That contributed to the strengthening of the revolutionary terror. revolutionary movement

In the middle of the 7th - early 6th centuries. BC e. in the Northern Black Sea region on the territory of ancient Ukraine, Greek city-colonies (polises) appeared. What are the reasons for their occurrence?

First, even a thousand years before our era, the tiny Greek region was already overpopulated, so the Greeks were looking for new free territories on the coasts of the Mediterranean, Aegean and Black Seas.

Secondly, landlessness drove the peasants in search of free, undeveloped territories suitable for agriculture. These, as a rule, were the territories of the coast of the seas.

Thirdly, fierce competition required artisans and merchants to search for new sources of raw materials (metal, timber, salt) and new markets for their goods.

Fourthly, the Greeks suffered from the military aggression of the Lydians and Persians, and a fierce socio-political struggle was waged in Greek society itself. This forced part of the Greeks to flee to quieter places, one of which was the Northern Black Sea region.

The Northern Black Sea region attracted the Greeks with its natural wealth and favorable living conditions. This coast was almost uninhabited. Particularly attractive were fertile lands, large rivers, convenient places for harbors, as well as dense forests.

"The Greeks have settled along the shores of our sea, like frogs around a swamp," Plato wrote jokingly.

Colonization- settlement and development of new territory.

Ancient city-colonies of the Northern Black Sea region.

The first Greek settlement arose in the south of Ukraine in the middle of the 7th century. BC e. It was the city of Borisfen or Borisfenida (from the Greek name of the Dnieper - Borisfen), which was located on the modern island of Berezan, eight kilometers from Ochakov. Berezan Island is an integral part of the historical and archaeological reserve of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine "Olvia".

In this regard, archaeologists have been excavating on the island for more than a hundred years, the material accumulated during this period is very rich. On the island of Berezan in 1997, a temple of Aphrodite (goddess of love) was found. Perhaps this was not the only sanctuary on the territory of the settlement in the archaic period. Many researchers claim that it was the island of Berezan A.S. Pushkin called Buyan Island in The Tale of Tsar Saltan.

Somewhat later, in the VI Art. BC, the city of Olbia (“Happy”) appeared on the Dnieper-Bug estuary (near Nikolaev).

Olbia - one of the four largest ancient Greek city-colonies of the Northern Black Sea region - existed for more than 1000 years. In ancient Greek, ΟλβІα is happy. Some Greek authors call Olbia Borisfen, and the inhabitants of the city - Borysfenites by the name of the river Borisfen (as the Greeks called the Dnieper). Olbia was founded by Greek settlers from Asia Minor from the city of Miletus in the 6th century BC. BC.

When the Greeks settled down in a new place, they began to build houses according to the classical Greek scheme: all the premises were located on two, three or four sides of the inner rectangular courtyard. The windows and doors of the rooms overlooked the inner courtyard, only blank walls and fences looked out onto the street. Houses, closely adjacent to each other, formed quarters of several houses.

The streets of the residential quarters of Olbia were very narrow, literally 2-3 meters, the city authorities even looked after the fact that the street doors opened inside the house, and not outside, so that they would not block the passage and travel along the street.

All parts of the city had a developed sewage system, fragments of which can be seen.

In the Dniester estuary - Tira (Belgorod-Dnestrovsky) and Nikony.

In VI Art. BC. the colonization of the Crimea began. At this time, people from Heraclea Pontica founded Tauric Chersonesus (near Sevastopol).

Word "Chersonese" usually translated from Greek as "peninsula". The city really was located on a small peninsula between two bays. Tauri - a warlike tribe that inhabited the neighboring highlands - served as the reason for the epithet "Tauride", that is, "located in the region of the Taurus."

This city-state was destined to have a long life - almost two thousand years - and its history is part of the history of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome and Byzantium. The surroundings of the city were inhabited by various tribes, peaceful and hostile, and in the Middle Ages, when Chersonese became the Christian capital of the peninsula, a large number of monasteries and sketes, as well as famous cave cities, appeared around it.

At the end of the XIV century, the raid of nomads put an end to the existence of the city and the earth hid its ruins. (In 1299, southern and southwestern Taurica was ravaged by the horde of the Tatar Khan Nogai. Chersonesos could not resist either). Only in 1827, almost half a century after the founding of the city of Sevastopol, excavations began at this place, which almost immediately brought another name to Chersonesos - "Russian Pompeii". Year after year, houses and streets, squares and temples of the ancient city appeared from under the centuries-old layers.

Natives of Miletus in the 6th century BC founded - Panticapaeum (Kerch), The word "panticapaeum" in the northern Iranian dialect means "fish way", it is not Greek, but Scythian. The Greeks called their city "Bosporos", after the strait. A century later (about 480 BC), more than 20 Greek coastal cities located on the territory of the modern Taman and Kerch peninsulas united into the Bosporus kingdom, recognizing Panticapaeum as their capital. Of the reasons that prompted the Greek city-states to unite, researchers first name the threat of conquest by the warlike Scythians.

In the 2nd century BC. The Bosporus kingdom, besieged by the barbarians, ceases to exist. Its cities are burned and destroyed, the majority of the inhabitants are killed or enslaved.

The Greeks inhabited only a narrow coastal strip (5-10 km), and therefore conflicts with the local population were rare at first (except for Chersonesos, near which the Taurians lived).

The ancient slave-owning city-states on the territory of the Northern Black Sea region existed for almost a thousand years. Ancient authors wrote about life in the Greek colonies: Hippocrates, Strabo, Claudius Ptolemy and, most of all, Herodotus in his famous History.

The Greek colony had the following structure: the center was a polis around which villages were located, separate estates (agricultural districts called choruses). The city was distinguished by a clear, planned development, divided into quarters with wide streets. It is interesting that such cities were provided with water through ceramic plumbing.

In the center of the city was a large square called the agora. Administrative buildings, gymnasiums, trading shops, temples and altars, a treasury, a sacred grove diverged from it. The poor and artisans settled on the outskirts of the city. Not far from the city there was a cemetery, which was called a necropolis. All cities were surrounded by strong walls with towers.

Economic life.

In the colonial cities, weaving, metallurgy, blacksmithing, glass making, leather and furrier crafts, and pottery were developed. The Greek colonists effectively used the fertile lands, engaging in agriculture, cattle breeding, horticulture, viticulture, fishing, and salt extraction.

An important place among the Greek colonists was occupied by trade. Trade routes were laid to Europe and Asia. Merchants set up their trading posts there. From the colonies, mainly wheat was exported, as well as furs, honey, wax, fish, salt, amber, timber and slaves.

Political system and spiritual life.

According to the form of the political system, the ancient city-states were either monarchies, or aristocratic or democratic republics. The cities had their own democratic government and people's assembly. The role of executive power belonged to the college of archons headed by the first archon.

The inhabitants of ancient cities were highly cultured. Many were literate. There were special schools (gymnasiums) in which children studied and played sports. Literature, music developed, theatrical performances were staged. History and philosophy were especially popular among the Greek colonists.

Fine arts, sculpture, graphics and architecture were widespread in the cities. More attention in the Greek colonial cities was given to the patriotic education of youth. Young people, receiving citizenship, took a solemn oath of allegiance to the colony and its laws. The most important duty of a citizen was to protect the city from enemies.

Great Migration

In the middle of the 1st yew. not. there were processes called by historians the Great Migration of Peoples. It was a migration of "barbarian" tribes from Central Asia to the borders of the Roman Empire through the territory of Eastern and Northern Europe. The Great Migration of Peoples marked the beginning of the formation of modern peoples in the lands where they live now.

The reasons:

1. Climate change - a general cooling, in connection with which the population of territories with a continental climate rushed to areas with a milder climate;

2. Overpopulation of the steppe for extensive nomadic pastoralism;

3. The need to replenish a meager economy by raiding agricultural communities and cities.

The beginning of the VPN on the territory of Ukraine was the movement to the south of the Germanic tribes ready. (In the 1st half of the 3rd century A.D. textbook), (2nd-4th century reference book) the Goths passed through the lands of the Slavs to the Northern Black Sea region and settled in the lower reaches of the Dnieper. They were called Ostrogoths (Eastern Goths). Part of the Goths settled between the Dnieper and the Danube - the Visigoths (Western Goths). In the beginning. 4th century The Ostrogothic tribes united into a state led by King Germanarich.

With the onset of the Huns in the middle. 4th century part of the Ostrogoths crossed to the right bank of the Danube into the territory of the Roman Empire, while the rest remained under the Huns, even retaining their king. (from the Goths the Slavs took the words helmet, sword, bread, plow, etc.)

The first mention of the ancient Slavs. Great Migration of the Slavs

Slavs have long lived in Europe and were known as Wends. In I-II Art. Wends settled between the Oder and Dnieper rivers and near the Carpathians. In IV Art. from the Wends, two groups of the Slavic population are separated - the Slavins (ancestors of the Western and Southern Slavs) and the Antes (ancestors of the Eastern Slavs).

As a result of settlement, tribes of eastern, western, southern Slavs were formed, on the basis of which numerous Slavic peoples later arose.

On a large territory from the Carpathians to the upper Volga, East Slavic tribes and tribal unions are formed.

In the Tale of Bygone Years, Nestor the Chronicler already mentions 15 tribal unions. The Dregovichi, Radimichi, Vyatichi, Polotsk, Krivichi, and Ilmen Slovenes settled on the territory of modern Belarus and Russia.

The tribal associations from which the Ukrainian people later formed were:

1.	clearing	Middle Dnieper, between the river. Teterev and Russia. center. Kyiv (they lived in the fields - hence the name - glade
2.	drevlyane or derevlyane	southern basin of the rivers Pripyat, Goryn, zap. bank of the Dnieper, northern basin of the river. Grouse. Center - Iskorosten (from the bark of the wall)
3.	northerners	to the east from the middle reaches of the Dnieper, the basin of the lower Desna, Sula, Psla, Vorskla to the upper reaches of the Siversky Donets. Centers - Chernihiv, Novgorod-Siversky
4.	Tivertsy	between the lower reaches of the Dniester and Prut, to the Black Sea. Center - Belgorod fortress on the Dniester
5.	convict	between the Dniester, the Southern Bug (God) and the Dnieper. The center of the city-port Oleshye in the lower reaches of the Dnieper
6.	Volhynians, Dulibs, Buzhans	river basin Western Bug. Centers - Volyn (Volen), Terebovl, Buzhsk
7.	white croats	Carpathians, Upper Dniester basin. Center - Uzhgorod

Glade

This tribe belongs to the Eastern Slavic group. Under the glades is meant an ethnic association of tribal groups living in the forest-steppes of Transnistria between two mouths - Rossi and Desna. The name "glade" is explained simply - living in the field. At the beginning, it was used to contrast with another Slavic tribe living in the neighborhood - in Polesie - the Drevlyans. Kyiv was the central place of the land of the glades, in addition, they controlled Vyshgorod, Trepol, Zvenigorod and other settlement cities.

The area where the glades lived was very suitable for agriculture. According to the data obtained from the chronicles, the Polans excelled in arable farming, and in addition they were engaged in animal husbandry, beekeeping, hunting and fishing. The glades succeeded a lot, at least more than their closest neighbors, in trade.

Moreover, they traded not only with related Slavic tribes, but also with the countries of the East and West, the found coin treasures eloquently testify to this. And if at the beginning of the eighth century the meadows still paid tribute to the Khazars, then by the end of the ninth, as a result of rapid development, they completely conquered not only the Khazars, but also their closest neighbors - the Slavs.

Finished work site Otlichnik.by

Finished work №1684

Topic: Colonization of the northern Black Sea region in the last quarter of the 18th - first half of the 19th century

Type of work: Course work
(Humanitarian profile / History / History of Russia and Ukraine)

Added: 2015-06-05

Price: 30.00 Bel. rubles

Number of sheets: 28

university: GSU named after F. Skorina

Short description:
Consider the issue of colonization of the northern Black Sea region in the last quarter of the 18th - first half of the 19th century.

Table of contents:
Introduction ................................................ ................................................. .............3
Chapter 1. Historiography and sources............................................... ....................5
Chapter 2
2.1 Settlement of the northern Black Sea region by immigrants from Russia.................................. 12
2.2 Foreign colonists of the northern Black Sea region.................................................. 20
Conclusion................................................. ................................................. .......25
Bibliography................................................ ............................................. 27

Excerpt from work:

Introduction

The history of settlement and socio-economic development of Southern Ukraine was largely determined by its strategic geographic location, climatic and landscape features, the presence of minerals, as well as various political factors influencing the culture and economy of the region at various stages of evolution. After Russia annexed the Northern Black Sea region, during the Russian-Turkish wars of the second half of the 18th century, the region, called Novorossiya, was divided, over time, into four provinces and the Don Army Region. The territory of modern Southern Ukraine in the XIX - early XX centuries. was divided into three large administrative-territorial formations - Yekaterinoslav, Kherson and Taurida provinces. Today it is divided into 8 southern and southeastern regions of Ukraine. The Autonomous Republic of Crimea is also an integral part of the region.

The process of active settlement and economic development of Southern Ukraine took place in two stages: from the end of the XVIII century - until the abolition of serfdom, and then from 1861 to 1917 - the period of formation and development of a market economy. From the end of the XVIII century. before the reform of 1861 in the south of Ukraine (Ekaterinoslav, Kherson and Tauride provinces) settled about 1 million migrants, people from the nearby northern Ukrainian, Russian and Belarusian provinces, as well as more than 200 thousand foreign migrants.

In the course of the struggle for the southern outskirts with the Crimean Khanate and Turkey behind it, Russia gradually strengthened its positions in Novorossia, thereby creating favorable conditions for its gradual settlement.
XVIII - until the beginning of the XXI century.

Russia's annexation of the Northern Black Sea region during the Russian-Turkish wars of the second half of the 18th century provided it with access to the Black and Azov Seas, strengthened the country's international position and increased the territory of the future Ukraine by a third. It led to the cessation of the raids of the Tatars, excluded the mass sale of Ukrainians in the slave markets of the East. Created favorable conditions for the subsequent active settlement and socio-economic development of the region.

The purpose of this course work is to consider the issue of colonization of the northern Black Sea region in the last quarter of the 18th - first half of the 19th century.

When writing this course work, the following tasks were set:

analyze the process of population migration from the Black Sea provinces;
study the process of settlement of the northern Black Sea region by immigrants from Russia;
consider the process of settlement of the northern Black Sea region by foreign colonists.

In the process of writing this course work, various sources and historiographic works, monographs and articles, encyclopedias were studied.

In the process of working on the topic, the principles of historicism and objectivity were used. At the stage of studying this block of problems, general scientific methods were applied: analysis, synthesis, generalization, deduction, induction.

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Colonization of the northern Black Sea region in the last quarter of the 18th - first half of the 19th century

Introduction

Chapter 1. Historiography and sources

Chapter 2. Migration of the population from the Black Sea provinces

2.1 Settlement of the northern Black Sea region by immigrants from Russia

2.2 Foreign colonists of the northern Black Sea region

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

XVIII - until the beginning of the XXI century.

The purpose of this course work is to consider the issue of colonization of the northern Black Sea region in the last quarter of the 18th - first half of the 19th century.

When writing this course work, the following tasks were set:

1. to analyze the process of population migration from the Black Sea provinces;

2. to study the process of settlement of the northern Black Sea region by immigrants from Russia;

3. consider the process of settlement of the northern Black Sea region by foreign colonists.

In the process of writing this course work, various sources and historiographic works, monographs and articles, encyclopedias were studied.

Chapter 1. Historiography and sources

The topic of the colonization of the Northern Black Sea region is widely covered in historical science. This study uses the works of domestic and foreign historians specializing in issues of Russian-Ukrainian relations. Various international documents, treaties and agreements act as a historiographic base and sources in the study of the process of colonization.

In the course of writing this work, many historical works of outstanding researchers from different eras and time frames were used. However, I would like to consider the most basic works.

A. Etkind's monograph “Internal colonization. The Imperial Experience of Russia" tells how the Russian Empire seized foreign territories and developed its own lands, colonizing many peoples, including the Russians themselves. Etkind speaks in detail about the limits of the application of Western concepts of colonialism and Orientalism to Russian culture, about the formation of the language of self-colonization among Russian historians, about serfdom and the peasant community as colonial institutions, about the attempts of literature in its own way to solve the problems of internal colonization posed by Russian history. Moving from history to literature and back again, Etkind gives unexpected interpretations of critical texts about the imperial experience written by Defoe and Tolstoy, Gogol and Konrad, Kant and Bakhtin.

When considering the scientific work of U.I. Druzhinin "Southern Ukraine in 1800-1825", one can emphasize the systematic and factual nature of the material presented. Based on a wide range of archival documents from Moscow, Leningrad, Odessa, Chisinau and other cities, as well as published materials (domestic and foreign), the socio-economic development of the least studied part of Ukraine - Novorossia and southern Bessarabia is covered. It turns out for what reasons this region, which became part of Russia relatively late, became the region of the most rapid development of capitalist relations. The main place in it is occupied by the problems of settling the southern steppe, organizing the administration of the region, economic life on state and privately owned land, and developing internal and external (Black Sea) trade. Much attention is paid to the cooperation of different peoples in the process of developing virgin lands and their struggle against feudal serf oppression.

In the monographs of Ya.V. Boyko “The Settlement of Southern Ukraine” and Y. Hrytsak “Narici z Historii Ukraini” highlights the process of settlement and the formation of the ethnic composition of the population of Southern Ukraine from the end of the 18th century. to the present day . A brief description of the history of the settlement of the region in 1783-1917 is given. the peasantry of Russian provinces, Right-bank and Left-bank Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, migrants from Western Europe.

Monograph of Kabuzan V.N. "Peoples of Russia in the 18th century: population and ethnic composition" is devoted to little-studied subjects in Soviet historiography. Based on extensive, almost exclusively archival material, the features of the formation of the multinational population of the Russian Empire in the 18th century are revealed, the numerical and ethnic composition is clarified, and the causes of migration are shown.

In the works of K. Glushko "Ukrainian nationalism" the question of the formation of the nation, historical and cultural roots is considered.

Thus, in the course of writing this term paper, authoritative monographs and scientific papers were used concerning the issues of this colonization process, as well as the history of Russia and Ukraine in the early 18th-20th centuries.

Chapter 2. Migration of the population from the Black Sea provinces

Turkey did not accept the loss of the Crimea, because this opened up for Russia the opportunity to firmly establish itself in the Black Sea. In its desire to return what was lost, it relied on the pro-Turkish-minded circles of Crimea: the predominant part of the population, the Crimean Tatars, professed Islam, and the Turkish sultan remained their spiritual head here. Relations with the Crimean nobility were also traditional. Istanbul built its calculations on this. In 1775, Turkey managed to install its own creature in the Crimea, and Devlet Giray was proclaimed khan. In response, Russia sent its troops into the Crimea, proclaiming its protege, Shagin Giray, as the khan. The fleeing Devlet Giray returned with an army, but was defeated and fled to Turkey with part of the local nobility. This became a prologue to the annexation of the Crimea to Russia, which was secured by a manifesto in April 1783.

In the same 1783, the Treaty of Georgievsk of Russia was concluded with Eastern Georgia, according to which Russia guaranteed the integrity of its territory, that is, it gave protection to its peoples from the Ottomans and Persia and strengthened Russia's position in the Caucasus.

The traitorous role of Prussia, a Russian ally since the 1760s, brought Russia closer to Austria. This fact and the successes of Russian weapons, the growth of Russia's military power served as the basis for drawing up the so-called "Greek project". It was about creating a buffer state in the Balkans - Dacia, in order to ensure the security of the southern borders of Russia and Austria. One of the authors of the project was G.A. Potemkin.

The project provided that the head of this state would be the grandson of Catherine II, Grand Duke Konstantin. Austria, in principle, reacted positively to the project, but demanded such territorial compensation for itself that it was shelved.

The positions of Russia in the Northern Black Sea region had to be consolidated. One of the main measures aimed at achieving this goal was the settlement and economic development of this region, which promised great economic benefits. It was about the introduction into economic circulation of many millions of acres of highly fertile lands. And here a big role belonged to G.A. Potemkin, whose economic, administrative and military activities have not been properly evaluated for a long time. He was mentioned, first of all, as a favorite of the Empress, emphasizing the quirks of his character. Appointed governor and then viceroy of the south of Russia, he proved himself to be an outstanding administrator and military leader. Economic development and military construction in the Northern Black Sea region were perceived by him as an important state task.

Neighborhood with the militant Crimea predetermined that the vast territories of the Northern Black Sea region were, in essence, semi-desert. A small population was not engaged in agriculture. The settlement of the region under the conditions of serfdom was difficult. To accomplish this task, a set of measures was used. Taking advantage of the wide powers granted to him, in violation of the laws, Potemkin allowed runaway peasants to settle here. Another way is to invite foreign settlers, primarily people from the Balkan Peninsula and from the German principalities. All of them were promised big benefits. The transfer of serfs from densely populated central provinces was encouraged. The terms were very favorable. So, the landowners who wished to transfer their serfs here were allotted land for two and a half thousand acres. Free settlers were given initially 30, and then 60 acres of land per family. At the same time, special privileges were granted to those who agreed to become a military settler, that is, to be a military man, but with permission to have a family and run a household. As a result, from the mid-1970s to the end of the 1980s, the region's population tripled, exceeding 300,000 people.

In order for the population to provide itself with the necessary, a number of measures were taken: each farm was charged with the obligation to sow a certain amount of grain. Elite varieties of grapes were brought in, gardening was encouraged. Manufactories were established at the expense of the treasury. Thus, the whole range of measures for the economic development of the region was used in order to ensure the self-sufficiency of the population, capable of developing market relations here in the future.

The strongholds of administrative measures were also to be the cities under construction here: Odessa, Nikolaev, Kherson. So, in 1783, the first 66-gun ship “Glory of Catherine” was launched from the new Kherson shipyard, but the shallow depth of the estuary did not allow building larger ships here. And Sevastopol became the center of shipbuilding, where a shipyard was laid. This was the beginning of the construction of the Black Sea Fleet.

In 1787, Catherine II visited the south of Russia. This visit was largely demonstrative in nature: to emphasize the inviolability of Russian positions here. Catherine was accompanied by the Austrian emperor and the king of Poland, which was supposed to show the international significance of the victories of Russian weapons. Along the way, in order to demonstrate the population of the region, camouflages of settlements were also built, which received the name "Potemkin villages". This expression has become a household word when it comes to the desire to falsify the degree of success. Camouflage, indeed, did take place, but what was really done, especially if you take into account local features, is worthy of the highest praise.

Great was the role of G.A. Potemkin and in the implementation of military reform. Here he acted as president of the Military Collegium. The essence of the reform was as follows: based on the nature of hostilities in southern Russia (large spaces, steppe expanses), in the formation of cavalry units, light cavalry - hussar and chasseur regiments equipped with edged weapons and carbines. Units trained in military operations both on foot and on horseback were created. All this was intended to increase the maneuverability of the troops, which was of paramount importance in the conditions of the Northern Black Sea region.

The organization of the army and its training were streamlined. An important place was given to the new military charter, the creation of which took into account the traditions of the time of Peter the Great. Much attention was also paid to the economic support of the troops - the organization of the supply system. Instead of the Prussian military uniform with its starched wig and tight short pants, a new one was introduced - comfortable, not restricting movement.

The structure of Southern Ukraine (Steppe) included the possessions of the destroyed Zaporozhian Sich, as well as the Black Sea lands captured by Russia as a result of the Russian-Turkish wars in the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries. The Russian government used the name "Novorossia" in relation to these lands - from the Novorossiysk province, created here in 1797. In 1802, a significant territory of the Novorossiysk province was redistributed into three parts: Nikolaev (since 1803 - Kherson), Yekaterinoslav and Taurida provinces. As a result of the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812. The Russian Empire seized the territory between the Prut and the Dniester, from which the Bessarabia region was formed, which was included in Novorossia. All these administrative units were part of the Novorossiysk-Bessarabian General Government created in 1828.

For the imperial government, the South became an attractive region from among the lands annexed at the end of the 18th century. Due to the formation of an industrial society in Western European countries and an increase in demand for grain and other agricultural products, the South, with its fertile soils, could become their main supplier.

The opportunity to get rich quickly, as well as the fact that the runaway peasants were not returned from here to their old owners, contributed to the rapid settlement of the region. During the first half of the XIX century. The population of the provinces of the South doubled and by 1851 numbered 2,300,000 souls. The bulk of the settlers were Ukrainian peasants, the smaller one was Russian. The imperial government also encouraged foreign colonists to move to the free lands of the South, who moved here during the first half of the 19th century. .

As a result of migration processes, the ethnic composition of the population of the South was quite diverse. Ukrainians made up about 74% of the population, Russians - 12%, Moldovans - 9%. Among other peoples who inhabited the South were Serbs, Poles, Germans, Bulgarians, Hungarians, Jews, etc.

The social structure of Southern Ukraine was significantly different from other regions:

· the majority of the able-bodied population were state peasants, military settlers, foreign colonists, Cossacks. All of them were personally free, possessed plots of land, could sell and buy land, and paid taxes to the state;

serfs constituted a small part of the population;

· large landowners had the largest of all Ukrainian land ownership. The German barons Falzfain owned 100 thousand acres, the counts Kankrin - 60 thousand, the counts Vorontsov-Shuvalov - 59 thousand;

· the number of townspeople grew along with the formation of new cities, the development of trade and local industry. The national composition of the urban population was very diverse, Ukrainians were a minority in it.

Thus, the contribution of the South to the Ukrainian national movement was small. Much more was the importance of the South for drawing up a new system of economic ties between Ukrainian lands and the obvious advantages of using civilian labor.

2.1 Settlement of the northern Black Sea region by immigrants from Russia

Russia achieved access to the Black Sea in the second half of the 18th century, during the reign of Catherine II the Great, after two wars - 1768-74 and 1787-91. Of the 11 Russian-Turkish wars, these two were the most famous thanks to the military art of P.A. Rumyantseva, G.A. Potemkin, and especially A.V. Suvorov, as well as the exploits of the young Black Sea Fleet. The main result of these wars was the solution of the great historical task of returning Russia to the Russian Sea. Let us pay attention to the economic development and settlement of these lands, which received the name Novorossiya after returning to Russia.

Back in the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna in the 1750s. Serbian settlers began to arrive in the region. They founded a number of military-agricultural settlements, divided into regiments, companies and trenches and made up two newly formed provinces: Novoserbia in the northern part of the Kherson province (Elizavetgrad district) and Slavic Serbia in the northeastern part of the Yekaterinoslav province (Slavyanoserbsky district). True, there were relatively few Serbian settlers, but the fact that the colonization of the lands that made up the northern part of the future New Russia was important was important. In 1764, during the reign of Catherine II, the Novorossiysk province was created, which included only the southern steppe districts of Little Russia.

After the victories over the Turks, who lost Azov, Kerch and other territories in the Kyuchuk-Kainarji world, in 1774 the Novorossiysk Territory was created. The Most Serene Prince G.A. became the Governor-General of Novorossia. Potemkin. In 1783, Russia annexed the Crimean Khanate, from which the Tauride Region was formed (since 1802 - a province). According to the Treaty of Yassy in 1791, the territory of the region is increased by the Ochakov region. Novorossiya now stretched from the Dniester to the Kuban. Finally, in 1812, according to the Bucharest peace, which ended another war with the Turks, Bessarabia (the interfluve of the Dniester and Prut) became part of Russia.

So, the victories in the "Age of Catherine" pushed the borders of Russia "to the natural borders of the Great Russian Plain, that is, to the northern shores of the Black Sea and provided the Russian peoples with vast black earth expanses of virgin lands, which were covered with cities and villages, sown with wheat fields and became" breadbasket of Europe."

At the end of the 18th century, the Russian Empire grew into the New Territories in the Northern Black Sea and Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, which had previously belonged to the Ottoman Empire. On the eve of these territorial acquisitions, back in 1764, the Novorossiysk province appeared on the administrative map of the Russian Empire, with its center in the ancient Ukrainian city of Kremenchug on the Dnieper. Later, after the abolition of the Zaporozhian Sich in 1775 and the "voluntary" annexation of the Crimean Khanate in 1783, the Novorossiysk province was renamed the Yekaterinoslav governorship, the city of Yekaterinoslav became its administrative center (from 1796 to 1802 - the city of Yekaterinoslav, now Dnepropetrovsk was called Novorossiysk - approx.), and then three vast provinces were established at once on the territory of the governorship - Yekaterinoslav, Nikolaev (later transformed into Kherson) and Tauride provinces, as well as the Bessarabian region. But for a long time these New colonies of the Russian Empire continued to be called "Novorossia". colonization migration northern Black Sea coast

The government of the Russian Empress Catherine II, in order to colonize vast territories, made attempts to attract both English criminals and blacks from English African colonies, and French aristocrats, and landless poor citizens from numerous principalities of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation. But all these projects were not destined to come true - in the distant zakordons, the required number of those willing to populate this restless border line of the two warring empires was never found. The Russian Empire's own free human resources for the colonization of this vast region in the 18th century were clearly not enough. Indeed, at the time of the establishment of the Novorossiysk province in 1764, 19 million people lived in the entire “immense” Russian Empire in accordance with the 3rd revision of the population. In addition, the imperial government was also concerned not only with "Novorossia", but also with the settlement of the deserted Middle and Lower Volga regions, the Urals and boundless, empty Siberia. Therefore, the settlement of the Northern Black Sea and Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov in Catherine's time by immigrants from the internal provinces of the empire and foreigners turned out to be not as stormy and impetuous as imperial historiographers continue to stubbornly portray.

So, for example, during the thirteen years of Catherine the Great, from 1782 to 1795, between the 4th and 5th revisions (censuses) of the population of the Russian Empire, about 180,000 new settlers appeared in Novorossiya. And in the overwhelming majority they were runaway serfs from the Right-Bank and Left-Bank Ukraine - legalized ("forgiven") by the governor of "Novorossiya", Prince Grigory Potemkin of Tauride.

It is worth recalling that serfs and, accordingly, runaway serfs appeared in Ukraine only in 1782 - after the introduction of serfdom in Ukraine by Catherine II. Therefore, if we keep in mind that the fugitives appeared in "Novorossia" largely due to the introduction of serfdom in Ukraine, then we can agree with the opinion of the adherents of the reform talents of Empress Catherine II about her outstanding role in settling "Novorossia" by those who had not yet had time to get used to slavery. fugitive serfs from the Dnieper region.

It should also not be forgotten that this midday region, which after 1782 became a desirable refuge for serf slaves, was intensively populated by Ukrainian peasants in pre-Catherine times, long before Catherine's accession to the Russian throne. So, for example, according to the 2nd and 3rd revisions, in the period from 1742 to 1762 - during the reign of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna (12/29/1709 - 01/05/1762) only to the northern outskirts of the region, later called "Novorossia", from At least 164,000 free peasants who had not yet tasted serfdom moved to central Ukraine. At the same time, in the central part of present-day Ukraine - on the site of the present Kirovograd region for immigrants from the Balkans, the royal governors established New Serbia, and in the north-east of present-day Ukraine - where the Lugansk region is now - Slavic-Serbia. Literally in two or three generations, however, all these southern Slavs assimilated into the sea of the Ukrainian ethnos. It is possible that the outflow of peasants in 1742-1762. from the central regions of Ukraine to the southern steppes was a kind of resettlement castling - the forced migration of the peasants of the Dnieper region - the reaction of the indigenous ethnic group to the resettlement of immigrants from the Balkans on their lands. In the future, this kind of castling - resettlement became traditional for Ukraine. Many voluntary-compulsory migration castlings were carried out by the imperial government on the territory of Ukraine in the 19th century. - The Black Sea, Azov steppes were intensively settled by Germans, and Bulgarians, and fugitives from the Dnieper region, and peasants of the middle zone of the Russian Empire, and Ukrainian peasants from its central regions in much larger numbers at the same time "voluntarily" - forcibly moved to colonize the Middle Volga , Kuban, Siberia, the boundless Far East Green Wedge - "Zakhitayshchina" (Green Ukraine, New Ukraine - now it is the Amur Region, Primorsky Territory and most of the current Khabarovsk Territory of the Russian Federation).

But the population growth could have been even greater if it had not also been affected by periodic droughts that cause famine, and cholera epidemics that produced great devastation, as well as the emigration of Nogais and Crimean Tatars between 1856 and 1864. However, in general, the population of the region continued to grow rapidly.

Cities rose with incredible speed: Taganrog (restored in 1768), Kherson (founded in 1778), Yekaterinoslav (1783), Sevastopol (1783), Simferopol (1784), Nikolaev (1789). In 1794, Odessa was founded, which at the beginning of the 20th century became the 4th largest city in the Russian Empire in terms of population.

In terms of the pace of settlement and development, Novorossia was already compared at that time with the rising United States of America. So, in the speech of de Ribas at the founding of Odessa in 1794, it was said: “Like the people of the united states, the people of New Russia about twelve languages, mostly expelled from various places of their former residence for their adherence to freedoms and found here a new fatherland. This people is diligent to work and intolerant of violence. In the book of the American traveler Stephens, published in 1836 in New York, it was said that in no other country in the world did cities appear as quickly as in America, but Odessa grew faster. Mark Twain, who visited Odessa, noted that it resembles the cities of the American West.

In 1897, according to the all-Russian census, there were 2.9 million inhabitants in the Kherson province, 2.6 million in the Don Cossack region, 1.9 million in the Bessarabian province, 1.8 million in the Yekaterinoslav province, Tauride - 1.4 million. Total - 10,875 thousand inhabitants. At the beginning of the 20th century, rapid population growth continued, both as a result of continued influx of population and as a result of natural increase, the highest in the country. By 1914, 14,782 thousand inhabitants lived in Novorossia. Russians (including Ukrainians) made up 87% of the population.

The population of the region began to grow rapidly, starting in the 1760s. Potemkin has already resettled 700 thousand people from the inner provinces of Russia to the new region, as well as the so-called. "Transdanubian settlers" from among the Balkan Slavs and Greeks. After the liquidation of the Zaporozhian Sich, most of the Cossacks turned into peaceful plowmen. In Novorossia, runaway serfs were not persecuted, and the Old Believers were not oppressed. Its population in 1782 consisted of: natives of the Little Russian provinces - 74.4%; Great Russians - 5.8%, Moldovans - 9%; Greeks - 4.3%; Armenians - 3.5%; another 2.5% were Bulgarians, Volohs, Albanians, Poles, Swedes, Germans. In subsequent years, settlement continued. By 1812, the population of the region exceeded 1 million people.

In the cities of the South, 44.7% of the inhabitants spoke Russian, 18.2% - the Ukrainian dialect, 37.1% of the townspeople spoke Yiddish, Moldovan, German, Crimean Tatar and other languages.

Although Novorossia from the very beginning became a multinational region, Little Russians (Ukrainians) began to predominate among the new settlers. Ukrainian settlers were better adapted to the conditions of life in Novorossiya, since the natural and climatic conditions of many regions of Sloboda Ukraine and the Hetmanate were not much different from Novorossiya. Many Zaporizhzhya Cossacks came from the territory of the Hetmanate and could successfully help the peasant settlers from there to develop the lands of the Zaporozhian Sich. Finally, one cannot ignore the fact that the settlers from the Hetmanate and Slobozhanshchina had to travel a much shorter distance to the place of settlement than Russian single-dwellers or peasants. In addition, serfdom in Ukraine, destroyed in the era of Bohdan Khmelnitsky, was restored in Sloboda and Hetman Ukraine only in 1783. Therefore, free Ukrainian peasants poured into Novorossia immediately behind the victorious armies of Rumyantsev and Suvorov.

Fugitive serfs also rushed here. So, from 9 counties of Kyiv and 4 counties of Chernigov province in 1782-1791. 20,683 landlord peasants fled, and the bulk of the fugitives (16,358 people, or 87%) settled on the lands of the Yekaterinoslav province. Although Russian legislation forbade the admission of fugitives, Potemkin deliberately did not take measures to search for and return fugitive peasants to their owners, as this contributed to the faster settlement of the entire Northern Black Sea region.

In addition to Russians of Little Russian and Great Russian origin, Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians, Germans, Gagauz settled here (a rare example in history when an ethnic group almost completely left its historical homeland in northwestern Bulgaria). The Russian authorities willingly accepted immigrants from their countries, who were ready to cultivate the land with their labor and be faithful to their new homeland. The Austrian Serbs were the first to arrive back in 1751-53. As military settlers, they were settled in areas called New Serbia and Slavic-Serbia. Interestingly, the majority of the population in the Serbian regions were Moldovans. However, the areas of Serbian settlements have lost their former significance for two decades after Russia's access to the Black Sea.

It should be noted that for quite a long time only immigrants from abroad and Jews had benefits and a special status, but their own Russian subjects of Russian origin settled in new lands without any benefits. A foreigner, the Governor-General of Novorossiya in 1805-15, drew attention to the abnormality of this situation. Duke of Richelieu. At his insistence, by government decree, finally, the state peasants from the inner provinces who moved to Novorossia were also included in the category of "colonists". They were exempted from poll tax for 6 years.

However, at least a quarter of the population of the region were serfs, transferred to new lands by their landowners. However, the landlords not only resettled their peasants from the interior provinces of the country. The share of such migrants was not high. On a much larger scale, they settled Ukrainian peasants who voluntarily came here on their lands, who until 1782 enjoyed this right. In addition, many landowners, having received land in Novorossia, but who did not have their own serfs, settled free peasants on their estates, who agreed, under certain conditions, to work for the landowner. A large stratum of the population appears, the so-called. "landlord subjects", which finds itself in an ambiguous position - and not a serf, and not free.

On May 5, 1779, a manifesto was published "On the summoning of military lower ranks, peasants and pospolit people who arbitrarily went abroad." The manifesto not only allowed all fugitives to return to Russia with impunity, but also provided them with a 6-year exemption from paying taxes. Landlord peasants could not return to their landowners, but move to the position of state peasants.

Since the 80s and 90s. In the 18th century, the population of Novorossia began to grow due to high natural growth. Between 1782 and 1795 70 thousand people moved to Novorossia, and 113 thousand were born in the region.

Fertile black soil, a favorable climate, but, first of all, better economic conditions than central Russia, led to the rapid development of agriculture in Novorossia, whose provinces provided a quarter of all grain in the country and an even larger share in grain exports. Tobacco growing, melon growing, viticulture also developed here. The weak development of serfdom in the presence of large cities, consumers of agricultural products, contributed to the rapid development of the capitalist economy in rural areas. One of the leading forms of production in the region was large estates-economy based on freelance labor. By the end of the 19th century, there were over 1,200 economies in the Novorossiysk provinces. The stratum of prosperous peasant farmers (kulaks in Marxist terminology) also grew rapidly. Separate kulak farms reached the size of landlord estates, reaching up to 1 thousand acres.

Industrial production, especially after the abolition of serfdom, was also notable for its particularly rapid pace. It is known, for example, that the creation of ferrous metallurgy in the South of Russia on the basis of Donetsk coal and Krivoy Rog ore proceeded at a pace unprecedented in world history. For 30 years, from 1867 to 1897. the metallurgy of the South increased the smelting of pig iron by 828 times. It should be noted that if Russia between 1861 and 1914. occupied the first place in the world in terms of industrial growth, then in Russia itself it was the Black Sea region that developed most rapidly. By the beginning of the 20th century, Donbass had generally become one of the most important regions of the country in economic terms.

Thus, the speed of settlement and development of Novorossia cannot but impress. The population of the Crimean Khanate numbered over 400 thousand people. After the annexation of Crimea to Russia, part of the feudal elite of the khanate, the clergy and ordinary Tatars frightened by the mullahs emigrated to Turkey, so that only about 130 thousand inhabitants remained. At the end of 1783, the population of the Crimean peninsula numbered about 60 thousand people. But, of course, these fertile lands could not remain empty.

2.2 Foreign companieslonists of the northern Black Sea region

In 1764, all interested “foreign immigrants”, as well as “Russian subjects living in Poland and other states” and Cossacks, were allowed to resettle in the newly created Novorossiysk province. Foreigners received "to equip" 30 rubles. "no return" if they signed up for military service. All other "foreigners", Russian immigrants and Cossacks entering the "class of villagers", received 12 rubles. per soul "without return". Poor settlers received land allotments for farming and were exempted from paying taxes for a period of 6 to 16 years. The landlords had to settle people on their lands "with their own money". Lands were distributed to foreign colonists on the condition of their settlement and the arrangement of farms of various directions on them. These lands were the property of the colonies and were in the household hereditary use of individual families, from whom they could be taken away for violating the rules or unwillingness to engage in agriculture. The colonists received money loans from the Russian government and various benefits, such as exemption from recruitment.

It is clear that there were enough people who wanted to move to new Russian lands. So, immediately after the end of the war of 1787-91, as a result of which the region around Ochakov went to Russia, a large number of residents of Moldova immediately crossed the Dniester and settled in the Tiraspol district. Since 1786, Mennonites began to settle in Novorossia - members of the German pacifist sect, who founded several settlements. Already in 1796, 5.5 thousand Germans lived in Novorossia.

From the first years of the 19th century, a significant number of German colonists of other faiths settled annually in the Kherson province. In 1804-1805. 6 German colonies arose in the Crimea, founded by immigrants from Baden, Württemberg, the Palatinate, Rhine Bavaria and the Zurich canton of Switzerland. A few years later (1810-1818) the former colonies were enlarged and two more new colonies were formed. New settlers arrived from Alsace, Baden, Bavaria, Württemberg, the Palatinate, as well as regions of Austria and Switzerland. In 1826 there were 1,300 people in the eight German colonies of the Crimea.

Thanks to the influx of colonists and the high birth rate characteristic of them at that time, the German population of Novorossia grew rapidly: already in 1858 there were 138 thousand Germans, in 1897 - 377.8 thousand. By 1914 there were already 526,000 Novorossiysk Germans.

In 1802, a decree was published on the settlement of “Greeks and Bulgarians who left Turkey” in Novorossia, according to which these settlers were exempted from paying taxes and duties for 10 years, as well as from military quarters.

In 1802, a decree was published on the settlement of “Greeks and Bulgarians who left Turkey” in Novorossia, according to which these settlers: were exempted from paying taxes and duties for 10 years, from camps, “except when military teams will pass”; could not carry out "military and civil service"; loan money (i.e., funds for transfer and establishment of a household) was paid within 10 years after the expiration of 10 grace years; received the right to duty-free import of goods to Russia for 300 rubles. for each family.

In the Kherson province from 1801 to 1809, 47 new villages arose, among which were 31 German, 8 Jewish, and 8 Greek and Bulgarian.

In the Crimea in 1802-1810. the first Bulgarian colonies were formed. They were founded by the Bulgarians, who moved after the end of the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-12. from Rumelia and Bessarabia. The main occupation of these settlers was growing tobacco, gardening, horticulture, and burning coal. In 1826, there were about 1000 Bulgarians on the peninsula. In 1829-1831. Another large group of Bulgarians, numbering about 2,500 people, moved to the Crimea. Together with the Bulgarians, the Greeks also moved to the Crimea. Both Bulgarians and Greeks mainly settled in the Feodosia district.

The resettlement of foreigners to Russia on a significant scale was stopped by a decree of August 5, 1819. By this time, there were practically no "no man's" lands left in Novorossia, and the population was already quite numerous.

Finally, in Novorossiya from the very beginning of development, Russian subjects appear, but with the status of colonists - Jews. The provinces of Novorossia entered the "Pale of Settlement", which contributed to the rapid resettlement of Jews here from the Right-Bank Ukraine. In the second half of the 19th century, Jews began to make up over a third of the population of Odessa and a significant part of the population of other cities of Novorossia (with the exception of Sevastopol). In Kherson province, Jews made up almost 12% of the population, in Yekaterinoslav province - 4.7%, in Taurida - 3.8%.

In 1803, the resettlement of German colonists began in the steppes of Novorossia. The colonists initially sent their deputies Ziegler and Schurter here, who filed a petition with the tsar asking for permission to settle in Novorossia on the same grounds on which in the 60-90s of the 18th century. foreign immigrants settled in Russia. Alexander I granted their request.

In 1803, 20 thousand rubles were allocated from the Yekaterinoslav and Kherson state chambers “for the accommodation of foreigners moving to the Novorossiysk Territory”, and in October of the same year, the mayor of Odessa, E.I. Richelieu (since 1805 - the Governor-General of the Novorossiysk Territory) was ordered to resettle the colonists arriving in Russia from Germany in the vicinity of Odessa and in other places in the provinces of Kherson, Yekaterinoslav and Tauride. Since the end of 1803, a significant number of German colonists have settled annually in the Kherson province. Initially, they settled here on the basis of the rules of 1763, according to which foreign settlers were granted: freedom of religion, freedom from recruitment, the right to establish factories and free trade, a benefit for 30 years in paying taxes, benefits for setting up a household and a land allotment (at 60 --54 tithes per family).

On February 20, 1804, new rules “on the reception and accommodation of foreign colonists” were published, which significantly supplemented the existing legislation. The rules admitted to Russia only such settlers, "who could serve as an example in peasant exercises or in needlework," and were also "good and sufficient masters." Each adult male had to "bring with him in cash capital or goods at least 300 guilders." The number of migrants was limited to 200 families per year, and the government assumed the costs only for transportation. Foreign colonists were recommended to be sent to the Novorossiysk Territory, placing their settlements as close as possible to port cities. The colonists received benefits in taxes and duties for 10 years, they were given “up to 300 rubles for household equipment. per year with the return of this ... money after the grace period for 10 years. All of them were also provided with a land plot of 60 acres for each family.

Thus, many government decrees facilitated the position of foreign colonists and contributed to their influx into Russia. Domestic migrants in those days could not even dream of such benefits. They did not receive any allowance from the treasury and did not enjoy any benefits. Many of them crossed to Novorossiya arbitrarily, at their own risk and fear, since it was difficult to obtain the right to resettlement, it did not give tangible advantages.

Conclusion

Thus, Russia achieved access to the Black Sea in the second half of the 18th century, during the reign of Catherine II the Great, after two wars - 1768-74 and 1787-91. Of the 11 Russian-Turkish wars, these two were the most famous thanks to the military art of P.A. Rumyantseva, G.A. Potemkin, and especially A.V. Suvorov, as well as the exploits of the young Black Sea Fleet. The main result of these wars was the solution of the great historical task of returning Russia to the Russian Sea. Let us pay attention to the economic development and settlement of these lands, which received the name Novorossiya after returning to Russia.

Although Novorossia from the very beginning became a multinational region, Little Russians (Ukrainians) began to predominate among the new settlers. Ukrainian settlers were better adapted to the conditions of life in Novorossiya, since the natural and climatic conditions of many regions of Sloboda Ukraine and the Hetmanate were not much different from Novorossiya. Many Zaporizhzhya Cossacks came from the territory of the Hetmanate and could successfully help the peasant settlers from there to develop the lands of the Zaporozhian Sich. Finally, one cannot ignore the fact that the settlers from the Hetmanate and Slobozhanshchina had to travel a much shorter distance to the place of settlement than Russian single-dwellers or peasants. In addition, serfdom in Ukraine, destroyed in the era of Bohdan Khmelnitsky, was restored in Sloboda and Hetman Ukraine only in 1783. Therefore, free Ukrainian peasants poured into Novorossia immediately after the victorious armies of Rumyantsev and Suvorov.

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Colonists of the 18th–19th centuries came to the land of the Nogais.

Long before the Russian Empire, the Wild Field was mastered. However, even before the appearance of Ukrainians here in the Northern Black Sea region, there were permanent residents and even settlements, such as Khadzhibey (on the site of present-day Odessa). The emergence of the Russian administration not only opened a new era, but also put an end to the old one: the local representatives of the Muslim civilization, like the Zaporizhzhya freemen, were destined for a sad fate..

By that time, the majority of the steppe population were Nogais - Turkic-speaking nomads who played an important role in the ethnogenesis of the Crimean Tatar people. The Nogai hordes moved en masse to the Northern Black Sea region in the 1720s. under the auspices of the Crimean khans and Ottoman sultans, but soon they had to deal with another militant power. Feeling the strength of the Russian troops during the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, the Nogais recognized the power of St. Petersburg over themselves.

In 1771, the Russian authorities resettled most of the Nogais (up to 500 thousand people) from the Dnieper region to the east - on the right bank of the Kuban. In October 1783, a significant part of the Nogais were exterminated by A. Suvorov in the North Caucasus. True, in 1795 the survivors were allowed to return back to the Azov steppes (about 20 thousand people moved), but the old days are gone - Russian orders unceremoniously invaded the life and traditions of nomads.

Due to constant discrimination and suspicions of unreliability, which escalated after the Crimean War of 1853–1856, the Nogais emigrated en masse to the Ottoman Empire. Until the early 1860s. there are practically none left in Ukraine, with the exception of Crimea. Nowadays, the Nogais live compactly as a separate ethnic group in Dagestan, as well as as part of the Crimean Tatar and Turkish peoples (see:,). The Nogai intelligentsia, following the example of the Circassian, raises the question of recognizing the genocide of the Nogai people, arranged by the tsarist administration.

V. M. Kabuzan. Settlement of the Northern Black Sea Region (Novorossiya) in the 18th century (1719-1795) // Soviet ethnography. - 1969. - No. 6. - S. 30-41.

Abstract of the article

The main source for observations and conclusions is revisions, that is, population censuses conducted in the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries, local and national.

The territory of Yekaterinoslav and Kherson provinces within the boundaries of the beginning of the 19th century is considered. According to the modern administrative division - Odessa region (along the Dniester estuary), Kirovograd, Nikolaev, Kherson (except for its zadneprovsky part), Dnepropetrovsk region and parts of Zaporozhye, Donetsk and Luhansk regions.

The settlement and economic development of Novorossia on any significant scale began only from the 18th century, and until the end of the 1780s, this process was hindered by frequent Turkish-Tatar raids, which led to the fact that many completely developed and populated places were repeatedly ruined and again came to desolation.

Initially, Ukrainian and Russian settlers settled only in the northern regions of the study area. Until the 1730s, the overwhelming majority of settlers rushed to the Bakhmut province and, in somewhat smaller numbers, to the backwaters (the northern part of the future Kherson province). On the territory of the entire future Ekaterinoslav province (within the boundaries of the beginning of the 19th century), in the first two decades of the 18th century, only about two thousand male souls lived.

The entire population of Novorossia at the beginning of the 1720s was defined as 3950 male souls (1950 in the future Yekaterinoslav and 2000 in the future Kherson province).

By 1745, the population of New Russia was approximately 22.4 thousand male souls (14.5 thousand souls in the Yekaterinoslav province and 7.9 thousand in the Kherson province). At the same time, the overwhelming majority of the inhabitants of Novorossiya were Ukrainians. Russians then lived only in Bakhmut and Donetsk counties.

In the city of Bakhmut in 1719, Russians made up 25.65% of the total population, and in 1745 - 44.15%. The growth in the proportion of Russians was temporary and was caused by the involvement of the Don Cossacks in the city of Bakhmut to protect it. The fact is that part of the Bakhmut province, later included in the Yekaterinoslav province, was the most remote from the developed regions of the country and the least protected. This territory was the first to be attacked and suffered the heaviest damage.

In the 1750s, Novorossia was settled exclusively by Ukrainian settlers, but in 1751 foreign military colonists began to move here - Moldavians, Serbs, Bulgarians and others. The tsarist government tried to populate with foreigners the border regions of the country adjacent to the Turkish border and Zaporozhye lands. It was assumed that these settlers would protect the Russian borders from invasions, but these hopes were almost not justified.

The total proportion of colonists from the Turkish and Austrian empires as a whole turned out to be low, although in some parts of the Northern Black Sea region they made up the majority of the present population.

The lands in the northwestern part of the Zaporozhye region, which in general from the 16th to the 18th centuries covered the territory of the modern Dnepropetrovsk, Donetsk, Luhansk, Kirovograd regions, certain areas of the Zaporozhye, Nikolaev and Kherson regions, during the development of Novorossia were called New Serbia. This area was slowly settled from 1751 to 1764. In December 1754, 2225 male souls lived here, including 257 Serbs, 124 Macedonians, 57 Bulgarians, 1676 Volohs, 32 Germans, 79 male Hungarians and a total of 1694 females. By the beginning of 1757, there were already 5487 foreign settlers within New Serbia (3089 males and 2398 females), and in 1761 - 11179 people (6305 males and 4874 females).

In the 1740-1750s, the population of the future Kherson province grew from 7965 to 25065 male souls, and this was due solely to the influx of Ukrainian settlers.

On the lands of the future Yekaterinoslav province, an area was also formed, intended for settlement by foreign colonists, - Slavic Serbia. This area later became part of the Bakhmut and Donetsk counties. In the middle of 1755, a total of 1,513 foreign colonists were counted here. By 1763, thanks to the influx of Ukrainians, the population of Slavic Serbia increased to 10,076 male souls, but there were 3,992 male foreign colonists here, including 2,627 Moldavians and 378 Serbs, and all the rest were Ukrainians.

In the future Bakhmut district of the Yekaterinoslav province in 1745, the population was Ukrainians (57.48%) and Russians (42.52%). In 1763, the figures changed significantly: Ukrainians made up 75.41% of the population, Russians - 4.72%, Moldavians - 17.08%. In addition, a few Serbs and Hungarians lived here.

The main settlements of foreign colonists were located within the boundaries of the future Donetsk district. In 1745, this territory was still almost completely uninhabited (there were two villages here), but in 1763 there were already 15 villages, in which 65.12% of the population were Ukrainians, and the second largest population group were Moldovans (26.77%) ; the rest accounted for 8.11%.

From 1763 to 1782 the population of all Novorossiya increased from 64,460 male souls to 193,451 male souls. The population of the future Kherson province grew faster, the population of the Yekaterinoslav province grew more slowly. What explains the significant increase in the population of Novorossia during this period?

In the 1760s, due to the low influx of foreign settlers, Ukrainian colonization of New Serbia and Slavic Serbia was allowed. At the same time, the resettlement of foreign colonists and Russian schismatics continued. The population grew despite the continued Tatar raids (in the autumn of 1769, the Crimean Tatars burned about 150 villages in the Elisavetgrad province, created from New Serbia and the Novoslobodsky Cossack settlement, and took about 20 thousand people into captivity).

The most significant population growth was due to the placement of peasants in Novorossia on lands given to landowners. This process began actively in 1775 after the liquidation of the Zaporizhzhya Sich, and in the Elisavetgrad province, the proportion of the privately owned population began to increase rapidly from the mid-1760s, as in other lands of earlier development. But this applies only to the territory of the future Kherson province. The population of the future Yekaterinoslav province for the period from 1763 to 1782, as mentioned above, did not increase so much.

Interesting and eloquent statistical data for individual regions. Here is some of them.

1) In the Elisavetgrad province, by the end of 1764, Ukrainians made up 65.37% of the population, Moldovans - 15.40%, Russians - 12.66%, Serbs - 3.22%, Poles - 1.56%, others - 1.70 %.

2) In the early 1770s, 3595 Moldovans arrived in the Donetsk district of the future Yekaterinoslav province, who had surrendered during the Russian-Turkish war.

3) From 1776 to 1781, 487 new villages were formed on the lands of the former Zaporozhye Host (Ekaterinoslav, Kherson, Novomoskovsky, Aleksandrovsky, Rostov and Pavlovsky districts), of which 409 were privately owned, and only 78 were state-owned.

4) In the second half of 1778, 18,047 Greeks, 12,598 Armenians, 219 Georgians and 162 Volohs were resettled in the Alexandrovsky and Rostov districts of the future Yekaterinoslav province, in total - 31,386 people.

5) In 1779, the national composition of the population of all New Russia was as follows: Ukrainians - 64.76%, Moldovans - 11.30%, Russians - 9.85%, Greeks - 6.31%, Armenians - 4.76%, Georgians - 0.45%, others - 2.57%. The share of Ukrainians in the future Kherson province accounted for 70.39% of the total population, and in Yekaterinoslav - 59.39%.

6) In the early 1780s, Greeks and Armenians from 174 villages that were previously in the Crimea were resettled in the uninhabited parts of the future Yekaterinoslav province.

From 1782 to 1795 the population of all Novorossiya grew from 193,451 males to 343,696 males. As before, in the Kherson province, the population growth was higher than in the Yekaterinoslav province.

In the 1780s-1790s, Novorossiya remained the leading populated region of the Russian Empire. The main population growth (62.94%) occurred in the period from 1775 to 1795. It was at this time that the Zaporozhian Sich was liquidated and the Crimean Khanate was destroyed, which made it possible to calmly populate the Novorossiysk steppes without fear of an attack from outside.

A characteristic feature of Novorossiya at the end of the 18th century was the rapid growth in the share of the privately owned peasant population, and at the beginning of the 19th century this growth slowed down.

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