.1-78; porosity according to GOST 12730.4-78; water absorption according to GOST 12730.3-78; compressive strength according to GOST 310.4-81. Determination of fungus resistance was carried out according to GOST 9.048-91 method B, which establishes the presence of fungicidal properties in the material. The results of studies of the influence of polyfunctional modifiers on fungi resistance and physical and mechanical properties of cement stone are given in Table 5.1.

The research results showed that the introduction of modifiers significantly increases the fungus resistance of the cement stone. Particularly effective are modifiers containing superplasticizer SB-3. This component has a high fungicidal activity, which is explained by the presence of phenolic compounds in its composition, causing disruption of the micromycete enzymatic systems, which leads to a decrease in the intensity of respiration processes. In addition, this superplasticizer contributes to an increase in the mobility of the concrete mixture with a significant water reduction, as well as a decrease in the degree of cement hydration in the initial period of hardening, which in turn prevents the evaporation of moisture and leads to the formation of a denser fine-grained structure of the cement stone with fewer microcracks inside the concrete body. and on its surface. Hardening accelerators increase the rate of hydration processes and, accordingly, the rate of concrete hardening. In addition, the introduction of hardening accelerators also leads to a decrease in the charge of clinker particles, which contributes to a decrease in the layer of adsorbed water, creating prerequisites for obtaining a denser and more durable concrete structure. Due to this, the possibility of diffusion of metabolites of micromycetes into the structure of concrete is reduced and its corrosion resistance is increased. The highest corrosion resistance against metabolites of micromycetes is possessed by cement stone, which has in its composition complex modifiers containing 0.3% superplasticizers SB-3 Ill and C-3 and 1% salts (СаС12, NaN03, Na2S04.). The coefficient of fungus resistance for samples containing these complex modifiers is 14.5% higher than for control samples. In addition, the introduction of a complex modifier makes it possible to increase density by 1.0 - 1.5%, strength by 2.8 - 6.1%, as well as reduce porosity by 4.7 + 4.8% and water absorption by 6.9 - 7.3%. A complex modifier containing 0.3% of superplasticizers SB-3 and S-3 and 1% of the hardening accelerator CaCl2 was used by OJSC KMA Proektzhilstroy in the construction of basements. Their operation in conditions of high humidity for more than two years showed the absence of mold growth and a decrease in the strength of concrete.

Studies of the fungus resistance of gypsum materials have shown that they are very unstable against metabolites of micromycetes. Analysis and generalization of literature data shows that the active growth of micromycetes on the surface of gypsum materials is explained by the favorable acidity of the medium of the pore fluid and the high porosity of these materials. Actively developing on their surface, micromycetes produce aggressive metabolites (organic acids) that penetrate into the structure of materials and cause their deep destruction. In this regard, the operation of gypsum materials in conditions of mycological aggression is impossible without additional protection.

To improve the fungus resistance of gypsum materials, it is proposed to use superplasticizer SB-5. According to , it is an oligomeric product of alkaline condensation of resorcinol production waste with furfural (80% wt.) formula (5.1), as well as resorcinol resin products (20% wt.), consisting of a mixture of disubstituted phenols and aromatic sulfonic acids.

Feasibility study of the effectiveness of the use of building materials with increased fungus resistance

The technical and economic efficiency of cement and gypsum materials with increased fungus resistance is due to an increase in the durability and reliability of building products and structures based on them, operated in biologically aggressive environments. The economic efficiency of the developed compositions of polymer composites in comparison with traditional polymer concretes is determined by the fact that they are filled with production waste, which significantly reduces their cost. In addition, products and structures based on them will eliminate molding and associated corrosion processes.

The results of calculating the cost of the components of the proposed polyester and epoxy composites in comparison with known polymer concretes are presented in table. 5.7-5.8 1. It is proposed to use complex modifiers containing 0.3% superplasticizers SB-3 and S-3 and 1% salts (СаС12, NaNC 3, Na2S04.), in order to ensure the fungicide of cement concretes. 2. It has been established that the use of superplasticizer SB-5 at a concentration of 0.2-0.25 wt % makes it possible to obtain fungus-resistant gypsum materials with improved physical and mechanical characteristics. 3. Efficient compositions of polymer composites based on PN-63 polyester resin and K-153 epoxy compound filled with production wastes have been developed, which have increased fungus resistance and high strength characteristics. 4. High economic efficiency of using polymer composites with increased fungus resistance is shown. The economic effect from the introduction of polyester polymer concrete will be 134.1 rubles. per 1 m, and epoxy 86.2 rubles. per 1 m. 1. The fungus resistance of the most common components of building materials has been established. It is shown that the fungus resistance of mineral aggregates is determined by the content of aluminum and silicon oxides, i.e. activity module. It was revealed that non-mushroom resistant (fouling degree of 3 or more points according to method A, GOST 9.049-91) are mineral aggregates with an activity modulus of less than 0.215. Organic aggregates are characterized by low fungal resistance due to the content of a significant amount of cellulose in their composition, which is a source of nutrition for mold fungi. The fungus resistance of mineral binders is determined by the pH value of the pore fluid. Low fungi resistance is typical for binders with pH=4-9. The fungus resistance of polymer binders is determined by their structure. 2. Based on the analysis of the intensity of mold fungi overgrowth of various types of building materials, their classification according to fungus resistance was proposed for the first time. 3. The composition of metabolites and the nature of their distribution in the structure of materials were determined. It is shown that the growth of mold fungi on the surface of gypsum materials (gypsum concrete and gypsum stone) is accompanied by active acid production, and on the surface of polymeric materials (epoxy and polyester composites) - by enzymatic activity. An analysis of the distribution of metabolites over the cross section of the samples showed that the width of the diffuse zone is determined by the porosity of the materials. The nature of the change in the strength characteristics of building materials under the influence of mold fungi metabolites was revealed. Data have been obtained indicating that the decrease in the strength properties of building materials is determined by the penetration depth of metabolites, as well as the chemical nature and volumetric content of fillers. It is shown that in gypsum materials the entire volume undergoes degradation, while in polymer composites only surface layers are subjected to degradation. The mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone and polyester composite has been established. It is shown that the mycodestruction of gypsum stone is caused by the occurrence of tensile stress in the walls of the pores of the material due to the formation of organic calcium salts, which are products of the interaction of metabolites (organic acids) with calcium sulfate. Corrosion destruction of the polyester composite occurs due to the splitting of bonds in the polymer matrix under the action of exoenzymes of mold fungi. Based on the Monod equation and a two-stage kinetic model of mold growth, a mathematical dependence was obtained that allows determining the concentration of mold metabolites during exponential growth. 7. Functions have been obtained that allow, with a given reliability, to evaluate the degradation of dense and porous building materials in aggressive environments and to predict the change in the bearing capacity of centrally loaded elements under mycological corrosion. 8. It is proposed to use complex modifiers based on superplasticizers (SB-3, SB-5, S-3) and inorganic hardening accelerators (CaCl, NaNC 3, Na2SC 4) to increase the fungus resistance of cement concretes and gypsum materials. 9. Efficient compositions of polymer composites based on polyester resin PN-63 and epoxy compound K-153, filled with quartz sand and production waste, have been developed, which have increased fungus resistance and high strength characteristics. The estimated economic effect from the introduction of a polyester composite amounted to 134.1 rubles. per 1 m, and epoxy 86.2 rubles. per 1 m3.

Dissertation abstract on the topic "Biodamage of building materials by mold fungi"

As a manuscript

SHAPOVALOV Igor Vasilievich

BIODAMAGE OF BUILDING MATERIALS BY MOLDS

05.23.05 - Building materials and products

Belgorod 2003

The work was carried out at the Belgorod State Technological University. V.G. Shukhov

Scientific adviser - doctor of technical sciences, professor.

Honored Inventor of the Russian Federation Pavlenko Vyacheslav Ivanovich

Official opponents - Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor

Chistov Yury Dmitrievich

Leading organization - Design and survey and research institute "OrgstroyNIIproekt" (Moscow)

The defense will take place on December 26, 2003 at 1500 hours at a meeting of the dissertation council D 212.014.01 at the Belgorod State Technological University named after I.I. V.G. Shukhov at the address: 308012, Belgorod, st. Kostyukova, 46, BSTU.

The dissertation can be found in the library of the Belgorod State Technological University. V.G. Shukhov

Scientific Secretary of the Dissertation Council

Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor Pogorelov Sergey Alekseevich

Dr. tech. Sciences, Associate Professor

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK

Relevance of the topic. The operation of building materials and products in real conditions is characterized by the presence of corrosion damage not only under the influence of environmental factors (temperature, humidity, chemically aggressive environments, various types of radiation), but also living organisms. Organisms that cause microbiological corrosion include bacteria, mold fungi and microscopic algae. The leading role in the processes of biodamage of building materials of various chemical nature, operated under conditions of high temperature and humidity, belongs to mold fungi (micromycetes). This is due to the rapid growth of their mycelium, the power and lability of the enzymatic apparatus. The result of the growth of micromycetes on the surface of building materials is a decrease in the physical, mechanical and operational characteristics of materials (reduction in strength, deterioration in adhesion between individual components of the material, etc.), as well as a deterioration in their appearance (discoloration of the surface, the formation of age spots, etc.). .). In addition, the mass development of mold fungi leads to the smell of mold in residential premises, which can cause serious diseases, since among them there are species pathogenic to humans. So, according to the European Medical Society, the smallest doses of fungal poison that have entered the human body can cause the appearance of cancerous tumors in a few years.

In this regard, it is necessary to comprehensively study the processes of biodamage of building materials by mold fungi (mycoderuction) in order to increase their durability and reliability.

Purpose and objectives of the study. The aim of the research was to establish patterns of biodamage of building materials by mold fungi and increase their fungal resistance. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved:

study of the fungus resistance of various building materials and their individual components;

assessment of the intensity of diffusion of mold fungi metabolites into the structure of dense and porous building materials; determination of the nature of the change in the strength properties of building materials under the influence of mold metabolites

establishing the mechanism of mycodestruction of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders; development of fungus-resistant building materials through the use of complex modifiers.

Scientific novelty of the work.

Cement concrete compositions with high fungus resistance have been introduced at the OJSC KMA Proektzhilstroy.

Approbation of work. The results of the dissertation work were presented at the International scientific-practical conference "Quality, safety, energy and resource saving in the building materials industry on the threshold of the XXI century" (Belgorod, 2000); P of the regional scientific-practical conference "Modern problems of technical, natural science and humanitarian knowledge" (Gubkin, 2001); III International scientific-practical conference - school - seminar of young scientists, graduate students and doctoral students "Modern problems of building materials science" (Belgorod, 2001); International scientific-practical conference "Ecology - education, science and industry" (Belgorod, 2002); Scientific and practical seminar "Problems and ways of creating composite materials from secondary mineral resources" (Novokuznetsk, 2003); International congress "Modern technologies in the industry of building materials and building industry" (Belgorod, 2003).

Scope and structure of work. The dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters, general conclusions, a list of references, including 181 titles and 4 appendices. The work is presented on 148 pages of typewritten text, including 21 tables and 20 figures.

The introduction provides a rationale for the relevance of the dissertation topic, formulates the purpose and objectives of the work, scientific novelty and practical significance.

The first chapter analyzes the state of the problem of biodamage of building materials by mold fungi.

The role of domestic and foreign scientists E.A. Andreyuk, A.A. Anisimova, B.I. Bilay, R. Blahnik, T.S. Bobkova, S.D. Varfolomeeva, A.A. Gerasimenko, S.N. Gorshina, F.M. Ivanova, I.D. Jerusalem, V.D. Ilyicheva, I.G. Kanaevskaya, E.Z. Koval, F.I. Levina, A.B. Lugauskas, I.V. Maksimova, V.F. Smirnova, V.I. Solomatova, Z.M. Tukova, M.S. Feldman, A.B. Chuiko, E.E. Yarilova, V. King, A.O. Lloyd, F.E. Eckhard et al. in isolating and identifying the most aggressive building material biodegraders. It has been proven that the most important agents of biological corrosion of building materials are bacteria, mold fungi, microscopic algae. Their brief morphological and physiological characteristics are given. It is shown that the leading role in the processes of biodamage of building materials of various

chemical nature, operated in conditions of high temperature and humidity, belongs to mold fungi.

The degree of destruction of building materials by mold fungi depends on a number of factors, among which, first of all, it should be noted the ecological and geographical factors of the environment and the physicochemical properties of materials. A favorable combination of these factors leads to the active colonization of building materials by mold fungi and the stimulation of destructive processes by the products of their vital activity.

The mechanism of mycodestruction of building materials is determined by a complex of physicochemical processes, during which there is an interaction between the binder and the waste products of mold fungi, resulting in a decrease in the strength and performance characteristics of materials.

The main methods of increasing the fungus resistance of building materials are shown: chemical, physical, biochemical and environmental. It is noted that one of the most effective and long-acting methods of protection is the use of fungicidal compounds.

It is noted that the process of biodamage of building materials by mold fungi has not been studied fully enough and the possibilities of increasing their fungus resistance have not been fully exhausted.

The second chapter presents the characteristics of objects and methods of research.

The least fungi-resistant building materials based on mineral binders were chosen as objects of study: gypsum concrete (building gypsum, hardwood sawdust) and gypsum stone; based on polymer binders: polyester composite (binder: PN-1, PTSON, UNK-2; fillers: Nizhne-Olynansky quartz sand and tailings of ferruginous quartzites (tailings) of LGOK KMA) and epoxy composite (binder: ED-20, PEPA; fillers: Nizhne-Olshansky quartz sand and dust from OEMK electrostatic precipitators). In addition, the fungus resistance of various types of building materials and their individual components was studied.

To study the processes of mycodestruction of building materials, various methods were used (physical-mechanical, physico-chemical and biological), regulated by the relevant state standards.

The third chapter presents the results of experimental studies of the processes of biodamage of building materials by mold fungi.

An assessment of the intensity of damage by mold fungi, the most common mineral fillers, showed that their fungal resistance is determined by the content of aluminum and silicon oxides, i.e. activity module. It has been established that non-fouling (fouling degree of 3 or more points according to method A, GOST 9.049-91) are mineral aggregates with an activity modulus of less than 0.215.

An analysis of the growth rate of mold fungi on organic aggregates showed that they are characterized by low fungal resistance, due to the content of a significant amount of cellulose in their composition, which is a source of nutrition for mold fungi.

The fungus resistance of mineral binders is determined by the pH value of the pore fluid. Low fungus resistance is typical for binders with a pore fluid pH of 4 to 9.

The fungus resistance of polymer binders is determined by their chemical structure. The least stable are polymer binders containing ester bonds, easily cleaved by exoenzymes of mold fungi.

An analysis of the fungus resistance of various types of building materials showed that gypsum concrete filled with sawdust, polyester and epoxy polymer concrete exhibit the least resistance to mold fungi, and ceramic materials, asphalt concrete, cement concrete with various fillers show the highest resistance.

Based on the research, a classification of building materials according to fungus resistance was proposed (Table 1).

Mushroom resistance class I includes materials that inhibit or completely suppress the growth of mold fungi. Such materials contain components having a fungicidal or fungistatic effect. They are recommended for use in mycologically aggressive environments.

To the II class of fungus resistance are materials containing in their composition a small amount of impurities available for absorption by mold fungi. The operation of ceramic materials, cement concretes, under the conditions of aggressive action of mold fungi metabolites is possible only for a limited period.

Building materials (gypsum concrete, based on wood fillers, polymer composites), containing components easily accessible to mold fungi, belong to class III of fungus resistance. Their use in conditions of mycologically aggressive environments is impossible without additional protection.

Class VI is represented by building materials that are a source of nutrition for micromycetes (wood and its products).

processing). These materials cannot be used in conditions of mycological aggression.

The proposed classification makes it possible to take into account fungus resistance when selecting building materials for operation in biologically aggressive environments.

Table 1

Classification of building materials according to their intensity

damage by micromycetes

Fungus resistance class Degree of resistance of the material in conditions of mycologically aggressive environments Characteristics of the material Fungi resistance according to GOST 9.049-91 (method A), points Example of materials

III Relatively stable, needs additional protection The material contains components that are a source of nutrition for micromycetes 3-4 Silicate, gypsum, epoxy carbamide, and polyester polymer concrete, etc.

IV Unstable, (non-fungus resistant) unsuitable for use under conditions of biocorrosion The material is a source of nutrition for micromycetes 5 Wood and products of its processing

Active growth of mold fungi producing aggressive metabolites stimulates corrosion processes. Intensity,

which is determined by the chemical composition of waste products, the rate of their diffusion and the structure of materials.

The intensity of diffusion and destructive processes was studied on the example of the least fungi-resistant materials: gypsum concrete, gypsum stone, polyester and epoxy composites.

As a result of studying the chemical composition of mold fungi metabolites developing on the surface of these materials, it was found that they contain organic acids, mainly oxalic, acetic and citric acids, as well as enzymes (catalase and peroxidase).

Analysis of acid production showed that the highest concentration of organic acids is produced by mold fungi that develop on the surface of gypsum stone and gypsum concrete. So, on the 56th day, the total concentration of organic acids produced by mold fungi developing on the surface of gypsum concrete and gypsum stone was 2.9-10-3 mg / ml and 2.8-10-3 mg / ml, respectively, and on the surface of polyester and epoxy composites 0.9-10"3 mg/ml and 0.7-10"3 mg/ml, respectively. As a result of enzymatic activity studies, an increase in the synthesis of catalase and peroxidase was found in mold fungi developing on the surface of polymer composites. Their activity is especially high in micromycetes,

living on

the surface of the polyester composite, it was 0.98-103 µM/ml-min. Based on the method of radioactive isotopes, were

the dependences of the penetration depth

metabolites depending on the duration of exposure (Fig. 1) and their distribution over the cross section of the samples (Fig. 2). As can be seen from fig. 1, the most permeable materials are gypsum concrete and

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 exposure time, days

I am a plaster stone

Gypsum concrete

Polyester composite

Epoxy Composite

Figure 1. Dependence of the depth of penetration of metabolites on the duration of exposure

gypsum stone, and the least permeable - polymer composites. The depth of penetration of metabolites into the structure of gypsum concrete, after 360 days of testing, was 0.73, and into the structure of the polyester composite - 0.17. The reason for this lies in the different porosity of the materials.

Analysis of the distribution of metabolites over the cross section of the samples (Fig. 2)

showed that in polymer composites the diffuse width, 1

the zone is small, due to the high density of these materials. \

It amounted to 0.2. Therefore, only the surface layers of these materials are subject to corrosion processes. In gypsum stone and, especially, gypsum concrete, which have high porosity, the width of the diffuse zone of metabolites is much larger than that of polymer composites. The depth of penetration of metabolites into the structure of gypsum concrete was 0.8, and for gypsum stone - 0.6. The consequence of active diffusion of aggressive metabolites into the structure of these materials is the stimulation of destructive processes, during which the strength characteristics are significantly reduced. The change in the strength characteristics of materials was assessed by the value of the coefficient of fungus resistance, defined as the ratio of the ultimate strength in compression or in tension before and after 1 exposure to mold fungi (Fig. 3.). As a result, it was found that exposure to mold metabolites for 360 days helps to reduce coefficient of fungus resistance of all studied materials. However, in the initial period of time, the first 60-70 days, in gypsum concrete and gypsum stone, an increase in the coefficient of fungus resistance is observed as a result of compaction of the structure due to their interaction with the metabolic products of mold fungi. Then (70-120 days) there is a sharp decrease in the coefficient

relative depth of cut

gypsum concrete ■ gypsum stone

polyester composite - - epoxy composite

Figure 2, Change in the relative concentration of metabolites over the cross section of the samples

exposure duration, days

Gypsum stone - epoxy composite

Gypsum concrete - polyester composite

Rice. 3. Dependence of the change in the coefficient of fungus resistance on the duration of exposure

mushroom resistance. After that (120-360 days) the process slows down and

mushroom coefficient

durability reaches

minimum value: for gypsum concrete - 0.42, and for gypsum stone - 0.56. In polymer composites, compaction was not observed, but only

the decrease in the fungus resistance coefficient is most active in the first 120 days of exposure. After 360 days of exposure, the fungus resistance coefficient of the polyester composite was 0.74, and that of the epoxy composite was 0.79.

Thus, the obtained results show that the intensity of corrosion processes is determined, first of all, by the rate of diffusion of metabolites into the structure of materials.

An increase in the volume content of the filler also contributes to a decrease in the coefficient of fungus resistance, due to the formation of a more rarefied structure of the material, therefore, more permeable to micromycete metabolites.

As a result of complex physical and chemical studies, the mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone was established. It was shown that as a result of the diffusion of metabolites represented by organic acids, among which oxalic acid had the highest concentration (2.24 10-3 mg / ml), they interact with calcium sulfate. At the same time, organic calcium salts are formed in the pores of the gypsum stone , represented mainly by calcium oxalate.The accumulation of this salt was recorded as a result of differential thermal and chemical analysis of gypsum stone exposed to mold fungi.In addition, the presence of calcium oxalate crystals in the pores of gypsum stone was recorded microscopically.

Thus, the sparingly soluble calcium oxalate formed in the pores of the gypsum stone first causes a compaction of the material structure, and then contributes to an active decrease in

strength, due to the occurrence of significant tensile stress in the walls of the pores.

Gas chromatographic analysis of the extracted products of mycodestruction made it possible to establish the mechanism of biodamage of the polyester composite by mold fungi. As a result of the analysis, two main products of mycodestruction (A and C) were isolated. An analysis of the Kovacs retention indices showed that these substances contain polar functional groups. The calculation of the boiling points of the isolated compounds showed that for A it is 189200 C0, for C it is 425-460 C0. As a result, it can be assumed that compound A is ethylene glycol, and C is an oligomer of the composition [-(CH)20C(0)CH=CHC(0)0(CH)20-]n with n=5-7.

Thus, the mycodestruction of the polyester composite occurs due to the cleavage of bonds in the polymer matrix under the action of exoenzymes of mold fungi.

In the fourth chapter, a theoretical substantiation of the process of biodamage of building materials by mold fungi is given.

As experimental studies have shown, the kinetic growth curves of mold fungi on the surface of building materials are complex. To describe them, a two-stage kinetic model of population growth was proposed, according to which the interaction of the substrate with catalytic centers inside the cell leads to the formation of metabolites and the doubling of these centers. On the basis of this model and in accordance with the Monod equation, a mathematical dependence was obtained, which makes it possible to determine the concentration of mold metabolites (P) during the period of exponential growth:

where N0 is the amount of biomass in the system after the introduction of the inoculum; ¡us-

specific growth rate; S is the concentration of the limiting substrate; Ks is the affinity constant of the substrate for the microorganism; t - time.

The analysis of diffusion and degradation processes caused by the vital activity of mold fungi is similar to the corrosion destruction of building materials under the action of chemically aggressive environments. Therefore, to characterize the destructive processes caused by the vital activity of mold fungi, models were used that describe the diffusion of chemically aggressive media into the structure of building materials. Since in the course of experimental studies it was found that dense building materials (polyester and epoxy composite) have a width

diffuse zone is small, then to estimate the depth of penetration of metabolites into the structure of these materials, one can use the model of liquid diffusion into a semi-infinite space. According to it, the width of the diffuse zone can be calculated by the formula:

where k(t) is the coefficient that determines the change in the concentration of metabolites inside the material; B - diffusion coefficient; I - duration of degradation.

In porous building materials (gypsum concrete, gypsum stone), metabolites penetrate to a large extent; therefore, their total transfer into the structure of these materials can be

estimated by the formula: (e) _ ^

where Uf is the filtration rate of the aggressive medium.

Based on the method of degradation functions and experimental results of the study, mathematical dependencies were found that allow determining the degradation function of the bearing capacity of centrally loaded elements (B(KG)) through the initial modulus of elasticity (E0) and the material structure index (n).

For porous materials: d / dl _ 1 + E0p.

For dense materials, the residual value of the modulus is characteristic

pgE, (E, + £■ ") + n (2E0 + £, 0) + 2 | - + 1 elasticity (Ea) therefore: ___I E "

(2 + E0n) - (2 + Eap)

The obtained functions make it possible to assess the degradation of building materials in aggressive environments with a given reliability and to predict the change in the bearing capacity of centrally loaded elements under conditions of biological corrosion.

In the fifth chapter, taking into account the established patterns, it is proposed to use complex modifiers that significantly increase the fungus resistance of building materials and improve their physical and mechanical properties.

To increase the fungus resistance of cement concretes, it is proposed to use a fungicidal modifier, which is a mixture of superplasticizers C-3 (30%) and SB-3 (70%) with the addition of inorganic hardening accelerators (CaCl2, No. N03, Nag804). It is shown that the introduction of 0.3 wt % of a mixture of superplasticizers and 1 wt % of inorganic hardening accelerators makes it possible to completely

suppress the growth of mold fungi, increase the coefficient of fungus resistance by 14.5%, density by 1.0-1.5%, compressive strength by 2.8-6.1%, and also reduce porosity by 4.7-4 .8% and water absorption by 6.9 - 7.3%.

The fungicidal activity of gypsum materials (gypsum stone and gypsum concrete) was ensured by introducing the superplasticizer SB-5 into their composition at a concentration of 0.2–0.25% wt. stone by 38.8 38.9%.

Efficient compositions of polymer composites based on polyester (PN-63) and epoxy (K-153) binders filled with quartz sand and production wastes (wastes of ferruginous quartzites (tailings) of LGOK and dust of electrostatic precipitators of OEMK) with organosilicon additives (tetraethoxysilane and Irganoks ""). These compositions have fungicidal properties, high coefficient of fungus resistance and increased compressive and tensile strength. In addition, they have a high coefficient of stability in solutions of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide.

The technical and economic efficiency of the use of cement and gypsum materials with increased fungus resistance is due to an increase in the durability and reliability of building products and structures based on them, operated in biologically aggressive environments. The compositions of cement concretes with fungicidal additives are introduced at the enterprise. JSC "KMA Proektzhilstroy" during the construction of basements.

The economic efficiency of the developed compositions of polymer composites in comparison with traditional polymer concretes is determined by the fact that they are filled with production waste, which significantly reduces their cost. In addition, products and structures based on them will eliminate molding and associated corrosion processes. The estimated economic effect from the introduction of a polyester composite amounted to 134.1 rubles. per 1 m3, and epoxy 86.2 rubles. per 1 m3.

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 1. The fungus resistance of the most common components of building materials has been established. It is shown that the fungus resistance of mineral aggregates is determined by the content of aluminum and silicon oxides, i.e. activity module. It was revealed that non-mushroom resistant (fouling degree of 3 or more points according to method A, GOST 9.049-91) are mineral aggregates with an activity modulus of less than 0.215. Organic aggregates are characterized by low

fungus resistance due to the content in their composition of a significant amount of cellulose, which is a source of nutrition for mold fungi. The fungus resistance of mineral binders is determined by the pH value of the pore fluid. Low fungi resistance is typical for binders with pH=4-9. The fungus resistance of polymer binders is determined by their structure.

7. Functions have been obtained that allow, with a given reliability, to evaluate the degradation of dense and porous building materials in aggressive environments and predict a change in the bearing capacity

of centrally loaded elements under conditions of mycological corrosion.

8. The use of complex modifiers based on superplasticizers (SB-3, SB-5, S-3) and inorganic hardening accelerators (СаС12, NaN03, Na2S04) is proposed to increase the fungus resistance of cement concretes and gypsum materials.

9. Efficient compositions of polymer composites based on polyester resin PN-63 and epoxy compound K-153, filled with quartz sand and production waste, have been developed, which have increased fungus resistance and high strength characteristics. The estimated economic effect from the introduction of a polyester composite amounted to 134.1 rubles. per I m3, and epoxy 86.2 rubles. per 1 m3. .

1. Ogrel L.Yu., Shevtsova R.I., Shapovalov I.V., Prudnikova T.I., Mikhailova L.I. Biodamage of polyvinylchloride linoleum by mold fungi // Quality, safety, energy and resource saving in the building materials industry and construction on the threshold of the XXI century: Sat. report International scientific-practical. conf. - Belgorod: BelGTASM Publishing House, 2000. - 4.6 - S. 82-87.

2. Ogrel L.Yu., Shevtsova R.I., Shapovalov I.V., Prudnikova T.I. Biodamage of polymer concrete by micromycetes and Modern problems of technical, natural science and humanities knowledge: Sat. report II region, scientific-practical. conf. - Gubkin: Polygraph Publishing House. Center "Master-Garant", 2001. - S. 215-219.

3. Shapovalov I.V. Study of the biostability of gypsum and gypsum polymer materials // Modern problems of building materials science: Mater, dokl. III Intern. scientific-practical. conf. - schools - a seminar for young people, scientists, graduate students and doctoral students - Belgorod: BelGTASM Publishing House, 2001. - 4.1 - P. 125-129.

4. Shapovalov I.V., Ogrel L.Yu., Kosukhin M.M. Improving the fungus resistance of wood-filled cement composites // Ecology - education, science and industry: Sat. report International scientific method. conf. - Belgorod: BelGTASM Publishing House, 2002. -Ch.Z-S. 271-273.

5. Shapovalov I.V., Ogrel L.Yu., Kosukhin M.M. Fungicidal modifier of mineral building compositions // Problems and ways of creating composite materials and technologies from

secondary mineral resources: Sat. work, scientific-practical. semin. - Novokuznetsk: Publishing House of SibGIU, 2003. - S. 242-245. Shapovalov I.V., Ogrel L.Yu., Kosukhin M.M. The mechanism of mycodestruction of building gypsum // Vestnik BSTU im. V.G. Shukhov: Mater. International congr. "Modern technologies in the building materials industry and the construction industry" - Belgorod: Publishing House of BSTU, 2003. - No. 5 - P. 193-195. Kosukhin M.M., Ogrel L.Yu., Shapovalov I.V. Biostable modified concrete for hot humid climate conditions // Vestnik BSTU im. V.G. Shukhov: Mater. International congr. "Modern technologies in the industry of building materials and the construction industry" - Belgorod: Publishing House of BSTU, 2003. - No. 5 - P. 297-299.

Ogrel L.Yu., Yastribinskaya A.V., Shapovalov I.V., Manushkina E.V. Composite materials with improved performance characteristics and increased biostability // Building materials and products. (Ukraine) - 2003 - No. 9 - S. 24-26. Kosukhin M.M., Ogrel L.Yu., Pavlenko V.I., Shapovalov I.V. Bioresistant cement concretes with polyfunctional modifiers. Building materials. - 2003. - No. 11. - S. 4849.

Ed. persons. ID No. 00434 dated 11/10/99. Signed for publication on 25.11.03. Format 60x84/16 Conv. p.l. 1.1 Circulation 100 copies. ;\?l. ^ "16 5 Printed at the Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov 308012, Belgorod, Kostyukova st. 46

Introduction.

1. Biodamages and mechanisms of biodegradation of building materials. Problem state.

1.1 Biodamage agents.

1.2 Factors affecting the fungus resistance of building materials.

1.3 Mechanism of mycodestruction of building materials.

1.4 Ways to improve the fungus resistance of building materials.

2 Objects and methods of research.

2.1 Objects of study.

2.2 Research methods.

2.2.1 Physical and mechanical research methods.

2.2.2 Physical and chemical research methods.

2.2.3 Biological research methods.

2.2.4 Mathematical processing of research results.

3 Myodestruction of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders.

3.1. Mushroom resistance of the most important components of building materials.

3.1.1. Mushroom resistance of mineral aggregates.

3.1.2. Fungus resistance of organic aggregates.

3.1.3. Mushroom resistance of mineral and polymer binders.

3.2. Mushroom resistance of various types of building materials based on mineral and polymeric binders.

3.3. Kinetics of growth and development of mold fungi on the surface of gypsum and polymer composites.

3.4. Influence of metabolic products of micromycetes on the physical and mechanical properties of gypsum and polymer composites.

3.5. The mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone.

3.6. Mechanism of mycodestruction of polyester composite.

Modeling the processes of mycodestruction of building materials.

4.1. Kinetic model of growth and development of mold fungi on the surface of building materials.

4.2. Diffusion of metabolites of micromycetes into the structure of dense and porous building materials.

4.3. Predicting the durability of building materials used in conditions of mycological aggression.

Improving the fungus resistance of building materials based on mineral and polymeric binders.

5.1 Cement concretes.

5.2 Gypsum materials.

5.3 Polymer composites.

5.4 Feasibility study of the effectiveness of the use of building materials with high fungus resistance.

Introduction 2003, dissertation on construction, Shapovalov, Igor Vasilyevich

The relevance of the work. The operation of building materials and products in real conditions is characterized by the presence of corrosion damage not only under the influence of environmental factors (temperature, humidity, chemically aggressive environments, various types of radiation), but also living organisms. Organisms that cause microbiological corrosion include bacteria, mold fungi and microscopic algae. The leading role in the processes of biodamage of building materials of various chemical nature, operated under conditions of high temperature and humidity, belongs to mold fungi (micromycetes). This is due to the rapid growth of their mycelium, the power and lability of the enzymatic apparatus. The result of the growth of micromycetes on the surface of building materials is a decrease in the physical, mechanical and operational characteristics of materials (reduction in strength, deterioration in adhesion between individual components of the material, etc.). In addition, the mass development of mold fungi leads to the smell of mold in residential premises, which can cause serious diseases, since among them there are species pathogenic to humans. So, according to the European Medical Society, the smallest doses of fungal poison that have entered the human body can cause the appearance of cancerous tumors in a few years.

In this regard, a comprehensive study of the processes of biodamage of building materials is necessary in order to increase their durability and reliability.

Purpose and objectives of the study. The aim of the research was to establish patterns of mycodestruction of building materials and increase their fungus resistance.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: study of the fungus resistance of various building materials and their individual components; assessment of the intensity of diffusion of mold fungi metabolites into the structure of dense and porous building materials; determination of the nature of the change in the strength properties of building materials under the influence of mold metabolites; establishing the mechanism of mycodestruction of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders; development of fungus-resistant building materials through the use of complex modifiers. Scientific novelty.

The relationship between the activity modulus and the fungus resistance of mineral aggregates of various chemical and mineralogical compositions has been revealed, which consists in the fact that aggregates with an activity modulus of less than 0.215 are non-fungus resistant.

A classification of building materials according to fungus resistance is proposed, which makes it possible to conduct their targeted selection for operation in conditions of mycological aggression.

The practical significance of the work.

Fungus-resistant compositions of building materials based on cement, gypsum, polyester and epoxy binders with high physical and mechanical characteristics have been developed.

Cement concrete compositions with high fungus resistance have been introduced at the OJSC KMA Proektzhilstroy.

Approbation of work. The results of the dissertation work were presented at the International scientific and practical conference "Quality, safety, energy and resource saving in the building materials industry on the threshold of the XXI century" (Belgorod, 2000); II regional scientific-practical conference "Modern problems of technical, natural science and humanitarian knowledge" (Gubkin, 2001); III International scientific-practical conference - school-seminar of young scientists, graduate students and doctoral students "Modern problems of building materials science" (Belgorod, 2001); International Scientific and Practical Conference "Ecology - Education, Science and Industry" (Belgorod, 2002); Scientific and practical seminar "Problems and ways of creating composite materials from secondary mineral resources" (Novokuznetsk, 2003);

International congress "Modern technologies in the industry of building materials and building industry" (Belgorod, 2003).

Publications. The main provisions and results of the dissertation are presented in 9 publications.

Scope and structure of work. The dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters, general conclusions, a list of references, including 181 titles, and appendices. The work is presented on 148 pages of typewritten text, including 21 tables, 20 figures and 4 appendices.

Conclusion thesis on the topic "Biodamage of building materials by mold fungi"

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

1. The fungus resistance of the most common components of building materials has been established. It is shown that the fungus resistance of mineral aggregates is determined by the content of aluminum and silicon oxides, i.e. activity module. It was revealed that non-mushroom resistant (fouling degree of 3 or more points according to method A, GOST 9.049-91) are mineral aggregates with an activity modulus of less than 0.215. Organic aggregates are characterized by low fungal resistance due to the content of a significant amount of cellulose in their composition, which is a source of nutrition for mold fungi. The fungus resistance of mineral binders is determined by the pH value of the pore fluid. Low fungi resistance is typical for binders with pH=4-9. The fungus resistance of polymer binders is determined by their structure.

2. Based on the analysis of the intensity of mold fungi overgrowth of various types of building materials, their classification according to fungus resistance was proposed for the first time.

3. The composition of metabolites and the nature of their distribution in the structure of materials were determined. It is shown that the growth of mold fungi on the surface of gypsum materials (gypsum concrete and gypsum stone) is accompanied by active acid production, and on the surface of polymeric materials (epoxy and polyester composites) - by enzymatic activity. An analysis of the distribution of metabolites over the cross section of the samples showed that the width of the diffuse zone is determined by the porosity of the materials.

4. The nature of the change in the strength characteristics of building materials under the influence of mold fungi metabolites was revealed. Data have been obtained indicating that the decrease in the strength properties of building materials is determined by the penetration depth of metabolites, as well as the chemical nature and volumetric content of fillers. It is shown that in gypsum materials the entire volume undergoes degradation, while in polymer composites only surface layers are subjected to degradation.

5. The mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone and polyester composite has been established. It is shown that the mycodestruction of gypsum stone is caused by the occurrence of tensile stress in the walls of the pores of the material due to the formation of organic calcium salts, which are products of the interaction of metabolites (organic acids) with calcium sulfate. Corrosion destruction of the polyester composite occurs due to the splitting of bonds in the polymer matrix under the action of exoenzymes of mold fungi.

6. Based on the Monod equation and a two-stage kinetic model of mold growth, a mathematical dependence was obtained that allows determining the concentration of mold fungi metabolites during exponential growth.

Functions have been obtained that allow, with a given reliability, to evaluate the degradation of dense and porous building materials in aggressive environments and to predict the change in the bearing capacity of centrally loaded elements under conditions of mycological corrosion.

The use of complex modifiers based on superplasticizers (SB-3, SB-5, S-3) and inorganic hardening accelerators (CaCl, Na>Oz, La2804) is proposed to increase the fungus resistance of cement concretes and gypsum materials.

Efficient compositions of polymer composites based on polyester resin PN-63 and epoxy compound K-153, filled with quartz sand and production waste, possessing increased fungus resistance and high strength characteristics, have been developed. The estimated economic effect from the introduction of a polyester composite amounted to 134.1 rubles. per 1 m, and epoxy 86.2 rubles. per 1 m3.

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1. Biodamages and mechanisms of biodegradation of building materials. Problem state.

1.1 Biodamage agents.

1.2 Factors affecting the fungus resistance of building materials.

1.3 Mechanism of mycodestruction of building materials.

1.4 Ways to improve the fungus resistance of building materials.

2 Objects and methods of research.

2.1 Objects of study.

2.2 Research methods.

2.2.1 Physical and mechanical research methods.

2.2.2 Physical and chemical research methods.

2.2.3 Biological research methods.

2.2.4 Mathematical processing of research results.

3 Myodestruction of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders.

3.1. Mushroom resistance of the most important components of building materials.

3.1.1. Mushroom resistance of mineral aggregates.

3.1.2. Fungus resistance of organic aggregates.

3.1.3. Mushroom resistance of mineral and polymer binders.

3.2. Mushroom resistance of various types of building materials based on mineral and polymeric binders.

3.3. Kinetics of growth and development of mold fungi on the surface of gypsum and polymer composites.

3.4. Influence of metabolic products of micromycetes on the physical and mechanical properties of gypsum and polymer composites.

3.5. The mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone.

3.6. Mechanism of mycodestruction of polyester composite.

Modeling the processes of mycodestruction of building materials.

4.1. Kinetic model of growth and development of mold fungi on the surface of building materials.

4.2. Diffusion of metabolites of micromycetes into the structure of dense and porous building materials.

4.3. Predicting the durability of building materials used in conditions of mycological aggression.

Improving the fungus resistance of building materials based on mineral and polymeric binders.

5.1 Cement concretes.

5.2 Gypsum materials.

5.3 Polymer composites.

5.4 Feasibility study of the effectiveness of the use of building materials with high fungus resistance.

Recommended list of dissertations

Improving the Efficiency of Building Polymer Composites Used in Aggressive Environments 2006, Doctor of Technical Sciences Ogrel, Larisa Yurievna
Composites based on cement and gypsum binders with the addition of biocidal preparations based on guanidine 2011, candidate of technical sciences Spirin, Vadim Aleksandrovich
Biodegradation and bioprotection of building composites 2011, candidate of technical sciences Dergunova, Anna Vasilievna
Ecological and physiological aspects of destruction by micromycetes of compositions with controlled fungus resistance based on natural and synthetic polymers 2005, Candidate of Biological Sciences Kryazhev, Dmitry Valerievich
Waterproof gypsum composite materials using technogenic raw materials 2015, Doctor of Technical Sciences Chernysheva, Natalya Vasilievna

Introduction to the thesis (part of the abstract) on the topic "Biodamage of building materials by mold fungi"

In this regard, a comprehensive study of the processes of biodamage of building materials is necessary in order to increase their durability and reliability.

Purpose and objectives of the study. The aim of the research was to establish patterns of mycodestruction of building materials and increase their fungus resistance.

A classification of building materials according to fungus resistance is proposed, which makes it possible to conduct their targeted selection for operation in conditions of mycological aggression.

The practical significance of the work.

Fungus-resistant compositions of building materials based on cement, gypsum, polyester and epoxy binders with high physical and mechanical characteristics have been developed.

Cement concrete compositions with high fungus resistance have been introduced at the OJSC KMA Proektzhilstroy.

International congress "Modern technologies in the industry of building materials and building industry" (Belgorod, 2003).

Publications. The main provisions and results of the dissertation are presented in 9 publications.

Similar theses in the specialty "Building materials and products", 05.23.05 VAK code

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Biological destruction and increasing the biostability of building materials 2000, candidate of technical sciences Morozov, Evgeniy Anatolyevich
Screening of environmentally friendly means of protecting PVC materials from biodamage by micromycetes based on the study of the production of indolyl-3-acetic acid 2002, candidate of biological sciences Simko, Marina Viktorovna
Structure and mechanical properties of hybrid composite materials based on Portland cement and unsaturated polyester oligomer 2006, Candidate of Technical Sciences Drozhzhin, Dmitry Alexandrovich
Ecological aspects of biodamage by micromycetes of building materials of civil buildings in an urban environment: On the example of the city of Nizhny Novgorod 2004, candidate of biological sciences Struchkova, Irina Valerievna

Dissertation conclusion on the topic "Building materials and products", Shapovalov, Igor Vasilyevich

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

2. Based on the analysis of the intensity of mold fungi overgrowth of various types of building materials, their classification according to fungus resistance was proposed for the first time.

List of references for dissertation research candidate of technical sciences Shapovalov, Igor Vasilyevich, 2003