Objects of regional importance

"... 19) objects of regional significance - objects of capital construction, other objects, territories that are necessary for the exercise of powers on issues related to the jurisdiction of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, public authorities of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, federal laws , the constitution (charter) of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, the laws of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, decisions of the highest executive body of state power of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, and have an impact on the socio-economic development of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation. subject to display on the scheme of territorial planning of the subject of the Russian Federation, are determined by the law of the subject of the Russian Federation; ... "

Source:

"Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation" dated December 29, 2004 N 190-FZ (as amended on November 12, 2012)

Official terminology. Akademik.ru. 2012 .

See what "Objects of regional significance" is in other dictionaries:

Objects that have historical, architectural, artistic, scientific and memorial value, which are of particular importance for the history and culture of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation; ... Source: Federal Law of 06/25/2002 N 73 FZ (as amended on 11/12/2012) ... ... Official terminology

Cultural heritage sites- (OKN) monuments of history and culture of the peoples of the Russian Federation, real estate objects with related works of painting, sculpture, decorative arts, objects of science and technology and other material items ... ... Wikipedia

Cultural heritage sites- objects of immovable property with related works of painting, sculpture, arts and crafts, objects of science and technology and other objects of material culture that arose as a result of historical events, ... ... Russian Environmental Law: Dictionary of Legal Terms

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SPECIALLY PROTECTED OBJECTS AND TERRITORIES- plots of land and water space, which have a special scientific, cultural, aesthetic. recreational and health-improving value and are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic circulation with ... ... Law Encyclopedia

Ammonites (disambiguation)- Not to be confused with the Ammanites. Not to be confused with Amanites. This word in different fields of science means fundamentally different objects: Ammonites are a kind of industrial explosives. Ammonites or Ammonites (Heb. עַמּוֹן) ... ... Wikipedia

Yelets (special economic zone of the regional level)- This term has other meanings, see Yelets (meanings). Collage of the Yelets panorama "Yelets" is a special economic zone of the regional level of the tourist and recreational type in Yelets, Lipetsk region. It is of regional importance, located on ... ... Wikipedia

Encyclopedia of Law

NP 064-05: Accounting for external impacts of natural and man-made origin on nuclear facilities- Terminology NP 064 05: Accounting for external impacts of natural and man-made origin on nuclear facilities: 1. Impact is a physical action (mechanical or impact) exerted on buildings, structures, systems, elements ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Specially protected water bodies- (eng. specially guarding water objects) in the Russian Federation, natural aquatic ecosystems of particular environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health significance. According to Art. 118 VK RF* O.o.v.o. fully or partially,… … Big Law Dictionary

Specially protected natural territories (natural monuments)

regional significance

Kuibyshevsky district

Bor-lingonberry, boron lily-of-the-valley-bracken

Bor-lingonberry, lily-of-the-valley-branch forest is located between the Shuitsa and Borovka rivers. The main tree species of the forest area are pine, spruce and birch. The undergrowth in it consists of common spruce. The undergrowth is represented by mountain ash, goat willow and buckthorn brittle, in places common juniper and common raspberry are abundant. May lily of the valley, common heather, oak speedwell, forest cudweed, common cuff, hairy hawkweed, male shieldwort and other species were noted in the herbaceous cover. Blueberries, lingonberries and wild strawberries also grow in the forest.

The current state of the forest is assessed as satisfactory, the level of anthropogenic pressure on it is low. Bor is used by the local population only for seasonal picking of mushrooms and berries.

The forest area has a huge impact on the ecological state of natural complexes, performing such bioecological functions as regulating and filtering water flow, preventing soil erosion, preserving biological diversity, enriching the atmosphere with oxygen, influencing climate formation and preventing air pollution. It is also an important habitat for various representatives of flora and fauna, including those listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

The tract "Baydakovka"

The Baidakovka tract is located on the right slope of the floodplain of the Desna River. The main tree crops of the tract are birch and black alder with a large admixture of aspen. But there are also patches of 45-50 year old pines and solitary oaks in it.

In its herbaceous cover, May lily of the valley, forest geranium, meadow foxtail, common sorrel, forest kupyr, creeping tenacious and other species are noted. Also there are lingonberries, blueberries, stone berries and wild strawberries.

Prilepy estate park

The estate consists of two parts, separated by an old carriageway. Its western part is lined with lindens and is divided by a diagonal planting of lindens into a bee house and a front yard with a residential building. The eastern part, which was of economic importance, is planted with lindens, oaks, birches and willows. There are about 100 trees in the park that are over 100 years old. Hairy sedge, common goutweed, forest geranium, meadow foxtail and urban beetle grow in the herbaceous cover. Of the medicinal and berry plants in the park, there are red elderberry, medicinal dandelion, field mint, St. John's wort, wild strawberry and musky, common raspberry and other species.

Park of the estate of the village of Petroselye

The park was planted in the first half of the 19th century. The garden and park ensemble has well preserved its planning structure and woody vegetation. The entire internal space of the estate has an axial construction along the line of the main house of the estate. Plantings of the park are made taking into account the specific landscape of the slope of the Lyubushi River.

Its forest stand is dominated by linden with an admixture of pine, birch and acacia. In total, there are about 350 trees aged 150-180 years. On the south side of the estate, on the ravine, there are two ponds, which were the southern natural boundary of the estate. Unfortunately, one of the ponds is currently empty.

Park of the estate of the village of Petroskoe

The estate arose in the 19th century on the right bank of the Krivotechka River to the west of the village. Petrovskoe. In its layout, plantings of lindens around the former buildings stand out. Also, the forest stand is dominated by common spruce, pedunculate oak, common pine and drooping birch; there are domestic apple trees, common raspberries, stone berries, common pear, wild and musky strawberries, and blueberries. The grass cover is dominated by large plantain, meadow and marsh geraniums, caustic ranunculus, field violet.

Manor park Dobroselye village

At present, from the estate, created in the second half of the 19th century on the right bank of the Snopot River, fragments of linden alleys of on-farm significance have been preserved. The entire territory of the estate is heavily overgrown with small forests (lindens, birches, ash and maples). No landscape elements are observed. In the herbaceous layer there are common goutweed, chickweed, red clover, loosestrife and common loosestrife, field mint and other plant species. Among the medicinal species, we can distinguish medicinal dandelion, St. John's wort, erect cinquefoil and great celandine.

Zhukovsky district

Spring

The tract "Rodnik" is a mixed forest on the right primary slope of the valley of the Protva River. The main forest-forming species in it is European spruce with an admixture of small-leaved and broad-leaved species. Hazel is present in the undergrowth, young shoots of European spruce are plentiful, common juniper is found singly. The central part of the forest is occupied by a terraced plateau composed of calcareous tufas, through which streams flow with small but very picturesque waterfalls.

The level of landscape and biological diversity of the natural complex is assessed as high. It is characterized by the presence of orchids, some of which grow in fairly large numbers, and wintergreens relatively poorly withstanding the anthropogenic load, which indicates a good preservation of the forest. Smirensky fireweed is also noted here, which grows exclusively on the outcrops of clean spring water, quite rare in the region marsh starwort and soddy forget-me-not and listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region oak mannik and three-flowered bedstraw.

The tract in its present state is an example of sustainable conservation and improvement of the environment and resource-reproducing functions of the landscape, an important habitat (growth) of rare and endangered objects of the animal and plant world, as well as the largest population in the region of a species of bryophytes, rare in Central Russia - rhynchostegium river or coastal.

Saltykov estate park

The park of the Saltykov estate with its regular and landscape parts was created at the end of the 18th century.

P.V. Saltykov. A small part of the regular park is located in the northeastern part of the ensemble and consists of four linden alleys leading southeast to the parterre in front of the main house. The internally open space of the garden and park ensemble is emphasized by alleys of lindens, oaks and rare pines. The estate includes two dug ponds, observation mounds, walking paths along the Nara River and along its upper edge of the floodplain terrace. Directly opposite the main house of the estate on the bank of the river. Nara has preserved an artificial backwater.

Currently, most of the manor park is a natural forest.

The tract "Mikhalevy Gory"

The tract "Mikhalevy Gory" is a ledge of the first floodplain terrace, on which pine-oak forests grow. This object is the only biocenosis in the lower reaches of the river. Protva, the forest stand of which is dominated by pedunculate oak and small-leaved linden. The level of biological diversity of the territory is medium. Here, 15 species of bryophytes, 161 species of vascular plants, 48 ​​species of birds and 17 species of mammals have been identified, of which 2 are regionally rare.

Currently, the tract is experiencing a significant anthropogenic load, as evidenced by the well-developed road and path network and organized recreation areas on its territory. However, despite this, the "Mikhalevy Gory" is a picturesque natural complex and a valuable habitat and growth of a large number of diverse species of flora and fauna.

Lake Oglublyanka

Lake "Oglublyanka" is a large oxbow lake of the Protva River, surrounded by floodplain meadows. Its total length is several kilometers, its width is 50-60 meters, the average depth is 4-5 meters, and the area of ​​the water surface is 21 hectares.

The water body is of great value to birds as it is a nesting site for regionally rare or wetland species.

Spruce massif on the river. Nara

Spruce massif on the river. Nara is located on the right gently sloping slope of the outwash Protvinskaya lowland. The main part of the forest is represented by middle-aged spruce and aspen forests with linden and other tree species. Spruce plantations are largely damaged by the bark beetle. The level of biological diversity of the territory is assessed as high.

Pine forests along the river. Protva

Pine forests on the first floodplain terrace of the left bank of the river. Protva is the only natural forest area near the town of Zhukov, undisturbed by garden plots and recreation areas. The main forest-forming species in it are Scots pine and European spruce, as well as warty birch. The age of plantings ranges from 45-130 years. Common hazel prevails among shrubs. In the undergrowth, a sharp predominance of common spruce was noted.

Pine forests along the river. Protva is an important habitat for rare and endangered objects of the animal and plant world, listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga region, such as: Klintukh, Crested tit, Umbrella winter love, Creeping Goodayera, White cinquefoil, Laxative gester and Three-flowered bedstraw.

The grounds of the production and hunting enterprise "Badgers"

The lands of the production and hunting enterprise "Badgers" are a compact forest area between the Protva and Nara rivers. At present, it is included in the borders of the state nature reserve of federal significance "State complex" Tarusa ".

Kozelsky district

Fresh water source near Optina Pustyn Monastery

There are three well-known springs of fresh water near the Optina Pustyn monastery.

"Pafnutevsky source" is located on the banks of the Zhizdra River, 400 m upstream of the river from the monastery of Optina Pustyn. It is decorated with a well and a pool. The water in it is very soft, with a large amount of mineral impurities. It is considered healing and is used by locals for drinking purposes.

"Amvrosievsky kolodez" is located at the monastery skete.

The third spring is located at the monastery pond, 200 m to the north. The water in it is also soft, with a large amount of mineral impurities, and is used to supply the monastery.

All springs are a unique natural phenomenon. The water in them is clean and has healing properties, so the springs are considered "holy".

Linden alley in the estate with. Volkonskoye

Lime alley is located on the outskirts of the village. Volkonskoe. Along the left bank of the stream, flowing at the foot of the hill, there are plantations of linden trees that are at least 130 years old. On the flat top of the hill, century-old lindens are arranged in four parallel rows. The inner two rows make up an alley of centuries-old lindens about 5 meters wide. The location of the alleys is interesting in that the landscape was created, on the one hand, by nature (a sloping hill with a wide flat top, at the foot of the hill there is a stream), on the other hand, by a person who created the aesthetics of landscape lines. Large rhythmic divisions (secular lindens) are interspersed with more fractional divisions (apple orchard) on both sides of the alley.

Sukhinichsky district

Source of fresh water near the village of Uruga

The source of fresh water near the village of Uruga is located 300 m above the confluence of the Sukhoshanka stream into the Urushka river. This stream drains the entire steep slope on the right bank, along which numerous springs flow down. And the most watery of them is the spring near the village of Uruga. The source of groundwater outlet is descending. The water flow rate in it is quite high and amounts to 17 l/s. Water temperature - 6.3 0 C, mineralization - 0.32 g / l. According to the chemical composition, the water is soft - 3.5 o F. The background of nitrates is slightly increased in it, but in general it is of good quality and meets the requirements of SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 for drinking water.

The spring is located in a picturesque forest area, the main forest-forming species of which are spruce, aspen and birch. Plant species typical of groundwater outlets grow in its vicinity, such as: common impatiens, oak starwort, stinging nettle, common bluegrass, common speedwell. The rare species noted at the key include only fireweed pink.

The current state of the fresh water source near the village of Uruga is assessed as satisfactory. Anthropogenic load on it is minimal. Local residents slightly use the spring for water intake for drinking purposes. The source has been captured, a wooden log house with a roof has been installed at the place of groundwater outlet.

Medynsky district

The Misida River with a protective landscape at a distance of 200 m on both sides of the water's edge

The Misida River is located in the central part of the Medynsky district. It flows mainly in an easterly direction and is a left tributary of the Niga River. The length of the river is 15 km, the width is about 0.5-3.0 m.

In the upper reaches of the river, its floodplain is narrow and mostly forested. Near the highway Kremenskoye - Medyn it flows through the floodplain black alder with numerous exits of springs, which adjoins a non-marshy spruce forest. South of vil. Ivanovskoye is marked by tall grass meadows, and black alder forests stretch along the river, in some places flooded with beavers. On the right bank there is a mixed forest, in which, along with plantings of spruce, old-growth oaks, as well as Norway maple and heart-shaped linden, are noted.

In the lower reaches, the Mishida becomes wider. Its channel winds strongly here, there are small oxbow lakes, mostly overgrown, small key swamps and spring outlets. Elm-leaved meadowsweet dominates in the meadow floodplain, and along its border and in the lower part of the slopes of the valley there are gray alders. Above them are spruce forests with an admixture of birch, aspen and hazel, in places reaching into the floodplain. There is undergrowth of linden, sometimes oaks come across.

The Rut River with a protective landscape at a distance of 300 m on both sides of the water's edge

The Rut River is located in the northeastern part of the Medynsky district. It is a right tributary of the Protva River, which flows into the Oka. The length of the river is 36 km,
within the borders of the Medynsky district - 8 km.

Above with. Yegorye, the Rut River is rather shallow, but in some places with backwaters about 2-3 m wide. Below the confluence of the Bychok river, the width of the river reaches 6-7 m, and in some places it reaches 10 m. The bottom is mostly clayey, in some places it is rocky. Average river depth
50 cm, in some places - 1.0-1.5 m. The water in the river is clear, there are numerous floating pondweeds, a yellow egg capsule and a simple head. Thickets of the reed-like spring were noted along the shore.

In the valley of the Rut River, floodplain meadows are noted, the dominant species of which are stinging nettle and forest bush. In places, areas of grass-forb meadows with the dominance of the meadow foxtail were revealed. The banks of the river are overgrown mainly with gray alders, in some places there are willows - three-stamen, white and brittle. The open slopes are very picturesque and practically undisturbed.

The Bychok River with a protective landscape at a distance of 300 m on both sides of the water's edge

The river Bychok (Bychek) is located in the north-eastern part of the Medynsky district.
It flows mainly in an easterly direction and is a right tributary of the Rut River, which flows into the Protva River. The length of the Bychok River is 17 km, the width
in the upper reaches - about 1.0-1.5 m, below - 3-4 m.

The banks of the Bychok River are overgrown with black alder and willows - mostly brittle and white. The meadow floodplain is relatively wide (more than 100 m in some places) and is represented mainly by grass-forb meadows. It is adjoined by a mixed spruce-small-leaved, in some places spruce forest. There are numerous egg-pods in the river, but there are few pondweeds, since the reservoir is shallow and without dams.

The Niga River with a protective landscape at a distance of 200 m on both sides of the water's edge

The Niga River is located in the eastern part of the Medynsky district. It flows in east and northeast directions and flows into the Luzha River. The length of the river is 23 km, the catchment area is 133 km2.

In the valley of the river Niga above vil. Aduevo marked by floodplain meadows, some of which are real grass meadows without signs of bushing and almost without weeds. Black alder and coastal willows grow in places along the coast.

In the settlement on the river there is a large pond, partially overgrown with aquatic vegetation in the upper reaches. Old willows and willows were found on its banks,
as well as coastal shrub willows and black currants.

There is a small river below the pond. Its valley on average does not exceed 100 m, and the width of the river itself is about 1 m. The water in the river is clean and transparent. The shores here are overgrown with individual coastal tall willows, gray and black alder, bird cherry. Numerous meadows are noted along the slopes of the valley.

Near vil. The width of the Devino river is about 3-5 m. It is strongly dammed by beavers, and the water in it becomes muddy. On the slopes there are meadows, small birch forests and gray alder forests. A small fragment of a spruce forest with an admixture of aspen, birch and hazel was also revealed. On the right bank, 2 km south of vil. There are fields in Devin, and a birch and spruce forest, in some places with oak and linden, approaches the river downstream.

The Medynka River with a protective landscape at a distance of 300 m on both sides of the water's edge

The Medynka River is a right tributary of the Sukhodrev River, which flows into the Shan River. Its length is 51 km, the catchment area is 264 km2.

In the upper reaches of the river Medynka is quite shallow; in some places it has dried up, but there are also areas where large deep backwaters have been preserved. Below vill. Doshino, springs flow into it and beaver dams appear, which significantly raise its level, and it becomes more full-flowing. Below the city of Medyn, the river is heavily eutrophicated and silted. Pond near vil. Mikheevo is lowered.

The river valley is partially plowed - in the floodplain there are fields, in some places - old deposits. Floodplain meadows are well preserved, but they are actively overgrown with shrubs. Among them, both fragments of low-grass meadows, quite diverse in terms of vegetation, and tall-grass meadows dominated by stinging nettle, meadowsweet, elm-leaved meadowsweet, common goatweed, and forest kupyr are noted.

Forest vegetation in the Medynka floodplain is represented by birch forests of warty birch, in some places - with individual oaks. Small gray alders are also noted. North of the village Doshino found a damp birch forest from white birch. South of vil. Doshino and at the village. Ulanovo met broad-leaved and spruce-broad-leaved forest, and above the village. Mikheevo - spruce plantations.

Park Peredelsky

Park Peredelsky "is a park with a landscape and regular layout, which was previously an integral part of the Batashev estate.

The ancient park is formed by picturesque old-growth lindens and oaks. Under their canopy, there is almost no shrubbery and a general impression of free space is created, which is rarely preserved in parks without special care. The herbage consists of ordinary forest and meadow grasses; there are very few synanthropic and ruderal species, and they do not form thickets. In the center of the park are abandoned swampy ditches, which apparently formed a complex system of ponds or channels earlier. Also in the park, a section of a spruce alley has been preserved, younger in age than the rest of the alleys, and individual trees of different species.

In total, 134 species were identified in the flora of the park's vascular plants. There are no rare and endangered plants on its territory. However, it is very picturesque and fits well into the surrounding landscape.

The fauna of the park is represented by 3 species of amphibians, 1 species of reptiles and 9 species of mammals, quite common for the region, as well as 45 species of birds, mainly forest and edge complexes.

The current state of the Peredelsky park is assessed as satisfactory. It is quite well preserved for the natural complexes of the Medynsky district and has great recreational and historical value.

Meshchovsky district

Raised swamp to the right and left of the Gavriki-Beklemishchevo road
in the Meshchovsky district

The raised bog to the right and left of the Gavriki-Beklemishchevo road is predominantly of the riding type. The Techa River originates from it - the right tributary of the Ugra River.

The swamp massif consists of two sections, which are separated from each other by the Gavriki-Beklemishchevo road. To the south of the road there is a younger part of the raised bog - a rare birch forest with cottongrass, in some places - with individual low pines. Its marginal areas are more watered, and there is practically no woody vegetation on them, so they can be considered a transitional or even lowland part. To the north of the road, the swamp is a swampy pine forest with sphagnum and old cottongrass tussocks, on which swamp species have been preserved in fragments and in a small number. Common boletus, listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga region, as well as berry shrubs - marsh cranberries, blueberries and blueberries are noted here.

The raised bog to the right and left of the Gavriki-Beklemishchevo road is a fairly rare occurrence for the Meshchovsky opolye and is important for the conservation of the biological diversity of the region.

A swamp to the left of the Gavriki-Podkopaevo road in the Meshchovsky district

The swamp to the left of the Gavriki-Podkopaevo road belongs to the transitional type.
In the center of it is a small lake, from which the river Krapivenka originates.

The ecosystem of the swamp massif as a whole is not disturbed. The southern and western parts of the water body are covered with dense willow thickets, while the eastern and northern parts are swampy meadows. The open part of the bog (lake) is heavily overgrown with macrophyte vegetation, and its shore is surrounded by quagmire, in places adjoining coastal aquatic plant species. Noteworthy are the finds here of the narrow-leaved cattail, which is confined to the Oka River valley and large ponds and is rarely recorded in small reservoirs, and the three-notched bedstraw, a rather rare species growing on sedge hummocks along the edge of quays. In the lake there were found the brilliant pondweed, floating pondweed, comb pondweed and hairy pondweed, as well as an adventitious (alien) species - Canadian elodea, dominating in some places. Grasses typical of damp meadows are noted in the meadows. Of the rare and endangered species listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga region, the swamp was found in the marsh mytary, small pemphigus, common pondweed, common viper and forest bat and Nathusius bat.

The swamp to the left of the Gavriki-Podkopaevo road in the Meshchovsky district is a valuable, practically undisturbed natural complex and is important for the conservation of the biological diversity of the region.

Manor "Shalovo"

The park complex of the Shalovo estate was created at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century and combined the features of regular and landscape garden and park ensembles. At present, the original structure of the park has been lost. Only near the pond (on the north side) fragments with old-aged lindens and individual oaks have been preserved. The forest stand of the park also contains Norway maple and Scotch pine. Undergrowth is dominated by Norway maple, pedunculate oak, heart-shaped linden and mountain ash. The undergrowth is mainly formed by common hazel with the participation of brittle buckthorn, forest honeysuckle and warty euonymus. The herbaceous layer is dominated by common gout, there are giant fescue, loosestrife, musky strawberry, oak bluegrass, fragrant buten, forest kupyr, yellow greenfinch, hairy sedge and other species.

The current state of the estate "Shalovo" as a whole is assessed as unsatisfactory. The park is heavily overgrown. Most of the old-growth trees fell out, and the remaining trees have various external defects, frost cracks, hollows and rot. The orchard is gone. The pond on the left bank of the large pond is lowered. Residents and visiting summer residents actively use the territory of the estate as a place of rest, to collect wild berries, mushrooms, etc.

"Cedar Plantations"

"Cedar plantations" are plantations of Siberian pine or Siberian cedar in 1958-1959.

In the Kaluga region, Siberian pine is an exotic plant that grows only with artificial afforestation. The density of tree crowns on the territory of the natural monument reaches 80%, the age is up to 55 years, the largest trunk diameter at a height of 1.5 m from the ground is 35 cm. Goat willow, common hazel and common mountain ash grow in the undergrowth. The herbaceous cover is represented by wintergreen, creeping tenacious, common odorous, ivy-shaped budra, medicinal initial, meadowsweet, elm-leaved, forest geranium and other species.

The level of biological diversity of stone pine forests is low. In the flora of vascular plants, only 27 species typical of the coniferous forests of the Kaluga region were identified. The forest fauna is represented by 14 species of invertebrates, 2 species of amphibians, 16 species of birds and 11 species of mammals. There are no rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna on the territory of the natural monument.

The condition of the Cedar Plantations is generally assessed as satisfactory. However, natural thinning of the forest stand is currently taking place, which is expressed in a large percentage of drying specimens of Siberian pine.

Borovsky district

Park of the estate of the artist Pryanishnikov

The park of the artist Pryanishnikov's estate is the remains of regular and landscape parks with ponds, founded in the second half of the 18th century.
A.S. Boltin.

The parks are of a landscape nature and gradually turn into a natural forest. Linden alleys leading to a cascade of ponds and a stream have been preserved in them in excellent condition. On the territory of the landscape park, individual Siberian larch trees aged 400-450 years are noted.

City forest in Borovsk

The city forest in Borovsk is a site of the oldest coniferous forests on the territory of Borovsky and a number of adjacent districts of the Kaluga and Moscow regions, which is part of the historical landscape of the city of Borovsk. The main forest-forming species of the forest area is pine aged 160-170 years of quality I-II in good condition with spruce undergrowth. In addition to conifers, deciduous trees and shrubs grow here, as well as herbaceous plants typical of the flora of Central Russia. There are berry shrubs - blueberries and raspberries.

In addition to its educational value, the forest is distinguished by a picturesque hilly landscape, unusual for the surrounding area, adjacent to the valley of the Protva River, which makes the entire natural complex especially attractive.

Park and garden of the Pafnutev-Borovsky Monastery

The park and garden of the Pafnutiev-Borovsky Monastery is a picturesque park with a cascade of ponds and a holy spring on the banks of the river. Hysteria near the Pafnutev-Borovsky Monastery.

Irregular plantations of linden, Norway maple, elm and willow have been preserved in the park, as well as a pine park with alleys connected to the surrounding forests.

Park and garden of the Satino estate

The park and garden of the Satino estate are of great interest as an example of an 18th-century park and economic estate. It preserved on-farm alleys of lindens and elms and fragments of a regular linden park. Fragments of alleys of elms, oaks and lindens remained from the landscape part of the estate.

Most of the regular and landscape parks are located on the territory of the Moscow State University field base, and the southern part of the estate is almost completely occupied by summer cottages.

Park VNIIFBi P

The park is located on the left bank of the Protva River in the northern part of Borovsk. Judging by the age of the trees that make up the oldest, most valuable part of the park, it was founded in the middle of the 19th century. This is a characteristic manor park, consisting of regular and landscape parts, interconnected by a wide linden alley (linden trees are 180-200 years old). Two larches grow on its territory, the age of which is more than 150 years.

Currently, the territory of the park is partially built up, the paths are asphalted, later planting of trees and shrubs has been completed, benches and bins have been installed.

Spas-Demensky District

Riding swamp Big Naryshkinskoye

The Great Naryshkinskoe bog is located on the watershed of the rivers of the Oka and Dnieper basins. It is of great hydrological importance for small rivers and streams, feeding them. The swamp is pine-sphagnum-shrub-forest forest. Its surface is covered with a continuous carpet of sphagnum and green mosses, on which shrubs are plentifully developed - podbel, heather, wild rosemary, blueberries, lingonberries and cranberries.

The swamp is one of the largest raised bogs in the Kaluga region, the largest and most valuable habitat for boreal bird species, which have a limited distribution in the region.

The current state of the bog complex as a whole is assessed as good. It is practically undisturbed by human activity and is an example of an intact raised bog in the zone of coniferous-deciduous forests.

High bog Knyazev Mokh

The Knyazev Mokh bog burnt out over most of its territory in 2010-2011. In some places, even the sphagnum cover has not been preserved on it, and it is covered with polytric mosses and the remains of burnt cotton grass.

At present, the territory of the swamp is covered with young shoots of downy birch and willow, less often warty birch and, in a lesser abundance of aspen, along the wetter edge - cattail. In the southern part of the massif, near the highway, the skeletons of burnt trunks of birch and pine trees have been preserved in some places, and among them there are slightly burnt areas, where marsh shrubs are noted in a small number - marsh wild rosemary, marsh cranberry and blueberry. On the transitional unburned fragments of the bog, two of the rarest species in the region were found - two-row sedge and willow willow.

Iznoskovsky district

Bog Agafinsky

The Agaf'inskoye Bog is a high-moor bog that has well-preserved its morphology, diverse bog vegetation, and adjacent glacial landscapes of a moraine-outland gently undulating plain. There is no woody vegetation in the swamp, but cranberry lands are significant. Sphagnum and green mosses predominate in the center of the marsh massif, marsh sedge, boletus, heather, wild rosemary and lingonberry are found, and marsh sheikhzeria is noted in the hollows. Common reed, marsh calla, broad-leaved cattail, as well as medicinal plants - three-leaf watch and marsh cinquefoil were found along the edge of the swamp.

Bog "Zubovskoye"

Swamp "Zubovskoye" is a sphagnum pine forest with birch, in places blueberry, in places with vaginal cottongrass. In the central undisturbed part of the massif, extensive blueberry thickets are noted. In a small number, typical rare marsh plants grow here - common boletus and common hamedafna, as well as marsh cranberries, which are not uncommon in the region. In the swamp, the medicinal rosemary marsh is abundant, blueberries and lingonberries are numerous. A number of marsh sedges were also found, and in the vicinity of the massif, a western type of grass was found - soft bukharnik.

Bog "Sigovskoe"

Swamp "Sigovskoe" is a bog of a riding type, which has well preserved its natural environment and the adjacent glacial landscapes of a moraine-outland gently undulating plain. Before the reclamation work, it was an overgrown glacial lake. At present, thanks to a colony of beavers settled in the swamp, the drainage ditch has been blocked by a dam of large trees and shrubs, the water level has restored, and open water spaces have appeared.

Most of the swamp is overgrown with small birch and cotton grass. Typical species of the sphagnum bog (cranberries, blueberries, common hamedafna, marsh sedges) are noted only along the eastern outskirts. A small mirror of water has been preserved with marshy banks and rafting along the edge, where thickets of aquatic plants (floating pondweed, Canadian elodea, etc.) are developed. A wide variety of hepatic mosses was found along the drying banks and near the stream. Of the rare and endangered objects of the plant world in the Sigovskoye swamp, the white cedar, the common hamedafna and the small pemphigus were noted.

The land of the state farm "Semenovsky"

The land of the state farm "Semenovsky" - forest land, swamps, the Zhelonya River and numerous streams, characterized by a rich species biodiversity of flora and fauna. Large tracts of cranberries, medicinal plants and plant communities from the Ice Age have been noted here. The banks of the river and streams are abundantly overgrown with willow, raspberry, elderberry and other shrubs. Spruce, pine, birch, oak, aspen, alder, bird cherry and other species grow in forests. Perch, roach, chub, gudgeon, pike, ruff, etc. are found in the river. Of the representatives of the animal world, beaver, muskrat, otter, elk, wild boar, roe deer, marten, squirrel, mink, polecat, raccoon dog, badger, lynx, bear, wolf, hare, fox were noted. Birds are very numerous.

Hill "Shatrishchi"

Hill "Shatrishchi" - a kame formation from the melting of the late stage of the development of the Moscow glacier. Kam has well preserved its original, classical for this type of geomorphological objects, shape. Visually, "Shat Mountain" is perceived as a real mountain creature. At its top there is an Old Believer cemetery, at the foot there are the remains of ancient mining of stone material from the Stone Age.

Maloyaroslavetsky district

Island Park

Ostrov Park is a natural complex located on the large island of the Sukhodrev River and has well-preserved various biocenoses.

It is a mixed forest surrounded by floodplain meadows. The main type of forest vegetation in the park are pine plantations of various types. The tree stand of the most common type of forest phytocenoses - grass pine forest - is formed by Scotch pine aged 90 years or more with an admixture of birch and aspen. Rare undergrowth is represented by birch and aspen. In a well-developed layer of shrubs, common raspberry, common mountain ash, bird cherry and common honeysuckle are noted. In the herbaceous-shrub layer, wild strawberry, loosestrife monetized, bone berry, female nodule, oak speedwell, Onega hawkweed, sheep fescue and other species were identified.

Meadow vegetation is represented mainly by grasses and grass-forb groups. The basis of the grass cover here is created by meadow fescue, couch grass, common yarrow, common cuff, awnless brome and caustic buttercup.

The fauna of the park is well preserved and representative of the natural communities of the Maloyaroslavetsky district. In the Ostrov park, 61 species of birds of the forest complex nest, presumably nest or visit the territory. Of the mammals, 14 species were noted in it, including the common fox, the European mole, the white hare and the common squirrel.

Park "Ostrov" is a favorite vacation spot for the population of the village. Detchino. It has a developed road and footpath network. On its territory, places for recreation are organized, there is a football field, jogging tracks and ski slopes. The park also has non-timber forest resources suitable for development.

Park "Dubki"

Park "Dubki" is located in the north-eastern part of the town of Maloyaroslavets, on the right side of the watershed root slope of the Luzha River. It appeared about 100 years ago, and to date, both relatively closed stands of this age and individual old trees among younger ones have been partially preserved in it.

The park has a free layout and consists of many more or less open spaces of lawns of different sizes. The spaces formed by oak solitaires, groups and groves flow freely into one another and enthrall the visitor along dirt, softly traced paths. The main entrance to the park is located from the east, from the side of the city center. The entrance path in it bifurcates, and the next two go around a large lawn, around which oaks are planted in rows. Further north the path forks into several small paths that go down the slope and are connected by a path that runs along the stream. As you move from the main entrance, the landscapes - countless variations of tree species with dark trunks and rounded crowns against the backdrop of light open or closed lawns - become more intimate, but complemented by distant views of the Puddle River valley.

The Dubki Park is a rare example of an urban landscape oak park of the late 19th century, a valuable part of the urban environment and has a special cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health significance for the residents of the Maloyaroslavetsky district.

Duminichsky district

Pinery

Pine forest is a pine plantation with a rare admixture of birch, aspen, mountain ash and willow, located on a sandy dune hill on the left bank of the river. Bryn south of the village. Duminici.

The vegetation of the forest area is represented by various types of pine forests: bracken, birch-aspen lily of the valley and mixed herbs, green moss (cowberry, blueberry, sphagnum), as well as aspen birch forest, marshy black alder, young aspen, spruce forest (oxalis and zelenchuk) and vegetation of meadow edges, mainly upland. However, the predominant type of communities in it are green moss pine forests with very rare individual oaks. Along the bank of the river Bryn there are single old-growth oaks.

Pine forest has a huge impact on the ecological state of natural complexes, performing such bioecological functions as regulating and filtering water runoff, preventing soil erosion, preserving biological diversity, enriching the atmosphere with oxygen and carbon absorption, influencing climate formation and preventing air pollution. It is a valuable habitat for a large number of rare and endangered objects of the animal and plant world, including those listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and (or) the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

Oak forests in the floodplain Zhizdra

Oak forests in the floodplain Zhizdra are rare for the Kaluga region natural communities of broad-leaved forests, formed in the valley of the Zhizdra River. Rare meadow-edge light oak forests and "dark oak forests" stand out in them. The age of oaks ranges from 200 to 70 years. Young oaks (from 20 to 70 years old) are practically not observed, but there is numerous undergrowth. In the oak forests, remote from the river, the forest stand is more dense, there are other broad-leaved and coniferous species.

Floodplain oak forests are a valuable habitat (growth) for a large number of rare and endangered species, including those listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region. European euonymus, marsh turkey, swallow swallow, hairy St. In oxbow lakes in oak forests, a Russian muskrat was found, which is listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation.

Coniferous plantations

Coniferous plantations are located near the village. Dubrovka, Duminichsky district, and represent a relatively small area of ​​pure spruce plantations, in some places very thickened. Common hazel, warty euonymus, brittle buckthorn, forest honeysuckle and other species were noted in the sparse undergrowth. The undergrowth consists mainly of deciduous trees - linden, oak, sycamore maple, warty birch and smooth elm. In damp places, near the stream and along the ditches of the road, ash willow, bird cherry and black alder grow.

The current state of the forest area is assessed as unsatisfactory. A significant number of spruce plantations died in 2013-2015 as a result of damage by the bark beetle. Sanitary and recreational activities and reforestation work are being carried out.

Tarussky district

The bank of the Pesochnya River is a picturesque landscape of the Pesochnya River valley, along the slopes of which mixed forests grow, where M.I. Tsvetaeva.

Park with. Baryatino

The first information about the estate dates back to the 18th century. Then this village was called Ilinskoye and belonged to Prince A.M. Golitsyn. It had a house with outbuildings and an orchard. In 1827, the estate passed to Prince D.S. Gorchakov, who in the middle of the 19th century built a new house and the Assumption Church, created a park.

The park consisted of regular and landscape parts. It was planted with spruces, lindens, pyramidal poplars, oaks and willows, as well as introduced plants - larches, cedars, Weymouth pines, Tatar maples and firs. The park also had a system of ponds with islands and separate on-farm alleys.

Currently, the park is in a very neglected state. The road network has been lost. The southern spruce alley has become thinner. The ponds are down.

Park with. Baryatino, despite its neglect, is an excellent example of a mixed-type estate park, common in the era of classicism, and is of great historical, aesthetic and ecological significance.

Park with. ascension

The estate complex was formed at the end of the 18th century and belonged to the wealthy Kaluga landowner S.A. Chaplin. It contained the Church of the Ascension, the manor house, a stud farm, two orchards, two ponds and a regular park.

At present, fragments of the park and the remains of dams from cascading ponds have been preserved from the entire ensemble.

Park with. Ilinskoe

The manor park, which belonged to the Khilkov princes, judging by the age of the trees, was founded at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century. This is a classic landscape park, where there is not a single straight alley. The trees in it are planted in beautiful picturesque groups, each of which is carefully selected according to the composition of the species. Lindens, poplars, pines and elms are noted in the composition of the forest stand.

The current state of the park Ilinskoye is rated as unsatisfactory. Orchards have been lost. Most of the alleys and paths of the park have not been preserved.

Bank of the Tarusa River section "Ilyinsky Omut"

The bank of the Tarusa River, the Ilyinsky Omut site is a picturesque section of the Tarusa River valley, described by K.G. Paustovsky in the story "Ilyinsky pool".

Park with. Istomino

The estate complex was formed in the 18th century. The park was founded at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries on the high slope of the right bank of the Tarusa River. It consists of a regular part and a heavily overgrown landscape part. The forest stand of the park is dominated by lindens and elms over 200 years old, there are old aspens, birch, ash, poplar, willow and mountain ash (150-200 years old).

Currently, the park is running, its parterre is planted with fruit trees. The large "prolific" garden adjoining the landscape park on the east side has not been preserved. The road network and some alleys have been lost.

Park with. Ladyzhino

At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries in the village. Ladyzhino housed a two-story wooden house that belonged to Marquise Maria Lvovna Komponari. It was surrounded by a park in which lindens, firs, jasmine and lilacs grew. At the beginning of the 20th century, the poet Konstantin Balmont and the writer Alexei Tolstoy visited here.

Currently in s. Ladyzhino preserved small fragments of a linden park.

Park with. Pochuevo

The estate is located on the southwestern outskirts of the village, in the upper gentle part of the northern slope, descending to the river Pesochna. The park with an area of ​​about 1.5 hectares is close to a rectangle in plan. Along its southern border runs a row of lime trees more than 100 years old, behind which a ditch has been dug, possibly a former boundary ditch. Along the eastern and western borders, there are also rows of lindens, but younger - 60-70 years old. In the eastern part of the park there is a ravine, in the upper reaches of which a dam was built to support a small pond. Several hundred-year-old lindens grow along its banks. The rest of the open space of the park is occupied by a clearing, in the northwestern corner of which there is a dilapidated well.

Park with. Trubetskoy

Park with. Trubetskoy is the remains of an old orchard planted with squares of lindens, and a small landscape park with ponds on the site of the former estate.

Manor park with. Sivtsevo

The village of Sivtsevo (Sivtsovo) in the 18th century was in the possession of the old noble family of the Sumarokovs. The manor was mainly formed, judging by its history and stylistic features of the ensemble, in the third quarter of the 18th century. By 1767, it had already acquired the boundaries and main planning features that have survived to this day. It had a master's wooden house and two ponds. Obviously, the park had already been laid out then.

The park consists of regular and landscape parts. The regular part is a chamber linden garden with straight alleys and rows of 100-200 year old trees. The landscape part of the park is very spacious. In it, from the main house, the parterre descends down the slope, which from the side of the ravine forms a linden grove with sparsely planted trees. On the border of it and the parterre, a viewing platform was arranged on a hillock. On the other side, the parterre is formed by a row of acacias, individual lindens and late maples, spruces and birches. Old oaks, pines and willows also grow in the park.

At present, the park is overgrown in places, many old trees have fallen out, and the composition of the regular parts of the park has been disturbed. The road network was erased, new paths appeared. Small architectural forms, registration of entrances to the estate, an orchard and berry fields have been lost. A spruce alley has been planted on the stalls along the southwestern facade of the house. The bridge over the river Dryashcha, the southern entrance to the estate, has not been preserved.

Ferzikovsky district

Forest area "Bor"

The forest area "Bor" is a forest area, the main forest-forming species of which are Scotch pine with an admixture of English oak, birch and aspen. Hazel, buckthorn, mountain ash and linden grow in its undergrowth. The undergrowth is absent. The ground cover, which is not very diverse, is dominated by representatives of the Grass family.

The forest area is a valuable habitat (growth) of a large number of rare and endangered objects of the animal and plant world, including those listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

Kirovsky district

High bog Berezhkovskoye

The Berezhkovskoye swamp is a raised-type swamp in the zone of landscapes of alluvial-glacial origin during the late stage of the development of the Moscow glacier. Its surface is covered with undergrowth of pine and birch, and in the grassy cover, wild rosemary and cranberries are widely developed.

The swampy massif consists of the three most swampy areas, united by swampy forests into a single circular hydrological system. The western part of the peat deposit was partially worked out in the last century. Open reservoirs in the worked-out space are currently of particular interest from the point of view of restoring the biodiversity of disturbed swamp areas. The eastern and southern parts do not have any special hydrological disturbances, since the swamp is drainless and retains its hydrological regime well.

The Berezhkovskoye swamp is a valuable habitat (growth) of a large number of rare and endangered objects of the animal and plant world, a key ornithological territory of Russia of the local rank "Faience peat mining". It is very picturesque and has a special aesthetic, recreational and scientific value.

High swamp Knyaz Mokh

Bog "Prince Mokh" is a typical raised bog with characteristic pine-cotton grass and pine-sphagnum associations. Along its edge, transitional areas with willows are noted, and in the western part - typical ridge-hollow areas, areas of pine forests with sphagnum and cranberries, pine forests with wild rosemary, and other plant communities. Apparently, some areas in the eastern part of the swamp were previously covered by forest fires, since typical swamp shrubs and sundews are absent here. In general, the bog complex is characterized by a small abundance of species, but this is typical of intact and homogeneous sphagnum bogs.

The Knyaz Mokh bog is an undisturbed sphagnum bog, an important habitat (growth) of rare and endangered flora and fauna listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, as well as resource-valued berry shrubs and medicinal plants.

City of Obninsk

Dacha "Bugry"

Dacha "Bugry" or "Konchalovsky forest" is a coniferous-broad-leaved forest with plantings of introducers. In its western part, spruce forests predominate, in which the shrub layer is practically not expressed, and the grass cover is oppressed or typical of spruce forests. The eastern part of the massif is occupied by a broad-leaved forest, the forest stand of which is dominated by old pines and spruces with an admixture of aspen and birch. Also in the forest there are small patches of aspen. On its northern border there is a small birch grove.

In the southern part of the forest is the estate of the famous artist P.P. Konchalovsky, known under the name "Bugry".

The level of biological diversity of the natural monument is assessed as high. In total, 234 species of vascular plants, 54 species of birds and 7 species of mammals have been recorded here. Of the rare and endangered objects of the plant world in the forest, Lunnik revived, listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, was noted.

Particularly valuable for the region natural objects in the specially protected natural area are not marked. In fact, the dacha "Bugry" is a green zone of the city of Obninsk and is used by the population for recreational purposes.

"Lower Park"

Nizhny Park is a forest area located on the southwestern outskirts of the city of Obninsk. The southern part of it is represented by an old spruce forest, in the undergrowth of which hazel, warty euonymus, mountain ash, forest honeysuckle predominate, in the grass layer - oxalis, European hoof and other species. As the relief increases, the spruce forest turns into an old pine forest with tall pines up to 30 meters high.

In the central part of the massif there are two deep ravines, along the bottom of one of which flows a stream known as Repinka. Their slopes are overgrown with aspen, birch with an admixture of oak, linden and elm. Hazel prevails in the undergrowth, in the herbaceous layer - obscure lungwort, hairy sedge, yellow Zelenchuk, male shieldwort and other species.

In the western part of the "Lower Park" there is a birch grove. The age of the birches here exceeds 70 years, the diameter of the trunks is 50-60 cm. There is practically no undergrowth and undergrowth in the grove due to the high level of anthropogenic impact.

The level of biological diversity of the natural monument is assessed as medium. In total, 145 species of vascular plants, 40 species of birds and 7 species of mammals have been recorded here. Rare and endangered species are not registered in the forest area.

"Lower Park" is a favorite vacation spot for local residents.

Przemysl district

Pine forests on the dunes

"Pine forests on the dunes" is a sparse grass-lichen-green-moss pine forest with rare undergrowth of birch, pine and oak, located on a terraced area between the Oka and Zhelov rivers, within the ancient valley complex of the Oka River. The undergrowth in it is poorly developed and is mainly represented by Russian Broom, Common Juniper, European Euonymus and Sorbus. Common bracken, wild strawberry, white-bearded protruding, ortilia lopsided, Veronica officinalis, round-leaved bluebell, oak bluegrass, hairy bluegrass, drooping barley, common sorrel, tricolor violet, amazing violet, black nightshade, medicinal gully, fescue sheep, small rattle and other species. Typical taiga species are also noted, such as common bilberry, common lingonberry and double-leaved Mainik, and plants from the nemoral suite - May lily of the valley and Kupena officinalis. Heather common.

"Pine forests on the dunes" are of exceptional value for the conservation of biological diversity, and the presence of dune formations with a height of 2-3 to 5-7 m within the ancient valley complex of the Oka River, and on the western side of the site (Oka floodplain) - 12-15 meters make them unique for the Kaluga region.

Fresh water source near the village of Gremyachevo

Keys on the root right slope of the river. The Okas are connected with the Aleksinsky and Tarussko-Mikhailovsky aquifers. Most of them have a specific flow rate of no more than 1-2 l/s. In the eastern part of the slope, not far from the Assumption Monastery, there is a spring with a flow rate of more than 10 l/s. All sources are descending. The waters in them are bicarbonate-calcium, hard.

The botanical composition of the grass cover in the vicinity of springs is the same, but the density of herbaceous vegetation is higher in the areas of tuff development. Thickets of black alder and sticky alder are observed in places of mass outcropping of groundwater. The lower part of the slope (the coastal strip of the Oka River) is completely swampy and overgrown with shrubs and marsh vegetation.

Fresh water source near the village of Bragino

In the vicinity of the village of Bragino, the natural erosional relief is well preserved with many springs, natural outcrops of the rocks of the Aleksinsky and Mikhailovsky horizons of the Lower Carboniferous. Erosive slopes are covered with trees, shrubs and various herbaceous vegetation. Due to the abundance of springs, the lower part of the river canyon does not freeze in winter, and the grass cover remains green. Sources of fresh groundwater are descending, high-yielding. The water in them is bicarbonate-calcium, hard, with little iron.

Park with. Akhlebinino

Park with. Akhlebinino is a manor park located on the right bank of the river. Oka, 0.5 km from the Kaluga-Tula highway.

Park with. Akhlebinino is a part of the estate "Akhlebinino" and is included in the boundaries of the object of cultural heritage of regional significance "Estate "Akhlebinino" (fragments): the main house (fragments) with a grotto, underground passages and retaining terraces, a western wing, a chapel, a park (fragments)".

At present, a system of on-farm alleys has been preserved on the territory of the park, in the forest stand of which lindens, spruces and larches predominate.

Dzerzhinsky district

A group of ascending springs on the river Veprika

The group of ascending springs on the Veprika River is a unique natural complex, valuable in ecological, scientific, aesthetic and recreational terms, consisting of a water source and the surrounding natural landscape.

The water source is a group dispersed over an area of ​​1 ha of rising groundwater in the form of numerous seething griffins. Groundwater is discharged from the pressure Venevsko-Tarusa horizon near the boundary of its wedging out. The water-bearing rocks are the fissured limestones of the Tarusa and Venev stratigraphic horizons of the lower part of the Carboniferous system. In the occurrence of rock layers, due to the location of the terrain in the inner part of the Kaluga ring structure, there is a sharp rise and fall with an amplitude of up to 200 m and a dip angle of up to 11 °, which creates groundwater pressure.

The waters of the springs are bicarbonate-calcium with a dry residue of 0.3 g/l and a total hardness of 5 meq., practically do not contain iron. The flow rate of the main reservoir with six griffins is approximately 13-15 l/sec.

Groundwater outcrops are surrounded by a damp floodplain meadow, which, like the Veprika riverbed, is partially overgrown with shrubs. Above the springs on the right bank of the Veprika there are open slopes with meadow vegetation, on the left bank there is a pine-green moss forest.

The level of biological diversity of the specially protected natural area is high. In total, 357 species of vascular plants have been noted here, among which 6 (Keleria large, Baltic palmate root, Bloody palmate root, Young shoot-bearing, Winter-loving umbrella, Hemp vine) are listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga region, 2 species of amphibians, 1 species of reptiles and 2 species of mammals.

Lake Holy

Lake Svyatoe is a lake of glacial origin with a clearly defined glacial flanging of loams. It is the source of the Putynka River, a tributary of the Sukhodrev. The lake is fed by atmospheric precipitation and groundwater of the Quaternary and Miocene aquifers. At the bottom there are deposits of sapropel, which belongs to the therapeutic mud of the Moltaevsky type.

Lake Svyatoye and the landscapes surrounding it are a valuable habitat for a large number of rare and endangered objects of flora and fauna, including those listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and (or) the Red Book of the Kaluga Region: Sheikhzeria bog, Pompa della, English sundew , Round-leaved sundew, Grass-headed grass, Swamp sedge, Graceful cottongrass, Baltic palmate root, Obovate sundew, Lesser pemphigus, Ospreys, etc.

City forest of Kondrovo

The city forest is located within the city of Kondrovo on the right bank of the Shani River.

For 90% it consists of plantations of pine and spruce with an admixture of birch and aspen of high quality.

The main age of the forest stand is 100 years, but there are areas with young pine plantations along clearings. On the territory of the boron, various types of forests are noted, characteristic of the central region of the mixed forest subzone: lichen pine forest (on dry sandy loamy soils characteristic of taiga forests), green moss spruce forest (on fresh soddy-podzolic gray forest soils) and sphagnum spruce forest (in low places ) with a predominance of sphagnum moss in the ground cover. Its undergrowth is rich in red mountain ash, hazel, warty euonymus, and buckthorn. The herbaceous ground cover is diverse: in spring, primroses are plentiful - lute anemone, lungwort and blueberry, in summer - hoof, chickweed, minnik, two-leaved lyubka, orchis and other plants.

The forest is rich in berries - blueberries, strawberries and raspberries, as well as nuts and mushrooms.

The current state of the array is assessed as unsatisfactory. A significant part of the spruce plantations is damaged by the typographer bark beetle and root fungus. There is old and fresh deadwood and windblow. It is required to carry out sanitary and recreational measures (sanitary felling and cleaning from clutter).

Forest area "Galkinsky Forest"

The forest area "Galkinsky Forest" is a standard of mixed coniferous-deciduous forests of the European part of Russia.

The composition of plantations is mixed (40% spruce, 30% pine, 20% aspen, 10% birch and an admixture of oak). The forest is mostly ripe and maturing, medium-density, high quality. In a well-developed undergrowth, brittle buckthorn, mountain ash, hazel and honeysuckle prevail, in the ground cover - strawberries, blueberries, oxalis, lungwort, European octopus, lingonberries, double-leaved mullet, Veronica officinalis, ferns, green mosses and lichens. Rare and endangered plant species have also been noted. The forest is a habitat for a variety of fauna. Here you can meet elk, deer, wild boar, roe deer, hare, fox, badger, marten, squirrel, feathered grouse, black grouse, ducks, snipe, hazel grouse and other species.

The forest area "Galkinsky Forest" is partly included in the boundaries of the national park "Ugra".

Transition swamp

"Transitional swamp" is a transitional swamp with open water saucers, which has well preserved its morphology and biocenoses. It is rich in marsh cranberries. Here you can find white water lily, false calla, frog watercress and other plant species. Mallard ducks and common teal ducks nest in the swamp.

wide meadows

"Wide meadows" are natural meadows within a large forest area with rich and varied vegetation, from which an unnamed stream originates. Along the stream bed, in the area of ​​strong waterlogging, thickets of black alder were noted. In the meadows there are individual trees of pedunculate oak, white birch and warty birch, trembling poplar, European spruce. The species composition of shrubs is diverse, but willow is the predominant species. In the central part of the northern meadows, a bog was noted, overgrown with angustifolia cattail. Rare and endangered plants grow in the meadows, including those listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

Peat bogs

Peat bogs are located near vil. Shenyano-Sloboda. They are a heavily swampy area of ​​the forest, the main forest-forming species in which are black alder and birch. Along the bank of the stream flowing through it, a swamp dream grows, which is listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

Park in Kondrovo

The park of Kondrovo is a natural mixed forest, preserved within the city limits on the banks of the Shani River. It plays the role of a green zone between the Kondrovo paper company and the Troitsk paper mill, being a kind of ecological buffer and the only "green spot" in the industrial zone of Kondrovo. There are spontaneous walking paths in the forest area. No man-made alleys were found within its limits. At the beginning of the 20th century, linden trees were planted between the natural forest and the building of the pedagogical school according to the alley principle, and in front of the school building there was a parterre with a casing of spruce, ash, poplar and arborvitae. The park is actively used by local residents as a recreation area.

Park of the estate in the village of Gorbenki

The park of the estate in the village of Gorbenki is a park on the site of the former estate of the merchants Shaposhnikovs, in which a system of on-farm alleys of lindens and pyramidal poplars has been partially preserved. The current state of the park is assessed as unsatisfactory. It has a lot of dead and wind-fallen trees that require sanitary and recreational measures.

Key source near the village of Makovtsy

The key source near the village of Makovtsy is a descending source of fresh water with a specific flow rate of 0.3-0.5 l/s. The water in it is chemically weak. The key is captured in a metal pipe and equipped. The entrance to it is good, there is parking for cars.

Key source near the village of Ogaryovo

The key source near the village of Ogarevo is a descending source of fresh water with a specific flow rate of 0.2-0.3 l / s, located on the banks of the Medynka River. Its water quality is good. The key is capped by a pipe. The locals use the water from it.

Key source in the village of Tovarkovo

The key source in the village of Tovarkovo is an ascending source of fresh water, located in the floodplain of the Shani River. The source is not captured, but the approach to it is equipped. Local residents do not currently use water from the spring, as there is a large industrial enterprise next to it.

Key source in Kondrovo

The key source in the city of Kondrovo is a descending source of fresh water in the coastal strip of the Shani River. Captured with a metal pipe. Water from the source is used by the population for drinking and household purposes.

The key source near the highway Kondrovo-Nikolskoye

The spring key at the Kondrovo-Nikolskoye highway is an artificially created source of fresh water. The spring is equipped - there is a wooden frame. It has a good entrance, a bench is installed. Previously, local residents used the water from the source. Currently, the water in it is stagnant.

Grove and garden of the village of Galkino

The grove and the garden are located on the territory of the village. Galkino, Dzerzhinsky district. The grove consists of oaks and lindens more than 200 years old, the park - of lindens and firs aged 150-160 years with an admixture of pines and oaks over 200 years old.

The layout of the park is regular, symmetrical with respect to the central alley. In the southern part, cross-shaped paths form rectangular bosquets, in the northern part, a star-shaped layout of paths lined with lindens is visible. Pines and oaks are not included in the park layout. Next to it, the foundations of buildings can be traced and there are old lilac bushes and a small pond, now heavily overgrown.

The grass cover is natural, mainly from cereals, with a large participation of weeds.

Park with. Begichevo

Park with. Begichevo is located on the territory of one of the ancient estates of the Kaluga province, which was owned since the 15th century by the Begichevs, Tolstoys, Smirnovs, princes Trubetskoy. It preserved the system of alleys, planting linden, birch and poplar. The landscape part of the park consists of oak forests, as well as birch-aspen plantations with hazel undergrowth.

Park d. Zheleztsovo

The village of Zheleztsevo, Dzerzhinsky District, is the former estate of the ancient Turgenev family, nobles dating back to the time of Tsar Ivan the Terrible. The manor park is located between two ravines, along the bottom of which streams flow. The natural conditions made it possible to create a system of ponds here. In the regular part of the park, linden alleys have been preserved (the age of the trees is 200-250 years). The garden adjoining the regular part has been lost.

The key source of "Saint Tikhon"

The key source of "Saint Tikhon" is a unique source on the banks of the Veprika River, consisting of several ascending springs of the Protvinsky aquifer. Their waters are low-pressure, bicarbonate-calcium, slightly hard.

The source is a place of pilgrimage for believers.

Oak 300-year-old in the village. Leo Tolstoy is a pedunculate oak with a height of more than 30 meters, a trunk circumference of 4 meters, a trunk diameter of 127 centimeters and an age of 300 years.

Khvastovichi district

Penevichskoe reservoir

The Penevichi reservoir was built on the river. Katagoshcha (left tributary of the Resseta). The shores are mostly open, partially overgrown with shrubs in the upper part of the pond, woody vegetation is currently just beginning to appear, along the shores there are deposits and meadows. The reservoir has extensive shallow waters, while the drainage from the dam is weak (stream), so the water "blooms" due to the strong reproduction of cyanobacteria and has an unpleasant odor.

The reservoir is a stopover place for waterfowl and near-water birds. The number of birds in clusters during the spring migration reaches several tens of specimens. The reservoir is part of the key ornithological territory of Russia "Interfluves of Lovatyanka and Sukremeni" of federal rank.

Sloboda reservoir

The Slobodskoye Reservoir is a shallow pond formed on the Lokhova River, blocked by a dam. On the eastern shore there is a fallow, currently being developed for dacha development, on the western shore there is a swampy meadow, where plant species rare for the region have been noted. The aquatic flora is dominated by standard aquatic macrophytes, predominantly pondweeds, and fairly common coastal thickets.

The reservoir is an important stopover and nesting place for waterfowl and shorebirds. The number of birds in clusters during the spring migration here reaches several thousand specimens. The reservoir is part of the key ornithological territory of Russia "Interfluves of Lovatyanka and Sukremeni" of federal rank.

The Lokhova River and its floodplain

The vegetation of the banks of the Lokhova River is represented by thickets of single willows, mainly Willow ash, with the dominance of the Reed-like spring, Angelica forest and Meadow foxtail, as well as aquatic and coastal aquatic vegetation. Among the coastal-aquatic vegetation, the main dominant is the reed-like spring, the co-dominants are forest angelica, forest reed and sharp sedge. Among aquatic, completely submerged plants, dark green hornwort predominates , Lesser duckweed and three-lobed duckweed, which occupy the main part of shallow waters. In some places there are Yellow Capsule and Vodokras ordinary. Large macrophytes along the coast and in shallow waters are dominated by Lake Kamysh and broad-leaved Rogoz, thickets of Mannik floating . The general list of vascular plants includes 52 species, of which 5 (the longest pondweed, young shoot-bearing, European euonymus, Umbrella winter love and Thyme (Thyme) creeping or ordinary) are listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

The Lokhova River and its floodplain are difficult to access and serve as a good refuge for birds and wild animals. Among the population of birds in the vicinity of the village. Bojanovichi is dominated by synanthropic species, as well as species of the meadow-field complex, and edge and forest species are found near the Resseta River. In total, 76 species of birds have been recorded here, including 3 species (White stork, Gray crane and Forest lark) listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region. The floodplain of the Lokhova River is part of the key ornithological territory of Russia "Interfluves of Lovatyanka and Sukremeni" of federal rank.

The most common mammal species in the floodplain of the Lokhova River is the muskrat. Traces of its life activity (burrows, fodder "tables" extracted from the silt of the rhizomes of wetland plants) are found throughout the surveyed section of the river. Gnawing, burrows and summer shelters of the river beaver were also noted. Signs of American mink and water vole were found. Of the insectivores, a water shrew has been identified. It is possible that the Russian desman lives in the Lokhova River - a species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

The Lovatyanka River and its floodplain

The valley of the Lovatyanka River is distinguished by a rather uniform relief and is a flat alluvial marshy plain with individual dunes, old rivers, and riverbanks. The vegetation is represented by grassy pine forest, low-lying large-grass meadow and coastal-aquatic communities.

The pine forest with bracken-grass oak is characterized by an average degree of crown density, an average stand height and an age of about 70-90 years. Undergrowth is represented by Scots Pine, English Oak, Common Spruce and Silver Birch. In the undergrowth, there are heart-shaped linden, common raspberry and single mountain ash. The herbaceous-shrub layer is dominated by Common bracken, Ground reedgrass and Oak bluegrass. The moss-lichen cover is represented by Kukushkin flax and Schreber's Pleurotium.

On a lowland large-grass meadowsweet-double-source-sedge-reed meadow in the flooded floodplain of the Lovatyanka River, the grass cover is dominated by Common reed, Reed-like double spring, Acute sedge, Elm-leaved meadowsweet and Common loosestrife . There is overgrowing of the meadow community with Willow ash, Willow goat, Willow philicoleaf and Willow brittle .

The coastal-aquatic vegetation is represented by thickets along the very edge of the water of the Common reed and Elm-leaved meadowsweet, as well as the floating Mannik . Creeping ranunculus, Forget-me-not marsh and Water mint are found singly .

The aquatic vegetation itself is represented by the common arrowhead, sea sorrel, yellow egg capsule, common vodokras, pierced-leaved pondweed, dark green hornwort, common multi-root, three-lobed duckweed and small duckweed .

Along the entire length of the Lovatyanka River, traces and gnaws of the river beaver and traces of the feeding activity of the muskrat were noted. The inhabitants of the river floodplain are also the raccoon dog , American mink, water vole and water shrew. Given the high protective properties of floodplain water bodies and an extensive network of small tributaries, the possibility of preserving Russian desman and European mink in a specially protected natural area cannot be ruled out.

The Vytebet River and its floodplain

The floodplain of the Vytebet River is difficult to access for a significant length of it and can serve as a refuge for wild animals. A mixed forest stretches along the banks. The floodplain vegetation is represented by forest and meadow complexes;

Coastal-aquatic vegetation is represented by thickets of Reed-like spring, Bonfire without awns, Tenacious bedstraw, Dioecious nettle, Prickly thistle, Ivy-shaped Budra, Common wormwood, Common tansy and Riverside ragwort. Also recorded in large numbers are angelica, water mint, common loosestrife, river gravel, meadow horsetail, floating mannik and shoot-bearing bent grass.

Aquatic vegetation is represented by Canadian Elodea, dark green hornwort, yellow pod, common chastukha and common arrowhead.

The avifauna of the floodplain of the Vytebet River within the boundaries of the Khvastovichsky District is formed by waterfowl and near-water birds (both “native” and transit) of the riverbed, temporary reservoirs of the floodplain and its wetlands, forest species inhabiting floodplain forests and forested floodplain terraces, and using the floodplain as fodder lands.

Muskrat, American mink, river otter and beaver live in the floodplain of the Vytebet River. According to researchers H.A. Hernandez-Blanco, E.M. Litvinova and A.V. Antonevich, traces of the otter's vital activity are found throughout the river, which indicates the well-being of the population. The Russian muskrat was noted in the composition of the fauna of the Orlovskoye Polissya National Park, located upstream of the Vytebet, and the Kaluzhskiye Zaseki Nature Reserve, on the territory of which the lower reaches of the river are located. Probably its distribution throughout the Vytebet river.

The Obelna River and its floodplain

The Obelna River, within the boundaries of the Khvastovichsky District, flows mainly through wooded areas, and only in the mouth part it enters a wide open area of ​​a common floodplain with the Resseta River.

The vegetation of the specially protected natural area is represented by herbaceous pine forest, brook black alder, coastal-aquatic and aquatic vegetation. The undergrowth of grass pine forest is dominated by Scots pine, English oak, Scots spruce and drooping birch. The undergrowth is formed by bird cherry , Common viburnum, Common raspberry, Gray blackberry, Common mountain ash, Brittle buckthorn, Ash willow, Common hazel and Common hop. Along the coastline of the Obelna River, tall-grass black alders grow in a narrow strip with dominance in the grass layer of Dioecious Nettle, Meadowsweet Elm-leaved and Acute Sedge. . Coastal-aquatic vegetation is represented by thickets along the water's edge of the Reed-like Dvukistochnik and Giant Mannik . Also noted codominants: Arrowhead ordinary, Chastukha ordinary, Sharp sedge, Black sedge, Dioecious nettle, Awnless bonfire, Bittersweet nightshade, Poison milestone. The aquatic vegetation proper is represented by common Arrowleaf, Yellow Capsule, Common Chastukha, Common Vodokras, Podgrass pierced-leaved, Dark Green Hornwort, Common Polyroot, and Three-lobed Duckweed.

The fauna of the Obelna River and its floodplain includes 6 species of amphibians, 4 species of reptiles, 40 species of birds and 29 species of mammals, of which 5 (Common Viper, Gray Crane, River Otter, Small Shrew and Forest Bat or Nathusius) are listed in the regional Red Book .

Green zone of the village of Elensky

The green zone of the village of Elensky is part of a large forest area located on the territory of the Kaluga, Bryansk and Oryol regions.

The vegetation of the natural monument is represented by sphagnum and green moss spruce forests, green moss, complex and blueberry pine forests, secondary grass birch forests, upland and hygrophytic meadows, coastal water and water communities.

The level of landscape and biological diversity of the territory is assessed as high. There are 16 species of macromycete fungi, including 1 species (Gyropore blue or Bruise), listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, 3 species of lichens, 7 species of bryophytes, 272 species of vascular plants, including 2 species (European spindle tree, Kasatik (Iris) Siberian), listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga region.

The forest fauna is represented by 6 species of amphibians, 4 species of reptiles, 72 species of birds and 28 species of mammals. Seasonal migrations of wild ungulates - elk, wild boar and roe deer - pass through it, there are pine marten, polecat, forest dormouse. Traces of a badger and a raccoon dog were recorded. Residential passages and soil ejecta of the European mole were found on the soil. Of the rare and endangered species of animals listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, the Red-bellied Toad, Common Viper, Klintukh, Forest Lark, Deryaba, Crested Tit, Splyushka, Common Lynx, Forest Bat or Nathusius and Sonya- shelf.

Green zone of Khvastovichi village

The green zone of the village of Khvastovichi is a well-preserved standard of widespread zonal landscapes.

The vegetation of the natural monument is represented by forest (coniferous and small-leaved (aspen, black alder and birch forests)), meadow and coastal-aquatic vegetation.

Coniferous forests, occupying limited areas, are formed by complex spruce forests and complex pine forests. Small-leaved forests are represented mainly by aspen forests, black alder forests near the brooks and grassy birch forests, developing on the site of abandoned agricultural land.

Secondary grassy birch forests are mainly confined to the areas of burnt areas and clearings. Here, instead of indigenous communities, adventitious ones are represented with the dominance of Birch drooping and insignificant participation of Aspen. Under the canopy of forests, there are many forest and edge-meadow species: Kupena many-flowered, May lily of the valley, Wild strawberry, Common goldenrod or Golden rod, Forest horsetail. Moss cover is absent.

Meadow vegetation is represented only by hygrophytic meadows, well expressed in the floodplains of small rivers and streams.

The coastal-aquatic vegetation of the specially protected natural area is quite diverse, which is due to the ecological characteristics of the habitats. It reaches the maximum species diversity and abundance in areas of watercourses with low banks, composed, as a rule, of peaty-illuvial soils, in the absence of water flow or its low speed, in small oxbow lakes. The group of floating plants is represented by duckweed and Common Root, occupying from 30 to 100% of the water surface.

In total, 4 species of macromycete fungi and 264 species of vascular plants were noted in the green zone of the village of Khvastovichi, including 2 species (Cinna broad-leaved and Lyubka green-colored), listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

The forest fauna is represented by 8 species of amphibians, 5 species of reptiles, 57 species of birds and 33 species of mammals. Of the rare and endangered species of animals listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, there are the Red-bellied Toad, Common Viper, Klintukh, River Otter, Tiny Shrew, Lesser Shrew and Forest Bat.

Forest area near the station. Tereben

Forest area near the station. Tereben" is a large forest area located on the outwash sands of the Dnieper glaciation. Rivers and streams of Koldobina, Skupa, Gorokhovka, Shkovka, Gromovoi, Radnya, Zmeyka, as well as unnamed streams flow through its territory. In the interdune depressions there are lake Yermolovskoe and small swamps. There are numerous outlets of springs, some of which are quite significant in terms of debit.

The vegetation of the natural monument is represented by grass pine forests on the dunes, grass black alder forests, grass lime forests, compound pine forests with an admixture of English oak, green moss pine forests dominated by blueberry, secondary grass birch forests on burned areas and clearings, as well as meadow, coastal water and water communities.

The level of landscape and biological diversity of the specially protected natural area is high. 15 species of macromycete fungi were noted here, including 1 species (Gyropor blue or Bruise), listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, 2 species of lichens, 4 species of bryophytes and 320 species of vascular plants, including 15 species (Podbel ordinary, Peschanka rocky, Armeria vulgaris, Astragalus sandy, Carnation sandy, Gudaiera creeping, Borodnik spherical, Cornflower head, Gorichnik mountain, Pasque opened, Thyme (Thyme) creeping, Winter-loving umbrella, Linnea northern, Kozelets low, Gentian pulmonary), listed in the Red Book of Kaluga areas.

The forest fauna is represented by 127 species of Lepidoptera, 7 species of amphibians, 4 species of reptiles, 72 species of birds and 35 species of mammals. Seasonal migrations of wild ungulates - Elk and Roe deer - pass through it. From the southern border of the territory, bison visits are regularly observed from the free-living population of the Orlovskoye Polesie National Park, which are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the Red Book of the Kaluga Region. The Fox and the White Hare also live within the forest. There are traces of Lynx, Wolf and Brown Bear. Traces of the feeding activity of the Common Squirrel are periodically noted.

Of the rare and endangered species of animals listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, on the territory of the natural monument, the hawthorn cocoonworm, the small red order ribbon, the alder shooter, the white striped bear, the gray pelosia, the willow ribbon, the red-bellied toad, the common viper, Klintukh, Wood Lark, Mistletoe, Crested Tit, Splyushka, Common Lynx, Forest Bat or Nathusius, Dormouse Dormouse, Tiny Shrew, River Otter and Brown Bear.

Forest area near the station. Tereben is a valuable habitat (growth) of rare and endangered objects of the animal and plant world and is of great importance for the conservation of the biological diversity of the region.

Zhizdrinsky district

Arboretum in Zhizdra

The arboretum was founded at the end of the 19th century at the Mikhailovsky School of Horticulture, which existed in the city of Zhizdra in the pre-war years, by its teachers F.A. Kryukov and F.I. Schneider. For three years, from 1896 to 1898, 140 different tree and shrub species were planted on an area of ​​about two hectares (“Kaluga province - a geographical outline”, V.M. Koshkarov, 1908). The park was landscaped, the paths were strewn with sand. A beautiful fountain was created, around which flower beds were located in the parterre.

At present, the arboretum has preserved various combinations of trees and shrubs (Siberian larch, Siberian pine, oaks, ash trees, poplars, etc.) of plantings of different years (from the end of the 19th to the middle of the 20th centuries).

Dendropark of the city of Zhizdra is of cultural, historical and recreational significance for the inhabitants of the city, scientific and environmental significance for the Kaluga region as a monitoring area for monitoring the processes occurring with introduced species in the territory of the Zhizdra district. The level of landscape diversity of the territory is assessed as low, but at the same time, a rather high diversity of species uncharacteristic for the region is noted here.

The tract "Znamenskaya Gorka"

The tract "Znamenskaya Gorka" is a valuable forest. Its upper tier is formed by tall Scotch pine, which, according to the forestry classification, belongs to ripe or already overmature. Spruce and birch are occasionally mixed with pine stands.

The undergrowth is dominated by 45-50-year-old spruces. The renewal of pine is noted.

The undergrowth is formed by mountain ash, buckthorn, small-leaved linden, viburnum, European euonymus. There are also Norway maple and occasionally English oak (along the edges), which are in a depressed state.

Cowberries, blueberries and wild strawberries are abundant in the grass cover. Heather occurs in scattered groups. Green, hypnum mosses are also developed. May lily of the valley is noted in some places.

The main conservation value of the tract "Znamenskaya Gorka" is the maintenance of biodiversity of flora and fauna, as well as the reproduction of representatives of flora and fauna and their further resettlement in adjacent territories.

Spruce-broad-leaved pine forest

Spruce-broad-leaved forest is located on the right bank of the river. Zhizdra in the 132 quarter of the Zhizdrinsky district forestry. The vegetation of the forest area is represented by various variants of mixed forests with a predominance of birch, areas of pine-spruce-birch forests and light forests, areas of spruce culture, uneven-aged areas of pine culture, floodplain willow and alder forests, meadow associations of different options, coastal vegetation of the reservoir and the river. Potya, coastal and aquatic vegetation of the reservoir on the river. Zhizdra. In the herbaceous layer, quite rare species, protected in the region, are noted in places - mountain sedge and black mountain sedge.

The current state of the forest area is assessed as satisfactory. Recreational load is moderate. A strong anthropogenic impact was noted only in the area of ​​work on the construction of a dam on the lower pond on the Potya River.

The spruce-broad-leaved forest is of great aesthetic and environmental significance for the residents of the city, primarily as a recreational area. The level of landscape and biological diversity of the territory is high. In most of the forest area, intact natural complexes are noted that are of value for the conservation of the biodiversity of the region.

Fresh water source "White Well"

The source of fresh water "White well" is located on the watershed of the Lolyanka, Restitsa and Lovatyanka rivers on a flat, slightly dissected erosional plain developed on the Turonian chalk deposits of the upper section.

The source comes to the surface in the lowland of a natural amphitheater, surrounding the local depression in a semicircle. In the center of the depression is a pond, which receives the effluent from all the springs along the foot of the amphitheater. The flow rate of the source "White well" is about 10.8 l / s.

The water in the spring is ultra-fresh (mineralization - 0.17 g/l). The water temperature is 7.8 0 C. The water quality complies with the established standards. A distinctive feature is the presence of iron in water (concentration - 0.12 g/l at MPC = 0.3 g/l).

Karst lake "Bottomless"

The karst lake "Bezdonnoye" is located on the watershed of the tributaries of the Bolva and Resseta rivers, on a gently undulating, slightly dissected erosive plain. It was formed in the bedrocks represented by the flask and tripoli of the Santonian time of the upper part of the Cretaceous system, under which the Turonian chalk occurs. Probably, due to the suffotic washing out of the chalk, the overlying rocks sank and the lake "Bezdonnoye" was formed, as well as a number of swamps around the village. Ozerskaya.

Karst Lake "Bezdonnoye" is a well-preserved wetland. Along the edge it is surrounded by a quagmire, which has undergone reclamation. From the village Ozerskaya, from the south and east, a transitional, and in some places a low-lying swamp, almost completely overgrown with willows, approaches. On the northern and western shores there is a sphagnum quagmire with a characteristic set of bog species, an open bog with tussocks of cottongrass and marsh shrubs. The lake is bordered on the western side by black alder, and on the northern side there are areas resembling a raised bog with pine and even with signs of ridge-hollow relief - between rows of low pines there are hollows with Sheikhzeria marsh, Ocheretnik white and other species listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region .

The local population actively uses the reservoir and the lands adjacent to it for fishing, hunting, picking mushrooms and berries, and recreation. A serious threat to the specially protected natural area is posed by recurring cases of poaching fish with the use of nets, poisonous substances and electric fishing rods.

Forest pine massif "Lukavsky"

The forest pine massif "Lukavsky" is a pine massif with an admixture of birch and spruce, aged 75-85 years and bonitet 1, which is of great importance for maintaining the biodiversity of flora and fauna, as well as for the reproduction of representatives of flora and fauna and their further settlement in adjacent territories . The level of landscape and biological diversity of the territory is assessed as high. In total, 116 species of vascular plants, 20 species of macromycete fungi, 3 species of amphibians, 3 species of reptiles, 60 species of birds, 22 species of mammals and 43 species of invertebrates have been identified in the specially protected natural area.

Forest pine massif "Dubrovsky"

Forest pine massif "Dubrovsky" - pine-spruce plantations with an admixture of birch, aspen and black alder aged 90-100 years. The level of biological and landscape diversity of the territory is low (20 species of macromycetes, 112 species of vascular plants, 43 species of invertebrates, 3 species of amphibians, 3 species of reptiles, 60 species of birds and 22 species of mammals). This is probably due to the fact that about half of the forest plantations within the boundaries of a specially protected natural area have been cut down in the last 10 years.

Forest area "Blueberries"

The forest area "Blueberry" is a blueberry-sphagnum pine forest with an admixture of spruce, birch and aspen. The level of biological diversity of the territory is low (20 species of macromycetes, 2 species of bryophytes, 113 species of vascular plants, 37 species of invertebrates, 3 species of amphibians, 3 species of reptiles, 58 species of birds, 22 species of mammals)

Settlement of forest ants "Ant pillars" (southern cluster)

Settlement of forest ants "Ant pillars" (northern cluster)

The settlement of forest ants "Ant Pillars" is a group of anthills up to 1.5 meters high and 1.0-1.2 meters in diameter at the base, located in a mixed forest of different ages.

Baryatinsky district

Park d. Milotichi

The manor and the garden and park ensemble were created in the 18th - early 19th centuries. The total area of ​​the estate was more than 30 hectares. It included a landscape park on the left slope of the river valley. Kamenka, four ponds, a system of access and on-farm alleys, the main house with outbuildings and St. Nicholas Church.

At present, the landscape part of the landscape park, a dug pond of complex configuration with an island and alleys, the forest stand of which is dominated by linden, maple and ash, are well preserved.

The park is actively used by the local population as a place of recreation.

Park village Kotovo

The park of the estate of the beginning of the 19th century is located in the bend of the river. Svotitsa, on its gently sloping right bank. Linden alleys, fragments of broad-leaved forests, mostly linden, fragments of small-leaved forests, mainly birch forests in place of old birch alleys, floodplain black alder forests with an admixture of willows, mesophytic upland, slope and floodplain meadows and hygrophytic meadows of the river floodplain have survived to the present. Svotitsa.

The park of the village of Kotovo is of scientific importance as an example of restoration successions after the cessation of direct anthropogenic impact, with the participation of well-preserved sections of linden alleys. The level of landscape and biological diversity of the territory is assessed as quite high (181 species of vascular plants, 26 species of fungi, 65 species of invertebrates and 39 vertebrates), and with the expansion of the buffer zone, it can be significantly increased.

Lake Bezdon

Lake "Bezdon" - a lake of glacial origin, filled with clean and clear water. The maximum depth is 22 meters, the prevailing depth is 9-10 meters. The area of ​​the lake is 36 hectares.

The reservoir is an important habitat for rare and endangered species of plants listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, as well as one of the key stopover and nesting places in this part of the Kaluga Region for waterfowl and near-water birds, including those listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. Federation and the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

The natural ichthyofauna of Lake Bezdon has been heavily altered by fisheries. Here they reproduce and grow sturgeon, bream, carp, silver carp, grass carp, tench and pike, which are numerous in the reservoir and reach large sizes.

The oval-shaped lake surrounded by forests is unusually picturesque, it is a wonderful place for recreation for local residents and guests of the region.

Lowland swamp "Shatinsky moss"

The Shatinsky Mokh swamp is the largest example of glaciodepression in the Kaluga region and the only vast swamp of the lowland and in some places transitional type, the habitat (growth) of rare and endangered objects of the animal and plant world, the key ornithological territory of Russia of local rank.

The swamp has been significantly transformed by land reclamation works. A network of ditches has been laid along it - second-order ditches approach the main main ditch that crosses the swamp, covering the entire swamp in parallel lines.

Land reclamation disturbed the hydrological regime of the natural complex, which led to a decrease (disappearance) of open areas (lenses).

Milyatinsky reservoir

The Milyatinsky Reservoir is located on the Bolshaya Vorona River. The water surface area is 458 hectares, and the total volume of the water body is 7580 thousand cubic meters. m. The greatest depth of the reservoir is 5 m, the prevailing one is 1.7 m. Coastal-aquatic vegetation is represented mainly by river horsetail, broad-leaved cattail, large manna, southern reed, acute sedge and other species. Noteworthy are the finds of the marsh telipteris fern and the flowering plant of the common cauliflower, which live in marshy hard-to-reach rafts and swamps. Of the medicinal plants, marsh cinquefoil, meadowsweet, river gravel, galangal, blue cyanosis, field mint and other typical meadow plants were identified.

Mosalsky district

Pine forest in Mosalsk

The pine forest of the city of Mosalsk is a typical forest area, the predominant species in which is spruce, in some places - with an admixture of birch, linden and pine. The part of the forest furthest from the road is a zonal well-preserved spruce forest of different ages, grassy in some places, green moss in some places, and with developed broad-leaved undergrowth and shrub layer in some places. Near the Mozhaika River, pine plantations under the age of 100 years predominate.

In the undergrowth, common spruce, common mountain ash, heart-shaped linden and plane-shaped maple were noted. The undergrowth consists mainly of plane maple, mountain ash, brittle buckthorn, common hazel, heart-shaped linden, forest raspberry, gray blackberry, warty euonymus.

The herbaceous cover is dominated by male shieldwort, meadow horsetail, two-leaved mullet, wild strawberry, common sorrel, creeping tenacious and other plant species typical of coniferous forests. In places, thickets of blueberries and lingonberries are plentiful. The part of the forest adjacent to the Mosalsk-Kaluga highway and the city of Mosalsk is significantly disturbed, and weedy, ruderal species are noted among trivial plant species.

The tract "Proidevo"

The tract "Proidevo" is a park, laid out on the right slope of the river valley. Perekshi and having an irregular layout. Old-growth broad-leaved trees have been preserved in it: oaks, lindens, maples, white poplars. In the herbaceous layer, native plants of the broad-leaved forest (cowberry, Kashubian ranunculus, musky strawberry, amazing violet, etc.) coexist with introduced species. Some of them (Aralia, Goryanka) are noted on the territory of the Kaluga region only in this park. All together it is a very decorative, exotic community that has been formed over several decades.

Lyudinovsky district

Lake "Lompad" with adjacent lands

Lake "Lompad" or Lyudinovskoye reservoir is located on the Nepolod River to the north of the city of Lyudinovo and is the largest artificial reservoir in the Kaluga region. The vegetation of its shores is represented by small areas of coniferous forests with broad-leaved elements, small-leaved forests of black alder and silver birch, small fragments of broad-leaved, mainly linden forests, upland forb and hygrophytic tall grass meadows, aquatic and coastal aquatic vegetation. In total, 330 species of higher vascular plants were noted here, among which 8 (common ram, purple reed grass, high fescue, panicled sedge, thick-leaved chickweed, Selkirk violet, umbrella winter love, marsh turkey) are listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga region.

The fauna of the reservoir and the surrounding lands is rich and diverse - more than 30 species of mammals, including: wild boar, European roe deer, European elk, wolf, common fox, raccoon dog, pine marten, ermine, forest polecat, common beaver, muskrat, American mink and otter, and 17 species of fish (roach, perch, bream, rudd, ruff, pike and carp). Of the amphibians, there are common newt, common and green toads, numerous lake, pond, moor and grass frogs; of reptiles - the common viper and the common one, as well as the agile and viviparous lizards.

The reservoir is part of the key ornithological territory of Russia "Lyudinovskie lakes" of local rank. An incomplete list of birds registered in the specially protected natural area includes more than 80 species, among which 7 (European black-throated diver, great white heron, white stork, gray crane, great snail, common tern, thrush warbler) are rare.

Lake "Lompad" with adjacent lands is of exceptional value for the preservation of unique and standard natural complexes and objects and biological diversity of the Kaluga region.

The tract "Molevskoye"

The Molevskoye tract is located on the watershed of the Peretesna and Nepolod rivers, between two swampy ravines 1.5 km northwest of the village of Paloma. It is a community of upland meso-oligotrophic meadows, partially overgrown with shrubs, on the site of the former estate of Mol.

Old perishing apple trees, domestic plum, domestic pear, pedunculate oak, drooping birch, common lilac, individual bushes of ash willow, laxative tin, cinnamon rosehip, black currant have been preserved in the tract. Along the perimeter of the estate, as well as along the roadsides and along the road at the entrance to the estate, there are linden plantations. Together with the heart-shaped linden, drooping birch and pedunculate oak grow. Aspen is found singly. The undergrowth consists mainly of forest honeysuckle and brittle buckthorn. In the grass-shrub layer there are: common goutweed, oak maryannik, meadow bluegrass, forest kupyr .

The fauna of the tract is represented by 1 species of reptiles, 4 species of mammals and 43 species of birds, of which 1 species (Deryaba) is listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region.

Yukhnovsky district

City forest in Yukhnov

The urban forest in the city of Yukhnov is a forest area that performs environmental functions, including maintaining the purity of the atmospheric air and, as a result, creating prerequisites for health-improving recreation, being a regulator of surface and groundwater runoff and having aesthetic value for city residents.

The predominant species in the first tier of the forest is pine of I-II quality classes. The age of pine stands varies from 15 to 160 years. In the southern part of the forest, there are separate small patches of spruces. In the second tier, both broad-leaved species - linden, maple, less often oak, and small-leaved species - birch, aspen (in some places they go into the first tier), shrubs - mountain ash, hazel are noted. In the third and fourth tiers, a grass cover has developed in places. Green moss fragments of pine and spruce forests are not uncommon.

In the forest area, 297 species of vascular plants were noted, including 3 species (creeping Gooddayera, Umbelliferata, Northern Linnea), listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga Region, 5 species of amphibians, 3 species of reptiles, 41 species of birds, including 1 species ( Crested tit), listed in the Red Book of the Kaluga region, and 17 species of mammals.

Specially protected natural areas of local importance

Velvet Amur

Velvet Amur (Phellodendron Amur or Amur cork tree) grew on the territory of the municipality "City of Kaluga" in the area of ​​house number 90 on the street. Stepan Razin, Kaluga. To date, the monument of wildlife has not been preserved.

Oak 600 years old

Oak 600-year-old grew on the territory of the municipality "City of Kaluga" in the area of ​​house number 27a on the street. Karakozov, Kaluga. To date, the monument of wildlife has not been preserved.

Oak 500 years old

Oak 500-year-old grows on the territory of the municipality "City of Kaluga" in the area of ​​house number 4 on the lane. Resurrection, Kaluga. The approximate age of the tree is 500 years, the height is 28 m, the diameter of the trunk is 118 cm. The tree has 1 category of condition (health without signs of weakening). However, it shows a frost crack in the trunk and dry branches in the crown area. The condition of the tree as a whole is assessed as satisfactory.

Maple globe

Globular maple grows on the territory of the municipality "City of Kaluga" on the territory adjacent to the Kaluga Basic Medical College, located at the address: Kaluga, st. Kutuzova, 26. Trunk diameter - 38 cm, height - 18 m. The tree has a 2nd category condition (weakened). Age condition - unsatisfactory, oppressed. The level of vitality is very low.

Linden small-leaved

Small-leaved linden grows on the territory of the municipal formation "City of Kaluga", in the courtyard of a residential building on the street. Plekhanov, Kaluga. The tree reaches a height of 18 m, with a trunk diameter of about 60 cm. It grows as a single straight trunk and begins to branch from a height of 3.5 m. The condition of the wildlife monument is satisfactory.

Weymouth pine (2 individuals)

Weymutov's pines (2 especially) grow on the territory of the municipal formation "City of Kaluga", at the monument to the dead officers of the Internal Affairs Directorate, located at the address: Kaluga, st. Suvorova, d. 137. The trees are located 5 meters apart, symmetrically from the monument on the central alley leading to the building. One tree has 1 condition category (healthy, no signs of weakening). The diameter of its trunk is 40 cm, the height is about 22 m. The trunk diameter of the second tree is 36 cm. It is not possible to determine its condition category due to the absence of a part of the crown at a height of 11-12 m from the butt.

Weymouth pine (5 individuals)

Weymutov's pines (5 individuals) grow on the territory of the municipality "City of Kaluga", in the square near the concert hall of the Kaluga Regional Music College. S.I. Taneyev at the address: Kaluga st. Bazhenova, 5. Currently, a group of trees consists of 3 individuals, each of which is defined as a Weymouth pine. Trees have 1-3 status categories. The diameter of their trunks varies from 45 to 64 cm. The average height of trees is 20 m. 2 individuals are trunks without crown and bark. These trees are classified as windbreak. It is not possible to determine their species, but it is possible that these are Weymouth pines.

Gogol Square

Gogol Square is located in Kaluga, next to the State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics, at the beginning of the street. Academician Korolev. It is a plantation of trees of different ages with the remains of an old garden, on one side of which an alley of young hawthorns of various species is planted. Linden is the dominant species in the square.

Park named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky

Park named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky is located in Kaluga, next to the State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics, at the beginning of the street. Academician Korolev. It is a plantation of lindens of different ages. For decorative purposes, fir and fir trees were planted along the alleys. The state of the park named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky is generally rated as satisfactory.

City Park of Culture and Leisure

The city park of culture and recreation is located at the address: Kaluga, pl. Old Torg, 4. It has a special dendrological value. Old-growth plantations in it are represented by oak, linden and silver poplar, younger trees (80-100 years old) - Norway maple, silver spruce, Siberian fir and larch. The state of the city park of culture and recreation is assessed as satisfactory.

white mulberry

White mulberry grew on the territory of the municipal formation "City of Kaluga" in the area of ​​the Mira Square in Kaluga. To date, the monument of wildlife has not been preserved.

In accordance with the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", specially protected natural territories of various forms have been created in our country. They are most diverse at the regional and local levels. The central place is occupied by the largest natural parks in terms of area and the most numerous - reserves and natural monuments.

Natural parks are a relatively new category of specially protected natural areas in Russia. This form, despite its exceptional relevance from both environmental and recreational points of view, really entered into practice only quite recently - in the 90s. According to Art. 18 of the Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", natural parks are environmental recreational institutions under the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of significant environmental and aesthetic value, and are intended for use in environmental, educational and recreational purposes.

The specific tasks of these parks include:

• preservation of the natural environment, natural landscapes;
• creation of conditions for recreation (including mass recreation) and preservation of recreational resources;
• development and implementation of effective methods of nature protection and maintenance of ecological balance in the conditions of recreational use of the territory.

The key difference between natural parks is their subordination not to the federal structure, but to the regional one. This logically follows from the idea that the most valuable natural objects are subject to protection at the highest (federal) level in the status of national parks, while less significant ones are preserved under regional patronage, that is, in the status of natural or regional parks.

According to the Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", natural parks are located on lands granted to them for unlimited (permanent) use, in some cases - on the lands of other users, as well as owners.

To date, there are 54 natural parks in the country, and they are almost equally distributed between the European and Asian parts of Russia.

Their total area is 15.4 million hectares, or 0.9% of the country's area. According to the Forest Code of the Russian Federation, the forests of natural parks belong to the forests of the first group.

Reserves are territories (or water areas) that are of particular importance for the conservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance.

Landscape reserves are intended for the conservation and restoration of natural complexes (landscapes), biological (botanical and zoological) - for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals (including economically, scientifically and culturally valuable species), hydrological (marsh, lake, marine, river) - for the conservation and restoration of valuable water bodies and ecosystems, geological - for the conservation of valuable objects and complexes of inanimate nature, paleontological - for the conservation of fossil objects, etc.
In the reserves, economic activity is allowed only to the extent that it does not disturb peace and does not harm protected objects.

At present, there are 2831 nature reserves of the regional level in Russia. Their total area is 72.4 million hectares, or 4.4% of the country's area. In some regions they are single, in others, on the contrary, they number several hundred. So, for example, in the Tver region alone, the number of reserves reaches almost 600.

The bulk of the reserves belong to the category of hunting, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia. The most common species reserves are for beaver, elk, wild boar, roe deer, sable, muskrat, upland game, etc. Species reserves have played a significant role in the conservation and restoration of the most valuable game animals in our country.

Monuments of nature are unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin. For the first time this term was introduced by the famous naturalist A. Humboldt. Like sanctuaries, this category of specially protected natural areas is the most widespread at the regional level - more than nine thousand objects with a total area of ​​4.0 million hectares, or 0.2% of the country's area. Natural objects and complexes declared natural monuments are completely withdrawn from economic use. Any activity that harms a natural monument and its natural environment or worsens the condition and protection of a monument is prohibited. Just like nature reserves, natural monuments are extremely diverse in terms of types of protected objects. They can be both complex, including a number of protected objects of various categories, and highly specialized. The most common landscape, botanical, dendrological, zoological, hydrological, geological, paleontological, geomorphological, speleological, pedological (soil) monuments of nature. A special place among them is occupied by natural and historical monuments of nature. This category of specially protected natural areas includes monuments of landscape art, old estates of memorial and artistic significance, complexes of city parks and gardens.

Among the forms of specially protected natural areas intended for the preservation of natural and historical complexes, it is necessary to note the museum-estates, museum-reserves, memorial museums. All of them are associated with the names of great Russian writers, poets, artists, sculptors, etc. As a rule, these open-air museums form an inseparable unity with their natural environment, artificial or natural landscapes. In many museum-reserves, nature is one of the main values. In particular, this applies to the palace and park ensembles of the surroundings, the Solovetsky Museum-Reserve, the natural and archaeological museum-reserve "Divnogorye", etc.

In addition to the forms discussed above, the group of specially protected natural areas at the regional and local levels, by decision of the administration of the region or municipality, may include such forms as medical and recreational areas, dendrological parks and botanical gardens, green areas of settlements, quiet areas in, water protection zones of small rivers and springs, ravine forests of anti-erosion significance, recreational zones of cities, natural resource reserves, protected natural and anthropogenic landscapes, etc.

An analysis of the structure of specially protected natural areas in Russia shows that the group of reserves is the most representative in terms of area. They make up 37% of the total area of ​​the country. Approximately one-fourth is accounted for by natural resource reserves (25%) and state nature reserves (23%). National and natural parks occupy 3% and 9% respectively. Dendrological parks, botanical gardens, health-improving areas and protected natural and anthropogenic landscapes account for about 1% in total.
The share of all federal territories is 28%; the rest of the area falls on specially protected natural areas of regional and local significance.

Highways are those transport arteries that connect various regions and settlements of the country. The federal roads of Russia are of the greatest importance for our state. But the importance of other highways should not be underestimated either. Let's find out how roads are classified, and also compile a list of federal roads in Russia.

Types of road classification

First of all, let's find out what criteria can be used to group. Depending on the criteria, there are several types of classification:

• by value;
• by type of coverage;
• by property;
• by class;
• by category.

Below we will look at each type of classification in more detail.

Road classification by value

This type of classification in the Russian Federation is determined by a special road classification published in 2007. According to it, the routes are divided into federal roads of Russia, regional, intermunicipal and local. We will talk about what this means below.

Russia - these are highways of national importance. They are financed from the federal budget of the Russian Federation.

Regional roads are motorways administered by the authorities in the regions. They have a local, regional degree of importance and are financed from the appropriate budget. If a regional highway provides access to major traffic interchanges or other particularly important objects, then in the Russian road classification it is designated by the prefix A, and all the rest - by the prefix K.

Roads of intermunicipal significance serve to connect settlements within the boundaries of one region, but have a lower level of importance than regional highways, and even more so the federal highways of Russia. All inter-municipal routes are designated by the prefix H.

All other roads are classified as local roads. Often they are located within the boundaries of one region or even a locality and are of significant value only for it. They are financed from the budget of the municipality to which they belong.

Types of roads by type of coverage

According to the type of coverage, highways are divided into only two types: hard-surfaced and unpaved. Moreover, the former are divided into several subspecies: paved, paved with paving stones, reinforced concrete tiles, etc. Dirt roads do not have artificial surface at all.

It should be noted that the list of federal roads in Russia does not include any unpaved transport route. Also, you will not find a single such road among the routes of regional and intermunicipal significance. But among the local roads they can meet.

Types of roads by ownership

According to the right of ownership, the routes of communication are divided into national, regional and private. If the issue does not arise with the definition of the owner of national and regional roads, then with private matters the situation is somewhat different. So, they can belong either to an organization or to an individual. However, we note that the practice of private routes in Russia is not yet very common.

At the same time, it should be emphasized that all the roads that are included in the list of Russian federal highways belong to the state.

Classification by class

There is also a classification by class of roads. According to it, roads are divided into three types: motorways, expressways and ordinary routes.

The main difference between highways and simple express roads is that the first type of highways does not allow access to the highway with an adjoining at the same level, while the second type does.

On ordinary highways, a lower speed limit is set than on the above two. In addition, unlike highways and expressways, such roads are allowed to intersect with bicycle, automobile and pedestrian routes in the same plane.

A mandatory attribute of motorways and express roads is the presence of four or more lanes, with a width of each 3.75 m.

It should be noted that the same road may have a different class in its various sections.

It should be noted that all of the listed types of highways are included in the list of federal roads of Russia, but there are no motorways among the regional highways.

Breakdown of roads by category

All highways have category IA, express roads - IB, but ordinary routes are divided into five categories at once - IC, II, III, IV and V. The difference between IC and all other categories of ordinary roads is that it requires the mandatory presence of a dividing markings, as for motorways and expressways. The rest of the usual type differ among themselves in the total number of lanes and their width. In addition, unlike other options, the routes with category IV and V allow crossing with railway and tram tracks at the same level.

Ways of federal significance

Now let's take a closer look at which routes are included in the list of federal highways in Russia. It includes absolutely all autobahns that connect Moscow with the capitals of other state entities, or connect it with the central cities of the regions of the Russian Federation. In addition, the list of Russian federal highways may include routes connecting the administrative centers of different regions, if such highways are of particular importance. This list also sometimes includes the most significant connecting roads, in particular those that provide access to the largest transport interchanges or to communications of federal importance, for example, to large ports.

The federal roads of Russia are of particular importance for the country's transport system.

Federal road classification

All roads included in the list of Russia have their own separate classification. About her and will go our further conversation.

The federal roads of Russia are divided into two main types: public and European highways.

In addition, when numbering roads connecting Moscow with foreign capitals or centers of regions, the prefix M is used. For those routes that connect the central cities of the regions with each other, the prefix R is used. Federal highways of Russia, which are of great importance as connecting and access roads, are numbered with prefix A.

List of federal roads with M prefix

Now let's take a look at the list of federal roads in Russia. Federal highways of general importance connecting Moscow with European capitals and regional centers have the following names:

• M1 - to Minsk.
• M2 - to Yalta.
• M3 - to Kyiv.
• M4 - to Novorossiysk.
• M5 - to Chelyabinsk.
• M7 - in Ufa.
• M8 - to Arkhangelsk.
• M9 - to Riga.
• M10 - to St. Petersburg.
• M11 St. Petersburg - Moscow (under construction).

List of other federal roads

The list of federal highways of the Russian Federation, which connect the central settlements of its subjects, includes 34 routes. The most significant of these include:

• P23 Belarus - St. Petersburg.
• R56 Pskov - Novgorod.
• P92 Orel - Kaluga.
• R119 Tambov - Eagle.
• P120 Belarus - Oryol.
• P132 Ryazan - Kaluga.
• Р208, Р209 Penza - Tambov.
• P216 Stavropol - Astrakhan.
• P217-"Caucasus".
• P239 Kazakhstan - Kazan.
• P298 Kursk - highway P22.
• P351 Tyumen - Yekaterinburg.
• P402 Omsk - Tyumen.
• Р404 Khanty-Mansiysk - Tyumen.
• Р600 Ivanovo - Kostroma.

The federal highways of the Russian Federation, which serve as connecting and access roads, have 75 names. The most important ones are the following:

• A103 Shchelkovskoe highway.
• A109 Ilinskoe highway.
• A113 Central Ring Road.
• A164 - Transcam.
• A181-"Scandinavia".
• A375-"Vostok".

European roads

In addition, there are federal roads in Russia that have the status of European transport routes. These include the following highways:

• E18 Finland - St. Petersburg.
• E20 Estonia - St. Petersburg.
• E22 Latvia - Ishim.
• E28 Poland - Kaliningrad - Lithuania.
• E30 Belarus - Omsk.
• E38 Ukraine - Voronezh - Kazakhstan.
• E40 Ukraine - Volgograd - Kazakhstan.
• E50 Ukraine - Makhachkala.
• E58 Ukraine - Rostov-on-Don.
• E77 Poland - Pskov.
• E95 St. Petersburg - Belarus.
• E97 Ukraine - Georgia.
• E101 Ukraine - Moscow.
• E105 Norway - Yalta.
• E115 Novorossiysk - Yaroslavl.
• E117 Georgia - Mineralnye Vody.
• E119 Moscow - Azerbaijan.
• E121 Samara - Kazakhstan.
• E123 Chelyabinsk - Kazakhstan.
• E125 Ishim - Kazakhstan.
• E127 Omsk - Kazakhstan.

These federal highways of Russia are important not only because they provide traffic within the country, but also guarantee the stable operation of international transport links.

Asian routes

In addition, there are Asian international roads. In the classification, they are denoted by the prefix AH. But it should be noted that the Asian routes are simultaneously classified also by the prefixes M, P and A, depending on what meaning the given route has.

For example, the P258 "Baikal" highway, passing from Irkutsk to Chita, is part of the Asian road AN6 Belarus - Busan (Republic of Korea). Similarly, the M10 highway St. Petersburg - Moscow (another name for the road is "Russia") is part of the Asian route AN8 Finland - Iran and at the same time a component of the European route E105 Kirkenes (Norway) - Yalta.

Roads under construction

Among the roads included in the list of federal highways in Russia, at the moment only one is being built - M11 St. Petersburg - Moscow. Its main task will be to reduce the flow of vehicles from the M10 Rossiya highway, which runs almost parallel and also connects the two Russian capitals. According to the plan, some sections of the new will be paid. In 2014, the first section of the route was opened for drivers. It was previously planned that the entire highway would be put into operation in 2018, but due to the onset of the economic crisis in the country, the timing could be significantly shifted.

In addition, there are a number of interesting projects that, if implemented, would receive the status of federal highways. But at present, all of them are only at the idea stage.

Road condition

It should be noted that most federal roads have satisfactory coverage. As for those routes that are subordinate to the authorities of the regions and individual municipalities, their condition is significantly different. It all depends on what part of Russia they are located in, and how much money local governments can allocate for their repair and restoration.

Of course, in the Russian Federation, many local roads are in fairly good condition, but there are also a sufficient number of routes, the condition of which is simply catastrophic, requiring immediate repair of the roadway.

Federal highway management

The management of federal roads is entrusted to the state company Rosavtodor, or, as it is called in another way, the Federal Road Agency. This company was founded in 2004 and reports directly to the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. From 2012 to the present, its leader is Roman Viktorovich Starovijt. Rosavtodor evaluates the quality of federal roads and makes decisions on repairs, if necessary. The company also draws up a schedule of planned road repairs.

In addition, in 2009, the state organization "Russian Highways" was founded, headed by S. V. Kelbakh. The M1, M3 and M4 highways were transferred to the management of this organization.

Importance of federal roads

It is difficult to overestimate the importance that Russia's federal roads have for the country's transport system. The list presented earlier indicates that they connect the most important settlements and communications for the Russian Federation. Therefore, it is very important to ensure their maintenance in a satisfactory form, to prevent destruction, and to properly distribute the traffic flow.

Moreover, in order to optimize the flow of road transport, a number of large federal highways should be built, the construction of which may take place in the near future.