"The whole city is full of voices", "The serpent will unravel over the houses." - explicit metonymy.
Damn, I haven’t done this for a long time ... I forgot what is what ... But I remember for sure that a synecdoche is a replacement in one way, of some concept or group, such as: "A person is alone" - here "a person "replaces the concept of" all people "... In general, the verse is a continuous trope, it is difficult to separate one from the other. “The Serpent is looking, clenched with a hoof”, “In the outstretched hand of Peter” - the serpent and Peter in this case, in my opinion, are also synecdoches ...

These are idiomatic metaphors.
Personification is the attribution of animate properties to inanimate objects. The course of time (the general meaning of these phrases) in this case is more like a metaphor with a stretch. Not only animate things can walk in Russian. Here, the metaphor conveys the speed of movement, and not some property of a living object.
Now, if years or days would tell you about something, for example, or, let's say, call you, it would be a personification.

An epithet is an application, that is, an attached word that clarifies some properties, qualities or features of the main, defined term. The properties of an epithet appear only when it is combined with another word denoting an object or phenomenon. The epithet is usually an adjective.

Metaphor is the transfer of meaning. A metaphor is usually called not a single word, like an epithet, but a whole expression, which consists of two parts - one part acts in a direct, and the other in a figurative sense. A metaphor can be an adjective, a noun, or a verb.


Depending on the context. For example: The Amati violin is the personification of the achievements of the masters of that time - in this case = Amati viola attelo tā laikā specialistu sasniegumus.
Without context: personifikācija, personalizācija....

Britney Spears

The expression "piercing pain" I associate with needles piercing the body; it may be the silhouette of a person walking on needles with bloody feet. I would draw a white half-blown rose bud pierced by a needle, from the tip of which drops of blood flow or depict a rose bud pierced by a needle with red dew drops. I could just paint over the sheet with black paint - in the sense of "the pain in my eyes darkened." You can also depict pain as a hedgehog by drawing real sewing needles with drops of blood instead of needles. I read somewhere that Moon's painting "The Scream" "lets you feel" the state of pain.
http://www.gothic.ru/art/paint/munch/show.htm?scream.jpg - link to Munch's painting "The Scream"

• Metaphor is a literary concept. A metaphor is a trope, that is, a kind of image based on the use of words in a figurative sense. The meaning of metaphor as a path is to enhance the emotional expressiveness of speech. Metaphor is the transfer of the properties of one object to another according to the principle of their similarity. Examples of metaphors: "golden hair", "sunny smile".

  a word or expression used in a figurative sense, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common feature.
  Is it hard to look it up on google?

  Nobody canceled the law of unity and struggle of opposites, and it makes no difference whether I agree with this or not. But learn to use it to the delight of yourself and others, that's the question.

Means of enhancing the expressiveness of speech. The concept of a path. Types of tropes: epithet, metaphor, comparison, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, litote, irony, allegory, personification, paraphrase.

A trope is a rhetorical figure, word or expression used in a figurative sense in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language, the artistic expressiveness of speech. Tropes are widely used in literary works, oratory and in everyday speech.

The main types of tropes: Epithet, metaphor, simile, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, litote, irony, allegory, personification, paraphrase.

An epithet is a definition attached to a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love passionately”), a noun (“fun noise”), a numeral (second life).

An epithet is a word or a whole expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) to acquire color, richness. It is used in both poetry and prose.

Epithets can be expressed by different parts of speech (mother-Volga, wind-tramp, bright eyes, damp earth). Epithets are a very common concept in literature, without them it is impossible to imagine a single work of art.

Under us with a cast-iron roar
Bridges instantly rattle. (A. A. Fet)

Metaphor (“transfer”, “figurative meaning”) is a trope, a word or an expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with any other on the basis of their common feature. A figure of speech consisting in the use of words and expressions in a figurative sense on the basis of some kind of analogy, similarity, comparison.

There are 4 “elements” in the metaphor:

An object within a specific category,

The process by which this object performs a function,

Applications of this process to real situations, or intersections with them.

In lexicology, a semantic relationship between the meanings of one polysemantic word, based on the presence of similarity (structural, external, functional).

Metaphor often becomes an aesthetic end in itself and displaces the original original meaning of the word.

In the modern theory of metaphor, it is customary to distinguish between diaphora (sharp, contrasting metaphor) and epiphora (usual, erased metaphor).

An extended metaphor is a metaphor that is consistently implemented over a large fragment of a message or the entire message as a whole. Model: "The hunger for books continues: products from the book market are increasingly stale - they have to be thrown away without even trying."

A realized metaphor involves operating a metaphorical expression without taking into account its figurative nature, that is, as if the metaphor had a direct meaning. The result of the realization of a metaphor is often comical. Model: "I lost my temper and got on the bus."

Vanya is a real loach; This is not a cat, but a bandit (M.A. Bulgakov);

I do not regret, do not call, do not cry,
Everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees.
Withering gold embraced,
I won't be young anymore. (S. A. Yesenin)

Comparison

Comparison is a trope in which one object or phenomenon is likened to another according to some common feature for them. The purpose of the comparison is to reveal new, important properties that are advantageous for the subject of the statement in the object of comparison.

In comparison, the following are distinguished: the object being compared (object of comparison), the object with which the comparison takes place (means of comparison), and their common feature (base of comparison, comparative feature). One of the distinguishing features of comparison is the mention of both compared objects, while the common feature is not always mentioned. Comparison should be distinguished from metaphor.

Comparisons are characteristic of folklore.

Comparison types

There are different types of comparisons:

Comparisons in the form of a comparative turnover, formed with the help of unions as if, as if, exactly: "A man is stupid as a pig, but cunning as hell." Non-union comparisons - in the form of a sentence with a compound nominal predicate: "My house is my fortress." Comparisons formed with the help of a noun in the instrumental case: "he walks like a gogol." Negative comparisons: "An attempt is not torture."

Crazy years, the extinct fun is hard for me, like a vague hangover (A.S. Pushkin);

Under it is a stream lighter than azure (M.Yu. Lermontov);

Metonymy

Metonymy (“renaming”, “name”) is a type of trope, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) that is in one or another (spatial, temporal, etc.) connection with the object that is indicated replaced word. The replacement word is used in a figurative sense.

Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused: metonymy is based on the replacement of words “by adjacency” (part instead of the whole or vice versa, class representative instead of the whole class or vice versa, receptacle instead of content or vice versa) and metaphor - “by similarity”. Synecdoche is a special case of metonymy.

Example: "All flags will visit us", where "flags" means "countries" (a part replaces the whole). The meaning of metonymy is that it singles out a property in a phenomenon that, by its nature, can replace the rest. Thus, metonymy essentially differs from metaphor, on the one hand, by a greater real relationship of substituting members, and on the other hand, by greater limitation, the elimination of those features that are not directly noticeable in this phenomenon. Like metaphor, metonymy is inherent in language in general (cf., for example, the word “wiring”, the meaning of which is metonymically extended from action to its result), but it has a special meaning in artistic and literary creativity.

In early Soviet literature, an attempt to maximize the use of metonymy both theoretically and practically was made by the constructivists, who put forward the principle of the so-called "locality" (the motivation of verbal means by the theme of the work, that is, their limitation by real dependence on the theme). However, this attempt was not sufficiently substantiated, since the promotion of metonymy to the detriment of metaphor is illegitimate: these are two different ways of establishing a connection between phenomena, not excluding, but complementing each other.

Types of metonymy:

General language, general poetic, general newspaper, individual-author's, individual-creative.

Examples:

"Hand of Moscow"

"I ate three plates"

“Black tailcoats flashed and rushed apart and in heaps here and there”

Synecdoche

Synecdoche is a trope, a kind of metonymy, based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them. Usually used in synecdoche:

Singular instead of plural: "Everything is sleeping - both man, and beast, and bird." (Gogol);

Plural instead of singular: "We all look at Napoleons." (Pushkin);

A part instead of a whole: “Have you any need? “In the roof for my family.” (Herzen);

The generic name instead of the specific one: "Well, sit down, luminary." (Mayakovsky) (instead of: the sun);

The specific name instead of the generic one: "Better than all, take care of the penny." (Gogol) (instead of: money).

Hyperbola

Hyperbole (“transition; excess, excess; exaggeration”) is a stylistic figure of explicit and intentional exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the thought said. For example: "I've said this a thousand times" or "we have enough food for six months."

Hyperbole is often combined with other stylistic devices, giving them the appropriate coloring: hyperbolic comparisons, metaphors (“the waves rose like mountains”). The character or situation depicted can also be hyperbolic. Hyperbole is also characteristic of the rhetorical, oratorical style, as a means of pathetic uplift, as well as the romantic style, where pathos is in contact with irony.

Examples:

Phraseological units and winged expressions

"sea of ​​tears"

"fast as lightning", "lightning fast"

"as numerous as the sand on the seashore"

“We haven’t seen each other for a hundred years!”

Prose

Ivan Nikiforovich, on the contrary, has trousers with such wide folds that if they were blown up, the whole yard with barns and buildings could be placed in them.

N. Gogol. The story of how Ivan Ivanovich quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich

A million Cossack hats suddenly poured into the square. …

... for one hilt of my saber they give me the best herd and three thousand sheep.

N. Gogol. Taras Bulba

Poems, songs

About our meeting - what is there to say,
I waited for her, as they wait for natural disasters,
But you and I immediately began to live,
Without fear of detrimental consequences!

Litotes

Litota, litotes (simplicity, smallness, moderation) - a trope that has the meaning of understatement or deliberate mitigation.

Litota is a figurative expression, a stylistic figure, a turnover, which contains an artistic understatement of the size, strength of the meaning of the depicted object or phenomenon. Litota in this sense is the opposite of hyperbole, which is why it is called inverse hyperbole in another way. In litotes, on the basis of some common feature, two heterogeneous phenomena are compared, but this feature is represented in the phenomenon-means of comparison to a much lesser extent than in the phenomenon-object of comparison.

For example: “A horse the size of a cat”, “A person’s life is one moment”, etc.

Many litotes are phraseological units or idioms: “turtle pace”, “at hand”, “the cat cried money”, “the sky seemed like a sheepskin”.

There is a litote in folk and literary tales: “Boy-with-a-finger”, “man-with-nail”, “girl-inch”.

Litota (otherwise: antenantiosis or antenantiosis) is also called a stylistic figure of deliberate softening of an expression by replacing a word or expression containing the assertion of some feature with an expression that denies the opposite feature. That is, an object or concept is defined through the negation of the opposite. For example: “smart” - “not stupid”, “agree” - “I don’t mind”, “cold” - “not warm”, “low” - “low”, “famous” - “notorious”, “dangerous” - “ unsafe", "good" - "not bad". In this meaning, litote is one of the forms of euphemism (a word or descriptive expression that is neutral in meaning and emotional “load”, usually used in texts and public statements to replace other words and expressions that are considered indecent or inappropriate.).

... and love for his wife will grow cold in him

Irony

Irony (“mockery”) is a trope, while the meaning, from the point of view of due, is hidden or contradicts (opposed) to the explicit `meaning`. Irony creates the feeling that the subject matter is not what it seems. Irony is the use of words in a negative sense, directly opposite to the literal one. Example: “Well, you are brave!”, “Smart-smart ...” Here, positive statements have a negative connotation.

Forms of irony

Direct irony is a way to belittle, give a negative or funny character to the described phenomenon.

Anti-irony is the opposite of direct irony and allows the object of anti-irony to be underestimated.

Self-irony is irony directed at one's own person. In self-irony and anti-irony, negative statements can imply a reverse (positive) connotation. Example: "Where can we, fools, drink tea."

Socratic irony is a form of self-irony, constructed in such a way that the object to which it is addressed, as if on its own, comes to natural logical conclusions and finds the hidden meaning of the ironic statement, following the premises of the “not knowing the truth” subject.

An ironic worldview is a state of mind that allows you not to take common statements and stereotypes on faith, and not to take various "generally recognized values" too seriously.

"Did you all sing? This is the case:
So come on, dance!" (I. A. Krylov)

Allegory

Allegory (narrative) is an artistic comparison of ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

As a trope, allegory is used in poetry, parables, and morality. It arose on the basis of mythology, was reflected in folklore and developed in the visual arts. The main way of depicting allegory is a generalization of human concepts; representations are revealed in the images and behavior of animals, plants, mythological and fairy-tale characters, inanimate objects, which acquire a figurative meaning.

Example: justice - Themis (a woman with scales).

The nightingale is sad at the defeated rose,
hysterically sings over the flower.
But the garden scarecrow is shedding tears,
who secretly loved the rose.

Aidyn Khanmagomedov. two loves

Allegory is the artistic isolation of extraneous concepts, with the help of specific representations. Religion, love, soul, justice, strife, glory, war, peace, spring, summer, autumn, winter, death, etc. are depicted and presented as living beings. The qualities and appearance attached to these living beings are borrowed from the actions and consequences of what corresponds to the isolation contained in these concepts, for example, the isolation of battle and war is indicated by means of military weapons, the seasons - by means of the flowers, fruits or occupations corresponding to them, impartiality - by means of weights and blindfolds, death through clepsydra and scythes.

That with a quivering relish,
then a friend in the arms of the soul,
like a lily with a poppy,
kisses with the heart of the soul.

Aidyn Khanmagomedov. Kissing pun.

personification

Personification (personification, prosopopoeia) is a trope, the attribution of properties and signs of animate objects to inanimate ones. Very often, personification is used in the depiction of nature, which is endowed with certain human features.

Examples:

And woe, woe, grief!
And grief girded itself with a bast,
Feet are entangled with bast.

folk song

The personification was widespread in the poetry of different eras and peoples, from folklore lyrics to poetic works of romantic poets, from precision poetry to the work of the Oberiuts.

paraphrase

In stylistics and poetics, periphrase (paraphrase, periphrase; “descriptive expression”, “allegory”, “statement”) is a trope that descriptively expresses one concept with the help of several.

Periphrase - an indirect reference to an object by not naming, but describing (for example, "night luminary" = "moon" or "I love you, Peter's creation!" = "I love you, St. Petersburg!").

In paraphrases, the names of objects and people are replaced by indications of their characteristics, for example, “writer of these lines” instead of “I” in the author’s speech, “fall into a dream” instead of “fall asleep”, “king of beasts” instead of “lion”, “one-armed bandit” instead of "slot machine". There are logical paraphrases (“the author of Dead Souls”) and figurative paraphrases (“the sun of Russian poetry”).

Often the paraphrase is used to descriptively express "low" or "forbidden" concepts ("unclean" instead of "hell", "get by with a handkerchief" instead of "blow your nose"). In these cases, the paraphrase is also a euphemism. // Literary encyclopedia: Dictionary of literary terms: in 2 volumes - M.; L .: Publishing house L. D. Frenkel, 1925. T. 2. P-Ya. - Stb. 984-986.

4. Khazagerov G. G.Persuasive speech system as homeostasis: oratorics, homiletics, didactics, symbolism// Sociological journal. - 2001. - No. 3.

5. Nikolaev A.I. Lexical means of expression// Nikolaev A.I. Fundamentals of literary criticism: a textbook for students of philological specialties. - Ivanovo: LISTOS, 2011. - S. 121-139.

6. Panov M.I. trails// Pedagogical speech science: Dictionary-reference book / ed. T. A. Ladyzhenskaya, A. K. Mikhalskaya. M.: Flinta; Science, 1998.

7. Toporov V.N. trails// Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / ch. ed. V. N. Yartseva. M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990.

personification-metaphor

personification-metaphor, personification-metaphors

Merged or separate? Spelling dictionary-reference book. - M.: Russian language. B. Z. Bukchina, L. P. Kakalutskaya. 1998 .

See what "personification-metaphor" is in other dictionaries:

Prosopopoeia, incarnation, personification, anthropomorphism, animation, humanization, metaphor, representation, epitome, expression Dictionary of Russian synonyms. personification 1. humanization, animation, personification 2. see incarnation ... Synonym dictionary

Cm … Synonym dictionary

Type of trail (see), the use of the word in a figurative sense; a phrase that characterizes a given phenomenon by transferring to it the features inherent in another phenomenon (due to one or another similarity of the converging phenomena), to a swarm like this. arr. his… … Literary Encyclopedia

- (or personification) an expression that gives an idea of ​​​​a concept or phenomenon by depicting it in the form of a living person endowed with the properties of this concept (for example, the image of the Greeks and Romans of happiness in the form of a capricious goddess of fortune ... Literary Encyclopedia

METAPHOR- METAPHOR, metaphor (Greek metaphorá), type of path, transferring the properties of one object (phenomenon or aspect of being) to another, according to the principle of their similarity in any respect or in contrast. Unlike comparison, where both terms are present ... ... Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary

Churches. Statue of the Strasbourg Cathedral Personification (personification, prosopopeia) of the trope ... Wikipedia

- (from other Greek μεταφορά “transfer”, “figurative meaning”) trope, a word or expression used in a figurative sense, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with any other on the basis of their common feature. ... ... Wikipedia

- (from Greek metaphorá transfer) 1) Trope based on the principle of similarity. M. is based on the ability of a word to a kind of doubling (multiplication) in speech of a nominative (denoting) function. So, in the phrase "the pines raised their golden ones into the sky ... ...

metaphor- (Greek metaphora transfer) the transfer of the properties of one object (phenomenon) to another on the basis of a feature common to both compared members; establishing a relationship by similarity. Rubric: language. Figuratively expressive means Genus: paths ... ... Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism

Prosopopoeia (from Greek prósōpon face and poiéō I do), personification (from Latin persona person, personality and facio I do), a special kind of metaphor (See Metaphor): the transfer of human features (wider than the features of a living being) to inanimate objects and ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Books

• Anthology of colloquial speech. Some aspects of the theory. Litota - perception. Volume 2, Kharchenko V.K. Each volume of the five-volume contains theoretical information of a general nature, and as the main array - records of colloquial remarks personally collected by the author, systematized by aspects ...
• Anthology of colloquial speech. Some aspects of the theory. In 5 volumes. Volume 2. Litota - Perception, V. K. Kharchenko. Each volume of the five-volume book contains theoretical information of a general nature, and as the main array - records of colloquial remarks personally collected by the author, systematized by aspects ...

Another very widely used means of artistic expression in literature is a metaphor, which means transfer in Greek. The word or sentence is used in a figurative sense. The basis here is the unconditional similarity of objects, phenomena, actions, etc. Unlike comparison, metaphor is more compact. It cites only that with which this or that is compared. Similarity can be based on shape, color, volume, purpose, feel, and so on. (a kaleidoscope of phenomena, a spark of love, a sea of ​​letters, a treasury of poetry). Metaphors can be divided into ordinary (general language) and artistic ones: golden hands and diamond awe of stars). Scientific metaphors are already in use: the ozone hole, the solar wind, etc. The success of the speaker and the author of the text depends on what means of artistic expression are used. A kind of trope, similar to a metaphor, is a personification, when the signs of a living being are transferred to objects, concepts or natural phenomena: sleepy mists fell, the autumn day turned pale and went out - the personification of natural phenomena, which happens especially often, less often the objective world is personified - see Annensky "Violin and Bow", Mayakovsky "A Cloud in Trousers", Mamin-Sibiryak with his "good-natured and cozy face at home" and much more. Even in everyday life, we no longer notice personifications: the device speaks, the air heals, the economy stirs, and so on. There are hardly any ways better than this means of artistic expression, the painting of speech is more colorful than personification.

Metonymy and synecdoche

Translated from Greek, metonymy means renaming, that is, the name is transferred from subject to subject, where the basis is adjacency. The use of means of artistic expression, especially such as metonymy, decorates the narrator very much. Relationships based on the principle of adjacency can be as follows: content and content: eat three plates; author and work: scolded Homer; action and its tool: doomed to swords and fires; object and object material: on gold edal; place and characters: the city was noisy. Metonymy complements the means of artistic expressiveness of speech, with it clarity, accuracy, imagery, clarity and, like no other epithet, laconicism are added. It is not for nothing that both writers and publicists use it; colloquial speech of all strata of society is filled with it. In turn, a kind of metonymy - synecdoche, translated from Greek - correlation, is also based on replacing the meaning of one phenomenon with the meaning of another, but there is only one principle - the quantitative relationship between phenomena or objects. You can transfer it in this way: less to more (the bird does not fly to him, the tiger does not go; drink a glass); part for the whole (Beard, why are you silent? Moscow did not approve of the sanctions).

B8

Means of artistic expression

What is personification? Personification is the assignment to the inanimate of the attributes of living beings. For example: tired nature; the sun is smiling; the voice of the wind; singing trees; Bullets sang, machine guns pounded, the wind pressed his palms against his chest ...; More and more bleak, more and more clearly the wind rips the years over the shoulders.

Also in the assignment are:

Antithesis - opposition.

Gradation is a stylistic figure, which consists in such an arrangement of words, in which each subsequent word contains an increasing or decreasing value.

Oxymoron - a combination of directly opposite words in order to show the inconsistency of the phenomenon.

Hyperbole is an artistic exaggeration.

Litota is an artistic understatement.

Paraphrase - replacing the name of an object with a description of its essential features. For example: the king of beasts (instead of a lion).

Obsolete words as a pictorial device

Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary as a pictorial device

Phraseologisms as a pictorial device

rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical appeal

Lexical repetition

Syntax parallelism

Incompleteness of sentences (ellipsis)