From September 1, a new bill will come into force, according to which all citizens of the Russian Federation will be required to receive a complete secondary education. As Professor of Moscow State University Lyudmila Kokhanova told Pravda.Ru, the innovation will make our society more highly educated.
On September 1, a new bill will come into force, according to which all citizens of the Russian Federation will be required to complete three stages of education - primary general, basic general and secondary (complete) general. In this regard, many innovations have appeared, and it turns out that people can study at school almost all their lives.
Now in the 9th grade it is allowed to “sit” not up to 15, but up to 18, and for students in the 11th grade there are no age restrictions. Most likely, many guys will first of all have a question: what about the army? From the service, the guys will have a delay of only up to 20 years. Another innovation will please Losers - it is forbidden to leave children for the second year in the senior (10th and 11th) grades. Those who fail to master the school curriculum will complete their education in other forms (in absentia, in evening school, etc.).
Why were such changes necessary? The Minister of Education of the Russian Federation Andrey Fursenko said that this was done in order to raise the authority of higher education: “Now there are 3.2 thousand universities and their branches in the country. Supporting the development of universities, planning their expansion and construction of new ones, it is necessary to understand who will come to study in them.” The fact is that the number of those wishing to study at universities is declining, and if in 1998 the number of students in the 11th grade of schools amounted to 22 million people, then in 2006 - 15 million. It is expected that in 2008 their number will decrease to 13 million. , and in 2010 - by another 30% compared to 2006.
Fursenko hopes that the way out of the "demographic hole" will begin after 2010.
According to the new amendments, secondary general education will be free. The law also prescribes the obligation of parents and guardians to create opportunities for children to receive a complete secondary education. Thus, 11 classes will now complete all, whereas previously only 9 classes were mandatory.
The attitude towards the new bill is rather ambiguous. Many question whether compulsory secondary education is necessary. Their argument is understandable - cooks, seamstresses, etc. should remain in the country. We tried to understand this issue and turned to the professor of Moscow State University Lyudmila Kokhanova for comments:
The whole world is already talking about raising the standard of education. We all know that the prerogative of our country has always been education and science, so the state is returning to these frontiers again. Without them, we will not do anything in the technological information society, and everything will collapse, break.
But what about such professions as a cook, a seamstress, a locksmith, etc.? Really now it is necessary to study them after the 11th grade?
Well, what is it? This is high professionalism. Thus, the level of society rises, because machines become more complex, the same cook must already know the basics of biotechnology, etc. In modern society, other standards are applied to any profession, and now mastery is determined by the development of an information technogenic society.
- What will happen to those who do not want to get a full education and leave school?
I think that life itself will force them to complete their studies. In any case, a person himself determines his path and what he wants to achieve in this life. I also believe that the state should create such conditions so that people are motivated to learn. Now we will no longer retrain those who have completed the 9th grade, the new program is designed for those who enter life today. And it seems to me that this is a good way to make our society more highly educated.
Hello. In accordance with the Federal Law on Education, as a general rule, such education is mandatory.
5. Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Students who have not mastered the basic educational program of primary general and (or) basic general education are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education. The requirement of obligatory secondary general education in relation to a particular student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen years, if the corresponding education was not received by the student earlier.
But in accordance with paragraph 6 of this article, it is allowed that a minor may not continue his studies at school if he is 15 years old.
6. With the consent of the parents (legal representatives) of a minor student, the commission for minors and the protection of their rights and the local government in charge of education, the student , who has reached the age of fifteen, may leave the general educational organization before receiving the basic general education. The Commission for the Affairs of Minors and the Protection of Their Rights, together with the parents (legal representatives) of a minor who left a general educational organization before receiving a basic general education, and the local self-government body exercising management in the field of education , not later than within a month, takes measures to continue the development of the educational program of basic general education in a different form of education for minors and with his consent for employment.
But this applies to those moments when the child has not completed the 9th grade. If he graduated from them, then, together with his parents, he can choose a further form of education.
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Hello!
“The requirement of obligatory secondary general education in relation to a particular student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen years, if the corresponding education was not received by the student earlier.” Here's how to understand the phrase "a particular student" ??? Who is a specific learner?
Ignat
This means that he cannot leave the educational institution without having received the specified education before the age of 18. And upon reaching the age of 18, even if he has not received this education, he can leave school and not study further.
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Hello Ignat!
According to part 4 of article 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation Basic general education is compulsory . Parents or persons replacing them ensure that children receive basic general education.
According to Article 10 of the Federal Law on Education 4. The following levels of general education are established in the Russian Federation:
1) preschool education;
2) primary general education;
3) basic general education;
4) secondary general education.
According to Article 66.5 of the Federal Law on Education Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Students who have not mastered the basic educational program of primary general and (or) basic general education are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education. The requirement of obligatory secondary general education in relation to a particular student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen years, if the corresponding education was not received by the student earlier.
This means that if a student has not received a secondary general education before reaching the age of 18, then he is no longer obliged to receive it.
I believe that in this case it is necessary to rely on the provisions of the constitution, which states that basic general education is mandatory, that is, education of 9 classes.
Good luck!
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Here's how to understand the phrase "a particular student" ??? Who is a specific learner?
Ignat
This means that this provision can be applied to a specific student, in this case, to your child.
Ignat
obliged in one form or another. Although, of course, no one will force him into the OS.
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Primary general education, basic general
education, secondary general education are compulsory levels
education. Students who have not mastered the basic educational
programs of primary general and (or) basic general education, not
are allowed to study at the following levels of general education.
The requirement of compulsory secondary general education in relation to
for a particular student remains valid until they reach the age
eighteen years of age, if the relevant education has not been received
previously trained.
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Goryunov Evgeniy
Lawyer, Ivanteevka
Yes, secondary general education is MANDATORY, this comes from paragraph 5 of Art. 66 of the Federal Law "On Education" (the same article that you cited, but a different sentence)
5.
Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Students who have not mastered the basic educational program of primary general and (or) basic general education are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education. The requirement of obligatory secondary general education in relation to a particular student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen years, if the corresponding education was not received by the student earlier.
The offer you specified
“The requirement of obligatory secondary general education in relation to a particular student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen years, if the corresponding education was not received by the student earlier.”
Ignat
refers to persons who have not passed the GIA, the same is indicated by the Letter of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated 04.24.2014 No. NT-443/08 On the continuation of education for persons who have not passed the state final certification in educational programs of basic general education
So is a child obliged to receive a secondary general education if he does not want it?
Ignat
yes, I must
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In the current version of the Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" these provisions are set out as follows:
5. Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Students who have not mastered the basic educational program of primary general and (or) basic general education are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education. The requirement of obligatory secondary general education in relation to a particular student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen years, if the corresponding education was not received by the student earlier.6. With the consent of the parents (legal representatives) of a minor student, the commission for minors and the protection of their rights and the local self-government body in charge of education, a student who has reached the age of fifteen may leave a general education organization before receiving basic general education. The Commission on Juvenile Affairs and the Protection of Their Rights, together with the parents (legal representatives) of a minor who left a general educational organization before receiving basic general education, and the local self-government body in charge of education, no later than one month, takes measures to continue mastering the educational programs of basic general education in a different form of education and with his consent for employment.
Those. as a general rule, secondary general education is compulsory until the child reaches 18 years of age.
In accordance with paragraph 5 of Art. 66 of the Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Students who have not mastered the basic educational program of primary general and (or) basic general education are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education. The requirement of obligatory secondary general education in relation to a particular student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen years, if the corresponding education was not received by the student earlier.
In accordance with Article 68 of the Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation":
p. 2. To the development of educational programs persons are allowed having an education not lower than the basic general or secondary general education, unless otherwise provided by this Federal Law.
p. 3. Obtaining secondary vocational education on the basis of basic
general education is carried out with simultaneous receipt of secondary general education within the relevant educational program of secondary vocational education. In this case, the educational program of secondary vocational education, implemented on the basis of basic general education, is developed on the basis of the requirements of the relevant federal state educational standards. secondary general and secondary vocational education taking into account the received profession or specialty of secondary vocational education.
In accordance with paragraph 3 of Art. 5 of the Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" in the Russian Federation are guaranteed public and free in accordance with federal state educational standards for preschool, primary general, basic general and secondary general education, secondary vocational education, as well as free higher education on a competitive basis, if a citizen receives education of this level for the first time.
Based on the foregoing, your child may, upon completion of the 9th grade, upon successful completion of the final certification, leave school and enter a vocational education institution on a free and generally accessible basis.
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4. In the Russian Federation, the realization of the right of every person to education is ensured by the creation by federal state bodies, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local government bodies of appropriate socio-economic conditions for its receipt, expansion of opportunities to meet the needs of a person in obtaining education of various levels and directions during all life.
Types of education in Russia
In Russia, these functions are performed by specialized institutions of preschool education. Primary lasts four years.The main goal is to give the child a system of necessary knowledge in basic subjects. Basic education lasts from the fifth to the ninth grades. It assumes that the development of the child should be carried out in the main scientific areas.
As a result, secondary schools must prepare teenagers for the GIA in certain subjects.
Article 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation
in Russia, it is regulated by several laws: the Law on Education, the Federal Law of August 22, 1996 N 125-FZ “On Higher and Postgraduate Vocational Education” (as amended on July 15, 2008) and other acts. At the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, laws are sometimes adopted on certain aspects of preschool and primary.In some constituent entities of the Russian Federation (Perm Territory, Tomsk Region, Chechen Republic, etc.), the Ministers of Education issue their own acts.
Federal Law of the Russian Federation - On Education in the Russian Federation, N 273-FZ, Article 66
3.The secondary general is aimed at the further formation and formation of the student's personality, the development of interest in learning and the student's creative abilities, the formation of skills for independent learning activities based on the individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, preparing the student for life in society, independent life choice, continuing education and start of professional activity.
3. Secondary general education is aimed at the further formation and formation of the personality of the student, the development of interest in learning and the creative abilities of the student, the formation of skills for independent learning activities based on the individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, preparing the student for life in society, independent life choice, continuing education and starting a professional career.
What kind of education is compulsory in Russia
2.What is mandatory in Russia? In accordance with the law "On the Russian Federation", primary, basic and secondary general are mandatory.
The obligation of the middle general in relation to the student remains until he reaches the age of eighteen. If we answer the question of what kind of education is compulsory in Russia, more simply, then it is compulsory that is received at school, i.e.
Article 66 Law 273-FZ On Education in the Russian Federation 2019 new
3.Secondary general education is aimed at the further formation and formation of the personality of the student, the development of interest in learning and the creative abilities of the student, the formation of skills for independent learning activities based on the individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, preparing the student for life in society, independent life choice, continuation and start of professional activity.
These two levels of schooling are compulsory for all children according to their age.
After the 9th grade, the student has the right to leave the school and continue his studies at the chosen secondary special educational institution (hereinafter referred to as the SPSS) (responsibility for such a decision lies with the parents or guardians). SPUZ are subdivided into technical schools and colleges.
In educational institutions (state and non-state), students are trained in existing specialties for 2-3 (sometimes 4) years.
Website of school students №917 ->
from other sources: The document establishes the obligation of parents to provide conditions for the education of children, however, no forms of responsibility for violation of this provision are provided. The maximum age of school students is set at 20 years. Parents (the students themselves upon reaching the age of 18) are given the right to choose a further form of education, such as transfer to the next class with debts for untaken courses.Secondary general education is aimed at the further formation and formation of the personality of the student, the development of interest in learning and the creative abilities of the student, the formation of skills for independent learning activities based on the individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, preparing the student for life in society, independent life choice, continuing education and the start of a career. 4.
The obligated person is not the subject of the constitutional right to education, the student, but his parents (legal representatives).
The imposition of this duty on parents means a prohibition for parents to prevent their children from acquiring an education of the named level, as well as to facilitate it in every possible way. Thus, in fact, the subject of the constitutional right to education does not coincide with the subject of the corresponding constitutional duty.
student life
But this is not enough, because at school they will teach only general subjects (and even then, without going deep), they will teach us to write, read, count, but for an adult independent life, much more knowledge will be required. Moreover, in the modern world, competition in the labor market is very high.
Therefore, sometimes, to the question of what kind of education is compulsory, I want to answer - one that will open up many prospects for you, provide you with a well-paid job.
Article 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation
Education is the process of development, self-development and upbringing of the individual, associated with the acquisition of socially significant experience of mankind in various fields of activity. The tasks of education are to know, understand, be able to, participate in creative activity, have an established emotional and value attitude to the world. The right to education is enshrined in the most important international legal acts.
In Art. 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966
Features of the school education system in our country
As an experiment, a four-year primary school was introduced, although children with their parents had the right to choose. If they chose to study for 10 years, then primary education took 3 years.
If the full 11 years old, then before the main school, the children studied for 4 years. Today, everyone is engaged in an eleven-year program, and the standards for mastering the program provide for the following stages of education: First - 4 years corresponds to primary education; The second - 5 years of basic education; Third - 2 years of secondary or complete education. The system of school education in Russia defines as a mandatory stage of education only primary and general, which is consistent with the Constitution of the country.
Freedom in Education
Blog of the Inspector of Public Education
Russians also have the right to receive pre-school, primary general and basic general education in their native language. In addition, education can be obtained in a foreign language in accordance with the educational program and in the manner prescribed by the legislation on education and local regulations of the organization carrying out educational activities. Primary general, basic general and secondary general education are compulsory levels of education.
Is compulsory secondary education necessary?
Most likely, many guys will first of all have a question: what about the army?
From the service, the guys will have a delay of only up to 20 years. Another innovation will please the losers - it is forbidden to leave children for the second year in the senior (10th and 11th) grades.
Those who fail to master the school curriculum will complete their education in other forms (in absentia, in evening school, etc.). Why were such changes necessary?
The Minister of Education of the Russian Federation Andrey Fursenko said that this is being done to raise the authority of higher education: “Now there are 3.2 thousand students in the country.
2 in ed. Federal Law of June 25, 2002 N 71-FZ) (see.
text in the previous edition) 3.
General education is compulsory.
(Clause 3 as amended by Federal Law No. 194-FZ of July 21, 2007) (see
text in the previous edition) 4. The requirement of compulsory general education in relation to a particular student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen years, if the corresponding education was not received by the student earlier.
Law of the Russian Federation On Education
Establishment of a compulsory level of general education in the Russian Federation
One of the main guarantees for the implementation of the constitutional right to education is the establishment of a compulsory level of general education at the constitutional level. In accordance with Part 4 of Art. 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, “basic general education is compulsory. Parents or persons replacing them ensure that children receive basic general education. A similar rule is enshrined in paragraph 3 of Art. 19 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education", according to which "basic general education and state (final) certification are mandatory."
In constitutional law, two types of duties are distinguished: some are imperative, imperative in nature (direct prohibition), others are indirect. L.D. Voevodin notes that, just like constitutional rights, constitutional obligations have direct effect, but the mechanism for their implementation and prosecution in case of non-fulfillment should be enshrined in current legislation.
The traditional understanding of the constitutional obligation as a state-established measure of the socially necessary behavior of the obligated person and the constitutionally enshrined and protected by legal responsibility requirements in relation to the obligation to receive a general education has a number of features:
1. The obligated person is not the subject of the constitutional right to education, the student, but his parents (legal representatives). The imposition of this duty on parents means a prohibition for parents to prevent their children from acquiring an education of the named level, as well as to facilitate it in every possible way. Thus, in fact, the subject of the constitutional right to education does not coincide with the subject of the corresponding constitutional duty.
2. Non-strict formulation. The term “provide” instead of “obliged” does not contain a direct legal meaning in terms of the obligation to perform certain actions. In this regard, the amount of responsibility for violation of this constitutional obligation is very insignificant, which does not contribute to reducing the level of child illiteracy in Russia and the general increase in the educational level of citizens.
3. Limited implementation period: the requirement of compulsory basic general education in relation to a particular student remains in force until he reaches the age of fifteen.
4. Possibility to implement this constitutional obligation in a non-state educational institution with state accreditation. Such a situation cannot be designed to fulfill other constitutional obligations in the non-state sector. So, for example, it is impossible to fulfill the constitutional obligation to perform military service - in a "private army" or to pay taxes and fees established by law to the settlement account of a non-state organization.
Compulsory education in the Russian Federation
The foregoing allows us to conclude that a non-state general educational institution is “delegating” state functions to organize the acquisition of a compulsory level of education, enshrined at the constitutional level, in order to improve the educational level of the country as a whole.
At present, the compulsory level of education is established within the framework of basic general education (9 grades). A number of subjects of the Russian Federation (Moscow, the Republic of Altai, etc.) at the level of regional legislation decided to raise the level of compulsory education in the territory of this subject of the federation to complete (secondary) general education. In connection with such a decision, the question arises: is there a violation of constitutional norms regarding the imposition of additional duties on the parents of students (or persons replacing them) in a particular region, which creates an inequality of the rights of citizens on the territory of Russia.
The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation considered the issue of the legitimacy of the introduction of the above norm by the subject of the Russian Federation and came to the conclusion that such provisions do not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation only if the responsibility placed on parents for the realization of the right of children to receive a secondary (complete) general education corresponds to those adopted on itself as a subject of the Russian Federation, the obligation to ensure such conditions. The Court motivated its decision by the fact that the Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person, including through the development of state support for childhood and the establishment of guarantees of social protection (Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). Establishing that parents are obliged to ensure that their children receive a secondary (complete) general education, the norm of the Constitution of the Republic of Altai, in accordance with the goals of the social state, additionally guarantees more opportunities for minors who would like to continue their education. The Republic of Altai assumes obligations for financing and logistical support of the right to education in the specified volume and entrusts the parents of minors with assistance in its implementation and protection. Such regulation does not violate the delimitation of subjects of jurisdiction and powers established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, since the protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens, as well as general issues of education, are under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its subjects.
Currently, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation is working on a draft federal law that makes it possible to establish the mandatory nature of all three levels of general education, for which it is proposed to rename the levels of general education. As a result of such a transformation by introducing an intermediate level of “basic general education” (grades 5-9) and abolishing the stage of secondary (complete) general education, the mandatory level of basic general education established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation will fall on the last 11th grade.
For failure to fulfill this constitutional obligation, a number of measures of legal responsibility are provided. The subjects of this responsibility are also the parents (legal representatives) of children who prevent children from receiving general education and / or do not ensure that they receive this type of education.
Art. 5.35 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation (CAO) establishes administrative liability for failure by parents or other legal representatives of minors to fulfill their obligations to educate, support and educate minors, as well as to protect their rights and interests in the form of a warning or the imposition of an administrative fine in the amount of one to five minimum wages. For non-fulfillment by parents of the duties of raising a minor, criminal liability is established in Art. 156 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. However, a much more effective negative consequence for a person who has not received a compulsory level of education is, in our opinion, the inability to continue education in a higher educational institution.
In the meantime, it should be noted that the scope of responsibility for violation of this constitutional obligation is incommensurable with the scale and degree of elaboration of the mechanism for holding accountable for violation of other constitutional obligations: the obligation of everyone to pay legally established taxes and fees (Article 57 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) and to preserve nature and the environment. environment, take care of natural resources (Article 58 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation), as well as the obligation of a citizen of the Russian Federation to defend the Fatherland and perform military service (Article 59 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). The foregoing allows us to conclude that this type of constitutional responsibility is underestimated for the development of the education system, for raising the educational level of the country's citizens, for strengthening the national security and integrity of Russia.
1. Primary general education is aimed at shaping the personality of the student, developing his individual abilities, positive motivation and skills in educational activities (mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activities, elements of theoretical thinking, the simplest skills of self-control, a culture of behavior and speech, the basics personal hygiene and healthy lifestyle).
2. Basic general education is aimed at the formation and formation of the personality of the student (the formation of moral convictions, aesthetic taste and a healthy lifestyle, a high culture of interpersonal and interethnic communication, mastering the basics of science, the state language of the Russian Federation, the skills of mental and physical labor, the development of inclinations, interests , ability to social self-determination).
Secondary general education is aimed at the further formation and formation of the personality of the student, the development of interest in learning and the creative abilities of the student, the formation of skills for independent learning activities based on the individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, preparing the student for life in society, independent life choice, continuing education and the start of a career.
4. The organization of educational activities in educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education can be based on the differentiation of content, taking into account the educational needs and interests of students, providing in-depth study of individual academic subjects, subject areas of the corresponding educational program (professional education).
5. Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Students who have not mastered the basic educational program of primary general and (or) basic general education are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education. The requirement of obligatory secondary general education in relation to a particular student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen years, if the corresponding education was not received by the student earlier.
6. With the consent of the parents (legal representatives) of a minor student, the commission for minors and the protection of their rights and the local self-government body in charge of education, a student who has reached the age of fifteen may leave a general education organization before receiving basic general education. The Commission on Juvenile Affairs and the Protection of Their Rights, together with the parents (legal representatives) of a minor who left a general educational organization before receiving basic general education, and the local self-government body in charge of education, no later than one month, takes measures to continue mastering the educational programs of basic general education in a different form of education and with his consent for employment.
7. In an educational organization that implements educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education, conditions may be created for students to live in a boarding school, as well as for the supervision and care of children in extended day groups.
8. For the maintenance of children in an educational organization with a boarding school, which includes providing students in accordance with established standards with clothes, shoes, soft equipment, personal hygiene items, school supplies, games and toys, household equipment, food and organizing their household - consumer services, as well as for the supervision and care of children in after-school groups, the founder of an educational organization has the right to establish a fee levied from the parents (legal representatives) of underage students, and its amount, unless otherwise provided by this Federal Law. The founder has the right to reduce the amount of the specified fee or not to collect it from certain categories of parents (legal representatives) of minor students in cases and in the manner determined by him.
9. It is not allowed to include expenses for the implementation of the educational program of primary general, basic general and (or) secondary general education, as well as expenses for the maintenance of real estate of state and municipal educational organizations in the parental payment for the maintenance of children in an educational organization that has a boarding school, for the implementation supervision and care of the child in extended day groups in such organizations.
10. For students in need of long-term treatment, disabled children who, for health reasons, cannot attend educational organizations, training in educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education is organized at home or in medical organizations.
Compulsory education in Russia how many classes
The procedure for formalizing the relations of a state or municipal educational organization with students and (or) their parents (legal representatives) in terms of organizing training in educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education at home or in medical organizations is established by a regulatory legal act of the authorized state authority subject of the Russian Federation.
12. For students with deviant (socially dangerous) behavior, in need of special conditions for upbringing, training and requiring a special pedagogical approach, in order to receive primary general, basic general and secondary general education, authorized state authorities of the Russian Federation or constituent entities of the Russian Federation create special educational institutions of open and closed types.
The procedure for sending minors to special educational and educational institutions of open and closed types and the conditions for their stay in such institutions are determined by Federal Law No. 120-FZ of June 24, 1999 "On the Fundamentals of the System for Preventing Neglect and Juvenile Offenses."
Levels of education in the Russian Federation
On September 1, 2013, a new law “On Education” came into force in Russia (the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” was adopted by the State Duma on December 21, 2012, approved by the Federation Council on December 26, 2012). According to this law, new levels of education are established in Russia. The level of education is understood as a complete cycle of education, characterized by a certain unified set of requirements.
Since September 1, 2013, the following levels of general education have been established in the Russian Federation:
- preschool education;
- primary general education;
- basic general education;
- secondary general education.
Vocational education is divided into the following levels:
- secondary vocational education;
- higher education - bachelor's degree;
- higher education - specialty, magistracy;
- higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.
Let us dwell in more detail on the characteristics of each of the levels.
Levels of general education
Preschool education is aimed at the formation of a common culture, the development of physical, intellectual, moral, aesthetic and personal qualities, the formation of the prerequisites for educational activities, the preservation and strengthening of the health of preschool children.
Educational programs of preschool education are aimed at the versatile development of preschool children, taking into account their age and individual characteristics, including the achievement by children of preschool age of the level of development necessary and sufficient for their successful mastering of educational programs of primary general education, based on an individual approach to children of preschool age and activities specific to preschool children. The development of educational programs of preschool education is not accompanied by intermediate certification and final certification of students.
Primary general education is aimed at shaping the personality of the student, developing his individual abilities, positive motivation and skills in educational activities (mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activities, elements of theoretical thinking, the simplest skills of self-control, a culture of behavior and speech, the basics of personal hygiene and a healthy image life). Getting preschool education in educational organizations can begin when children reach the age of two months. Obtaining primary general education in educational institutions begins when children reach the age of six years and six months in the absence of contraindications for health reasons, but no later than when they reach the age of eight years.
Basic general education is aimed at the formation and formation of the personality of the student (the formation of moral convictions, aesthetic taste and a healthy lifestyle, a high culture of interpersonal and interethnic communication, mastering the basics of science, the Russian language, skills of mental and physical labor, the development of inclinations, interests, the ability to social self-determination).
Secondary general education is aimed at the further formation and formation of the student's personality, the development of interest in learning and the student's creative abilities, the formation of skills for independent learning activities based on the individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, preparing the student for life in society, independent life choice, continuing education and starting a professional career. activities.
Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Children who have not coped with the programs of one of these levels are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education.
Levels of vocational education
Secondary vocational education is aimed at solving the problems of intellectual, cultural and professional development of a person and aims to train qualified workers or employees and mid-level specialists in all main areas of socially useful activity in accordance with the needs of society and the state, as well as meeting the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education. Persons with an education not lower than basic general or secondary general education are allowed to receive secondary vocational education. If a student under the program of secondary vocational education has only basic general education, then simultaneously with the profession, he masters the program of secondary general education in the process of learning.
Secondary vocational education can be obtained in technical schools and colleges. The model regulation “On an educational institution of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institution)” gives the following definitions: a) a technical school is a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training; b) college - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements the main professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training and programs of secondary vocational education of advanced training.
Higher education aims to ensure the training of highly qualified personnel in all major areas of socially useful activities in accordance with the needs of society and the state, meeting the needs of the individual in intellectual, cultural and moral development, deepening and expanding education, scientific and pedagogical qualifications. Persons with a secondary general education are allowed to study undergraduate or specialist programs. Persons with higher education of any level are allowed to master the master's programs.
Persons with an education of at least higher education (specialist or master's degree) are allowed to master the training programs for highly qualified personnel (postgraduate (adjuncture), residency programs, assistantship-internship programs). Persons with a higher medical education or a higher pharmaceutical education are allowed to master the residency programs. Persons with higher education in the field of arts are allowed to master the programs of assistant-internship.
Admission to study in educational programs of higher education is carried out separately for bachelor's programs, specialist's programs, master's programs, training programs for scientific and pedagogical personnel of the highest qualification is carried out on a competitive basis.
Admission to study under master's programs, programs for training highly qualified personnel is carried out according to the results of entrance examinations conducted by the educational organization independently.
Undergraduate- This is the level of basic higher education, which lasts 4 years and has a practice-oriented character. Upon completion of this program, the graduate of the university is issued a diploma of higher professional education with a bachelor's degree.
What kind of education is compulsory in Russia
Accordingly, a bachelor is a university graduate who has received fundamental training without any narrow specialization, he has the right to occupy all those positions for which their qualification requirements provide for higher education. Examinations are provided as qualification tests for obtaining a bachelor's degree.
Master's degree- this is a higher level of higher education, which is acquired in 2 additional years after graduating from a bachelor's degree and involves a deeper mastery of the theoretical aspects of the field of study, orients the student to research activities in this area. Upon completion of this program, the graduate is awarded a diploma of higher professional education with a master's degree. The main objective of the Master's program is to prepare professionals for a successful career in international and Russian companies, as well as analytical, consulting and research activities. To obtain a master's degree in the chosen specialty, it is not necessary to have a bachelor's degree in the same specialty. In this case, obtaining a master's degree is considered as a second higher education. As qualification tests for obtaining a master's degree, examinations and the defense of the final qualifying work - a master's thesis are provided.
Along with the new levels of higher education, there is a traditional type - specialty, the program of which provides for a 5-year study at a university, after which the graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education and is awarded the degree of a certified specialist. The list of specialties for which specialists are trained was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1136 dated December 30, 2009.
Based on materials: http://273-fz.rf/
1. Primary general education is aimed at shaping the personality of the student, developing his individual abilities, positive motivation and skills in educational activities (mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activities, elements of theoretical thinking, the simplest skills of self-control, a culture of behavior and speech, the basics personal hygiene and healthy lifestyle).
2. Basic general education is aimed at the formation and formation of the personality of the student (the formation of moral convictions, aesthetic taste and a healthy lifestyle, a high culture of interpersonal and interethnic communication, mastering the basics of science, the state language of the Russian Federation, the skills of mental and physical labor, the development of inclinations, interests , ability to social self-determination).
3. Secondary general education is aimed at the further formation and formation of the personality of the student, the development of interest in learning and the creative abilities of the student, the formation of skills for independent learning activities based on the individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, preparing the student for life in society, independent life choice, continuing education and starting a professional career.
4. The organization of educational activities in educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education can be based on the differentiation of content, taking into account the educational needs and interests of students, providing in-depth study of individual academic subjects, subject areas of the corresponding educational program (professional education).
5. Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Students who have not mastered the basic educational program of primary general and (or) basic general education are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education. The requirement of obligatory secondary general education in relation to a particular student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen years, if the corresponding education was not received by the student earlier.
6. With the consent of the parents (legal representatives) of a minor student, the commission for minors and the protection of their rights and the local self-government body in charge of education, a student who has reached the age of fifteen may leave a general education organization before receiving basic general education. The Commission on Juvenile Affairs and the Protection of Their Rights, together with the parents (legal representatives) of a minor who left a general educational organization before receiving basic general education, and the local self-government body in charge of education, no later than one month, takes measures to continue mastering the educational programs of basic general education in a different form of education and with his consent for employment.
7. In an educational organization that implements educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education, conditions may be created for students to live in a boarding school, as well as for the supervision and care of children in extended day groups.
8. For the maintenance of children in an educational organization with a boarding school, which includes providing students in accordance with established standards with clothes, shoes, soft equipment, personal hygiene items, school supplies, games and toys, household equipment, food and organizing their household - consumer services, as well as for the supervision and care of children in after-school groups, the founder of an educational organization has the right to establish a fee levied from the parents (legal representatives) of underage students, and its amount, unless otherwise provided by this Federal Law. The founder has the right to reduce the amount of the specified fee or not to collect it from certain categories of parents (legal representatives) of minor students in cases and in the manner determined by him.
9. It is not allowed to include expenses for the implementation of the educational program of primary general, basic general and (or) secondary general education, as well as expenses for the maintenance of real estate of state and municipal educational organizations in the parental payment for the maintenance of children in an educational organization that has a boarding school, for the implementation supervision and care of the child in extended day groups in such organizations.
10. For students in need of long-term treatment, disabled children who, for health reasons, cannot attend educational organizations, training in educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education is organized at home or in medical organizations.
11. The procedure for formalizing relations of a state or municipal educational organization with students and (or) their parents (legal representatives) in terms of organizing training in educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education at home or in medical organizations is established by the regulatory legal act of the authorized body state power of the subject of the Russian Federation.
