Forms of adjectives
Forms of adjectives
Introduction
1. General characteristics of adjectives
2. Full and short form of adjectives
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Morphology is a section of grammar that studies parts of speech and forms of their change.
Parts of speech are certain lexico-grammatical classes of words that have common semantic, morphological and syntactic properties.
Based on semantic, morphological and syntactic principles, one of the significant parts of speech, such as an adjective, can be distinguished in the Russian language. This is a part of speech denoting a sign of an object and answering the questions what? what? whose?
It should be noted that adjectives are qualitative, relative and possessive. Also, adjectives have degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative, and differ in forms, i.e. have short and long forms.
In my control work, I tried to consider in detail the issue of the forms of adjectives, their distinctive features and the conditions under which the formation of these forms is possible.
1. General characteristics of adjectives
An adjective is a part of speech denoting a sign of an object and answering questions which? what? whose?
Unlike verbs denoting a sign that exists in time ( whitening sunrise), and nouns denoting a sign of an object or phenomenon, divorced from this object, phenomenon (white), adjectives show a constant sign of a particular object, indicated by a noun.
Adjectives have categories of gender, number and case, which are dependent on nouns: tall tree(noun wood refers to the middle gender, used in the nominative singular; adjective high has the same shape) tall dream, tall pole, tall trees(with a change in the categories of nouns, the categories of adjectives change accordingly).
Adjectives that characterize the pronouns I and you (in the form of different cases), devoid of the meaning of gender, can acquire independent generic meanings and be the only exponents of these meanings: I, young and talented, am waiting for the recognition of success. You, strong and generous, will protect me. They tried to humiliate and insult you, proud and independent.
Adjectives can be qualitative, relative and possessive.
2. Full and short form of adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have full and short forms: fresh-- fresh, cute-- mil.
The short form of relative adjectives is used as a means of expression (usually in artistic speech), for example: Here are those strings. Like copper and like cast iron.(March.)
Only full forms are used in the definition function. In the function of the predicate, both full and short forms of adjectives can be used: Short night. The night is short. The night is short.
Full and short forms of adjectives in the function of the predicate differ stylistically: short forms have a predominantly bookish stylistic coloring, full forms are neutral or colloquial, for example: And again the soul of poetryfull. (N.) Pupildiligent.
Full adjectives sometimes denote a permanent attribute of an object, while short ones denote a temporary one: From now on I know the price of the words of successful and stingy.(Born) To the forests, to the deserts silently endure, full of you, your rocks, your bays, and shine, and shadow, once the sound of the waves.(P.)
In some cases, full forms indicate an absolute attribute of an object that is not associated with any specific conditions for its appearance, and short forms indicate a relative attribute, for example: short skirt-- the skirt is short(not at all, for someone) low door-- the door is low(not at all, but in order to carry a closet into it).
Full adjectives can have a terminological meaning, but short ones do not: currant black, red; white mushrooms etc.
The short form is characterized by a shade of greater categoricalness. in the designation of an attribute of an object, cf .: Masha is smart. Masha is smart.
With words as and So only short forms are used: how beautiful, how fresh the roses were...(I. Myatlev.), with the words what kind-- complete: What a smart kid
The predicate expressed by the adjective in full form does not have the ability to syntactic control: Ivan-- malchik capable. The forest is beautiful. The short form can control dependent words: Ivan is capable of mathematics.
The short form can be synonymized with the full form in the instrumental case: was helpful-- was helpful, became greedy-- stal greedy.
With ligaments become, become, become the creative predicative predominates. When bundled be both the short form and the instrumental predicative of the long form are possible.
When addressed politely You possible or short form B you are resourceful and smart), or the full form, agreed in gender with the real gender of the person to whom the speech is addressed: You are resourceful smart. You are resourceful and smart.
The use of the full form of the adjective in the plural when referring to one person is a speech error. One cannot say: "You, Ivan Ivanovich, are resourceful and smart." Necessary: You, Ivan Ivanovich, are resourceful and smart or You, Ivan Ivanovich, are resourceful and smart.
The short form is formed from the bases of full adjectives by adding generic endings in the singular and the plural ending common to all genders.
Historically, the short form is primary. She was older. Full forms were formed from short ones by adding case forms of a demonstrative pronoun to them.
In the Old Russian language there was a special demonstrative pronoun: masculine - and (m), feminine - ha (I), middle - to (e). The nominative case of this pronoun disappeared from the language a long time ago, and its indirect cases have been preserved (with changes) and are used in the modern language as indirect cases of the pronoun he: him, him, them etc. Thus, in the feminine from young+ I happened young, neuter from young + e happened young. In the masculine gender, at the end of short adjectives, a special sound was pronounced, similar to [o] and depicted in writing by the letter b: from odds young+ aboutand happened young. In a similar way, from merging with pronouns, forms of other cases were obtained: from mloda+ his happened young from young+ him it turned out m old etc.
At first, short and full adjectives were declined and changed by gender and number: short adjectives were declined by nouns of the 1st (female) or 2nd (m. and Wed.) declension, full - as demonstrative pronouns that, that, that or all, all.
Both short and full adjectives were used as definitions, that is, they agreed with the noun they referred to in gender, number and case. This is evidenced by some turns, which include case forms of krat-adjectives, for example: on bare feet, from young to old, his fuss flared up, in broad daylight, in broad daylight, as well as > chia and adverbial expressions formed from such aiming: I’ll pick up, hello, red, white, white, left, a. Traces of indirect cases of short forms of adjectives are preserved in the works of oral folk art: The young man finally turned to the red sun; announced the royal will; he speaks sweetly, as if a river is murmuring.(P.)
In the role of a predicate in the Old Russian language, short adjectives could act; full forms in this role began to be used no earlier than the 15th century.
In Old Russian, short adjectives are used with an indefinite noun denoting an unknown or first-mentioned object, and full adjectives with a definite noun denoting a known object, for example: good sister- this is some kind of sister and the one who is first mentioned, and kind sister is a certain, well-known sister.
The category of certainty-uncertainty turned out to be unstable in the Old Russian language, and short adjectives began to be preserved only as a nominal part of a compound predicate. Since the predicates are connected with the subjects, which are always in the nominative case, then the predicates, expressed by short adjectives, began to be used in only one case, that is, they began to decline.
Short forms are not formed from some adjectives, mainly those qualitative adjectives that are relative in origin, as indicated by their derivational connection with nouns. These include:
a) adjectives with a suffix -sk-: brotherly, heroic, heroic, rustic, friendly, comradely;
b) adjectives with a suffix -oe- (-ev-): combat, strong-willed, business, advanced;
c) adjectives with a suffix -n-: near, upper, spring, evening, inner, far, old, autumn, last, color;
d) verbal adjectives with a suffix -l-, having the meaning "being in some state": backward, frozen, droopy, shabby;
e) adjectives denoting animal colors: bay, ne-(ey, savrasy;
f) adjectives denoting color not directly, but through relation to the subject: pink(cf. rose), coffee(cf. coffee), cream(cf. cream), lilac(cf. lilac);
g) adjectives with the meaning of subjective assessment: feisty, hefty, amiable.
Some adjectives are used only in short form: much, should, love, right, glad.
It is necessary to pay attention to some cases of the formation of short adjectives:
a) a short form of the masculine gender with a stem in sibilant does not have at the end s odorous, comely;
b) in the basis of some short masculine adjectives, fluent vowels appear between consonants one: strong-- strong, beautiful-- beautiful;
c) in the short form of the adjective so much n, how much in full form: valuable-- valuable, valuable-- valuable, valuable-- valuable; between masculine nn appears fugitive e: valuable -- valuable, extraordinary-- unusual;
d) from an adjective worthy form short form worthy;
e) for adjectives ending in -enny, Short forms may be: immoral-- immoral and immoral. Adjectives that are formed from nouns with a stem ending in two or more consonants have a short form na - en: irreproachable - irreproachable, painful - painful, feminine - feminine, ambiguous - ambiguous, etc.
Relative adjectives in the literary language are not short: folk, folk, folk, possessive adjectives ending in - in, - ov (- ev), - ij, on the contrary, are not complete: aunt's house, grandfather's story, teacher's portfolio, fox tail.
Short adjectives have three types of stress.
They are shown in the table:
Fixed accent based | Adjectives with non-derivative stems | Kipuch, kipuch, kipuch, kipuch; Curly, curly, curly, curly; Useful, useful, useful, useful; Submissive, submissive, submissive, submissive. | |
Movable stress, passing from the stem to the ending in the form of the feminine | One-syllable and two-syllable adjectives with a non-derivative stem and adjectives with a derived stem with suffixes - ok (- yok), -к-. | Bel, white, white, white; Boss, barefoot, barefoot, barefoot; Fast, fast, fast, fast; Merry, merry, merry, merry. | |
Emphasis on ending | Hot, hot, hot; Must, must, must; Easy, easy, easy; Small, small, few; Tricky, tricky, tricky; Equal, equal, equal. |
Conclusion
In my test, I considered two forms of adjectives: full and short. Thus, I would like to highlight the main theses:
Ш Full and short form have qualitative adjectives
Ш The short form of relative adjectives is used as a means of expressiveness.
Ш Only full forms are used in the definition function
Ш Short forms have a predominantly bookish stylistic coloring, full forms are neutral or colloquial.
Ш Full adjectives sometimes denote a permanent attribute of an object, and short ones - a temporary one.
Ш Full adjectives can have a terminological meaning, but short ones do not.
Ш The short form is formed from the bases of full adjectives by adding generic endings in the singular and the plural ending common to all genders.
Ш The short form is historically primary.
Ш Relative adjectives in the literary language are not short
Ш Short adjectives have three types of stress.
Ш Fixed accent based on
Ш Stress on the ending
Ш Movable stress, passing from the stem to the ending in the feminine form.
Bibliography
1. Kovadlo L. Ya., Starichenko V. D. 1750 examination questions, tasks and answers in the Russian language for schoolchildren and university applicants. - M.: Bustard, 2001.
2. Rosenthal D. E. A guide to the Russian language for university students. - M., 1994.
3. Russian language: Theory and practice. - Minsk, 1995.
4. Russian language: Encyclopedia. - M., 1998.
5. Shansky I. M. Russian language is excellent. - Rostov n / a, 1998.
How to determine the full or incomplete form of an adjective?
- I don't know
- the full form answers the question what?, and the short form what?
- ask the question WHAT or WHAT? If it fits, then you have a short adjective in front of you.
- well, if it's complete, that is, the ending is beautiful
and in incomplete it is not beautiful - at the end
- The full form of the adjective denotes a sign that is conceivable outside of time (steep coast, merry girl, round face). The short form of the adjective denotes a sign of an object at a given particular moment in time (a steep coast, a steep coast, a cheerful girl, a cheerful girl, a round face, a round face).
Adjectives in short form do not change by case, but change by gender and number, that is, they take the appropriate endings for masculine, feminine, neuter and plural, which are attached to the stems of full adjectives.
The ending
The only thing
(boy) cheerful
(girl) cheerful
average
-o (-e)(child) fun-o
plural(for all births)
(children) cheerful
When forming short forms of the masculine gender, the following features can be observed: 1) the appearance of fluent vowels o or e (strong is strong, smooth is smooth, harmful is harmful, sick is sick); 2) the displacement of short forms of the masculine gender in -enen by short forms in -en (insensitive, insensitive, meaningless, meaningless, numerous, numerous).
In a sentence, the short form usually serves as the nominal part of the compound predicate, for example: Rest is in vain. The road is steep. The evening is wonderful. I knock on the gate (A. Blok). It can also act as a separate definition related to the subject. For example: Dika, sad, silent as a forest doe, timid, she seemed like a strange girl in her own family (A. Pushkin).
Traces of indirect cases of short forms are preserved in some stable phrases, as well as in folklore: on bare feet, in broad daylight, in broad daylight, from small to large; good fellow, red girl, green wine.
Some adjectives (glad, much, should, love, need, etc.) are used in modern Russian only in a short form. In sentences, like most short forms, they are part of the predicate. For example:
I'm glad to forget, but I won't forget; I'm glad to fall asleep, but I won't fall asleep.
- brief
- The full form of the adjective denotes a sign that is conceivable outside of time (steep coast, merry girl, round face). The short form of the adjective denotes a sign of an object at a given particular moment in time (a steep coast, a steep coast, a cheerful girl, a cheerful girl, a round face, a round face).
Adjectives in short form do not change by case, but change by gender and number, that is, they take the appropriate endings for masculine, feminine, neuter and plural, which are attached to the stems of full adjectives.
When forming short forms of the masculine gender, the following features can be observed: 1) the appearance of fluent vowels o or e (strong is strong, smooth is smooth, harmful is harmful, sick is sick); 2) the displacement of short forms of the masculine gender in -enen by short forms in -en (insensitive, insensitive, meaningless, meaningless, numerous, numerous).
In a sentence, the short form usually serves as the nominal part of the compound predicate, for example: Rest is in vain. The road is steep. The evening is wonderful. I knock on the gate (A. Blok). It can also act as a separate definition related to the subject. For example: Dika, sad, silent as a forest doe, timid, she seemed like a strange girl in her own family (A. Pushkin).
Traces of indirect cases of short forms are preserved in some stable phrases, as well as in folklore: on bare feet, in broad daylight, in broad daylight, from small to large; good fellow, red girl, green wine.
Some adjectives (glad, much, should, love, need, etc.) are used in modern Russian only in a short form. In sentences, like most short forms, they are part of the predicate. For example:
I'm glad to forget, but I won't forget; I'm glad to fall asleep, but I won't fall asleep.
- The incomplete form of the adjective is formed by truncation of the stem Cheerful - oars, winged-winged. playful-playful Often plays the role of a predicate in a sentence
Quality adjectives
Only high-quality adjectives have a full and short form: good - choir, excellent - excellent, fresh - fresh, cute - nice.
The short form of relative adjectives is usually used as a means of expression in artistic speech.
Let's give an example: Here are the same strings. They are like copper and like cast iron.
Only full forms are used in the definition function. However, in the function of the predicate, both full and short forms of adjectives can be used: Short day. The day is short. The day is short.
Case change retain only some adjectives in expressions of a folklore nature.
Let's give an example: on bare feet.
In a sentence, short adjectives are almost always the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate.
Let's give an example: He is smart; He is stately; He is cheerful.
Relative adjectives have only the full form.
Let's give an example: Iron, today's, comfortable.
Possessive adjectives with the suffixes "in" / "yn", "ov" / "ev", "iy" - in the singular form of the nominative case, they usually have only a short form.
For example: Daddy, daddy, daddy, daddy; wolf, wolf, wolf, wolf.
In indirect cases, such adjectives have:
either a short form: daddy's, wolf's;
or the full form: daddy's, wolf's.
The endings of short forms coincide with the endings of nouns.
Let's give an example: spring - daddy's; spring - daddy.
Quality adjectives usually have two forms: full and short.
Let's give an example: Cheerful - cheerful, beautiful - beautiful.
Full adjectives change by gender, singular, number and case.
Short qualitative adjectives answer the questions what? what? what is it? what are and vary by gender, in the singular and numbers.
To give an example: Happy, happy, happy, happy.
Declension of adjectives
The declension of adjectives, in comparison with the declension of nouns, is more unified. In the nominative case of the singular, adjectives have a gender difference: the case endings of the masculine, feminine and neuter genders are different. In the plural, adjectives have no gender differences, and case endings for all three genders are the same.
In modern Russian, there are three types of declensions of adjectives:
1. Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives like red, gold, summer, blue.
2. Declension of possessive adjectives such as brothers, aunts, fathers, friends.
3. Declension of adjectives into "y" such as wolf, bear.
The most productive is the first type of declension, which, by the nature of the last consonant of the stem, has three varieties: a hard declension variant (rich, stone), a soft declension variant (autumn, blue) and mixed: a) with a stem for hissing, b) with a stem for g , k, x and c) with a basis on c (pale-faced, small, smooth, long, quiet).
For adjectives with a basis on a solid consonant, the stress in declension is either only on the basis (kind, red), or only on the ending (sick, mute).
For adjectives with a base on a soft consonant and adjectives with a base on c, when declining, the stress always falls only on the base (stubby, autumn, blue).
Adjectives with a base on a solid consonant in the instrumental case of the feminine singular have a double ending: "oh" ("her") and "oh" ("her"). Their use depends on the style of speech: in a poetic language, the ending -oy ("her") is more common, which is due to the laws of poetic style (rhythm, rhyme, etc.), for example: swan.
Possessive adjectives in "in", "ov" ("ev") have a mixed type of declension: some of the case endings of these adjectives coincide with the endings of the solid declension of qualitative-relative adjectives, in some cases noun endings are used (in the nominative and accusative cases of all genders and numbers, in the genitive and dative cases of the masculine and neuter singular).
Possessive adjectives with the suffix "in" in modern Russian are increasingly inclined like full adjectives with a stem into a solid consonant (not sister, sister, but sister, sister, etc.).
Possessive adjectives for "rank" (bratnin, husband) are inclined in the same way as adjectives for "in".
Possessive adjectives in -ny (child, filial) are declined like full qualitative-relative adjectives of the soft declension variant (for example, near).
Possessive adjectives formed with the suffix -j- (wolf, wolf, wolf) have both full and short endings: wolf, wolf, etc., wolf, wolf, etc.
Adjectives that are used as nouns are declined according to the general rules for declension of adjectives.
Spelling of case forms of adjectives:
1. Adjectives have endings that are similar to the endings of the interrogative word what: with an excellent (what?) mood, about a beautiful (what?) bag, and the like.
Always remember that after hard consonants, vowels are written s, o, y, and after soft consonants - vowels - i, e, y.
Let's give an example: long stockings - blue stockings, in a long stocking - in a blue stocking; in a black bag - in a yellow bag.
2. Spelling o and e after hissing and c at the end of adjectives always depends on the stress: under stress - o, without stress - e, a large garden - a handsome boy.
3. In the nominative case of the masculine singular, full adjectives in the stressed position have the ending -oy, in the unstressed - "yy", "yy".
nightmare - blue ocean, early reception.
4. In all forms of possessive adjectives with the suffix "ij", except for the masculine singular form of the nominative case, a soft sign is written.
Wolf, wolf, wolf, wolf.
5. In short adjectives, a soft sign is not written after hissing.
Burning - burning, mighty - mighty.
The adjective name is one of the main ones used by its speakers constantly. It has a number of indicators, therefore, before answering the question of how the adjective changes, it is necessary to clarify what exactly should be understood by this part of speech.
The term "adjective" appeared in the Russian language a long time ago, and it was formed from the Latin word adjectivum, which means "addition" in translation. That is why the lexical meaning of the word "adjective" should be considered "a name that is attached to a noun."
In general, the adjective denotes a lexico-grammatical class of word forms denoting a non-procedural attribute of an object. The lexical meaning in this case is expressed with the help of inflectional categories. Adjectives in a sentence have their own syntactic function - a definition, in especially difficult cases they are a compound nominal predicate.
Adjective: three in one
Speaking about the adjective, three understandings of this term should be noted. According to the first, adjectives proper, pronouns-adjectives, participles and ordinal numbers should be attributed to this part of speech. The lexical meaning of these words (an attribute of an object) is supplemented with new shades. This point of view is called the broad understanding of the adjective.
There is a formal position of a moderate type, in which only adjectives proper and ordinal numbers are included under adjectives. This point of view was popular in the 60-70s of the XX century, until it gave way to a broad understanding actively lobbied by Russian Grammar-80.
With a narrow understanding of the name of the adjective, only adjectives proper are included in it. Many linguists prefer to adhere to this particular approach, since only it takes into account all the features by which a particular part of speech is distinguished. It is on the basis of this point of view that the analysis of the adjective is carried out today.
How does the adjective change?
The adjective has a number of morphological categories, with the help of which it can be changed if necessary. All these categories are dependent on other parts of speech, the adjective ending is a universal morpheme that can indicate inflectional categories.
Adjectives change according to gender, number and case, while when the word passes into the plural, the gender disappears as unnecessary. Most often, the inflectional categories of an adjective can be clarified by using its ending in combination with the ending of a noun. Sometimes it happens that the adjective is used with and at the end it is not possible to get complete information about the word. In this case, the meaning of the gender, number and case of the noun will depend on the ending of the adjective. The number of the adjective name plays an important role here, since it affects all indicators at once.
Short and long forms of adjectives
Most adjectives have short and long forms. During the existence of the Old Slavonic (Old Russian) language, short forms enjoyed priority, now the situation has changed exactly the opposite.
Adjectives in the full form are most often placed before the noun, in which case they play the role of a definition in the sentence. If the full adjective is behind the noun, it is most often the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate. If there is no verb in the sentence, the adjective takes on the role of the predicate.
Most often they are located after the noun, in this case they play the role of the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate. If the sentence contains a predicate expressed by a verb, a short adjective can play the function of a separate agreed definition.
Short forms of adjectives (qualitative)
Some qualitative adjectives have retained their short form; these are the remnants of the active use of this phenomenon in the Old Russian language. These forms usually denote temporary signs that may be applicable to a particular situation, in addition, they can convey a softened categorical assessment of a particular sign.
The short form is formed using the bases of full adjectives, to which generic endings should be added. In the formation of short masculine adjectives, the alternation of the letters “o” and “e” with zero sound may appear, this phenomenon is a consequence of the fall of the reduced ones.
It is important to be able to distinguish short forms from truncated adjectives that are actively used in folklore and fiction. Short adjectives can only be qualitative and change only by gender and number; they are most often used in postposition in relation to a noun.
Ranks of adjectives
To understand how the adjective changes, it is necessary to touch upon its lexical and grammatical categories. Qualitative adjectives can denote the qualities of people, objects and animals, color features, and also give a general assessment of any phenomenon referred to in the sentence.
Relative adjectives differ in that they express the attribute of an object indirectly, through their relation to an object or some action. With the help of them, the relation to persons, animals, objects, actions, concepts, places, times and numbers is indicated. Lexical meaning is conveyed with the help of special suffixes.
Possessive adjectives are the most difficult category. In the broad sense of the word, it includes adjectives with possessive suffixes, in the narrow sense - a part of speech must simultaneously have two features - a suffix and an individual belonging to a person or object.
How to analyze an adjective?
Morphological parsing of an adjective is a fairly simple procedure that can be completed in a few minutes. The parsing scheme works the same for both the school level and the university level, so it will not cause any difficulties or additional trouble. If necessary, you can consult linguistic reference books.
In the analysis, it is necessary to indicate: the word form, the belonging of the word form to a part of speech, categorical meaning, the initial form + a question to it and a semantic question. Next, you need to specify all the lexico-grammatical indicators and the type of declension (with indicators). For quality adjectives, you will need to specify comparatives and short forms (with evidence in the form of indicators). Further, it is necessary to note by what nominal indicators the adjective is consistent with the number, case), and indicate its syntactic function in the sentence.
Unstressed adjective endings
Quite often, a situation arises when it is very difficult to check, since it is unstressed. In this case, you will need to use a number of questions (which? which? which? which? what?). You should also remember about exceptions - adjectives ending in “-s”, “-s”, “-s”, “-s”, in most forms they put a soft sign before the end: rabbit, rabbit, rabbit.
The exception is the nominative and accusative singular masculine. If the adjective was formed from the name of any month, the soft sign will be preserved: July - July.
How is an adjective learned?
Previously, the period when the adjective name (Grade 3) began to be studied did not suit everyone, which is why children today learn about parts of speech much earlier than previous generations. The adjective is much easier to learn because it is closely related to another part of speech - the noun, and even has similar grammatical indicators.
To find out how the adjective changes, you need to make every effort in the classroom and listen carefully to your teacher. However, if a child accidentally missed a lesson and it is now very difficult for him to catch up, he can open any reference book from a large number of scientific literature and find the answer to his question. The answer in this case may not always be correct, and this must be taken into account when searching.
In the university format, the adjective is studied much deeper, but a small number of hours are provided for its development, which will help the student to repeat only a basic understanding of this part of speech. However, university students have access to libraries and can easily and quickly find the information they need.
Every student knows about it. However, not everyone knows the spelling rules of this part of speech, as well as which groups it is divided into, etc.
general information
It is a part of speech that names the properties and qualities of objects (for example, old armchair), events ( incredible incident), states ( strong feeling) and other phenomena of the surrounding world ( Hard childhood). In addition, the adjective indicates that the object belongs to someone ( mother's bag, fox hole).
Main types
Depending on how the adjective is designated and what feature it has, as well as what grammatical properties it has, this part of speech is divided into the following groups:
- relative;
- quality;
- possessive.
Relative adjectives
Such a group describes the properties of any sign, action or object through its relation to another sign, action or object.
Here are some examples: bookcase, children's fun, destructive power, brazil nuts, double whammy, religious beliefs, etc.
Quality adjectives
Such a group has its own characteristics, namely:
- Indicates signs of objects: age (old), the size (sick), speed (fast), Colour (blue), human properties (evil), score (normal), physical properties (strong, dense, thick, etc.).
- Forms such as excellent ( strongest, thinnest, most important, most important) and comparative ( stronger, thinner, more important, etc.).
- have short forms (for example, fast, fat, mighty etc.). It should be especially noted that short adjectives may not be formed from all qualitative ones.
Possessive adjectives
Adjectives of this group answer the question "whose?", and also indicate that something belongs to an animal ( hare hole, cow's milk) or person ( dad's wallet, Petya's car). It should also be noted that all possessive adjectives are formed from animate nouns using suffixes such as -nin, -in, -y, -ev, -ov.
Here are some examples: grandfather - grandfather; father - fathers, etc.
short name adjective
In addition to the division into relative, qualitative and possessive groups, this part of speech also differs in special forms. So, in Russian there are:
- brief;
- full adjectives.
Moreover, the first are formed by a kind of reduction of the second. To understand what features short adjectives have, you should consider all the rules regarding their formation and spelling. After all, only this information will allow you to correctly use this part of speech in writing a text or in an oral conversation.
endings
Adjectives in the short form in the singular have the following generic endings:
- Feminine - ending -a. Here are some examples: new, thin, strong, thin, etc.
- Masculine - zero ending. Here are some examples: strong, strong, thin, new, beautiful, etc.
- neuter - ending -o or -e (beautiful, strong, strong, new, bad, skinny, etc.).
In the plural, there are no gender differences in this part of speech in this particular form. Thus, all short adjectives have endings -and or -s (strong, strong, beautiful, new, graceful, skinny, etc.).
Features of the short form
As you can see, this part of speech can be declined by gender and number. However, it should be remembered that short adjectives never change by case. In a sentence, such members usually act as a predicate.
Let's give an example: She is very smart. In this case, the word "smart" is a short adjective that acts as a predicate.
It should also be noted that some types of this part of speech with several lexical meanings can form a short form only in some of them. For example, the word "poor" does not have a short adjective if it means "wretched, miserable." In addition, some adjectives also cannot have a full form. Such words include should, glad, love and much.
What is the difference from full?
They have a short form only. Their difference from the full ones lies in the definition of morphological features. That is, as mentioned above, this form of the presented part of speech does not change in cases, but is declined only in number and gender. In addition, short adjectives differ from full ones in their syntactic role. So, in a sentence, they act not as a definition, but in or as part of it. Although in some cases they are still referred to as a definition. Most often, this phenomenon is observed in phraseological turns or in works of folk art (for example, n and a bare foot, in broad daylight, a beautiful girl, a good fellow, etc..).
Spelling of short adjectives
To correctly use the short forms of adjectives, you should definitely study the rules for their spelling.
Formation of short adjectives
Short forms from full forms. This happens by adding generic endings to them:
- zero or male;
- medium (-e or -o);
- feminine (-i or -a).
In addition, short adjectives can be plural (ending -ы or -и) or singular. So how are these forms formed? These rules are very simple:
The ratio of full and short forms of adjectives
From the point of view of lexical meanings, 3 types of ratios of short and full forms of adjectives are distinguished:
1. Coincident in lexical meaning (for example, good day and good day beautiful baby and beautiful baby).
2. Coincide only in individual values:
- "Fake" means "fake". In this case, there is no short form.
- "Fake" in the meaning of "insincere". In this case, the short form will be "false".
- "Poor" in the meaning of "unfortunate". In this case, there is no short form.
- "Poor" in the meaning of "poor". In this case, the short form would be "poor".
3. The short form is considered as a semantic synonym and differs from the full one in its meaning:
- the short form denotes a temporary sign, and the long form denotes a permanent one (for example, the baby is sick and the baby is sick);
- the short form indicates an excessive manifestation of a trait (for example, old grandmother or old grandmother);
- the full form indicates an irrelevant sign, and the short form indicates a relation to something (for example, dress tight and dress narrow).
- in some cases, the meanings of both forms of adjectives are so divergent that they are used and perceived as completely different words (for example, the purpose of the journey was quite clear and the weather was clear).
