How to solve tasks correctly, where it is necessary to distinguish between the actual nature, the nature of value judgments and the nature of theoretical statements.

In order to successfully perform such tasks, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the factual nature, the nature of value judgments and the nature of theoretical statements.

actual character it is customary to call an action in reality, some kind of real event that can be tied to a specific time or place; event or state of affairs.
Signs that help you determine the actual nature are:
- the presence in the sentence of numbers that determine the date, quantity, percentage, etc. (VTsIOM conducted a poll, according to the results of which, 50% of the respondents spoke satisfactorily about their USE results);
- the past tense of the event being described (CSKA defeated PSV in the last Champions League match);
- a quote from a specific person (Aristotle said: "The more I know, the more I understand that I know nothing).

Value judgments are subjective, i.e. a person's opinion, which may contain both positive and negative reviews about the object of knowledge; various kinds of forecasts and assumptions; various kinds of comparisons and evaluations.

The presence of introductory words in the sentence (of course, undoubtedly, obviously, probably, perhaps, probably, it seems, it is thought, first of all, in addition, on the contrary, on the other hand,);
- the offer is of a conjectural nature, i.e. assumes the occurrence of any consequences;
- the opinion of the author, impersonal, i.e. when it is not clear who specifically says this (it seems to me, I think, in my opinion, etc.).

theoretical judgment this is a description of an object or phenomenon, often fixing scientific knowledge: concepts, signs, functions, types of objects and phenomena, their relationships, patterns of development. The most common mistake is when they confuse a theoretical statement and an actual character. Remember!!! A fact describes an event, while a theory describes an object or phenomenon.

Recommendations for tasks like this:
First, carefully read the text completely, comprehend its content. No attempt should be made to determine the nature of a provision outside the general context of the assignment.
Secondly, consistently analyze each provision of the text, correlate it with the existing knowledge about the fact, assessment or theory.
Thirdly, be sure to double-check yourself.

If we analyze sequentially the example given above, it is worth noting that the sentence under the letter A is factual in nature, as it reflects the facts of the study. The sentence under the letter B is also a fact, supplementing the previous information about the event, in particular, it reflects what question was asked in the study. The sentence marked with the letter B carries the definition of the concept of tax and is a theoretical statement. Sentences D and E are value judgments, as they reflect the author's attitude to the problem mentioned.

The phrase "actual character" has a lot of explanations. Each interpretation can mean completely different definitions. Some experts believe that value judgment and factual character are related concepts.

What it is?

The term is used to refer to events that have already occurred. That is, the factual character is a judgment that states that a certain event has already happened and does not require any explanation. It is because of this that it will be impossible to refute a fact. Actual character means certain events that have happened or will happen. Often in judgments there are certain numbers.

Signs of an actual nature

All statements are different, but something in common can be distinguished from them. The actual character is primarily a judgment that does not carry any emotional coloring. Statements can only state an event and what will happen or happened after it. Signs:

• What is being described is in the past tense. An event that happened a long time ago. For example, the Second World War has passed.
• The presence in the judgment of some exact figures of quantity, percentages and exact dates. For example, according to sociological studies, 60% of people do not use men's shampoo.
• Bringing a quote from a person. For example, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin said: "The less I think, the easier it is for me to live."

What is a value judgment?

Unlike factual judgment, evaluative judgment is characterized by subjectivity. This means that opinions can be radically different and there can be a large number of them. These are a variety of positive and negative assessments of the event, as well as a forecast or assumption regarding what will happen or happened. Thanks to this, it is understood that the actual character is accurate information, and the value judgment is subjective data.

Signs of a value judgment

Sometimes it is difficult to do without such expressions. After all, they allow you to explain how events can affect other objects. And also how any event that can occur can affect. Signs:

• First of all, these are sentences that do not name something exactly, but are only conjectural in nature. Sometimes it is assumed that the occurrence of some event is possible.
• A large number of introductory words in a statement or sentence: presumably, obviously, it seems, on the contrary, and so on.
• There is a depersonalization of opinion. It becomes difficult to determine exactly who is speaking. The most commonly used constructions are: I believe, I think, I suppose others.

We can recommend the use of the following technical means of training and control. The educational material of this chapter is mainly theoretical in nature with many formulas, a significant number of figures, and therefore presents a certain difficulty in mastering it by students. In this regard, more attention should be paid to his "explanation of the physical essence, to ensure that students understand, first of all, the proposed formulas for determining stresses in soils, learn them. As the main technical tool when reading this lecture, we can recommend the use of a codoscope. Fairly simple ones do not require much time to draw on the board (and in the notes of the students), so there is no particular need to make slides on them or draw with the help of an overdoscope.In addition, drawing them in the notes under the guidance of the teacher allows students to better remember the material and in more detail figure it out.

The use of an overhead projector can be recommended when drawing the following figures: diagrams of the distribution of compressive stresses in the soil; some time savings in drawing this drawing with the help of a codoscope allows the teacher to pay more attention to the nature of this drawing and its explanation taking into account the formulas; lines of equal voltage. This drawing requires a considerable amount of time to draw it, it is very important and of great practical importance; distribution of pressure from the own weight of the soil. This drawing is not particularly complex, but on the other hand, it is often used in the design of foundation foundations, and therefore more time should be devoted to explaining it.

When presenting the material, we use intersubject and intrasubject communications. Talking about the conditions for applying the theory of linearly deformable bodies to determine stresses in soils, it is necessary to dwell on their nature and essence. It should be emphasized that the areas with the ultimate stress state are due to a decrease in the strength of the soil in them due to the development of shear stresses under the base of the foundation, especially at its side faces. In this case, the internal resistance of the soil, which is determined by the Coulomb law and depends on the friction and adhesion in soils, is lower than the acting shear stresses. This leads to the fact that in these regions, deformations outpace the growth of stresses and cause their nonlinear dependence on the acting stresses. When presenting the second condition for the application of the theory of elasticity, it is necessary to dwell on the essence of the stabilized state of the soil. Based on the previously considered soil mass model (the second regularity of soil mechanics is water permeability), it is necessary to explain that in a stabilized state of the soil, the pore (neutral) pressure is close to zero and the external load is completely perceived by the soil skeleton.

Fact- (from the Latin word factum done, accomplished). A synonym for the concepts of truth, event, result. Something concrete, singular as opposed to abstract and general. Facts include observations, specific events and situations. knowledge in the form of statements, the validity of which cannot be challenged.

Theoretical statement- a statement derived from a general theory that does not contradict all other provisions of the theory. Theoretical provisions are abstract, based on the use of special terminology, declaring general scientific provisions. For example, it can be a definition of a concept, a description of an idealized object.

Value judgments contain the author's assessment. A person who cognizes social facts develops a certain attitude towards them, expressed in agreement, censure, denial, approval, support, doubt, etc. As a rule, a value judgment in a text contains the following turns of phrase: “in our opinion”, “ in your opinion”, “from our point of view”, “apparently”, “it was believed”, “it seemed”, “as stated”, “as he said”, “as noted”, “bad”, “good”, “ obviously".

Offer A is factual (the bank has revoked the license)

Sentences B, C, D are in the nature of value judgments, this can be seen from the style of the sentence "take a closer look", "better check", "without a doubt".

Proposal E is theoretical in nature, it represents the definition of the bank as the most important financial institution.

Answer: 1 2 2 2 3.

Vistunova Irina Alekseevna