What is written speech in Russian. Speech: properties of speech

Parameter name	Meaning
Article subject:	Written speech.
Rubric (thematic category)	Psychology

Written speech - this is a speech fixed in writing and characterized by a stricter observance of the literary norm.

Written speech appeared much later than oral speech. Mankind was in dire need of means of fixing information about the most important events for a long time.

The first method of fixing information was the so-called ideographic speech- conveying the meaning of what is happening through the picture. For example, in the ideographic writing of the Indians, the word ʼʼenmityʼʼ is depicted as two arrows pointing in different directions; the beginning of the day - a drawing of the rising sun.

The second way is hieroglyphic writing, characterized by the loss of direct resemblance to objects. A hieroglyph can mean not only an object, but also whole thoughts. Hieroglyphs are not related to oral speech, through which people communicated.

The third way is the modern type of writing (alphabetic). Its distinctive feature is its close connection with oral speech. A phoneme (sound) in writing is conveyed by a grapheme (letter).

Written speech has two sides: writing as a written expression of thought and reading.

1. Letter, i.e. encryption of speech acoustic signals using special graphic signs.

2. Reading, i.e. deciphering graphic signs and understanding their meanings.

Written speech is characterized by the absence of direct feedback. Since written speech is addressed to an absent reader who does not see or hear the writer. He will read what was written after some time, when the described problem has already lost its relevance for the one who writes.

The lack of direct contact with the reader creates some difficulties in constructing written statements. The writer is deprived of the opportunity to use both gestures and facial expressions, and intonation. It can convey semantic shades, only with punctuation marks. As B. Shaw rightly noted, there are 50 ways to say ʼʼyesʼʼ and 50 ways to say ʼʼnoʼʼ, and only one way to write them ʼʼ.

Therefore, firstly, written speech is less expressive than oral speech. And secondly, it should be especially detailed, coherent, understandable and complete.

In preschool children, there is another peculiar type of speech - egocentric speech. This is the speech of the child, addressed to himself, which is the transition of external colloquial speech into internal. Such a transition occurs in a child in conditions of problematic activity, when there is a need to comprehend the action being performed and direct ᴇᴦο to achieve a practical goal.

- Official and business written speech

Task 1. Indicate the numbers of words and phrases that are characterized by the coloring of an official business style: 1. Disability 2. Punish for sins 3. Insurance policy 4. Extract the square root 5. Accept for execution. Task 2. From the phrases below, taken from ... .

- Oral and written speech

Oral speech is verbal communication with the help of language means perceived by ear. Written speech is verbal communication with the help of written texts. Communication can be delayed (letter) and direct (exchange of notes during lectures). Oral speech... .

- Written speech, its importance for the development of cognitive activity of the individual.

- Written speech as a special type of speech activity

Written speech is one of the types of speech, along with oral and internal, and includes writing and reading. The most complete and detailed psychological and psycholinguistic characteristics of the written form of speech are presented in the studies of L. S. .... .

- Written speech

Writing is an auxiliary sign system created by people, which is used to fix sound language (and, accordingly, sound speech). On the other hand, writing is an independent communication system, which, performing the function of fixing oral speech, ... .

“In the practice of schooling, writing still occupies too little place compared to the huge role that it plays in the process of the cultural development of the child,” this conclusion was made by L.S. Vygotsky back in the late 20s of the last century. (quoted by O. Kurov. Pedagogical ... .

- Educational written speech

The purpose of teaching written speech in secondary school is the formation of elementary skills in writing speech (writing a letter to a foreign peer). At the same time, in the process of teaching a foreign language, written speech is widely used as a means of teaching and a means ....

One of the most outstanding achievements of mankind is the written language. Thanks to this skill, we can store and transmit accurate information across time and space. Writing has a direct impact on oral speech. After all, the formulation of thoughts and the ability to retell texts largely depend on the quantity and quality of the information read.

What is written language

If you take any explanatory dictionary, then the definition of this concept sounds like this: "written speech is a form of transmitting information in graphic form." There are two categories of this activity:

Productive. This category refers to the writing of the text itself.
Receptive. This means reading the text.

In order to master writing, you need to take a course of study. At its core, this skill is a monologue speech. That is, the author of the text, as it were, “talks” to himself. But due to the development of technology, and the emergence of mass communications (Internet, SMS), dialogic variants of written speech have also arisen.

A bit of history

Written speech can be called "artificial memory of mankind". Thanks to this skill, people were able to pass on their thoughts and skills through generations.

Writing went through several stages of its development:

Pictography. The very first type of written language, descended from rock paintings and special characters. For example, they warned against danger in a similar way, or “told” about prey.
Ideography. This method of communication was common among the ancient Assyrians. Each sign or ideogram denoted a whole sentence or statement.
Hieroglyphs. Improved communication through ideograms, similar signs meant a certain word. This type of writing originated in ancient Egypt. It was also distributed in Asia Minor, and is used there to this day.
Alphabetic writing. Such writing originated in ancient Greece, and became the "progenitor" of the modern way of communication. Each sign of this speech means a certain sound uttered by a person.

As can be understood from history, writing has come a long way from imagery to the expression of sounds. In the modern world, alphabetic writing is used. And only a few countries (China, Japan) continue to use hieroglyphs in expressing their thoughts.

What is written speech for?

Without this skill, humanity would hardly have been able to achieve the development that we are seeing now. After all, you must admit, it is difficult to retell from memory what or how, for example, a mobile phone is made. In addition, written speech has a huge impact on the psychology of a person or his “inner world”. Indeed, in many respects our perception depends on what information we receive from the sources we read.

Alas, today's society spends little time reading books, preferring to spend time watching TV, or "studying" social media posts. This trend leads to the emergence of a whole generation of people who are unable to express their thoughts smoothly, with a small vocabulary, communicating only in slang words or “memes”.

This indicates the inability to use speech turns, epithets, and well-formed phrases. Therefore, it is very important to read as many books or articles as possible. After all, whatever one may say, but writing affects the content of our colloquial speech.

Video instruction

Did you know that ancient people could not speak at all? And they learned it gradually. When did speech begin? Nobody knows for sure. Primitive people invented a language, because it did not exist at all. Gradually they gave a name to everything that surrounded them. With the advent of speech, people escaped from the world of silence and loneliness. They began to unite, to transfer their knowledge. And when writing appeared, people got the opportunity to communicate at a distance and save knowledge in books. In the lesson we will try to answer the questions: why do we need speech? What is the speech like? What is oral speech? And what - written?

You know that the main worker in our language is the word. Sentences are built from words. Our speech consists of words and sentences. Conversations, stories, questions, arguments, advice, even the songs you sing and listen to, are all speech. Speech conveys our thoughts. Communicating with each other, and using the language, you perform a speech act.

Review the drawings. What speech actions do the guys perform (Fig. 1)?

Rice. 1. Speech actions ()

Speak and listen - this is oral speech. In ancient times, the mouth and lips were called mouths, so the word “oral” appeared, that is, the one that is pronounced sounds. The guys also write and read - this is written speech, the one that is written and read. Oral speech is transmitted by sounds, written speech - by signs.

Speech

oral written

listening and speaking writing and reading

What is required for writing? Know the letters and be able to read and write words and sentences. What is necessary for oral speech? Understand the meaning of words and be able to tell using sentences.

Why do we need speech? Imagine a little man who cannot speak, listen, read, write. There are no books, notebooks, computer, friends, classmates in his life. Is it interesting to live like this? Do you want to be in his place? I don't think so. So life is boring and uninteresting.

A person's speech "grows" and "mature" with him. The more words a person knows, the more accurately and vividly he expresses his thoughts, the more pleasant it is to communicate with people around him, therefore it is necessary to get acquainted with new words, their meaning, learn the rules and laws by which correct and beautiful speech is built.

In ancient times, people did not know how to write and read. But they knew how to compose beautiful songs, fairy tales, riddles. And some of them have survived to this day. How did they do it? People retold them (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Oral folk art ()

In the old days, all information was passed on by word of mouth. From grandparents to children, from children to grandchildren, and so on from generation to generation (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Oral folk art ().

Read folk wisdom:

"A good speech is good to listen to."

“From friendly words, the tongue will not wither.”

"Ignore another word."

“Think first, then speak.”

"The field is red with millet, and the conversation is with the mind."

What did our ancestors value? First of all, the speech is competent and intelligent. In our language, there are words that can be used to give a speech description to a person: a screamer, a silent man, an idler, a joker, a grumbler, a debater, a talker. From your oral speech will depend on how you will be called.

Complete the task. Divide the words into two columns. In the first - words that will tell what the speech of an educated person should be, in the second - speech that needs to be corrected:

Speech (what?) - understandable, deliberate, illegible, rich, cultured, literate, free, hasty, confused, indistinct, illiterate, poor, correct, pleasant, legible, confused.

This is how teachers would like to hear the speech of their students.

Speech should be clear, deliberate, rich, cultured, competent, free, correct, pleasant, legible.

Did you know that in ancient Greece and Rome there were even competitions of orators (Fig. 4)? Orator - one who makes a speech, as well as a person who knows the art of making speeches.

Rice. 4. Contest of speakers ()

The art of oratory has always interested people, caused delight and admiration. In the speaker, they saw the presence of a special power that can, with the help of words, convince of something. The orator was supposed to have mysterious qualities that are not in an ordinary person. That is why orators became state leaders, great scientists, sages and heroes.

Some peoples even had gods and goddesses of eloquence and persuasion, disputes, which they worshiped (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. Goddess of eloquence ()

The art of speech was studied in schools, in families, independently. What did they study in those distant times (Fig. 6)?

Rice. 6. Pre-revolutionary school ()

First of all, they learned to speak and write only what leads to the virtue and happiness of people, not to talk nonsense, not to deceive. In addition, they were taught to collect and accumulate knowledge. They taught that speech was understandable, expressive. Finally, it was necessary to master the art of calligraphy - beautiful and clean writing - and mastery of your voice - its intonations, pauses, voice power, tempo. Do you think it is worth learning the same in our modern time? Certainly.

What speech do these rules refer to? To oral. How to develop written language? At the lessons of the Russian language, one must learn to correctly compose and write sentences, collect texts and stories from them. Learn how to sign greeting cards, sms messages on your mobile phone. But always remember: other people will read your written speech, so it must be corrected, that is, corrected and improved.

On our vast planet Earth, only we, people, have been given a great gift - the ability to speak, communicate with each other using the word. It is important to use this gift only for the benefit of others and yourself. Try to be interesting interlocutors, good listeners, active readers. Language is what a person knows, speech is what a person can do. Improve your speech - oral and written.

Today in the lesson we learned what speech is, got acquainted with the concepts of “oral speech”, “written speech”, learned to distinguish between them.

Bibliography

Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. - M.: Astrel, 2011. (download link)
Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language 1. - M.: Ballas. (Download link )
Agarkova N.G., Agarkov Yu.A. Textbook on teaching literacy and reading: ABC. Academic book / Textbook.

Nsc.1september.ru ().
Festival.1september.ru ().
Nsportal.ru ().

Homework

1. Tell your friends what you learned about the topic of the lesson.

2. Why is oral speech so called?

3. What do oral and written speech consist of?

4. Choose words that name speech actions.

Listen, sit, talk on the phone, watch, read, sleep, write, type on a computer, talk, share impressions, draw, sendsms-message.

5. Read the riddle. What language do readers use?

I know everything, I teach everyone,

But I am always silent.

To befriend me

Need to learn to read.

6. Connect parts of proverbs. What speech do they characterize?

Do not be ashamed to be silent ... be silent in time.

Be able to say in time ... do not say too much.

Fear the highest ... if there is nothing to say.

The abstract reflects the following topics: Characteristics of written speech. Features of written speech. The difference between written and spoken language. Written speech of a child and an adult. The assimilation of writing and the prerequisites for its formation.

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GBS (K) OSh boarding school of the VIII type, p.g.t. Urussu, teacher-speech therapist Galyautdinova Zulfiya Abuzarovna

Topic: Characteristics of written speech.

Plan.

Introduction.

Characteristics of written speech.
Features of written speech.

The difference between written and spoken language.

3. The assimilation of writing and the prerequisites for its formation.

Conclusion.

Literature.

Introduction.

Writing is an auxiliary sign system created by humans that is used to fix sound language and sound speech. At the same time, writing is an independent communication system, which, performing the function of fixing oral speech, acquires a number of independent functions: written speech makes it possible to assimilate the knowledge accumulated by a person, expands the scope of human communication. Reading books, historical documents of different times and peoples, we can touch the history and culture of all mankind. It is thanks to writing that we learn about the great civilizations of ancient Egypt, the Sumerians, Incas, Mayans, and others. Written language is secondary to spoken language. The letters used in writing are signs that represent the sounds of speech. The sound shells of words and parts of words are depicted by combinations of letters, knowledge of the letters allows you to reproduce them in a sound form, i.e. read any text. Punctuation marks used in writing serve to segment speech: dots, commas, dashes correspond to an intonational pause in oral speech. This means that letters are the material form of written speech.

The main function of written speech is the fixation of oral speech, which has the goal of preserving it in space and time. Writing serves as a means of communication between people when direct communication is impossible, when they are separated by space and time. The development of the technical means of communication - the telephone - has reduced the role of writing. The advent of the fax and the spread of the Internet help overcome space and re-activate the written form of speech.

The main property of written speech is the ability to store information for a long time.

Written speech unfolds not in a temporary, but in a static space, which makes it possible for the writer to think through the speech, return to what was written, rebuild the text, replace words, etc. In this regard, the written form of speech has its own characteristics.

1. Characteristics of written speech.

Written speech is a special type of activity that includes three levels (psychological, sensorimotor, linguistic).

At the psychological level, it is carried out:

1) the emergence of intention, motive for writing;

2) creating an idea;

3) creation on the basis of the idea of a common meaning;

4) regulation of activities and control over the actions performed.

The sensorimotor level is divided into two sublevels: sensory-acoustic-motor and optomotor sublevels. The sensory-acoustic-motor sublevel determines the process of sound discrimination, creates the basis for the operations of acoustic and kinesthetic analysis of sounds, words, for the ability to distinguish stable phonemes and articles; ensures the establishment of the sequence of writing letters in a word, which is possible with intact auditory-speech memory. The opto-motor sublevel is responsible for recoding (transcoding) from one code to another:

when writing - from a sound to a letter, from a letter to a complex of subtle hand movements;
when reading, there is a correlation of letters with the corresponding sounds. At the same time, complex relationships are noted between sound and letter, between phoneme and grapheme.

Translation from one level to another is possible only thanks to the interacting work of a number of analyzer systems and the highest level of speech organization. For the implementation of written speech, it is necessary: generalized ideas about the sounds of a given language system, stable connections of sounds and letters that mean these sounds and generalized into stable graphemes.

At the linguistic level, there is a realization of the translation of the inner meaning, which is formed at the psychological level into linguistic codes - lexicomorphological and syntactic units.

Written speech is provided by the work of a number of analyzers responsible for the psychophysiological basis of this process: acoustic, optical, kinesthetic, kinetic, proprioceptive, spatial, etc.

Thus, when writing and sound analysis is provided by the joint work of acoustic and kinesthetic analyzers, the recoding of sounds and letters is provided by acoustic, kinesthetic and optical analyzers, when writing a letter, optical, spatial and motor analyzers work, providing subtle movements of the hand.

Each level is implemented through the work of various parts of the cerebral cortex:

the psychological level is carried out due to the work of the frontal parts of the brain (anterior-posterior and medeo-basal parts of the frontal area of the CGM);
psychophysiological level - due to the posterior frontal, lower parietal, temporal, posterior temporal, anterior occipital regions;
linguistic level - due to the anterior and posterior speech zones, providing syntagmatics and paradigmatics.

Thus, for the implementation of written speech, it is necessary to have all three structural levels that are part of the activity in general.

2. Features of written speech.

2.1. The difference between written and spoken language.

Oral speech and written speech are two forms of speech function. Both are the main means of communication in human society.Oral speech is formed first, and written speech - a superstructure over already mature oral speech - uses all its ready-made mechanisms, improving and significantly complicating them, adding to them new mechanisms specific to a new form of language expression.

Written speech is mastered purposefully in the learning process. Oral speech develops in the process of practical communication between the child and adults, mainly on the basis of imitation. Written speech is characterized by the participation of a larger number of analyzers (visual-auditory-motor). In written speech, there are higher requirements for the selection of words, for the construction of phrases. Written speech proceeds without correction from the side (interlocutor). Written speech is devoid of living means of communication - facial expressions, gestures. The unit of written speech is the monologue. Written speech is contextual, generates, activates and controls itself. It is abstract, discrete, divided into minimal segments, letters.

Oral speech is a sound unity, its segmentation from an acoustic-physiological point of view does not coincide with linguistic division. In oral speech, distinctly sounding elements are combined with reduced ones; in the act of writing, an active or hidden full type of pronunciation is observed. Oral speech is characterized by auditory and kinesthetic control; written speech is characterized by visual and kinesthetic control.

2.2. Written speech of a child and an adult.

In the process of its development, written language changes significantly.

For a person just starting to write, the following processes are in the foreground:

sound analysis of the word, writing each individual letter, maintaining their desired order;
the writer relies on the pronunciation of what he writes. That is, in a child, the technical side of writing is conscious. Writing elements of letters becomes an action, as there is a goal. Writing in a child is a skill-building process, an incoherent process.

A person who has a fairly automated writing skill uses the already established skills of writing not only individual letters, but also syllables, sound complexes, and even whole words. That is, adult writing is characterized by unawareness of the technical side, and the main goal is to convey semantic content, information. Only in certain cases does the writing technique become the goal (when you need to write beautifully, stylized); this process is automated, characterized by connectivity, greater speed than that of a child.

3. The assimilation of writing and the prerequisites for its formation.

Written speech is acquired consciously, the maturation of brain structures and the readiness of mental functions and processes involved in writing are necessary. To master writing, the formation of simultaneous and successive abilities, the formation of interanalyzer interaction, a sufficient level of sensory development of the child (auditory perception, visual perception, spatial attitude and representation, developed psychomotor skills) are necessary. It is also necessary to have sufficient development of higher mental functions (memory, attention, thinking), a sufficient level of formation of the cognitive and intellectual activity of the child, and a sufficient level of development of oral speech.

According to A.N. Leontiev, the psychophysiological structure of writing can be represented in the following three operations:

symbolization process,
the process of modeling the sound structure of a word using graphic symbols,
graphomotor operations.

The prerequisites for the formation of these operations are:

Symbolization skill, which is formed in symbolic games with the substitution of objects, in visual activity;

Development of phonemic perception of the child;

Mastering phonemic analysis, which is necessary for modeling the sound structure of words using letters (establishing the temporal sequence of phonemes, transforming the temporal sequence of phonemes into a spatial sequence of letters in parallel with graphomotor operations of writing letters);

Formed graphomotor skills that depend on hand-eye coordination.

There are four stages of mastering writing.

1) Indicative stage - a preschool child learns to handle paper, a pen, hand movements, visual analysis, awareness of written activity as a means of communication develop.

2) The analytical stage is the pre-alphabetic and alphabetic periods of schooling, during which the development of motor skills occurs when writing elements of letters and their compounds and the connection between sound and letter is carried out.

3) Analytical-synthetic stage - the post-letter period, which includes the transition to the combination of letters in a word, the process of synthesis prevails.

4) Synthetic stage - closer to high school. During this period, the letter is automated, the writing technique passes into the background, the main thing is the presentation of thoughts.

Conclusion.

Thus, written speech is one of the forms of the existence of a language, opposed to oral speech. This is a secondary, later in time form of existence of the language. For various forms of linguistic activity, both oral and written speech can be primary (compare folklore and fiction). If oral speech singled out man from the animal world, then writing should be considered the greatest of all inventions created by mankind. Written speech not only revolutionized the methods of accumulation, transmission and processing of information, but it changed the person himself, in particular his ability to think abstractly.

Written speech uses a bookish language, the use of which is quite strictly standardized and regulated. The word order in the sentence is fixed, inversion (changing the order of words) is not typical for written speech, and in some cases, for example, in texts of an official business style of speech, it is unacceptable. The sentence, which is the basic unit of written speech, expresses complex logical and semantic connections through syntax. Written speech is characterized by complex syntactic constructions, participial and adverbial phrases, common definitions, plug-in constructions, etc. When combining sentences into paragraphs, each of them is strictly related to the previous and subsequent context.

Written speech is focused on perception by the organs of vision, therefore it has a clear structural and formal organization: it has a pagination system, division into sections, paragraphs, a system of links, font selection, etc.

You can return to a complex text more than once, think about it, comprehend what was written, being able to look through one or another passage of the text with your eyes.

Written speech is different in that the very form of speech activity reflects the conditions and purpose of communication, for example, a work of art or a description of a scientific experiment, a vacation statement or an informational message in a newspaper. Consequently, written speech has a style-forming function, which is reflected in the choice of language tools that are used to create a particular text. The written form is the main form of the existence of speech in scientific, journalistic, official business and artistic styles.