Today, an industrial society is a concept familiar in all developed and even many developing countries of the world. The process of transition to mechanical production, the decline in the profitability of agriculture, the growth of cities and a clear division of labor - all these are the main features of the process that is changing the socio-economic structure of the state.

What is an industrial society?

In addition to production characteristics, this society is distinguished by a high standard of living, the formation of civil rights and freedoms, the emergence of service activities, accessible information and humane economic relations. Previous traditional socio-economic models were distinguished by a relatively low average standard of living for the population.

The industrial society is considered modern, both technical and social components are developing very quickly in it, affecting the improvement of the quality of life in general.

Main differences

The main difference between a traditional agrarian society and a modern one is the growth of industry, the need for a modernized, accelerated and efficient production and division of labor.

The main reasons for the division of labor and in-line production can be considered both economic - the financial benefits of mechanization, and social - population growth and increased demand for goods.

Industrial society is characterized not only by the growth of industrial production, but also by the systematization and flow of agricultural activities. In addition, in any country and in any society, the process of industrial reconstruction is accompanied by the development of science, technology, media and civic responsibility.

Changing the structure of society

Today, many developing countries are characterized by a particularly accelerated process of transition from a traditional society to an industrial one. The process of globalization and free information space play a significant role in changing socio-economic structures. New technologies and scientific advances are making it possible to improve production processes, which makes a number of industries especially efficient.

The processes of globalization and international cooperation and regulation also affect the change in social charters. An industrial society is characterized by a completely different worldview, when the expansion of rights and freedoms is perceived not as a concession, but as something due. In combination, such changes allow the state to become part of the world market both from an economic point of view and from a socio-political point of view.

The main features and signs of an industrial society

The main characteristics can be divided into three groups: production, economic and social.

The main production features and signs of an industrial society are as follows:

• mechanization of production;
• reorganization of labor;
• division of labor;
• productivity increase.

Among the economic characteristics it is necessary to highlight:

• growing influence of private production;
• the emergence of a market for competitive products;
• expansion of sales markets.

The main economic feature of an industrial society is uneven economic development. Crisis, inflation, decline in production - all these are frequent phenomena in the economy of an industrial state. The Industrial Revolution is by no means a guarantee of stability.

The main feature of an industrial society in terms of its social development is a change in values ​​and worldview, which is affected by:

• development and accessibility of education;
• improving the quality of life;
• popularization of culture and art;
• urbanization;
• expansion of human rights and freedoms.

It should be noted that the industrial society is also characterized by reckless exploitation of natural resources, including irreplaceable ones, and almost complete disregard for the environment.

Historical background

In addition to economic benefits and population growth, the industrial development of society was due to a number of other reasons. In traditional states, most people were able to secure their livelihood, and nothing more. Only a few could afford comfort, education and pleasure. The agrarian society was forced to move to an agrarian-industrial one. This transition allowed for an increase in production. However, the agrarian-industrial society was characterized by the inhumane attitude of the owners towards the workers and the low level of mechanization of production.

Pre-industrial socio-economic models rested on various forms of the slave system, which indicated the absence of universal freedoms and the low average standard of living of the population.

Industrial Revolution

The transition to an industrial society began during the Industrial Revolution. It was this period, the 18th-19th centuries, that was responsible for the transition from manual to mechanized labor. The beginning and middle of the 19th century became the apogee of industrialization in a number of leading world powers.

During the industrial revolution, the main features of the modern state took shape, such as the growth of production, urbanization, economic growth and the capitalist model of social development.

Usually, the industrial revolution is associated with the growth of machine production and intensive technological development, but it was during this period that the main socio-political changes took place that influenced the formation of a new society.

Industrialization

There are three main sectors in the composition of both the world and the state economy:

• Primary - resource extraction and agriculture.
• Secondary - processing resources and creating food.
• Tertiary - the service sector.

Traditional social structures were based on the superiority of the primary sector. Subsequently, during the transition period, the secondary sector began to catch up with the primary sector, and the service sector began to grow. Industrialization is the expansion of the secondary sector of the economy.

This process took place in world history in two stages: a technical revolution, including the creation of mechanized factories and the abandonment of manufactory, and the modernization of devices - the invention of the conveyor, electrical appliances and engines.

Urbanization

In the modern sense, urbanization is an increase in the population of large cities due to migration from rural areas. However, the transition to an industrial society was characterized by a broader interpretation of the concept.

Cities became not only places of work and migration of the population, but also cultural and economic centers. It was the cities that became the boundary of the true division of labor - territorial.

Future of industrial society

Today in developed countries there is a transition from a modern industrial society to a post-industrial one. There is a change in the values ​​and criteria of human capital.

The engine of the post-industrial society and its economy should be the knowledge industry. Therefore, scientific discoveries and technological developments of the new generation play an important role in many states. Professionals with a high level of education, good learning ability, and creative thinking are considered valuable working capital. The dominant sector of the traditional economy will be the tertiary sector, that is, the service sector.

Topic: Economic development of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.

Purpose: to form an idea of ​​the features of the economic development of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century, associated with the specifics of the Russian type of modernization.

Basic knowledge: causes and forms of manifestation of state intervention in the economy; the influence of foreign capital on the development of Russian industry; features of Russian monopoly capitalism; the role of pre-capitalist forms of production in the Russian economy; features of the development of agriculture at the beginning of the 20th century; reasons for the low profitability of agricultural production.

Basic concepts: mixed economy, monopoly capitalism, syndicate, trust, cartel.

During the classes:

I. Organizational moment.

II. Checking homework.

A) crossword. Horizontally: 2. A large group of people in an industrial society, differing from each other in occupation, income, power and influence in society. 5. Type of urban transport in large cities. 6. He served on the outskirts of the state, but also engaged in agriculture. 7. The process of transition from a traditional society to an industrial one. 8. Socio-legal groups, each of which was distinguished by its position, certain rights and obligations and duties in society. 9. Airplane pilot. 10. The process of creating a large, machine-based industry. Vertically: 1. All supreme power in the Russian Empire was concentrated in his hands. 3. The right that Finland had to independently exercise state power. 4. Strengthening the influence and role of cities in the economic and cultural life of both the surrounding area and the state as a whole.

Answers. Horizontally: 2. Class. 5. Tram, 6. Cossack. 7. Modernization. 8. Estate. 9. Aviator. 10. Industrialization. Vertically: 1. Emperor. 3. Autonomy. 4.Urbanization.

B) test.

Test. Continue with suggestions.

1. The advisory body under the king was called ...(State Council).

2. Royal regalia consisted of ...(crowns, scepters and orbs).

3. State symbols consisted of ...(state emblem, banner, anthem).

4. The most numerous class of the Russian Empire was ...(peasantry).

5. Financial support for artists, composers, scientists is called...(philanthropy).

6. The privileged classes included ...(nobility and clergy).

7. The main problem of agriculture in the Russian Empire was...(peasant land shortage).

8. The central executive bodies of the Russian Empire were(Committee of Ministers and Ministries).

9. He followed the proper functioning of the judiciary ... (Se nat).

10. Give a definition. The bourgeoisie is...(the social stratum of the Russian Empire, which owned the means of production, that is, plants and factories).

B) face-to-face interview.

Russia was a moderately developed country with significant economic potential. At the same time, its economic development had a number of features, which will be discussed in the lesson.

III. Learning new material.

Plan:

1. Russian economy at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries.
2. The role of the state in the Russian economy.
3. Foreign capital and the development of Russian industry.
4. Formation of monopolies in Russia.
5. Agriculture.

Task: find out what are the features of Russia's economic development at the beginning of the 20th century?

1. Work on the map. Look carefully at the legend of the map and answer the questions.

What industries were actively developing in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century?

What cities were the centers of development of the metalworking industry?

Name the centers of development of the food industry.

What cities were the centers of development of the textile industry?

What minerals were mined in Russia?

How were communications between the main industrial centers of the country carried out?

Who owned the railroads?

What new phenomena in the development of industry do these maps indicate?

1. The Russian economy at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries.

How did the reform of 1861 affect the development of Russia?

What consequences did she have?

On the one hand, capitalist relations are developing, on the other hand, the old feudal relations are preserved. Thus, Russia was doomed to a constant struggle between the old and the new. This determined the features of the Russian economy at the beginning of the 20th century.

The rapid development of capitalism began in Russia only after the abolition of serfdom. Russia is a medium-developed country of the second echelon of the economy. Its economy was catching up. From the 1890s Russia has entered a period of industrial growth. There was an increase in industrial production, new industrial areas took shape, intensive railway construction was going on, cities and the urban population were growing rapidly. These are strengths.

Weaknesses include: Russia remained an agrarian country, there was low labor productivity, a low level of production per capita, a lack of capital, foreign trade turnover was inferior to that of the leading countries.

Notebook entry: relatively late entry into the path of industrial development.

2. The role of the state in the Russian economy.

Working with the textbook - page 13 - 14.

Task: to find out the role of the state in the Russian economy at the beginning of the 20th century.

What is the difference between public enterprises and private ones?

Which states were state-owned?

In what ways did the state influence the activities of private enterprises?

What is the role of the state in the Russian economy at the beginning of the century?

Writing in a notebook: the huge role of the public sector of the economy.

3. Foreign capital and the development of Russian industry.

Working with a historical document - page 14. "From the report of the Minister of Finance Witte"

How does Witte justify the need for an influx of foreign capital into Russia?

In what areas of the country did foreigners invest their capital?

Why was it more profitable to produce products with the money of foreign enterprises in Russia than to sell the same products in finished form?

Domestic production was largely based on foreign capital, since Russia, with its inexhaustible reserves of raw materials and cheap labor, attracted Western European representatives of the bourgeoisie. In addition, foreign investment was strongly encouraged by the Russian government. As a result, in the key industries (mining, metalworking, machine-building) foreign investments exceeded Russian ones.

Work on options:

Option 1 - positive consequences;

Option 2 - negative consequences.

The role of foreign capital was ambiguous:

Investments helped develop Russian industry;

They brought huge profits;

Russia did not fall into complete dependence on Western European capital

Free competition was curtailed

The technical and economic backwardness of the country has been fixed

Tougher tax burden

The exploitation of workers increased.

Effects:

The profit that foreigners received went abroad, and at the expense of this profit the social problems of their country were solved:

Shortened work day

A pension system was created.

1) the Russian bourgeoisie is deprived of such an opportunity; thus the social problem grew: the working class was oppressed and open to revolutionary agitation.

2) all this deprived the bourgeoisie of freedom of maneuver and made it even more cautious in the struggle to change the state system in Russia, since the revolutionary-minded working class was more terrible for them than the autocracy.

Notebook entry: lack of domestic capital, attraction of foreign investors

4. Formation of monopolies in Russia.

The next trend in the development of the Russian economy was the formation of monopolies.

Definition - page 17.

An entry in a notebook: a monopoly is a large economic association that has concentrated in its hands most of the production and marketing of any raw material.

In the process of monopolization in Russia, historians distinguish several stages:

1) in 80 - 90 - her years. 19th century The first cartels arose on the basis of temporary agreements on joint prices and the division of the sales market. There was a strengthening of banks;

Definition - page 17.

Notebook entry.

2) in 1900 - 1908. in times of crisis and depression, large syndicates are created that unite the sale of goods, but already to a certain extent interfere in the development of the production of their enterprises.

Definition - page 18.

Notebook entry.

Subsequently, such forms of monopolies as trusts and concerns arise.

Definition - page 18.

Notebook entry.

But in Russia syndicates have become the main form of monopolies.

5. Agriculture.

Practical work. Analyze data tables and answer questions.

Entry in a notebook: the preservation of landownership, lack of land for peasants.

IV. Consolidation.

What are the features of Russia's economic development at the beginning of the 20th century?

Relatively late entry into the path of industrial development.

The special role of the state, which acts as the initiator of economic reforms and finances industry and railway construction.

Lack of domestic capital for industrialization, attraction of foreign investors, creation of mixed companies.

Protectionism and active customs policy in order to protect domestic producers.

Diversified industry, uneven development of its branches.

Absence of colonies, limited sales of goods.

Preservation of landownership, lack of land of the peasants.

The severity of social problems, the presence of socially disadvantaged strata of the urban poor and landless peasantry.

V. Summing up.

Do you agree with the thesis that “permanent instability was predetermined for Russia at the beginning of the 20th century”?

At the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. in Russia there were elements of traditional communal-patriarchal relations and the latest forms of capitalism, the semi-Asian despotic power of the tsar and the developing social and democratic movement, illiteracy, ignorance of the main part of the population and a genuine flourishing of culture. How could these opposite phenomena coexist in one society?

VI. Homework. Paragraph. 2.

industrial society

industrial society- a society formed in the process and as a result of industrialization, the development of machine production, the emergence of forms of labor organization adequate to it, the application of the achievements of technical and technological progress. It is characterized by mass, in-line production, mechanization and automation of labor, the development of the market for goods and services, the humanization of economic relations, the growing role of management, and the formation of civil society. .

An industrial society is a society based on industry with flexible dynamic structures, which is characterized by: the division of labor and the growth of its productivity, a high level of competition, the accelerated development of entrepreneurial resources and human capital, the development of civil society and management systems at all levels, the widespread development of mass media communications, a high level of urbanization and an increase in the quality of life.

The industrial society emerges from the Industrial Revolution. There is a redistribution of the labor force: employment in agriculture falls from 70-80% to 10-15%, the share of employment in industry increases to 80-85%, and the urban population is also growing.

Entrepreneurial activity becomes the dominant factor of production. For the first time, the entrepreneurial resource was introduced as a leading development factor by Joseph Schumpeter. As a result of the scientific and technological revolution, the industrial society is being transformed into a post-industrial society.

The essence and concept of the development of an industrial society

The essence of an industrial society reflects the emergence and development of an entrepreneurial resource as a component of human capital, human capital itself, as well as competition - the main factors in the formation and development of the industrial economy and society, drivers of the industrial revolution and the generation of innovations.

The concept of the development of an industrial society is to form and develop a class of entrepreneurs, education, especially special education, science, culture, medicine, to improve the quality of life of the population and the efficiency of the elite, and to form a civil society.

An industrial society and economy began to take shape in the first half of the 19th century. Revolutionary changes took place in the economy and society during this period of time:

Accumulation of creative human capital, knowledge and innovation (in industry);

Industrialization and mechanization of production, the transition from manual to machine labor;

Competitive relations and competitive markets were formed, democracy and civil society were formed;

The level and quality of life of the population increased; culture, education, science were developing, and the basis for the next round of accelerated economic growth, the development of industry and technology was gradually being prepared;

There was a rapid development of human capital due to the priority growth of investments in education, including vocational education, science, and innovation.

The main driving force behind the development of the industrial economy has been and remains competition.

Features of an industrial society

1. The emergence of a creative class - entrepreneurs (capitalists) and hired workers.
2. Growth and development of special and general education, science, culture, quality of life, infrastructure.
3. Transition to machine production.
4. Movement of population to cities - urbanization.
5. Uneven economic growth and development - stable growth alternates with recessions and crises.
6. Socio-historical progress.
7. Unlimited exploitation of natural resources to the detriment of the environment.
8. The basis of the economy is competitive markets and private property. The right to own the means of production is seen as natural and inalienable.
9. The labor mobility of the population is high, the possibilities of social movements are practically unlimited.
10. Entrepreneurship, diligence, honesty and decency, education, health, ability and willingness to innovate are recognized as the most important values ​​in an industrial society.

An industrial society is characterized by a sharp increase in industrial and agricultural production; the accelerated development of science and technology, means of communication, the invention of newspapers, radio and television; expansion of opportunities for educational and outreach activities; population growth and increase in life expectancy; a significant increase in the level and quality of life in comparison with previous eras; increased mobility of the population; division of labor not only within individual countries, but also on an international scale; centralized state; smoothing of the horizontal differentiation of the population (its division into castes, estates, classes) and the growth of vertical differentiation (the division of society into nations, "worlds", regions).

Waves of development and technological structures of the industrial economy

The transition from an industrial society to a post-industrial one

Notes

Literature

• Zapariy V.V., Nefedov S.A. History of science and technology. Yekaterinburg, 2003.
• Joseph Alois Schumpeter (1883-1954). Theory of economic development
• Korchagin Yu. A. Human capital as an intensive socio-economic factor in the development of personality, economy, society and statehood, Moscow, HSE, 2011
• Timoshina T.M. Economic history of foreign countries. – M.: Yustitsinform, 2006.
• Glazyev S.Yu. Economic theory of technical development. – M.: Nauka, 1990. – 232 p.
• Glazyev S.Yu. Theory of long-term technical and economic development. – M.: VlaDar, 1993. – 310 p.
• Korchagin Yu.A. Human capital development cycles as drivers of innovation waves. - Voronezh: TSIRE.
• Grinin L. E. Productive forces and the historical process. 3rd ed. M.: KomKniga, 2006.
• Korotaev A. V., Malkov A. S., Khalturina D. A. Laws of history. Mathematical modeling of the development of the World-System. Demography, economy, culture. 2nd ed. - M.: URSS, 2007.

see also

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See what "Industrial Society" is in other dictionaries:

The modern stage, or epoch, in the development of mankind. Previous eras: primitive society, ancient agrarian society, medieval agrarian industrial society. In the most developed Western European countries, the transition to acting. started… … Philosophical Encyclopedia

- (industrial society) A society with a broad division of labor and reliance on large-scale machine production. Industrial society is considered as a general designation for the capitalist and socialist formations of the recent past. Saint Simon... Political science. Vocabulary.

A type of economically developed society in which the predominant sector of the national economy is industry. Industrial society is characterized by the development of the division of labor, mass production of goods, mechanization and ... ... Financial vocabulary

Modern Encyclopedia

- (industrial society), designation of the stage of development of society, replacing the traditional, agrarian (tribal, feudal) society. The term belongs to A. Saint Simon; the concept of an industrial society was widely adopted in 50 60 ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

industrial society- (industrial society), designation of the stage of development of society, replacing the traditional, agrarian (tribal, feudal) society. The term belongs to A. Saint Simon; The concept of an industrial society became widespread in the 50s and 60s ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Burzh. sociology, and economy, theory of societies. development, directed against the Marxist-Leninist doctrine of social progress in the course of successive societies. economical formations. Formulated in two versions of the French. philosopher R. ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

One of the main categories in which modern philosophers, sociologists, political scientists and economists analyze the trends and features of modern, so-called. "developed" societies, in contrast to "traditional", "agrarian" (tribal, feudal, etc.) ... ... The latest philosophical dictionary

industrial society- The stage of development of society and social relations that took shape after the industrial revolution, when, along with the primary industries, the manufacturing industries (secondary sector of the economy) began to develop as the basis of the economy ... Geography Dictionary

- (industrial society), designation of the stage of development of society, replacing the traditional, agrarian (tribal, feudal) society. The term belongs to A. Saint Simon; the concept of an industrial society was widely adopted in 50 60 ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Almanac of German History. To the 100th anniversary of the birth of Lev Kopelev. Industrial society in Germany and its development. The Germans and the "Department", Ishchenko V.V. , "Almanac" continues the traditions of the "Yearbook of German History", published at the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The first issue presents articles by Russian and German historians,… Category: Scientific publications, theories, monographs, articles, lectures Series: Publisher: URSS,
• Historical sociology in 3 parts. Part 3. Industrial and post-industrial society. Textbook for undergraduate and graduate studies,

Industrial society is a type of social development based on an accelerating change in the natural environment, forms of social relations and the person himself. The rapid development of industrial society is due not only to the expansion of the sphere of human life, the emergence industrial production, but also a restructuring of its very foundations, a radical change in traditionalist values ​​and life meanings. If in a traditional society any innovations were disguised as tradition, then an industrial society proclaims the value of the new, not fettered by the regulating tradition. This contributed to the development of social productive forces unprecedented in history.
Industrial society is characterized by the rapid development of technology based on the introduction of scientific ideas into social production. If a traditional society managed with relatively simple tools of labor, arranged according to the principle of a composite object with a geometric fit of individual parts (block, lever, wagon), then industrial society is characterized by technical devices based on force interactions (steam engines, machine tools, internal combustion engines, etc.). d.). The emergence of large industrial enterprises equipped with sophisticated technology has formed a social demand for a literate worker, which means that it contributed to the development of a mass education system. The development of the railway network not only significantly increased economic and cultural exchange, but also required the introduction of a single standard time. The impact of technology on all aspects of the life of an industrial society is so great that it is often called technogenic civilization. The development of technology is not only expands the sphere of human domination over nature, but also changes the place of man in the system of social production. Living labor gradually loses power and motor functions and increases control and information. In the second half of the XX century. such technical systems appear (automated enterprises, spacecraft control systems, nuclear power plants), the operation of which requires not only virtuoso production skills, but also fundamental professional training based on the latest achievements of science. Science becomes not only the most important area of ​​spiritual culture, but also a direct productive force.
Technological progress contributed to the rise of the productive forces of society and an unprecedented improvement in the quality of human life. The development of commodity production not only led to the saturation of the market with essential products, but also created new needs unknown to traditional society (synthetic medicines, computers, modern means of communication and transport, etc.). The quality of housing, food and medical care has noticeably improved, and the average life expectancy has increased. The powerful development of technology has noticeably changed not only the objective environment of human habitation, but also his entire daily life. If the patriarchal-stagnant turn of life in the traditionalist consciousness was symbolized by the "wheel of times", that is, the idea of ​​an eternal return to normal, the dynamism of technogenic civilization gave rise to the image of axial historical time, which was written by the German philosopher K. Jaspers. "Time-arrow" becomes a symbol of not only technical, but also social progress i.e., ideas about the progressive development of society from barbarism and savagery to civilization and the further buildup of civilizational achievements.
Technological progress has given rise to profound changes in the cultural meanings of nature, society and man himself, introduced new values ​​and life meanings into the public consciousness. The traditionalist idea of ​​life-giving nature in the public consciousness of an industrial society is replaced by the idea of ​​an ordered "system of nature" governed by natural laws. Such representations are reflected in the metaphor of the world as a clock mechanism, the individual parts of which are connected by a rigid cause-and-effect interaction. Knowledge of the world was identified with its reproduction in the forms of human activity. The religious "disenchantment" of the world (M. Weber) was accompanied by a large-scale secularization of public consciousness, i.e., the replacement of a religious worldview and upbringing with a secular one. K. Marx's definition of nature as "the inorganic body of man" illustrates the destruction of traditionalist ideas about the organic unity of man and nature: the perception of nature as a deified source of life is being replaced by the concept of the habitat as a pantry of an inexhaustible supply of industrial raw materials. The pathos of the Promethean will of the new European man, the assertion of his strength and power meant the assertion of limitless transformative possibilities in relation to nature. Conquest, subjugation, transformation become key metaphors for the new industrial culture. “We cannot wait for favors from nature” - this is the motto of not only a process engineer, but also a selectionist botanist.
formal (legal) equality of the parties in practice turns out to be actual inequality, economic coercion to work on the terms of the employer. But in a civilizational sense, the abolition of personal dependence and the transition to social contract on the basis of a legal contract - a noticeable step forward in the assertion of human rights, the formation of civil society. The rupture of relations of personal dependence and clan and tribal affiliation creates conditions for social mobility, i.e., the ability of a person to move from one social group (class) to another. An industrial society gives a person one of the highest civilizational values ​​- personal freedom. A free person becomes the master of his own destiny. Social relations, invisible threads of the social fabric, in an industrial society take the form of commodity-money exchange (activity, products of labor, services, etc.). This gives rise to the illusion that it is not people who dominate each other, connected by a historically certain type of social relations, but "money rules the world." Only a deep study of society can dispel this illusion and show that one form or another of labor exploitation is based on a historically defined type of social production and the corresponding property and distribution relations. If social relations in a traditional society are called directly social, then industrial modernity is characterized by indirect (money, goods, institutions) social connections of people who do not personally know each other - social partners. Describing medieval cities, M. Weber noted that urban dwellings are located much closer than in rural areas, but, unlike fellow villagers, urban neighbors do not necessarily know each other. Intermediaries in relations between people in an industrial society are social institutions, and above all the state represented by law enforcement agencies, courts, prosecutors, as well as institutions of socialization (schools, universities, etc.) and employment of the individual (state enterprises). Institutionally mediated social ties give rise to the attitude of people towards each other as carriers social role(judge, boss, teacher, doctor, shop assistant, bus driver, etc.). And each person plays not one, but many social roles, acting both as an actor and as the author of his own life.
The period of industrialization is characterized by mass migration of the rural population to cities that can provide a higher standard of living. The characteristic features of a Western European medieval city were formed as early as the 16th-17th centuries. The city is distinguished from rural settlements by a fortified territory (“burg”), as well as elected bodies of city self-government. Unlike the rural population with a strict division into masters and subjects, the townspeople are formally equal in rights, regardless of their social origin, personal merits and wealth. Industrial corporations defended the rights of their members in the city court, including in the face of the former owner. In many countries, the verdict of the city court was final and not subject to appeal by the royal court. The saying “City air makes you free” has survived to this day. However, with the rise of centralized states, the administration of justice is increasingly concentrated in the hands of the supreme power. The monopolization and regulation of violence by the state helps to reduce the overall level of unauthorized violence in society. The development of legal consciousness and legal institutions that equalize the strong and the weak, the noble and the rootless, the rich and the poor in the face of the law, that is, the formation rule of law, not only an essential condition for the development of industrial capitalism, but also the most important civilizational achievement of mankind.

10. What is the fundamental difference between philosophy and ideology as a form of spiritual activity? (in question 5)

In society as a whole, the sphere of production of values ​​is initially bifurcated. On the one hand - ideology, on the other - philosophy, art. Religion stands apart, which can take one side or the other. This bifurcation of value systems contains the spiritual driving force of social development. Bifurcation always means both struggle and mutual complementation, and the impossibility of the existence of these systems without each other.

Ideology is a set of ideals, goals and values ​​that reflects and expresses the needs and interests of large groups of people - strata, estates, classes, professions or the whole society. In the latter case, it borrows or receives the most general provisions from outside, from the sphere of political management of social processes. Ideology is created, as a rule, by professionals in their field, people who are well prepared both theoretically and practically. Ideology, of course, is a spiritual education, since in its content it always goes beyond the boundaries of everyday, empirical experience. But at the same time, the ideology created and operating in society has a purely practical purpose. It unites all people who share its main provisions, determines the direct motivation of their specific deeds and actions. National and state ideologies play a special role in society, although they do not always coincide. In terms of content, the national ideology is broader than the ideology of the state. The latter includes a branched hierarchical structure of values, which is intensively spread in society by a propaganda machine, to a certain extent, is literally imposed by the state on citizens. Without rallying the country's population into a single community, without people realizing that they are citizens of a certain state with all the rights and obligations that follow from this, the state simply cannot exist and will fall apart. Millions of people consciously, and most often unconsciously, are guided in their lives by ideological ratings. This is that habitual world of life meanings and assessments (moral, political and economic), in which the existence of an individual person is immersed. It has already been said above that in this hierarchical structure, not all values ​​can be attributed to spiritual values ​​proper. There are vital needs for food, clothing, medicines, which are directly related to everyday life. But the fact of the matter is that only if there are higher spiritual values ​​in the ideology itself, all other values ​​find their rightful, proper place in the system of values ​​propagated by it. Hence the colossal role that the spiritual aspect of ideology plays in society. Lack of spirituality is a serious disease that has affected and continues to affect many societies. Ideology is always the main culprit. If it is beneficial for certain political forces that millions of people see the meaning of life in consuming whatever - cinema, entertainment, food or clothing, then such an ideology will be created by professional ideologists. Criticism of the content of any ideology always has serious justifications. And we will talk about this below. But first you need to protect her from unfounded accusations. The struggle against the existence of ideology in society is a certain ideological attitude. A completely legitimate question arises - who benefits from this? Of course, criticism of the totalitarian claims of any ideology is necessary. An ideology that leaves no room for independent spiritual searches is untenable and doomed to perish, unless it causes the collapse of the entire society. The huge spiritual crisis that hit post-Soviet society was caused primarily by the collapse of the entire structure of socialist values, on which more than one generation of Soviet people grew up. But we should not forget that it was a totalitarian ideology that had an all-pervading character. Ideology created from words perhaps the most perfect reality known to secular science and culture. But in real life, it was opposed by a unified, gray and poor social reality. It is usually said that there is never too much spirituality. But the spiritual search for higher ideals, especially in ideology, is not an end in itself. Man is also an earthly and social being. Therefore, the desire for a harmonious combination of the natural, social and spiritual in a person looks much more attractive than the extremely elevated spirituality with a lack of elementary material means of life in society. Philosophy, art and other types of spiritual activity related to them just perform a critical and reflective function. in society, primarily in relation to the state ideology or its substitutes, although their role in public life is not limited to this function. Philosophy is the doctrine of the general principles of being and cognition, it is a rational form of substantiation and expression of a person's value attitude to the world. Philosophy develops the most general system of views of a social person on the world and his place in it. Acquaintance with philosophical systems introduces a person to the collective experience of mankind, to his wisdom, as well as delusions and mistakes, and allows him to develop ideals, goals and values ​​that are consonant with his aspirations. The specificity of art lies in the sensory-visual, figurative assimilation of reality, in contrast to the theoretical-conceptual assimilation characteristic of scientific knowledge. Behind the diverse social functions of philosophy and art, one cannot help but see their main critical-reflexive function. Ideology, on the one hand, philosophy and art, on the other, being spiritual and practical activities, just allow, each in its own way, to link together all spheres of society, including science and material practice. As the spheres of science and material production develop, the role of the value development of the world not only does not decrease, but, on the contrary, increases. ideological goals. Therefore, the value sphere of activity often aroused suspicion among politicians and ideologists. The further a society is from democracy, the narrower the boundaries of what is permitted. Religion plays a special role in the sphere of value activity. A person's ability to transcend takes on a special form in it. Spirituality from a religious point of view is an absolute, comprehensive, supra-individual reality. This world, which constitutes the true basis of the life of society (as well as nature), is revealed only to believers. Unlike philosophy, which appeals to reason, the initial principle of the religious worldview is faith. The believer is completely inside this reality, which reveals to him the eternal, unchanging norms of individual behavior, the principles of organizing social life, that is, everything that is called the social and moral ideal. For many centuries, religion in different countries has sought to realize its goals and ideals through the government apparatus. The transformation of religious doctrine into a system of values ​​dominating in society, and even more so into a state ideology, sometimes led to the emergence of a theocratic state. Religious views, which are imposed by the power of the state, lead to the discrediting of religion, to the departure of the broad masses of the population from it. In a secular state, religion, as well as philosophy and art, should not be an instrument of state power and politics. Each of them develops its own system of values, its own view of the world. Despite the inevitable difficulties of the so-called transitional period in modern Russia, the value sphere of people's social life is increasingly asserting itself as a special universal sphere.

Topic: Economic development of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. The problem of corruption in the country.
Lesson Objectives:
-To form an idea about the features of the economic development of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century, to characterize the specifics of the Russian type of modernization, manifestations of corruption in the country in this period of development.
-Find out the causes and forms of manifestation of state intervention in the economy; the influence of foreign capital on the development of Russian industry; features of Russian monopoly capitalism; the role of pre-capitalist forms of production in the Russian economy; features of the development of agriculture at the beginning of the 20th century
-Work on the concepts of "diversified economy", "monopoly capitalism", "syndicate", "trust", "cartel".
-Economic and anti-corruption education.

During the classes:
I. Organizational moment. Introduction to lesson objectives and plan.
II. Checking homework.

1. Work with concepts, dictation.
1. A large group of people in an industrial society, differing from each other in occupation, income, power and influence in society. 2. The process of transition from a traditional society to an industrial one. 3. Socio-legal groups, each of which was distinguished by its position, certain rights and obligations and duties in society. 4. The process of creating a large industry based on machine labor. 5. All supreme power in the Russian Empire was concentrated in his hands. 6. The right that Finland had to independently exercise state power. 7. Strengthening the influence and role of cities in the economic and cultural life of both the nearby district and the state as a whole.
Answers.
1 class. 2. Modernization. 3. Estate. 4. Industrialization.5 Emperor. 6. Autonomy. 7.Urbanization.

2nd task. Continue with suggestions.
1. The advisory body under the king was called ... (State Council).
2. Royal regalia consisted of ... (crown, scepter and orb).
3. State symbols consisted of ... (state emblem, banner, anthem).
4. The most numerous class of the Russian Empire was ... (peasantry).
5. Financial support for artists, composers, scientists is called ... (philanthropy).
6. The privileged estates included ... (the nobility and the clergy).
7. The main problem of agriculture in the Russian Empire was ... (peasant land shortage).
8. The central executive bodies of the Russian Empire were (Committee of Ministers and Ministries).
9. The correct functioning of the judiciary was monitored by ... (Senate).
10. Give a definition. The bourgeoisie is ... (the social stratum of the Russian Empire, which owned the ownership of the means of production, that is, factories and factories).
3rd task. front poll.
What territories were part of the Russian empire? (Finland, Poland, the Baltic States, Transcaucasia, Central Asia) What religions did the inhabitants of Russia profess? (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism) What is the peculiarity of the country's modernization? Modernization in the country affected mainly heavy industry.) List the main classes of the population of Russia? (Nobility, clergy, merchants, philistinism, peasantry, Cossacks) What changes took place in the social structure? (Class partitions are being destroyed, the classes of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat are growing)

III. Learning new material.
- Russia was a moderately developed country with significant economic potential. At the same time, its economic development had a number of features, which will be discussed in the lesson.

Plan:
1. Russian economy at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries.
2. The role of the state in the Russian economy.
3. The problem of corruption in the country at the beginning of the 20th century
4. Foreign capital and the development of Russian industry.
5. Education of monopolies in Russia.
6. Agriculture.
Task: find out what are the features of Russia's economic development at the beginning of the 20th century?
1. Work on the map. Look carefully at the map legend and answer the questions.
- What industries were actively developing in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century?
- What cities were the centers of development of the metalworking industry?
- Name the centers of development of the food industry.
- What cities were the centers of development of the textile industry?
- What minerals were mined in Russia?
- How were the communications between the main industrial centers of the country carried out?
Who owned the railroads?
- What new phenomena in the development of industry do these maps indicate?
1. The Russian economy at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries.
- How did the reform of 1861 affect the development of Russia?
- What consequences did it have?
On the one hand, capitalist relations are developing, on the other hand, the old feudal relations are preserved. Thus, Russia was doomed to a constant struggle between the old and the new. This determined the features of the Russian economy at the beginning of the 20th century.
The rapid development of capitalism began in Russia only after the abolition of serfdom. Russia is a medium-developed country of the second echelon of the economy. Its economy was catching up. From the 1890s Russia has entered a period of industrial growth. There was an increase in industrial production, new industrial areas took shape, intensive railway construction was going on, cities and the urban population were growing rapidly. These are strengths.
Weaknesses include: Russia remained an agrarian country, there was low labor productivity, a low level of production per capita, a lack of capital, foreign trade turnover was inferior to that of the leading countries.
Notebook entry: relatively late entry into the path of industrial development.
2. The role of the state in the Russian economy.
- Work with the textbook - page 13 - 14.
Task: to find out the role of the state in the Russian economy at the beginning of the 20th century.
- What is the difference between public enterprises and private ones?
- Which states were owned by the state?
- In what ways did the state influence the activities of private enterprises?
- What is the role of the state in the Russian economy at the beginning of the century?
Writing in a notebook: the huge role of the public sector of the economy.
3. The problem of corruption in the country at the beginning of the 20th century.
In 1903, the Criminal Code was introduced, which, in terms of the fight against corruption, was much more developed than the Penal Code that was in force before that. The Criminal Code, in particular, divided the concepts of "bribery" and "extortion". After 1903, in Russia, as well as throughout the world, there was an increase in corruption (in Russia, unlike in Europe and the United States, there was only grassroots corruption, top officials in Russia still did not take bribes.
The growth of bribery since the beginning of the 20th century in Russia (as well as in other countries of the top five) has taken place in connection with both the increase in the number of officials, and with supplies and military orders, real estate transactions, the foundation of new cooperative societies, obtaining land plots with minerals and other transactions at the beginning of the 20th century. In Russia, especially during the period of the Russo-Japanese and then the First World War, the growth of corruption necessitated both strengthening the responsibility for taking bribes and abandoning impunity for bribery. The tsarist government quickly reacted to the surge of corruption at the very beginning of the Russo-Japanese War and toughened its attitude towards it; ever new attempts were made to curb bribery and extortion. This is evidenced, in particular, by the fact that the mercies (amnesty) granted by the Most Merciful Manifesto of August 11, 1904 were not extended to the persons who committed them. In particular, they could not have their sentences set by the court reduced by two-thirds (like many other convicts under criminal articles), they could not be released from trial and punishment in cases where they were prosecuted or followed by a court decision or a decision not enforced until August 11, 1904, etc.
3. Foreign capital and the development of Russian industry.
Working with a historical document - page 14. "From the report of the Minister of Finance Witte"
- How does Witte justify the need for an influx of foreign capital into Russia?
- In what regions of the country did foreigners invest their capital?
- Why was it more profitable to produce products with the money of foreign enterprises in Russia than to sell the same products in finished form?
Domestic production was largely based on foreign capital, since Russia, with its inexhaustible reserves of raw materials and cheap labor, attracted Western European representatives of the bourgeoisie. In addition, foreign investment was strongly encouraged by the Russian government. As a result, in the key industries (mining, metalworking, machine-building) foreign investments exceeded Russian ones.
The task of students is to find the positive and negative consequences of foreign investment.
The role of foreign capital was ambiguous:
- investments helped to develop Russian industry;
- brought huge profits;
- Russia did not fall into complete dependence on Western European capital
- curtailed the possibility of free competition
- entrenched technical and economic backwardness of the country
- increased tax burden
- increased exploitation of workers.
Effects:
The profit that foreigners received went abroad, and at the expense of this profit the social problems of their country were solved:
- shorter working hours
- Created a pension system.
1) the Russian bourgeoisie is deprived of such an opportunity; thus the social problem grew: the working class was oppressed and open to revolutionary agitation.
2) all this deprived the bourgeoisie of freedom of maneuver and made it even more cautious in the struggle to change the state system in Russia, since the revolutionary-minded working class was more terrible for them than the autocracy.
Notebook entry: lack of domestic capital, attraction of foreign investors.
4. Formation of monopolies in Russia.
The next trend in the development of the Russian economy was the formation of monopolies.
An entry in a notebook: a monopoly is a large economic association that has concentrated in its hands most of the production and marketing of any product.
In the process of monopolization in Russia, historians distinguish several stages:
1) in 80 - 90 - her years. 19th century The first cartels arose on the basis of temporary agreements on joint prices and the division of the sales market. There was a strengthening of banks;
2) in 1900 - 1908. in times of crisis and depression, large syndicates are created that unite the sale of goods, but already to a certain extent interfere in the development of the production of their enterprises.
Subsequently, such forms of monopolies as trusts and concerns arise.
But in Russia syndicates have become the main form of monopolies.
5. Agriculture.
Work with the textbook.
-What is a community? What role did she play in the Russian countryside? What are the positive and negative aspects of the community?
An entry in a notebook: the preservation of landownership, the large role of the community, the lack of land of the peasants.
IV. Consolidation.
What are the features of Russia's economic development at the beginning of the 20th century?

The special role of the state, which acts as the initiator of economic reforms and finances industry and railway construction.
- Lack of domestic capital for industrialization, attraction of foreign investors, creation of mixed companies.
- Protectionism and active customs policy in order to protect domestic producers.
- Diversified industry, uneven development of its branches.
- Lack of colonies, limited sales of goods.
- Preservation of landownership, lack of land of the peasants.
- The severity of social problems, the presence of socially disadvantaged strata of the urban poor and landless peasantry.
V. Summing up.
What are the features of the Russian economy at the beginning of the 20th century? How does the government influence the economy? What are the positive and negative features of the development of the country's economy in your opinion.

VI. Homework. Paragraph. 2.