This is already the fourth topic. Volunteers are also asked not to forget what topics they expressed a desire to cover, or maybe someone has just now chosen a topic from the list. I am responsible for reposting and promoting on social networks. And now our topic: “string theory”
You've probably heard that the most popular scientific theory of our time, string theory, implies the existence of many more dimensions than common sense tells us.
The biggest problem for theoretical physicists is how to combine all the fundamental interactions (gravitational, electromagnetic, weak and strong) into a single theory. Superstring theory claims to be the Theory of Everything.
But it turned out that the most convenient number of dimensions required for this theory to work is as many as ten (nine of which are spatial, and one is temporal)! If there are more or less dimensions, mathematical equations give irrational results that go to infinity - a singularity.
The next stage in the development of superstring theory - M-theory - has already counted eleven dimensions. And another version of it - F-theory - all twelve. And this is not a complication at all. F-theory describes 12-dimensional space with simpler equations than M-theory describes 11-dimensional space.
Of course, theoretical physics is not called theoretical for nothing. All her achievements exist so far only on paper. So, to explain why we can only move in three-dimensional space, scientists started talking about how the unfortunate remaining dimensions had to shrink into compact spheres at the quantum level. To be precise, not into spheres, but into Calabi-Yau spaces. These are three-dimensional figures, inside of which there is their own world with its own dimension. A two-dimensional projection of such a manifold looks something like this:
More than 470 million such figures are known. Which of them corresponds to our reality is currently being calculated. It is not easy to be a theoretical physicist.
Yes, this seems a little far-fetched. But maybe this is precisely what explains why the quantum world is so different from the one we perceive.
Let's take a little dip into history
In 1968, a young theoretical physicist, Gabriele Veneziano, was poring over the many experimentally observed characteristics of the strong nuclear force. Veneziano, who was then working at CERN, the European Accelerator Laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland, worked on this problem for several years until one day he had a brilliant insight. Much to his surprise, he realized that an exotic mathematical formula, invented about two hundred years earlier by the famous Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler for purely mathematical purposes - the so-called Euler beta function - seemed capable of describing in one fell swoop all the numerous properties of the particles involved in strong nuclear interaction. The property noticed by Veneziano provided a powerful mathematical description of many features of the strong interaction; it sparked a flurry of work in which the beta function and its various generalizations were used to describe the vast amounts of data accumulated from the study of particle collisions around the world. However, in a sense, Veneziano's observation was incomplete. Like a rote formula used by a student who does not understand its meaning or meaning, Euler's beta function worked, but no one understood why. It was a formula that required explanation.
Gabriele Veneziano
This changed in 1970, when Yoichiro Nambu of the University of Chicago, Holger Nielsen of the Niels Bohr Institute, and Leonard Susskind of Stanford University were able to discover the physical meaning behind Euler's formula. These physicists showed that when elementary particles are represented by small, vibrating one-dimensional strings, the strong interaction of these particles is exactly described by the Euler function. If the string segments were small enough, these researchers reasoned, they would still appear like point particles, and therefore would not contradict experimental observations. Although this theory was simple and intuitively attractive, the string description of the strong force was soon shown to be flawed. In the early 1970s. High-energy physicists have been able to peer deeper into the subatomic world and have shown that a number of string-based model predictions are in direct conflict with observational results. At the same time, there was a parallel development of quantum field theory—quantum chromodynamics—which used a point model of particles. The success of this theory in describing the strong interaction led to the abandonment of string theory.
Most particle physicists believed that string theory had been consigned to the trash bin forever, but a number of researchers remained faithful to it. Schwartz, for example, felt that “the mathematical structure of string theory is so beautiful and has so many amazing properties that it must surely point to something deeper” 2 ). One of the problems physicists had with string theory was that it seemed to provide too much choice, which was confusing. Some configurations of vibrating strings in this theory had properties that resembled the properties of gluons, which gave reason to truly consider it a theory of the strong interaction. However, in addition to this, it contained additional interaction carrier particles that had nothing to do with the experimental manifestations of the strong interaction. In 1974, Schwartz and Joel Scherk of France's École Technique Supérieure made a bold proposal that turned this apparent disadvantage into an advantage. After studying the strange vibration modes of the strings, reminiscent of carrier particles, they realized that these properties coincide surprisingly closely with the supposed properties of the hypothetical particle carrier of gravitational interaction - the graviton. Although these "minuscule particles" of gravitational interaction have yet to be detected, theorists can confidently predict some of the fundamental properties that these particles should have. Sherk and Schwartz found that these characteristics are exactly realized for some vibration modes. Based on this, they suggested that the first advent of string theory failed because physicists overly narrowed its scope. Sherk and Schwartz announced that string theory is not just a theory of the strong force, it is a quantum theory, which, among other things, includes gravity).
The physics community reacted to this suggestion with great reserve. In fact, according to Schwartz's memoirs, “our work was ignored by everyone” 4). The paths of progress were already thoroughly cluttered with numerous failed attempts to combine gravity and quantum mechanics. String theory had failed in its initial attempt to describe the strong force, and it seemed pointless to many to try to use it to achieve even greater goals. Subsequent, more detailed studies in the late 1970s and early 1980s. showed that string theory and quantum mechanics have their own, albeit smaller, contradictions. It seemed that the gravitational force was again able to resist the attempt to integrate it into a description of the universe at the microscopic level.
That was until 1984. In a landmark paper that summarized more than a decade of intensive research that had been largely ignored or rejected by most physicists, Green and Schwartz established that the minor inconsistency with quantum theory that plagued string theory could be allowed. Moreover, they showed that the resulting theory was broad enough to cover all four types of forces and all types of matter. Word of this result spread throughout the physics community, with hundreds of particle physicists stopping work on their projects to take part in an assault that seemed to be the final theoretical battle in a centuries-long assault on the deepest foundations of the universe.
Word of Green and Schwartz's success eventually reached even the first-year graduate students, and the previous gloom was replaced by an exciting sense of participation in a turning point in the history of physics. Many of us stayed up late into the night, poring over the hefty tomes of theoretical physics and abstract mathematics that are essential to understanding string theory.
If you believe scientists, then we ourselves and everything around us consists of an infinite number of such mysterious folded micro-objects.
Period from 1984 to 1986 now known as "the first revolution in superstring theory". During this period, more than a thousand papers on string theory were written by physicists around the world. These works conclusively demonstrated that the many properties of the standard model, discovered through decades of painstaking research, flow naturally from the magnificent system of string theory. As Michael Green noted, “The moment you are introduced to string theory and realize that almost all the major advances in physics of the last century have flowed—and flowed with such elegance—from such a simple starting point, clearly demonstrates the incredible power of this theory.”5 Moreover, for many of these properties, as we will see below, string theory provides a much more complete and satisfactory description than the standard model. These achievements convinced many physicists that string theory could deliver on its promises and become the ultimate unifying theory.
Two-dimensional projection of a three-dimensional Calabi-Yau manifold. This projection gives an idea of how complex the extra dimensions are.
However, along this path, physicists working on string theory again and again ran into serious obstacles. In theoretical physics, we often have to deal with equations that are either too complex to understand or difficult to solve. Usually in such a situation, physicists do not give up and try to obtain an approximate solution to these equations. The situation in string theory is much more complicated. Even the derivation of the equations itself turned out to be so complex that so far only an approximate form of them has been obtained. Thus, physicists working in string theory find themselves in a situation where they have to look for approximate solutions to approximate equations. After several years of amazing progress made during the first superstring revolution, physicists were faced with the fact that the approximate equations used were unable to correctly answer a number of important questions, thereby hindering further development of research. Without concrete ideas for moving beyond these approximate methods, many physicists working in the field of string theory experienced a growing sense of frustration and returned to their previous research. For those who remained, the late 1980s and early 1990s. were a testing period.
The beauty and potential power of string theory beckoned to researchers like a golden treasure locked securely in a safe, visible only through a tiny peephole, but no one had the key that would unleash these dormant forces. The long period of “dryness” was interrupted from time to time by important discoveries, but it was clear to everyone that new methods were required that would go beyond the already known approximate solutions.
The stalemate ended with a breathtaking talk given by Edward Witten in 1995 at a string theory conference at the University of Southern California—a talk that stunned a room filled to capacity with the world's leading physicists. In it, he unveiled a plan for the next stage of research, thereby ushering in the “second revolution in superstring theory.” String theorists are now working energetically on new methods that promise to overcome the obstacles they encounter.
For the widespread popularization of TS, humanity should erect a monument to Columbia University professor Brian Greene. His 1999 book “The Elegant Universe. Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and the Quest for the Ultimate Theory” became a bestseller and won a Pulitzer Prize. The scientist’s work formed the basis of a popular science mini-series with the author himself as the host - a fragment of it can be seen at the end of the material (photo Amy Sussman/Columbia University).
clickable 1700 px
Now let's try to understand the essence of this theory at least a little.
Start over. The zero dimension is a point. She has no size. There is nowhere to move, no coordinates are needed to indicate the location in such a dimension.
Let's place a second one next to the first point and draw a line through them. Here's the first dimension. A one-dimensional object has a size - length, but no width or depth. Movement within one-dimensional space is very limited, because an obstacle that arises on the way cannot be avoided. To determine the location on this segment, you only need one coordinate.
Let's put a dot next to the segment. To fit both of these objects, we will need a two-dimensional space with length and width, that is, area, but without depth, that is, volume. The location of any point on this field is determined by two coordinates.
The third dimension arises when we add a third coordinate axis to this system. It is very easy for us, residents of the three-dimensional universe, to imagine this.
Let's try to imagine how the inhabitants of two-dimensional space see the world. For example, these two men:
Each of them will see their comrade like this:
And in this situation:
Our heroes will see each other like this:
It is the change of point of view that allows our heroes to judge each other as two-dimensional objects, and not one-dimensional segments.
Now let’s imagine that a certain volumetric object moves in the third dimension, which intersects this two-dimensional world. For an outside observer, this movement will be expressed in a change in two-dimensional projections of the object on the plane, like broccoli in an MRI machine:
But for an inhabitant of our Flatland such a picture is incomprehensible! He can't even imagine her. For him, each of the two-dimensional projections will be seen as a one-dimensional segment with a mysteriously variable length, appearing in an unpredictable place and also disappearing unpredictably. Attempts to calculate the length and place of origin of such objects using the laws of physics of two-dimensional space are doomed to failure.
We, inhabitants of the three-dimensional world, see everything as two-dimensional. Only moving an object in space allows us to feel its volume. We will also see any multidimensional object as two-dimensional, but it will change in surprising ways depending on our relationship with it or time.
From this point of view it is interesting to think, for example, about gravity. Everyone has probably seen pictures like this:
They usually depict how gravity bends space-time. It bends... where? Exactly not in any of the dimensions familiar to us. And what about quantum tunneling, that is, the ability of a particle to disappear in one place and appear in a completely different one, and behind an obstacle through which in our realities it could not penetrate without making a hole in it? What about black holes? What if all these and other mysteries of modern science are explained by the fact that the geometry of space is not at all the same as we are used to perceiving it?
The clock is ticking
Time adds another coordinate to our Universe. In order for a party to take place, you need to know not only which bar it will take place in, but also the exact time of this event.
Based on our perception, time is not so much a straight line as a ray. That is, it has a starting point, and movement is carried out only in one direction - from the past to the future. Moreover, only the present is real. Neither the past nor the future exists, just as breakfasts and dinners do not exist from the point of view of an office clerk during his lunch break.
But the theory of relativity does not agree with this. From her point of view, time is a full-fledged dimension. All events that have existed, exist and will exist are equally real, just like the sea beach is real, regardless of where exactly the dreams of the sound of the surf took us by surprise. Our perception is just something like a spotlight that illuminates a certain segment on a straight line of time. Humanity in its fourth dimension looks something like this:
But we see only a projection, a slice of this dimension at each individual moment in time. Yes, yes, like broccoli in an MRI machine.
Until now, all theories worked with a large number of spatial dimensions, and the temporal one was always the only one. But why does space allow multiple dimensions for space, but only one time? Until scientists can answer this question, the hypothesis of two or more time spaces will seem very attractive to all philosophers and science fiction writers. And physicists, too, so what? For example, American astrophysicist Itzhak Bars sees the root of all troubles with the Theory of Everything as the overlooked second time dimension. As a mental exercise, let's try to imagine a world with two times.
Each dimension exists separately. This is expressed in the fact that if we change the coordinates of an object in one dimension, the coordinates in others may remain unchanged. So, if you move along one time axis that intersects another at a right angle, then at the intersection point the time around will stop. In practice it will look something like this:
All Neo had to do was place his one-dimensional time axis perpendicular to the bullets' time axis. A mere trifle, you will agree. In reality, everything is much more complicated.
Exact time in a universe with two time dimensions will be determined by two values. Is it difficult to imagine a two-dimensional event? That is, one that is extended simultaneously along two time axes? It is likely that such a world would require specialists in mapping time, just as cartographers map the two-dimensional surface of the globe.
What else distinguishes two-dimensional space from one-dimensional space? The ability to bypass an obstacle, for example. This is completely beyond the boundaries of our minds. A resident of a one-dimensional world cannot imagine what it is like to turn a corner. And what is this - an angle in time? In addition, in two-dimensional space you can travel forward, backward, or even diagonally. I have no idea what it's like to pass through time diagonally. Not to mention the fact that time underlies many physical laws, and it is impossible to imagine how the physics of the Universe will change with the advent of another time dimension. But it’s so exciting to think about it!
Very large encyclopedia
Other dimensions have not yet been discovered and exist only in mathematical models. But you can try to imagine them like this.
As we found out earlier, we see a three-dimensional projection of the fourth (time) dimension of the Universe. In other words, every moment of the existence of our world is a point (similar to the zero dimension) in the period of time from the Big Bang to the End of the World.
Those of you who have read about time travel know what an important role the curvature of the space-time continuum plays in it. This is the fifth dimension - it is in it that four-dimensional space-time “bends” in order to bring two points on this line closer together. Without this, travel between these points would be too long, or even impossible. Roughly speaking, the fifth dimension is similar to the second - it moves the “one-dimensional” line of space-time into a “two-dimensional” plane with all that it implies in the form of the ability to turn a corner.
A little earlier, our particularly philosophically minded readers probably thought about the possibility of free will in conditions where the future already exists, but is not yet known. Science answers this question this way: probabilities. The future is not a stick, but a whole broom of possible scenarios. We will find out which one will come true when we get there.
Each of the probabilities exists in the form of a “one-dimensional” segment on the “plane” of the fifth dimension. What is the fastest way to jump from one segment to another? That's right - bend this plane like a sheet of paper. Where should I bend it? And again correctly - in the sixth dimension, which gives this entire complex structure “volume”. And, thus, makes it, like three-dimensional space, “finished”, a new point.
The seventh dimension is a new straight line, which consists of six-dimensional “points”. What is any other point on this line? The whole infinite set of options for the development of events in another universe, formed not as a result of the Big Bang, but under other conditions, and operating according to other laws. That is, the seventh dimension is beads from parallel worlds. The eighth dimension collects these “straight lines” into one “plane”. And the ninth can be compared to a book that contains all the “sheets” of the eighth dimension. This is the totality of all the histories of all universes with all the laws of physics and all the initial conditions. Period again.
Here we hit the limit. To imagine the tenth dimension, we need a straight line. And what other point could there be on this line, if the ninth dimension already covers everything that can be imagined, and even that which is impossible to imagine? It turns out that the ninth dimension is not just another starting point, but the final one - for our imagination, at least.
String theory states that it is in the tenth dimension that strings vibrate—the basic particles that make up everything. If the tenth dimension contains all universes and all possibilities, then strings exist everywhere and all the time. I mean, every string exists both in our universe and in any other. At any given time. Straightaway. Cool, huh?
Physicist, string theory specialist. He is known for his work on mirror symmetry, related to the topology of the corresponding Calabi-Yau manifolds. Known to a wide audience as the author of popular science books. His Elegant Universe was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize.
In September 2013, Brian Greene came to Moscow at the invitation of the Polytechnic Museum. A famous physicist, string theorist, and professor at Columbia University, he is known to the general public primarily as a popularizer of science and the author of the book “The Elegant Universe.” Lenta.ru spoke with Brian Greene about string theory and the recent difficulties that the theory has faced, as well as quantum gravity, the amplituhedron and social control.
Literature in Russian: Kaku M., Thompson J.T. “Beyond Einstein: Superstrings and the quest for the final theory” and what it was The original article is on the website InfoGlaz.rf Link to the article from which this copy was made -
Original taken from lana_artifex in String Theory - 11 Dimensions of Reality
« ...in theoretical physics we manage to explain what we can no longer imagine» — Lev Davidovich Landau
As mentioned above, the biggest problem for theoretical physicists is how to combine all 4 fundamental interactions (gravitational, electromagnetic, weak (radioactive) and strong (nuclear)) into a single “Theory of Everything” (The Theory of Quantum Gravity). String theory (TS) may well lay claim to the role of this theory, since it is capable of describing all these interactions. However, such universality comes at the cost of complexity and some clumsiness of the theory - it is necessary to work in a 10-dimensional space of time, in which there are 9 spatial and 1 time dimensions. If there are more or less dimensions (and physicists and mathematicians tried everything, starting with 4x)), mathematicians will no longer be able to help in the justification - mathematical equations will give irrational results that go to infinity.
The next stage of development of the TS (M-theory) has already counted 11 dimensions. But the mathematical apparatus that mathematicians tried to fit to this number was again unconvincing. And then the F-theory arose, it already describes 12 dimensions with simpler equations... To be continued). For now, it has been decided to stop at 10 dimensions +1 temporary, but mathematicians and physicists still have trouble sleeping at night.
To understand the basic idea of the TS, you first need to delve a little into the essence of its closest competitor - the standard model. The SM assumes that matter and interactions are described by a certain set of particles, which can be divided into the following groups: quarks, leptons, bosons. The difference between the TS is that its basis is not particles, but ultramicroscopic quantum strings that vibrate. Moreover, different oscillation modes (and therefore different oscillation frequencies) correspond to different particles of the standard model (since all particles in the SM have different energies). It is important to understand here that the string does not represent any matter, but is essentially energy, and therefore the TS seems to hint that everything that exists consists of energy.
The simplest, although perhaps not very successful, analogy that I can come up with for clarity is fire: when you look at it, it seems that it is material, seemingly like an object that you can touch, but in reality it is just energy , which cannot be touched. Only, unlike fire, you cannot pass your hand through a string or strings, since a vibrating string is, as it were, an excited state of space that becomes tangible.
And here is another fantastic property of the vehicle
One of the reasons why we cannot observe the remaining dimensions - localization - is that the additional dimensions are not so small, but for a number of reasons, all the particles of our world are localized on a four-dimensional sheet in a multidimensional universe (multiverse) and cannot leave it. This four-dimensional sheet (brane) is the observable part of the multiverse. Since we, like all our technology, consist of ordinary particles, we are, in principle, unable to look inside.
Bran (Calabi-Yau space) in string theory is a hypothetical fundamental multidimensional physical object of dimension less than the dimension of the space in which it is located.Z
The only way to detect the presence of extra dimensions is gravity. Gravity, being the result of the curvature of space-time, is not localized on the brane, and therefore gravitons and microscopic black holes can escape outward. In the observable world, such a process would look like a sudden disappearance of energy and momentum carried away by these objects.
And here, as often happens in physics, a standard problem arises: TS needs experimental verification, but none of the versions of the theory gives unambiguous predictions that could be verified in a critical experiment. Thus, TS is still in its “infancy”: it has many attractive mathematical features and can become extremely important in understanding the structure of the Universe, but further development is required in order to accept or reject it. Since TS will likely not be testable in the foreseeable future due to technological limitations, some scientists question whether the theory deserves scientific status, as they believe it does not meet Popper's criterion (non-falsifiability).
Of course, this in itself is not a reason to consider the TS incorrect. Often new theoretical constructs go through a stage of uncertainty before being accepted or rejected based on comparison with experimental results (for example, Maxwell's equations). Therefore, in the case of TS, either the development of the theory itself, that is, methods of calculation and drawing conclusions, or the development of experimental science to study previously inaccessible quantities is required.
By the way, TS also makes it possible to detect microscopic “black holes,” many of the consequences of TS were predicted by Stephen Hawking.
My opinion is that this theory has enormous potential, and I am close to the idea that everything in the world “sounds,” incl. and ourselves. In the following posts I will tell you how you can develop this theory, coming to shocking conclusions. So far, all this resembles a mixture of fantasy and esotericism, but everything can change at any moment!
12. Measurement and its basic operations. Structural diagram of measurement.
According to GOST 16263 Measurement– finding the PV value experimentally using special technical means. And also Measurement is a cognitive process that consists of comparing, through a physical experiment, a given PV with a known PV taken as a unit of measurement.
The basic measurement equation is Q=q[Q], (where Q is the value of the PV, q is the numerical value of the PV). The essence of the measurement is to compare the size of the PV Q with the size of the output quantity, regulated by a multivalued measure, q[Q]. As a result of the measurements, it is established that q[Q]< Q < (q+1)[Q].
Block diagram of measurement:
Measurement conversion- an operation in which a one-to-one correspondence is established between the sizes of the generally inhomogeneous converted and transformed PVs. The measurement transformation is described by an equation of the form Q = k·F(X), where F is some function or functional, k is a linear transformation (post-value).
The main purpose of the measurement transformation is to obtain and transform information about the measured value. Its implementation is carried out on the basis of selected physical laws.
This operation is carried out through measuring transducer- a technical device built on a certain physical principle and performing one particular measurement transformation.
Reproduction of a physical quantity, a given sizeN[ Q] - this is an operation that consists of creating the required PV, with a given value and known with a specified accuracy.
Comparison of the measured EF with the value reproduced by the measure Q m is an operation consisting in establishing the relationship of these two quantities: Q > O m, Q< Q м или Q = Q м. Точное совпадение величин не встречается. В результате сравнения близких или одинаковых величин Q и q m может быть лишь установлено, что < [Q].
Comparison method- a set of techniques for using physical phenomena and processes to determine the ratio of homogeneous quantities. Not every PV can be compared with its own kind. All PVs, depending on the possibility of creating a difference signal, are divided into three groups: 1) PVs, which can be subtracted and => directly compared without preliminary conversion. (Electric, magnetic and mechanical quantities.) 2) PVs, inconvenient for subtraction, but convenient for commutation (light fluxes, ionizing radiation, liquid and gas flows.) 3) PVs, characterizing the state of objects or their properties that cannot be subtracted ( humidity, concentration of substances, color, smell, etc.)
13. Basic elements of the measurement process.
Measurement- a complex process that includes the interaction of a number of its structural elements. These include: the measuring task, the object of measurement, the principle, method and means of measurement and its model, measurement conditions, subject of measurement, result and measurement error.
Task (goal) of any measurement is to determine the value of the selected (measured) PV with the required accuracy under given conditions. The measurement task is set by the subject of measurement – a person. When setting a problem, the measurement object is specified, the measured PV is identified in it, and the required measurement error is determined (set).
Object of measurement- this is a real physical object, the properties of which are characterized by one or more measured PVs. It has many properties and is in multilateral and complex relationships with other objects. Subject of measurement- a person is fundamentally unable to imagine an object as a whole, in all the diversity of its properties and connections. As a result, interaction between a subject and an object is possible only on the basis of a mathematical model of the object. Mathematical model of the measurement object- this is a set of mathematical symbols (images) and relationships between them, which adequately describes the properties of the measurement object that are of interest to the subject. A mathematical model is built before the measurement is performed in accordance with the problem being solved on the basis of a priori information. A priori information - information about the measurement object known before the measurement.
Measured quantity is the PV to be determined in accordance with the measurement task.
Measurement information, i.e. information about the values of the measured PV is contained in the measuring signal. Measuring signal is a signal containing quantitative information about the measured EF. It is supplied to the SI input, with the help of which it is converted into an output signal that has a form convenient either for direct perception by a person (the subject of measurement), or for subsequent processing and transmission.
Measuring principle- a set of physical principles on which measurements are based.
Method of measurement- this is a technique or a set of techniques for comparing the measured PV with its unit in accordance with the implemented measurement principle. The measurement method should, if possible, have a minimum error and help eliminate systematic errors or transfer them to the category of random.
The measurement method is implemented in measuring instrument- a technical means used for measurements and having standardized metrological properties (GOST 16263-70). Metrological characteristics- these are characteristics of the properties of measuring instruments that influence the measurement result and its errors and are intended to assess the technical level and quality of measuring instruments, as well as determine the measurement results and calculate the characteristics of the instrumental component of the measurement error.
In the measurement process, they play an important role measurement conditions - a set of influencing quantities that describe the state of the environment and measuring instruments. Influential quantity- this is a physical quantity that is not measured by this SI, but influences its results. There are normal, operating and limiting measurement conditions. Normal measurement conditions ( are specified in the regulatory and technical documentation for SI. ) - these are conditions under which the influencing quantities have normal or within the normal range of values.
The ultimate goal of any measurement is its result- PV value obtained by measuring it. The quality of the measurement result is assessed, i.e. accuracy, reliability, correctness, convergence, reproducibility and the size of permissible errors.
Error is the deviation Х of the measurement result X meas from the true value X ns of the measured value, determined by the formula Х = X meas – X meas.
Subject of measurement- man - actively influences the measurement process and carries out:
Setting the measurement task;
Collection and analysis of a priori information about the measurement object;
Analysis of the adequacy of the selected model for the measurement object;
Processing of measurement results.
What is happening now with planet Earth, with humanity, with each of us?
It's time to answer this question.
The article is formed in the form of questions and answers according to the Channeling system and some terms in it are simplified so that the meaning is clear to every reader.
The point is that this information concerns you personally. It is a setting for a more comfortable achievement of the New Reality. Soon it won't remain the same at all. Every day it disappears more and more, and the New World is visible more and more clearly.
What is the New Reality? And what exactly is “Old”?
The Old Reality is the familiar world in which we lived for a long time and from which we began to emerge. It has several characteristics (properties, qualities). In the Vedas, the time in which we lived is called Kali Yuga, or the Age of Darkness. In spatial geometry, this is Three-Dimensional Space (length, width, height). In physics, our world is frequency oscillations in a certain wave range. In psychology, it is expressed by the qualities of a dual perception of the world (Dvaita: good and bad, good and evil). From the point of view of Yoga, the characteristics of the previous world are associated with the primacy of the Vishuddha chakra, the fifth of the seven (karma, cause and effect, choice). At the genetic level, a person has an active certain number of DNA codon combinations that set the program for abilities and capabilities.
The New Reality is in the Fourth Dimension, in a subtler wave range associated with the sixth Ajna Chakra, with the non-dual perception of Advaita, which is activated in humanity. It is characterized by access to the third level of consciousness and the inclusion of two additional DNA combinations, i.e. the emergence of “superpowers” and the emergence of the Sixth Race on planet Earth. This is called the entry into the Golden Age of Satya Yuga.
What is the Fourth Dimension?
Short. Have you ever listened to the radio? There are 5 different wave bands: Long Wave (LW), Medium Wave (MW), Short Wave (HF) and 2 levels of Ultra Short Wave (VHF, known to us as fm). There can be a lot of radio stations on one wavelength. But to listen in a different range, you need to switch to other frequencies (another world!). Matryoshka in a matryoshka. Thinner in denser. Or vice versa... It doesn’t matter... The main thing is that you understand.
The Wavelength of our world is changing. We are not simply gliding within the same wavelength range of the universal “radio station.” We literally disappear from this world - to appear in another! It has different characteristics, different capabilities, different quality. Which? More on this later. Or rather deeper... Or higher?? Hope you still understand.
What is the Third Level of Consciousness?
The teachings of the Flower of Life, like the Vedas, talk about the Five Levels of Consciousness.
1,3 and 5th - collective Consciousness. Levels 2 and 4 - individual. Humanity, having emerged from the collective consciousness of tribal communities, became isolated in its small “selves”, and this state of affairs was observed until recently. Now different confessions have begun to appear, serving as a refuge for people of an integral nature, i.e. ready to move to the Third Level of Collective Consciousness. It will differ from the previous one in that each person will be able to feel that he is becoming part of the whole - One Humanity.
I am you, you are me. We are all parts of the One God, and we are inseparable.
What is the Sixth Race?
First of all, the qualities of the Sixth Race of humanity are non-dual consciousness and one heart for all. At the same time, the Mind and Feelings are also united. You seem to intuitively experience the other as yourself. Observe, this is already happening at the existential level. When you chat on forums, via email, talk on your cell phone, or just think about someone, you don't feel any distance from the other person. It's right here. This is related to the feeling of Space in a new way. Another quality of a person of the Sixth Race is the ability to be not in the past or future, but to be in the present, i.e. live in the eternal now. In a word, the Sixth Race is the epicenter of the Self: here and now, in complete acceptance (non-duality) and love (one heart) for each other.
What is Time Zeroing (Zero Gate)?
Worlds inhabited by living beings will not overnight find themselves in the Fourth Dimension. This process is extended over time. The active phase began with the reset of previous programs. This does not mean that old programs have been completely erased. We simply couldn't stand it! This is many times worse than forcibly shutting down the computer while there are many running programs open. At 00 hours 00 minutes during the New Year 2000 of the zero day of the zero month (in a fraction of an instant between December 31, 1999 and January 1, 2000), a parallel activation of the Ascension Program occurred. From this very moment, the previous programs are gradually withdrawn, and new ones are installed. This and is called the entrance to the Null Zone, the opening of the Zero Gate.
How many Gates will there be?
12, there will be 12 of them. Starting from the First Gate, activated 1.1.1 year at 1 hour 1 minute, to the Twelfth, which will complete the process of Transition (Ascension) 12.12.12 year at 12 hour 12 minutes. They say that then we will still have to “freeze” for 12 days. What this means is difficult to predict. However, we can say with confidence that the values of the external electromagnetic field relative to the internal one will drop to zero. And not everyone will be able to remain conscious these days, i.e. realize what is happening. I hope nothing more will happen than this. Although... everything is God's Will... It is worth living every day given to us today as... no, not as the last, - as the only one! This is the difference between the new type of thinking and the thinking of the previous level: the ability to look at everything that happens positively.
What is the meaning of each Gate?
First Gate (January 1, 01 at 1:01) - New Mental Wave (Expansion of the Spheres of Consciousness)
Second Gate (February 2, 02 at 2:02) - Inclusion in the New Energy Network
Third (March 3, 03 at 3:03) - Gate of Karmic Inclusions (fast comprehension and development)
Fourth Gate (April 4, 04 at 4:04 am) - Gate of Pole Alignment
Fifth (5 May 05 at 5:05) - Gate of Integral Self-Change
Sixth (6 June 06 at 6:06) - Gate of Power of New Time
Seventh Gate (7 July 07 at 7:07) - Gate of Pure Action (Good Deeds)
Eighth (8 August 08 at 8:08) - Gate of Connection with the Highest Aspect
THE MOST IMPORTANT POINT OF THE ASCENSION PROCESS
Ninth (September 9, 09 at 9:09) - Gate of Transformation Turn by 90 *, irreversible processes of transmutation. The field of human consciousness has changed from spherical to toroidal.
Tenth (October 10, 10 at 10:10) - Gate of the New Reality
Eleventh (November 11, 11 at 11:11) - Gate of Passage (Installation of a New Program - Cleansing from the Old)
The Twelfth Portal (from December 12 to December 24, 2012) - Entrance to Eden
How to help yourself?
The whole world ascends to higher spheres of Existence. You should understand what is happening around you and promote internal attunement to these vibration frequencies. It is necessary to consciously follow the rhythm of each period of Ascension. The most important thing to understand, first of all in this and the next time, is that you are God. This means only one thing: you create your own reality. Create it in unity with the world around you, with love and patience, complete dedication and care for everyone around you.
Enjoy your own Creation here and continue Creativity in every moment
your eternal now.
How to help others?
Calm down. Support. Sacrifice your time for them. Try to love everyone along your path. You are an adult. And many are still children. Be patient and help them open up. And for this, your loving presence and the warmth of your heart are enough. Just be there. Just as a flower blooms in the rays of the morning sun, so everyone who is ready to take responsibility for this world will stand next to you - become One with you.
Ascension Syndrome
There may be a temporary deterioration in health for some periods. This is due to the lack of resonance of the internal electromagnetic field with the frequencies of the external environment. As soon as the organism adjusts, well-being improves. Such periods can last from a few moments to several hours, days, and sometimes weeks (if this is superimposed on the background of chronic diseases).
What symptoms are most likely to occur?
Kundalini syndromes: dizziness, ringing in the ears, nausea, temperature changes, discomfort in the spine and joints, muscle electrification, fear of unknown origin. You also need to monitor the functioning of your kidneys and heart. Possible pain in the lower back and knees, as well as tachycardia and arrhythmia. Be calm and relaxed. Help your body if necessary, but don't panic. Everything will be fine!
The frequent occurrence of déjà vu, when you have the feeling that you have already lived through this moment, or jamevu, when familiar things seem completely unfamiliar, will begin to happen to many after passing through the 10th Gate. This is a normal process. It’s just that the usual time begins to pass in a different mode. Therefore, be more attentive to it in the coming year, it will play strange games with you!
See you in the New Reality!
The biggest problem for theoretical physicists is how to combine all the fundamental interactions (gravitational, electromagnetic, weak and strong) into a single theory. Superstring theory claims to be the Theory of Everything.
Counting from three to ten
But it turned out that the most convenient number of dimensions required for this theory to work is as many as ten (nine of which are spatial, and one is temporal)! If there are more or less dimensions, mathematical equations give irrational results that go to infinity - a singularity.
The next stage in the development of superstring theory - M-theory - has already counted eleven dimensions. And another version of it - F-theory - all twelve. And this is not a complication at all. F-theory describes 12-dimensional space with simpler equations than M-theory describes 11-dimensional space.
Of course, theoretical physics is not called theoretical for nothing. All her achievements exist so far only on paper. So, to explain why we can only move in three-dimensional space, scientists started talking about how the unfortunate remaining dimensions had to shrink into compact spheres at the quantum level. To be precise, not into spheres, but into Calabi-Yau spaces. These are three-dimensional figures, inside of which there is their own world with its own dimension. A two-dimensional projection of such a manifold looks something like this:
More than 470 million such figures are known. Which of them corresponds to our reality is currently being calculated. It is not easy to be a theoretical physicist.
Yes, this seems a little far-fetched. But maybe this is precisely what explains why the quantum world is so different from the one we perceive.
Dot, dot, comma
Start over. The zero dimension is a point. She has no size. There is nowhere to move, no coordinates are needed to indicate the location in such a dimension.
Let's place a second one next to the first point and draw a line through them. Here's the first dimension. A one-dimensional object has a size - length, but no width or depth. Movement within one-dimensional space is very limited, because an obstacle that arises on the way cannot be avoided. To determine the location on this segment, you only need one coordinate.
Let's put a dot next to the segment. To fit both of these objects, we will need a two-dimensional space with length and width, that is, area, but without depth, that is, volume. The location of any point on this field is determined by two coordinates.
The third dimension arises when we add a third coordinate axis to this system. It is very easy for us, residents of the three-dimensional universe, to imagine this.
Let's try to imagine how the inhabitants of two-dimensional space see the world. For example, these two men:
Each of them will see their comrade like this:
And in this situation:
Our heroes will see each other like this:
It is the change of point of view that allows our heroes to judge each other as two-dimensional objects, and not one-dimensional segments.
Now let’s imagine that a certain volumetric object moves in the third dimension, which intersects this two-dimensional world. For an outside observer, this movement will be expressed in a change in two-dimensional projections of the object on the plane, like broccoli in an MRI machine:
But for an inhabitant of our Flatland such a picture is incomprehensible! He can't even imagine her. For him, each of the two-dimensional projections will be seen as a one-dimensional segment with a mysteriously variable length, appearing in an unpredictable place and also disappearing unpredictably. Attempts to calculate the length and place of origin of such objects using the laws of physics of two-dimensional space are doomed to failure.
We, inhabitants of the three-dimensional world, see everything as two-dimensional. Only moving an object in space allows us to feel its volume. We will also see any multidimensional object as two-dimensional, but it will change in surprising ways depending on our relationship with it or time.
From this point of view it is interesting to think, for example, about gravity. Everyone has probably seen pictures like this:
They usually depict how gravity bends space-time. It bends... where? Exactly not in any of the dimensions familiar to us. And what about quantum tunneling, that is, the ability of a particle to disappear in one place and appear in a completely different one, and behind an obstacle through which in our realities it could not penetrate without making a hole in it? What about black holes? What if all these and other mysteries of modern science are explained by the fact that the geometry of space is not at all the same as we are used to perceiving it?
The clock is ticking
Time adds another coordinate to our Universe. In order for a party to take place, you need to know not only which bar it will take place in, but also the exact time of this event.
Based on our perception, time is not so much a straight line as a ray. That is, it has a starting point, and movement is carried out only in one direction - from the past to the future. Moreover, only the present is real. Neither the past nor the future exists, just as breakfasts and dinners do not exist from the point of view of an office clerk during his lunch break.
But the theory of relativity does not agree with this. From her point of view, time is a full-fledged dimension. All events that have existed, exist and will exist are equally real, just like the sea beach is real, regardless of where exactly the dreams of the sound of the surf took us by surprise. Our perception is just something like a spotlight that illuminates a certain segment on a straight line of time. Humanity in its fourth dimension looks something like this:
But we see only a projection, a slice of this dimension at each individual moment in time. Yes, yes, like broccoli in an MRI machine.
Until now, all theories worked with a large number of spatial dimensions, and the temporal one was always the only one. But why does space allow multiple dimensions for space, but only one time? Until scientists can answer this question, the hypothesis of two or more time spaces will seem very attractive to all philosophers and science fiction writers. And physicists, too, so what? For example, American astrophysicist Itzhak Bars sees the root of all troubles with the Theory of Everything as the overlooked second time dimension. As a mental exercise, let's try to imagine a world with two times.
Each dimension exists separately. This is expressed in the fact that if we change the coordinates of an object in one dimension, the coordinates in others may remain unchanged. So, if you move along one time axis that intersects another at a right angle, then at the intersection point the time around will stop. In practice it will look something like this:
All Neo had to do was place his one-dimensional time axis perpendicular to the bullets' time axis. A mere trifle, you will agree. In reality, everything is much more complicated.
Exact time in a universe with two time dimensions will be determined by two values. Is it difficult to imagine a two-dimensional event? That is, one that is extended simultaneously along two time axes? It is likely that such a world would require specialists in mapping time, just as cartographers map the two-dimensional surface of the globe.
What else distinguishes two-dimensional space from one-dimensional space? The ability to bypass an obstacle, for example. This is completely beyond the boundaries of our minds. A resident of a one-dimensional world cannot imagine what it is like to turn a corner. And what is this - an angle in time? In addition, in two-dimensional space you can travel forward, backward, or even diagonally. I have no idea what it's like to pass through time diagonally. Not to mention the fact that time underlies many physical laws, and it is impossible to imagine how the physics of the Universe will change with the advent of another time dimension. But it’s so exciting to think about it!
Very large encyclopedia
Other dimensions have not yet been discovered and exist only in mathematical models. But you can try to imagine them like this.
As we found out earlier, we see a three-dimensional projection of the fourth (time) dimension of the Universe. In other words, every moment of the existence of our world is a point (similar to the zero dimension) in the period of time from the Big Bang to the End of the World.
Those of you who have read about time travel know what an important role the curvature of the space-time continuum plays in it. This is the fifth dimension - it is in it that four-dimensional space-time “bends” in order to bring two points on this line closer together. Without this, travel between these points would be too long, or even impossible. Roughly speaking, the fifth dimension is similar to the second - it moves the “one-dimensional” line of space-time into a “two-dimensional” plane with all that it implies in the form of the ability to turn a corner.
A little earlier, our particularly philosophically minded readers probably thought about the possibility of free will in conditions where the future already exists, but is not yet known. Science answers this question this way: probabilities. The future is not a stick, but a whole broom of possible scenarios. We will find out which one will come true when we get there.
Each of the probabilities exists in the form of a “one-dimensional” segment on the “plane” of the fifth dimension. What is the fastest way to jump from one segment to another? That's right - bend this plane like a sheet of paper. Where should I bend it? And again correctly - in the sixth dimension, which gives this entire complex structure “volume”. And, thus, makes it, like three-dimensional space, “finished”, a new point.
The seventh dimension is a new straight line, which consists of six-dimensional “points”. What is any other point on this line? The whole infinite set of options for the development of events in another universe, formed not as a result of the Big Bang, but under other conditions, and operating according to other laws. That is, the seventh dimension is beads from parallel worlds. The eighth dimension collects these “straight lines” into one “plane”. And the ninth can be compared to a book that contains all the “sheets” of the eighth dimension. This is the totality of all the histories of all universes with all the laws of physics and all the initial conditions. Period again.
Here we hit the limit. To imagine the tenth dimension, we need a straight line. And what other point could there be on this line, if the ninth dimension already covers everything that can be imagined, and even that which is impossible to imagine? It turns out that the ninth dimension is not just another starting point, but the final one - for our imagination, at least.
String theory states that it is in the tenth dimension that strings vibrate—the basic particles that make up everything. If the tenth dimension contains all universes and all possibilities, then strings exist everywhere and all the time. I mean, every string exists both in our universe and in any other. At any given time. Straightaway. Cool, yeah? published
