Committed in 1918-1922 by Ukrainian nationalists, formations of the "greens", White Guards and units of the Red Army.

According to modern data, during the Civil War in Russia, there were 1,236 cases of anti-Jewish protests, 887 of which were classified as pogroms - actions accompanied by violence on a massive scale. Of these, 493 actions (40%) were made by the Petliurists, 307 (25%) - by the Greens, 213 (17%) - by the White Guards, 106 (8.5%) - by the Reds.

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  During the Civil War, there were hundreds of pogroms carried out by the Petliurists, detachments and troops of the so-called green chieftains, moving from camp to camp (D. Zeleny, N. Grigoriev and others; for example, the Chernobyl ataman I. Struk staged Jewish pogroms, consistently being with his detachment in the Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic, the Red, Volunteer and again the Army of the UNR), Red Army, White Guards.

  The researcher Puchenkov concluded that the pogroms in Ukraine were primarily generated by the anarchy that prevailed at that time in this region, and most often took place with the tacit approval, and sometimes with the active participation of the local non-Jewish population. All the leaders of the White movement condemned the pogroms, fearing a decrease in discipline in the troops and a reaction in foreign countries from where they received help, as evidenced by the orders written personally by Generals Denikin, Dragomirov, Mai-Maevsky, Bredov and others. However, these measures, as Denikin writes, only localized the Jewish pogroms, but did not completely eliminate them.

  At the Kharkov meeting of the members of the Kadet Party, which took place from November 3 to November 6, 1919, already after the mass pogroms carried out by volunteers, the responsibility for the pogroms was placed on the Bolsheviks, or rather on the activities of the Chechen Chechens, who served as the main source for anti-Semitism, which in fact shifted the blame for pogroms against the Jews themselves. The resolution of the meeting, in particular, stated:

  The conscious and leading circles of Jewry must declare a merciless war on those elements of Jewry who, actively participating in the Bolshevik movement, are doing a criminal and evil deed. ... Russian Jewry must understand that beyond the unconditional and unconditional recognition and support of the national dictatorship and the Volunteer Army, recreating Russian statehood , there is no salvation, and that only a firm legal order, which the national government seeks to establish, will provide reliable protection to all citizens without distinction of nationality and faith

  In February 1921, after the capture of the Mongolian capital Urga, the commander of the Cavalry-Asiatic Division, Baron Ungern von Sternberg, ordered his division to kill all the Jews of the city. As a result of the pogrom, about 50 Jews were killed, some of them hid in the houses of Russians and Mongols.

  After the mass pogroms of 1919, the opinion began to spread among the Jewish population that only under Soviet rule could Jews be provided with security guarantees. In this regard, the support of the Red Army by the Jews increased. Some of its units were completely formed from Jews - for example, the 1st Jewish Regiment. However, this circumstance concealed a new source of trouble for the Jewish people - it affirmed even more among both the White Guards and ordinary inhabitants the idea of ​​​​the community of Jewry and Bolshevism. So after the fall of all the anti-Bolshevik fronts, S. S. Maslov wrote in 1922: “Judophobia is one of the sharpest features on the face of modern Russia ...”

  Jews in the White Movement

  Despite numerous pogroms on the Southern Front, a considerable number of young people from the Jewish communities were on the side of the White movement. Jews (both as privates and officers) fought on various fronts as part of the White Army. The reasons for the resistance of the revolution on the side of the White movement were:

  • The Red Terror affected, among other things, wealthy Jewish artisans and peasants.
  • Ban by the Bolsheviks of Jewish organizations that arose after the decree of the Provisional Government of March 20, 1917.
  • Nationalization carried out by the Bolshevik government.
  • Jewish pogroms by the Red Army.
  • Personal motives of individual participants.

  Pogroms of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia

  Pogroms of the Red Army

  Jewish pogroms were also carried out by the Red Army. In the spring of 1918, pogroms under the slogan "Beat the Jews and bourgeois" arranged by Red Army detachments retreating from Ukraine under the onslaught of the Germans: 88 people were killed in Novgorod-Seversky, 25 people in Seredina-Buda. Red Army pogroms in Ukraine continued in 1919-1920: in Rossava (February 1919), in Uman (May 1919), in Lyubar (May 1920), pogroms were staged by the Bogunsky and Tarashchansky regiments of the First Cavalry Army. Particularly brutal pogroms were staged by the First Cavalry Army during the retreat from Poland at the end of August 1920.

  As a rule, the Soviet authorities severely punished the rioters, most often they were shot. For example, in September 1920, a member of the revolutionary military council of the First Cavalry Army, K. Voroshilov, disbanded the sixth division of I. Apanasenko for a pogrom; 153 rioters were shot. I. Babel wrote about anti-Semitic sentiments in some parts of the Red Army in Cavalry and B. Pilnyak in Ice Drift.

  Here is how the Russian writer and Nobel Prize winner in literature Ivan Bunin described the atrocities of the Red Army soldiers in his book of memoirs "Cursed Days":

  May 2, 1919.
  Jewish pogrom on the Bolshoi Fountain perpetrated by Odessa Red Army soldiers.
  

  There were Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky and the writer Kipen. Details were told. On B. Fontan, 14 commissars and 30 ordinary Jews were killed. Many shops were destroyed. They broke in at night, dragged them off their beds and killed anyone. People fled to the steppe, threw themselves into the sea, and they were chased and shot - there was a real hunt. Kipen escaped by chance - he spent the night, fortunately, not at home, but in the sanatorium "White Flower". At dawn, a detachment of Red Army soldiers raided there. - “Are there Jews here?” - they ask the watchman. - “No, no.” - “God!” - The watchman swore, and the Red Army went on.
  Moses Gutman was killed, a binduzh worker who transported us from the dacha last autumn, a very nice person.

  Pogroms by partisans and regular units of the Red Army, as well as disagreement with the Red Terror led to the formation of the White Guard Jewish Regiment as part of the Transbaikal Army of G. Semyonov. The regiment was formed exclusively from Jews. They were mostly Chita residents, to a lesser extent people from other cities of Siberia and the Far East, as well as volunteers from the European part of Russia.

  The murder of Symon Petliura

  British historian Norman Cohn estimated the total number of Jews killed in pogroms from 1918 to 1920 at 100,000. A similar figure was named by demographer Sergei Maksudov.

  Notes

  1. Kostyrchenko, G. V. Stalin's Secret Politics: Power and Anti-Semitism. M.: International relations, 2001, p. 56.
  2. Solzhenitsyn A.I. Two hundred years together: In 2 volumes - T. 2. 2002. 512 p., ill. ISBN 5-85887-151-8 Chapter 16. Into the Civil War.
  3. Soviet Union. October Revolution and Civil War (1917-21)- article from the Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia
  4. Puchenkov, A. S. The national question in the ideology and politics of the South Russian White movement during the Civil War. 1917-1919 // From the funds of the Russian State Library: PhD thesis. ist. Sciences. Specialty 07.00.02. - National history. - 2005.
  5. http://www.nestormakhno.info/russian/denikin.htm Essays on Russian Troubles
  6. Hart, D. From "Jewish" cadets "to" local "Lentrosins" // Russian magazine, February 27, 2006
  7. Budnitsky O.V. Russian liberalism in period wars and revolutions: myths of cadet party // Booknik.ru, March 20, 2007. (First published in English in Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History (Winter 2004, vol. 5, numb. 1) , pp. 149-68))
  8. Propaganda War: Whites Against Reds // Echo of Moscow, May 31, 2007
  9. Order of Baron Ungern von Sternberg, Commander of the Asian Division No. 15
  10. Aron Schneer. Jews in Red Army in years Civil War 1918-1922 Chapter from book “Captivity. Soviet prisoners of war in Germany, 1941-1945”
  11. (see "Russia after four years of revolution") Denikin A.I. Essays on Russian Troubles. - M.: Iris-press, 2006.- Vol. 4, 5 - ISBN 5-8112-1892-3, p.540

  The Civil War is one of the bloodiest conflicts in the history of the Russian people. For many decades, the Russian Empire demanded reforms. Seizing the moment, the Bolsheviks seized power in the country by killing the tsar. Supporters of the monarchy did not plan to cede influence and created the White movement, which was supposed to return the old state system. The fighting on the territory of the empire changed the further development of the country - it turned into a socialist state under the rule of the communist party.

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  Civil war in Russia (Russian Republic) in 1917-1922.

  In short, the Civil War is a turning point that changed fate forever Russian people: its result was the victory over tsarism and the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks.

  The civil war in Russia (the Russian Republic) took place between 1917 and 1922 between two opposing sides: supporters of the monarchy and its opponents, the Bolsheviks.

  Features of the Civil War consisted in the fact that many foreign countries also took part in it, including France, Germany and Great Britain.

  Important! The participants in the hostilities - white and red - during the Civil War destroyed the country, putting it on the verge of a political, economic and cultural crisis.

  The civil war in Russia (Russian Republic) is one of the bloodiest in the 20th century, during which more than 20 million military and civilians died.

  Fragmentation of the Russian Empire during the Civil War. September 1918.

  Causes of the Civil War

  Historians still do not agree on the causes of the Civil War, which took place from 1917 to 1922. Of course, everyone is of the opinion that the main reason is political, ethnic and social contradictions, which were never resolved during the mass protests of the Petrograd workers and military in February 1917.

  As a result, the Bolsheviks came to power and carried out a number of reforms, which are considered to be the main prerequisites for the split of the country. At present, historians agree that The key reasons were:

  • liquidation of the Constituent Assembly;
  • way out by signing the Brest peace treaty, which is humiliating for the Russian people;
  • pressure on the peasantry;
  • the nationalization of all industrial enterprises and the elimination of private property, which caused a storm of discontent among people who lost their property.

  Background of the Civil War in Russia (Russian Republic) (1917-1922):

  • the formation of the Red and White movement;
  • creation of the Red Army;
  • local skirmishes between monarchists and Bolsheviks in 1917;
  • execution of the royal family.

  

  Stages of the Civil War

  Attention! Most historians believe that the beginning of the Civil War should be dated 1917. Others deny this fact, since large-scale hostilities began to occur only in 1918.

  Table the generally recognized stages of the Civil War are highlighted 1917-1922:

  War periods	Description
  	During this period, anti-Bolshevik centers are formed - the White movement. Germany moves troops to the eastern border of Russia, where small skirmishes with the Bolsheviks begin. In May 1918, an uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps takes place, against which the commander-in-chief of the Red Army, General Vatsetis, opposes. During the fighting in the fall of 1918, the Czechoslovak Corps was defeated and retreated beyond the Urals.
  Stage II (late November 1918 - winter 1920)	After the defeat of the Czechoslovak Corps, the coalition of the Entente countries begins hostilities against the Bolsheviks, supporting the White movement. In November 1918, the White Guard Admiral Kolchak launched an offensive in the East of the country. The generals of the Red Army are defeated and in December of the same year they surrender the key city of Perm. By the forces of the Red Army at the end of 1918, the offensive of the Whites was stopped. In the spring, hostilities begin again - Kolchak conducts an offensive towards the Volga, but the Reds stop him two months later. In May 1919, General Yudenich was advancing on Petrograd, but the Red Army once again managed to stop him and oust the Whites from the country. At the same time, one of the leaders of the White movement, General Denikin, seizes the territory of Ukraine and prepares to attack the capital. The forces of Nestor Makhno begin to take part in the Civil War. In response to this, the Bolsheviks open a new front under the leadership of Yegorov. In early 1920, Denikin's forces are defeated, forcing the foreign monarchs to withdraw their troops from the Russian Republic. In 1920 a radical fracture occurs in the Civil War.
  Stage III (May - November 1920)	In May 1920, Poland declares war on the Bolsheviks and advances on Moscow. The Red Army in the course of bloody battles manages to stop the offensive and launch a counterattack. The "Miracle on the Vistula" allows the Poles to sign a peace treaty on favorable terms in 1921. In the spring of 1920, General Wrangel launched an attack on the territory of Eastern Ukraine, but in the autumn he was defeated, and the Whites lost Crimea. Red Army generals win on the Western Front in the Civil War - it remains to destroy the White Guard grouping in Siberia.
  Stage IV (late 1920 - 1922)	In the spring of 1921, the Red Army begins to advance to the East, capturing Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia. White continues to suffer one defeat after another. As a result, the commander-in-chief of the White movement, Admiral Kolchak, is betrayed and handed over to the Bolsheviks. A few weeks later the Civil War ends with the victory of the Red Army.

  Civil War in Russia (Russian Republic) 1917-1922: briefly

  In the period from December 1918 to the summer of 1919, the Reds and Whites converge in bloody battles, however until neither side gains an advantage.

  In June 1919, the Reds seized the advantage, inflicting one defeat after another on the Whites. The Bolsheviks carry out reforms that appeal to the peasants, and therefore the Red Army gets even more recruits.

  During this period there is an intervention from the countries of Western Europe. However, none of the foreign armies manage to win. By 1920, a huge part of the army of the White movement was defeated, and all their allies left the Republic.

  In the next two years, the Reds advance to the east of the country, destroying one enemy grouping after another. It all ends when the admiral and the supreme commander of the White movement, Kolchak, are taken prisoner and executed.

  

  The results of the civil war were catastrophic for the people

  Results of the Civil War 1917-1922: briefly

  I-IV periods of the war led to the complete ruin of the state. The results of the Civil War for the people were catastrophic: almost all enterprises lay in ruins, millions of people died.

  In the Civil War, people died not only from bullets and bayonets - the strongest epidemics raged. According to foreign historians, taking into account the decline in the birth rate in the future, the Russian people lost about 26 million people.

  Destroyed factories and mines brought industrial activity to a halt in the country. The working class began to starve and left the cities in search of food, usually going to the countryside. The level of industrial production fell by about 5 times compared to the pre-war level. Production volumes of cereals and other agricultural crops also fell by 45-50%.

  On the other hand, the war was aimed at the intelligentsia, who owned real estate and other property. As a result, about 80% of the representatives of the intelligentsia class were destroyed, a small part took the side of the Reds, and the rest fled abroad.

  Separately, it should be noted how results of the civil war loss by the state of the following territories:

  • Poland;
  • Latvia;
  • Estonia;
  • partly Ukraine;
  • Belarus;
  • Armenia;
  • Bessarabia.

  As already mentioned, the main feature of the Civil War is foreign intervention. The main reason why Britain, France and others interfered in the affairs of Russia is the fear of a worldwide socialist revolution.

  In addition, the following features can be noted:

  • during the hostilities, a confrontation unfolded between various parties that saw the future of the country in different ways;
  • fighting took place between different sections of society;
  • the national liberation character of the war;
  • anarchist movement against reds and whites;
  • peasant war against both regimes.

  

  Tachanka from 1917 to 1922 was used as a means of transportation in Russia.

  Participants in the Civil War (1917-1922)

  T table of combat areas:

  Generals of the Red and White Army in the Civil War:

  Civil war at the end of 1918-1920

  Conclusion

  The civil war took place between 1917 and 1922. The fighting caused confrontation between the Bolsheviks and adherents of the monarchy.

  Results of the Civil War:

  • the victory of the Red Army and the Bolsheviks;
  • collapse of the monarchy;
  • economic ruin;
  • the destruction of the intelligentsia class;
  • creation of the USSR;
  • deterioration of relations with the countries of Western Europe;
  • political instability;
  • peasant uprisings.

  The civil war that took place in Russia from 1917 to 1922 was a bloody event, where in a brutal massacre brother went against brother, and relatives took up positions on opposite sides of the barricades. In this armed class clash on the vast territory of the former Russian Empire, the interests of opposing political structures intersected, conditionally divided into “reds” and “whites”. This struggle for power took place with the active support of foreign states that tried to extract their interests from this situation: Japan, Poland, Turkey, Romania wanted to annex part of the Russian territories, while other countries - the USA, France, Canada, Great Britain expected to receive tangible economic preferences.

  As a result of such a bloody civil war, Russia turned into a weakened state, the economy and industry of which were in a state of complete ruin. But after the end of the war, the country adhered to the socialist course of development, and this influenced the course of history throughout the world.

  Causes of the civil war in Russia

  A civil war in any country is always caused by aggravated political, national, religious, economic and, of course, social contradictions. The territory of the former Russian Empire was no exception.

  • Social inequality in Russian society has been accumulating for centuries, and at the beginning of the 20th century it reached its apogee, since the workers and peasants found themselves in an absolutely powerless position, and their working and living conditions were simply unbearable. The autocracy did not want to smooth out social contradictions and carry out any significant reforms. It was during this period that the revolutionary movement grew, which managed to lead the Bolshevik parties.
  • Against the backdrop of the protracted First World War, all these contradictions became noticeably aggravated, which resulted in the February and October revolutions.
  • As a result of the revolution in October 1917, the political system in the state changed, and the Bolsheviks came to power in Russia. But the overthrown classes could not reconcile themselves to the situation and made attempts to restore their former dominance.
  • The establishment of Bolshevik power led to the rejection of the ideas of parliamentarism and the creation of a one-party system, which prompted the parties of the Cadets, Socialist-Revolutionaries, and Mensheviks to fight Bolshevism, that is, the struggle between the “whites” and the “reds” began.
  • In the fight against the enemies of the revolution, the Bolsheviks used non-democratic measures - the establishment of a dictatorship, repression, the persecution of the opposition, the creation of emergency bodies. This, of course, caused discontent in society, and among those dissatisfied with the actions of the authorities were not only the intelligentsia, but also workers and peasants.
  • The nationalization of land and industry provoked resistance from the former owners, which led to terrorist actions on both sides.
  • Despite the fact that Russia ceased its participation in the First World War in 1918, a powerful interventionist group was present on its territory, which actively supported the White Guard movement.

  The course of the civil war in Russia

  Before the start of the civil war, there were regions on the territory of Russia that were loosely interconnected: in some of them, Soviet power was firmly established, while others (south of Russia, the Chita region) were under the rule of independent governments. On the territory of Siberia, in general, one could count up to two dozen local governments, not only not recognizing the power of the Bolsheviks, but also at enmity with each other.

  

  When the civil war began, then all the inhabitants had to decide, that is, to join the “whites” or “reds”.

  The course of the civil war in Russia can be divided into several periods.

  First period: October 1917 to May 1918

  At the very beginning of the fratricidal war, the Bolsheviks had to suppress local armed rebellions in Petrograd, Moscow, Transbaikalia and the Don. It was at this time that a white movement was formed from those dissatisfied with the new government. In March, the young republic, after an unsuccessful war, concluded the shameful Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

  Second period: June to November 1918

  At this time, a full-scale civil war began: the Soviet Republic was forced to fight not only with internal enemies, but also with interventionists. As a result, most of the Russian territory was captured by enemies, and this threatened the existence of the young state. In the east of the country, Kolchak dominated, in the south Denikin, in the north Miller, and their armies tried to close the ring around the capital. The Bolsheviks, in turn, created the Red Army, which achieved its first military successes.

  Third period: November 1918 to spring 1919

  In November 1918, the First World War ended. Soviet power was established in the Ukrainian, Belarusian and Baltic territories. But already at the end of autumn, the Entente troops landed in the Crimea, Odessa, Batumi and Baku. But this military operation was not crowned with success, since revolutionary anti-war sentiments reigned in the troops of the interventionists. During this period of the struggle against Bolshevism, the leading role belonged to the armies of Kolchak, Yudenich and Denikin.

  Fourth Period: Spring 1919 to Spring 1920

  During this period, the main forces of the interventionists left Russia. In the spring and autumn of 1919, the Red Army won major victories in the East, South and North-West of the country, defeating the armies of Kolchak, Denikin and Yudenich.

  

  Fifth period: spring-autumn 1920

  The internal counter-revolution was completely destroyed. And in the spring the Soviet-Polish war began, which ended in complete failure for Russia. According to the Riga Peace Treaty, part of the Ukrainian and Belarusian lands went to Poland.

  Sixth period:: 1921-1922

  During these years, all the remaining centers of the civil war were liquidated: the rebellion in Kronstadt was suppressed, the Makhnovist detachments were destroyed, the Far East was liberated, the struggle against the Basmachi in Central Asia was completed.

  The results of the civil war

  • As a result of hostilities and terror, more than 8 million people died from hunger and disease.
  • Industry, transport and agriculture were on the verge of disaster.
  • The main result of this terrible war was the final assertion of Soviet power.

  After the demise of the Soviet Union, the spirit of the Civil War is in the air. Dozens of local conflicts have brought countries to the brink of war: in Transnistria, Nagorno-Karabakh, Chechnya, Ukraine. All these regional clashes require contemporary politicians of all states to learn from past mistakes in the bloody Civil War of 1917-1922. and prevent their repetition in the future.

  Learning facts about the Russian Civil War, it is worth noting the moment that it is possible to judge it only unilaterally: the coverage of events in literature occurs either from the position of the white movement or the red one.

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  The reason for this lay in the desire of the Bolshevik government to create a long time interval between the October Revolution and the Civil War, so that it would be impossible to determine their interdependence, and to lay responsibility for the war on intervention from outside.

  Causes of the bloody events of the Civil War

  Russian Civil War was an armed struggle that flared up between different groups of the population, which initially had a regional, and then acquired a nationwide character. The reasons that provoked the Civil War were the following:

  

  Members of the Civil War

  As noted above, G civil war is an armed clash of different political forces, social and ethnic groups, specific individuals fighting for their ideas.

  Name of force or group	Description of the participants, taking into account their motivation
  Red	The Reds included workers, peasants, soldiers, sailors, partly the intelligentsia, armed groups of the national outskirts, and mercenary detachments. Thousands of officers of the tsarist army fought on the side of the Red Army - some of their own free will, some were mobilized. Most representatives of the worker-peasant class were also drafted into the army under duress.
  White	Among the whites there were officers of the Tsar's army, cadets, students, Cossacks, representatives of the intelligentsia, and other persons who were the "exploiting part of society." The Whites, like the Reds, did not hesitate to carry out mobilization activities in the conquered lands. And among them there were nationalists who fought for the independence of their peoples.
  Green	This group included bandit formations of anarchists, criminals, unprincipled lumpen, who traded in robbery and fought in certain territories against everyone.
  Peasants	Peasants who want to protect themselves from the surplus appropriation.

  Stages of the Russian Civil War 1917-1922 (briefly)

  Most of the current Russian historians believe that the initial stage of the local conflict is the clashes in Petrograd that took place during the October armed uprising, and the final stage is the defeat of the last significant armed groups of the White Guards and interventionists during the victorious battle for Vladivostok in October 1922.

  According to some researchers, the beginning of the Civil War is associated with the battles in Petrograd, when the February Revolution took place. A preparatory period from February to November 1917, when the first dismemberment of society into different groups took place, they are singled out separately.

  In the years 1920-1980, there were discussions that did not cause much controversy about milestones of the Civil War isolated by Lenin, which included the “Triumphal March of Soviet Power”, which took place from October 25, 1917 to March 1918. Another part of the authors is associated with Civil war is only time when the most intense military battles took place - from May 1918 to November 1920.

  In the Civil War, three chronological stages can be distinguished, which have significant differences in the intensity of military battles, the composition of the participants and the conditions of the foreign policy situation.

  It is useful to know: who are they, their role in the history of the USSR.

  First stage (October 1917 - November 1918)

  During this period, the creation and the formation of full-fledged armies of opponents of the conflict, as well as the formation of the main fronts of confrontation between the conflicting parties. When the Bolsheviks came to power, the White movement began to take shape, whose mission was to destroy the new regime and, in Denikin's words, to restore health to "the country's weak, poisoned organism."

  Civil war at this stage gained momentum against the backdrop of the ongoing world war, which led to the active participation of the military formations of the Quadruple Alliance and the Entente in the struggle within Russia of political and armed groups. The initial hostilities can be described as local clashes that did not lead to real success for either side, eventually developing into a large-scale war. According to the former head of the foreign policy department of the Provisional Government, Milyukov, this stage was a general struggle of forces opposing both the Bolsheviks and the revolutionaries.

  Second stage (November 1918 - April 1920)

  Characterized by major battles between the Red and White armies and a turning point in the Civil War. This chronological stage stands out due to the sudden decrease in the intensity of hostilities carried out by the interventionists. This was due to the end of the World War and the withdrawal of almost the entire contingent of foreign military groups from Russian territory. Military operations, the scale of which covered the entire territory of the country, first brought victories to the whites, and then to the reds. The latter defeated the enemy's military formations and took control of a large territory of Russia.

  Third stage (March 1920 - October 1922)

  During this period, significant clashes took place on the outskirts of the country and ceased to be a direct threat to the Bolshevik government.

  In April 1920, Poland launched a military campaign against Russia. In May, the Poles were Kyiv was captured, which was only a temporary success. The Western and Southwestern fronts of the Red Army organized a counteroffensive, but due to poor preparation, they began to suffer losses. The warring parties were no longer able to conduct military operations, therefore, in March 1921, peace was concluded with the Poles, according to which they received part of Ukraine and Belarus.

  At the same time as the Soviet-Polish battles, there was a struggle with the whites in the south and in the Crimea. The fighting continued until November 1920, when the Reds completely took over the Crimean peninsula. With the taking Crimea in the European part of Russia the last white front has been eliminated. The military question ceased to occupy a dominant place in the affairs of Moscow, but the battle on the outskirts of the country lasted for some more time.

  In the spring of 1920, the Red Army reached the Trans-Baikal District. Then the Far East was under the control of Japan. Therefore, in order to avoid clashes with it, the Soviet leadership assisted in the creation in April 1920 of a legally independent state - the Far Eastern Republic (FER). After a short period of time, the FER army began hostilities against the whites, who were supported by the Japanese. In October 1922, Vladivostok was occupied by the Reds., completely cleared of the White Guards and the interventionists of the Far East, which is displayed on the map.

  The reasons for the success of the Reds in the war

  Among the main reasons that brought the Bolsheviks victory are the following:

  

  Results and consequences of the Civil War

  Its useful to note, that a victorious outcome for the Soviet government did not bring peace to Russia. Among the results, it is worth highlighting the following:

  

  It is important that the Civil War of 1917-1922. and remains one of the most important events in Russian history. The events of those times left an unforgettable imprint in the memory of people. The consequences of that war can be traced in various spheres of life and modern society, from political to cultural.

  works, covering the events of the Civil War, have found their reflection not only in historical literature, scientific articles and documentary publications, but also in feature cinema, theatrical and musical creativity. It is worth mentioning that there are more than 20 thousand books and scientific papers on the topic of the Civil War.

  So, summing up all of the above, it is worth noting that contemporaries have ambiguous and often distorted visions regarding this tragic page in Russian history. There are supporters of both the White movement and the Bolshevik movement, but often the history of that time is presented in such a way that people are imbued with sympathy even for bandit groups that bring only destruction.

  

  Good new day, dear site users!

  The Civil War is certainly one of the most difficult events of the Soviet period. No wonder the days of this war in his diary entries, Ivan Bunin calls "cursed." Internal conflicts, the decline of the economy, the arbitrariness of the ruling party - all this greatly weakened the country and provoked strong foreign powers to take advantage of this situation in their interests.

  Now let's take a closer look at this time.

  

  Beginning of the Civil War

  There is no consensus among historians on this issue. Some believe that the conflict began immediately after the revolution, that is, in October 1917. Others argue that the origin of the war should be attributed to the spring of 1918, when the intervention began and a strong opposition to the Soviet regime formed. There is also no consensus on who is the initiator of this fratricidal war: the leaders of the Bolshevik Party or the former upper classes of society who lost their influence and property as a result of the revolution.

  Causes of the Civil War

  • The nationalization of land and industry aroused the discontent of those from whom this property was taken away, and turned the landlords and the bourgeoisie against Soviet power.
  • The methods of the government to transform society did not correspond to the goals set when the Bolsheviks came to power, which alienated the Cossacks, kulaks, middle peasants and the democratic bourgeoisie
  • The promised "dictatorship of the proletariat" actually turned out to be the dictatorship of only one state body - the Central Committee. The Decrees "On the Arrest of the Leaders of the Civil War" (November 1917) and on the "Red Terror" issued by him legally gave the Bolsheviks a free hand for the physical extermination of the opposition. This was the reason for the entry of the Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries and anarchists into the Civil War.
  • Also, the Civil War was accompanied by active foreign intervention. Neighboring states financially and politically helped to crack down on the Bolsheviks in order to return the confiscated property of foreigners and prevent the revolution from spreading widely. But at the same time, they, seeing that the country was "bursting at the seams", wanted to grab a "tidbit" for themselves.

  1st stage of the Civil War

  In 1918, anti-Soviet pockets were formed.

  

  In the spring of 1918 foreign intervention began.

  

  In May 1918, an uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps took place. The military overthrew Soviet power in the Volga region and Siberia. Then, in Samara, Ufa and Omsk, the power of the Cadets, Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks was briefly established, whose goal was to return to the Constituent Assembly.

  In the summer of 1918, a large-scale movement against the Bolsheviks, led by the Social Revolutionaries, unfolded in Central Russia. But it ended up only in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the Soviet government in Moscow and activate the protection of the power of the Bolsheviks by strengthening the power of the Red Army.

  The Red Army began its offensive in September 1918. In three months, she restored the power of the Soviets in the Volga and Ural regions.

  Culmination of the Civil War

  The end of 1918 - the beginning of 1919 - the period in which the White movement reached its peak.

  

  Admiral A.V. Kolchak, seeking to unite with the army of General Miller for the subsequent joint offensive against Moscow, began military operations in the Urals. But the Red Army stopped their advance.

  In 1919, the White Guards planned a joint strike from different directions: south (Denikin), east (Kolchak) and west (Yudenich). But he was not destined to come true.

  In March 1919, Kolchak was stopped and moved to Siberia, where, in turn, the partisans and peasants supported the Bolsheviks to restore their power.

  Both attempts at Yudenich's Petrograd Offensive ended in failure.

  In July 1919, Denikin, having captured Ukraine, moved to Moscow, occupying Kursk, Orel and Voronezh along the way. But soon the Southern Front of the Red Army was created against such a strong enemy, which, with the support of N.I. Makhno defeated Denikin's army.

  In 1919, the interventionists liberated the territories of Russia they had occupied.

  End of the Civil War

  In 1920, the Bolsheviks faced two main tasks: the defeat of Wrangel in the south and the resolution of the issue of establishing borders with Poland.

  The Bolsheviks recognized the independence of Poland, but the Polish government made too great territorial demands. The dispute could not be resolved through diplomacy, and Poland seized Belarus and Ukraine in May. For resistance, the Red Army was sent there under the command of Tukhachevsky. The confrontation was defeated, and the Soviet-Polish war ended with the Peace of Riga in March 1921, signed on more favorable terms for the enemy: Western Belarus and Western Ukraine were ceded to Poland.

  To destroy the army of Wrangel, the Southern Front was created under the leadership of M.V. Frunze. At the end of October 1920, Wrangel was defeated in Northern Tavria and was driven back to the Crimea. After the Red Army captured Perekop and captured the Crimea. In November 1920, the Civil War actually ended with the victory of the Bolsheviks.

  Reasons for the victory of the Bolsheviks

  • The anti-Soviet forces sought to return to the previous order, to cancel the Decree on Land, which turned against them most of the population - the peasants.
  • There was no unity among the opponents of Soviet power. They all acted in isolation, which made them more vulnerable to the well-organized Red Army.
  • The Bolsheviks united all the forces of the country to create a single military camp and a powerful Red Army
  • The Bolsheviks had a single program understandable to the common people under the slogan of restoring justice and social equality.
  • The Bolsheviks had the support of the largest segment of the population - the peasantry.

  Well, now we offer you to consolidate the material covered with the help of a video lesson. To view it, just like on one of your social networks:

  Well, for connoisseurs, an article from Lurkmore

  © Anastasia Prikhodchenko 2015