Phraseology is a branch of the science of language that studies stable combinations of words. Phraseologism is a stable combination of words, or a stable expression. Used to name objects, signs, actions. It is an expression that arose once, became popular and entrenched in the speech of people. The expression is endowed with figurativeness, it can have a figurative meaning. Over time, the expression can take on a broad meaning in everyday life, partially including the original meaning or completely excluding it.
The phraseological unit as a whole has lexical meaning. The words included in the phraseological unit separately do not convey the meaning of the entire expression. Phraseologisms can be synonymous (at the end of the world, where the raven did not bring bones) and antonymous (lift up to heaven - trample into the dirt). Phraseologism in a sentence is one member of the sentence. Phraseologisms reflect a person and his activities: work (golden hands, fool around), social relations (bosom friend, put sticks in wheels), personal qualities (turn up your nose, sour mine), etc. Phraseologisms make the statement expressive, create imagery. Set expressions are used in works of art, in journalism, in everyday speech. Set expressions are otherwise called idioms. Many idioms in other languages - English, Japanese, Chinese, French.
To clearly see the use of phraseological units, refer to their list on the page below or.
Phraseological unions
Exploring this concept, T. I. Vendina believes that phraseological fusions are “phraseological turns with absolute semantic solidarity of parts”. In her opinion, “the meanings of fusions are perceived as completely unmotivated, that is, they are semantically indivisible phraseological units, the integral meaning of which is not derived from the meaning of their constituent words” ( goof) .
M. I. Fomina defines phraseological fusions as “such lexically indivisible turns, the generalized holistic meaning of which is not determined by the meaning of its constituent components” .
N.F. Alefirenko sees in phraseological fusion "a semantically indecomposable phrase, the meaning of which is not derivable from the directly nominative meanings of its lexical components" ( kill the worm) .
Having considered the definitions of phraseological fusion, we can say that the scientists we have considered basically have the same understanding of the content of this type of phraseological unit. The main thing in defining the concept is that the lexemes included in the fusion do not have an independent meaning, and therefore, "for phraseological fusions, the highest degree of semantic fusion of parts is characteristic" .
B. N. Golovin writes about the same: adhesions are “such phraseological units, all the elements of which, taken separately, are understandable; however, the phraseological meaning is not “made up” of the meanings of individual words included in the fusion, and is not motivated by them, but is perceived as a single whole: white crow, lead by the nose, the ninth wave ...» .
A. A. Girutsky and E. V. Kuznetsova spoke about the same, but they did not see the difference between such concepts as “phraseological fusion” and “idiom”: “phraseological fusions are semantically inseparable stable phrases, the meanings of which are not deduced at all from the meaning of its constituent components ... adhesions are sometimes called idioms ”; "phraseological fusions (idioms in the narrow sense of the word), in which motivation is lost, is not recognized by ordinary native speakers" .
So, when defining the term “phraseological fusion”, the opinions of all scientists come down to the fact that these are such phraseological units, the meaning of which does not follow from the meanings of its constituent elements.
Phraseological units
T. I. Vendina presents phraseological units as such “phraseological turns, the integral meaning of which, to one degree or another, is metaphorically motivated by the meanings of the words included in it” (cf. bury talent in the ground ...) .
M. I. Fomina believes that “phraseological units are such lexically indivisible turns, the general meaning of which is potentially equivalent to words and can be partially motivated by the semantics of the constituent components” .
According to N. F. Alefirenko, phraseological unity is “a semantically indecomposable, integral turn, the figurative meaning of which is motivated by the figurative meanings of its lexical components” ( take water in your mouth) .
A. A. Girutsky writes: “phraseological units are semantically inseparable combinations, the integrity of which is motivated by the words that make up them: ate too much henbane, a shot sparrow, like water off a duck's back...» .
As you can see, all the definitions of phraseological units considered above do not contradict each other, but in different forms they state the same thing.
The least complete, in our opinion, are the definitions given by B. N. Golovin and E. V. Kuznetsova: “phraseological units are such phraseological units, the constituent elements of which, taken separately, are understandable and the phraseological meaning of which exists as a figurative, arising on the basis of the direct meaning of a combination of elements that form a phraseological unit: alpha and omega, henbane overeat ...» ; “phraseological units are phrases in which the internal form is well understood, motivation by the meaning of the original phrase: take by the gills, run aground» . This, it seems to us, is explained by the fact that they do not note in their definitions the fixedness of the composition of phraseological units.
So, having considered and analyzed the definitions of phraseological units given by linguists, we can say that they all note a much more increased (compared to phraseological fusion) independence of the meanings of words included in phraseological circulation. Some researchers also mention the integrity of the component composition inherent in phraseological fusions (i.e., combinations of elements in unity are not yet allowed).
Phraseological combinations
Many researchers, when defining the concept of "phraseological combination", note only the complete independence of the component composition in it.
So, for example, T. I. Vendina claims that phraseological combinations are such “phraseological turns, the meanings of which are made up of the meanings of its constituent components”.
M. I. Fomina, characterizing phraseological combinations, speaks of them as stable, non-free turns, the general meaning of which is motivated by the semantics of the constituent components [see. 24.323].
B. N. Golovin states: “phraseological combinations are such phraseological units, the constituent elements of which are understandable and jointly express the general logical content, equal or close to the content of individual words, simple or complex: to help - to help, to take part - to participate, five-year plan - five-year plan ...» .
In addition, considering the nature of phraseological combinations, N.F. Alefirenko speaks of the ability to decompose this phraseological unit: “A phraseological combination is a semantically decomposable turnover of an analytical nature, the component composition of which contains words with phraseologically related (non-free) meanings and words with direct meanings » .
In addition to the definition of N. F. Alefirenko, A. A. Girutsky also writes about the possibility of replacing one of the components of a phraseological combination with another: “phraseological combinations are the most free, in terms of the degree of semantic cohesion of the components, stable phrases in which understanding the meaning of individual words is necessary for understanding as a whole, as well as possible replacement of components: lower your gaze (look, eyes, head), takes horror (fear, longing, envy, annoyance) ...» .
E. I. Dibrova also notes that “phraseological combinations are an analytical (semantically and syntactically dissected) unit, where only one of the components has a phraseologically related meaning” .
So, when defining the term “phraseological combination”, the opinions of all scientists come down to the fact that these are such phraseological units, the meaning of which must necessarily follow from the meanings of its constituent elements. Some researchers note the semantic decomposability and instability of the component composition.
Thus, we came to the conclusion that many researchers of phraseology, firstly, define the number of types of phraseological units in different ways, and secondly, the definitions of such units in their essence, basically, do not differ from each other, however contain additions that help to better understand and comprehend their specific features.
This page contains phraseological units of various kinds, everything is described in detail and sorted out, so that everything is convenient. Otherwise, they are called phraseological turns. These are phrases that, in terms of the composition of their words, do not correspond to true words, but at the same time are solidary in meaning. Proverbs and sayings do not count :-)
As you have already noticed, sorted into groups. The most popular of them concern water, body parts (nose, tongue, etc.) and bread. And also about animals and food. So let's go.
Phraseologisms with the word "water" and related to it
Storm in a teacup- strong excitement or irritability over trifles.
It is written with a pitchfork on the water- purely theoretical; that is, it is not known what will happen next.
Carry water in a sieve- to waste time in vain, to idle.
Get water in your mouth- to be silent, as if in fact the mouth is full of water.
Bring to clean water- reveal the truth, expose, find out the true face.
Come out dry from water- go unpunished, without consequences.
ride the wave- provoke aggression, raise unnecessary noise.
Money is like water- they disappear very quickly, and it is not so easy to return them.
To stay afloat- to continue to develop in spite of difficulties, to successfully conduct business.
Wait by the sea for the weather- expect pleasant events that are unlikely to wait.
Life abounds- when life is full of bright events, it does not stand still.
How to look into the water- predicted, as if he knew in advance. By analogy with divination by water.
How to sink into the water disappeared, disappeared without a trace.
Down in the mouth- about sadness, sadness.
Like water through your fingers- about what goes quickly and imperceptibly. Usually in pursuit.
The same- very similar.
How to drink to give- very simple; exactly, no doubt.
Like water off a duck's back- all for nothing. Similar to phraseologism - Come out dry from water.
Like snow on your head- about an impending event. Suddenly, suddenly, out of nowhere.
Sink into oblivion- to disappear forever, to indulge in oblivion.
Bathe in gold about very rich people.
The ice has broken- about the beginning of any business.
Pour water- to show negativity, to provoke.
A lot of water has flowed- a lot of time has passed.
Reckless- about a brave man who cares nothing.
Darker than clouds- Excessive anger.
muddy the waters- confuse, bewilder.
At the top of the wave- to be in favorable conditions.
Do not spill water- about a strong, inseparable friendship.
Pour from empty to empty
To go with the flow- act passively, obeying the prevailing circumstances.
Underwater rocks- about any hidden danger, trick, obstacle.
After the rain on Thursday Never, or not at all soon.
Last straw- about an event in which a person's patience is running out.
Pass fire, water and copper pipes- go through difficult trials, difficult situations.
a dime a dozen- a lot, a lot.
Don't drink water from your face- love a person not for appearance, but for internal qualities.
Get from the bottom of the sea- solve any problem without looking at any difficulties.
Hide the ends in the water- hide the traces of the crime.
Quieter than water, lower than grass- about quiet, modest behavior.
Pound water in a mortar- do something useless.
Wash your hands- to evade participation or responsibility in any business.
pure water- about something obvious, not having any doubts.
Phraseological units with the word "nose" and other parts of the body
grumble under your breath- to grumble, to speak indistinctly.
hang your nose- to be discouraged, upset.
lead by the nose- to deceive, to lie.
Chin up!- a command not to lose heart, not to be upset.
Turn up one's nose- to put oneself above others, to put on airs, to think of oneself as the main one.
Nick down- to remember completely.
nod off- doze with your head down.
Wrinkle your nose- think about a difficult task.
On the nose- about an event that should happen in the near future.
Can't see beyond your nose- limit yourself, do not notice what is happening around.
Nose to nose or Face to face- very close, on the contrary, very close.
Keep your nose to the wind- be aware of all events, make the right decision.
Stay with your nose or Get away with your nose- do without what you expected.
Right under your nose- Very close.
With a goofy nose- about a dove that has a small nose, that is, very little.
Poke your nose into other people's business- about excessive curiosity.
Poke your nose- that is, until you poke your nose, you yourself will not see.
Wipe your nose- to prove one's superiority, to win over someone.
bury your nose- Get completely immersed in something.
speak through teeth- that is, to speak indistinctly, barely opening your mouth.
speak teeth- divert attention from the essence of the conversation.
Know by heart- that is, to know firmly, firmly.
Bare teeth or Show teeth- snarl, get angry; mock.
Too tough- not under force.
Not in the tooth with a foot- to do nothing, to know nothing.
Put your teeth on the shelf- starve, annoy, lacking in something.
Grit your teeth- go into battle without despair. Restrain yourself without showing your weakness.
Keep your mouth shut- be silent, do not say a word.
Long tongue- about a person who likes to talk a lot.
bite your tongue- refrain from words.
Dissolve language- to say too much without refraining.
Tongue swallow- be silent, not having the desire to speak.
Be careful- be careful to avoid an emergency.
Keep ears up- be careful, careful, do not trust anyone.
For eyes and ears- about giving time with a surplus to complete any business.
Can't see your ears- about an item that will never get.
Blush up to your ears- to be very ashamed, embarrassed.
hang your ears- listen with excessive enthusiasm, trust everything.
Eyes popped out- about sincere surprise, amazement.
Eyes lit up- longing for something.
shoot with eyes- expressively, coquettishly look at someone.
Like an eyesore- to bother someone, to annoy.
Pull the wool over someone's eyes- create a false, overly pleasant impression of yourself. Boast.
From point of view- about someone's opinion, judgment on a particular topic.
See through your fingers- look inattentively at the problem, do not be picky.
Ogle- to attract attention, to suck up.
You won't take it in your mouth- about food cooked tastelessly.
Lip no fool- about a person who knows how to choose something to taste.
pout lips- to make a displeased face, to be offended.
Roll your lip- wanting a lot with minimal opportunities.
With an open mouth- listen attentively; be surprised.
Flew out of my head- about forgetfulness, inattention.
Have a head on your shoulders- to be smart, quick-witted.
Puzzle over- to think hard, hard, trying to understand something.
fool your head- to deceive, fool, confuse.
From head to toes- completely, in full growth.
Put upside down- to give the opposite meaning to something, to distort.
Breaking my head- very fast.
Hit your face in the dirt- disgrace, disgrace before someone.
be at hand- about something accessible, close.
Keep yourself in hand- to maintain self-control, to be restrained.
How it was removed by hand- about the quickly passed pain, illness.
Bite your elbows- regret what you have done, with the inability to return back.
Hands down- Do the work diligently, without interruptions.
Hand in hand- about a joint, agreed deal or friendship.
At hand- about an object that is nearby, very close.
Grab with both hands- to take pleasure in any business.
Skillful fingers- about a talented person who skillfully copes with any work.
Get up on the wrong foot- Wake up feeling down.
Wipe your feet (about someone)- to harm, to get on your nerves, to annoy.
making feet- go, move.
Step on your heels- to catch up with someone or pursue, hanging on it.
Legs to hands- Do something immediately.
The devil himself will break his leg- about disorder, chaos in business or anywhere.
Get off your feet- very tired in any business or path.
Phraseologisms with the word "bread"
There is a gift of bread- do no good.
And that bread- about the estate of at least something, than nothing at all.
On your bread- live on your salary, without the possibility of anyone.
Not by bread alone- about a person who lives not only materially, but also spiritually.
Beat bread- to deprive the opportunity to earn money by selecting a job.
Survive from bread to kvass (to water)- to live in poverty, starve.
Sit down on bread and water- eat the cheapest food, save on food.
Daily bread- about the necessary for human life, its existence.
Bread and salt- an expensive greeting to guests, an invitation to the table.
Meal'n'Real!– an exclamation about the filing of vital priorities.
Don't feed bread- about a very busy or rich, not hungry person.
Phraseologisms on the topic of cuisine and food
free cheese- bait, luring into a trap.
Boil in your own juice- live your life. Or help yourself without the help of others.
Not worth a damn- about what is insignificant and not worth any cost.
donut hole- about something empty, not having any content.
For seven miles of jelly slurp- go somewhere unnecessarily.
brew porridge- to create a problem, they say, he brewed it himself - and disentangle it yourself.
And you can’t lure with a roll- about someone who can't be forced to change his mind.
Like chickens in cabbage soup- about getting into unexpected trouble. Kur - in old Russian "rooster".
Like clockwork- very simple, no problem.
Live like a lord- about a profitable, comfortable life.
You can't cook porridge- about joint action with someone with whom there will be no sense.
Milk rivers, kissel banks- about a fabulous, fully provided life.
Not at ease- feel uncomfortable. In an awkward situation.
Not salty slurping- not getting what you expected. To no avail.
For no rugs- an analogue of a phraseological unit And you can’t lure with a roll.
Neither fish nor fowl- about an ordinary person who does not have anything bright, expressive.
cut off hunk- about a person living independently, independent of others.
Professor of sour cabbage soup- about a person who talks about things that he himself does not really know.
Easier than a steamed turnip- nowhere is easier, or very simple.
To fix the mess- Solving complex, advanced problems.
The fish goes out from the head- if the government is bad, then the subordinates will become the same.
Side of the bake- about someone or something unnecessary, optional, secondary.
Seventh water on jelly- about distant relatives, which are difficult to determine.
dog eat- about any business with a rich amount of experience.
Grated roll- about a person with rich life experience, not lost in difficult situations.
Radish horseradish is not sweeter- about an insignificant exchange for something that is not better.
Worse than bitter radish- about something completely unbearable, unbearable.
Nonsense on vegetable oil- that does not deserve any attention. Absurdity.
An hour later, a teaspoon- about inactive, unproductive work.
Phraseologisms with animals
Chasing two rabbits Trying to do two things at the same time.
To make mountains out of molehills- greatly exaggerate.
tease the geese- to annoy someone, to provoke anger.
No brainer (Goat understandable)- about something very clear, obvious.
And the wolves are full, and the sheep are safe- about a situation in which both here and there are good.
look for tails– look for sources for cooperation in any enterprise.
Like a cat with a dog- living together with constant swearing.
Like a chicken paw- to do something carelessly, carelessly, crookedly.
Like a chicken and an egg- about any subject that is difficult to part with.
Like a mouse to groats- to pout, to express dissatisfaction, resentment.
When cancer on the mountain whistles Never, or not at all.
Cats scratch at heart- about a sad, difficult condition or mood.
crocodile tears- crying for no reason, compassion for a non-existent sign.
Chickens for laughter- stupid, absurd, absurd, ridiculous.
Chickens don't peck- a person has a lot of money.
Lion's share- a big advantage in the direction of something. The biggest part.
Martyshkin labor- a useless process of work, vain efforts.
bear stepped on ear- about a person without a musical ear.
bear corner- a remote, isolated place. Far from civilization.
Disservice- help that brings more evil than good.
Cast pearls before swine- to conduct intelligent conversations in front of little understanding fools.
You can't ride on a crooked goat- about any person to whom it is difficult to find an approach.
On a bird's eye- not to have any legal grounds, provisions.
Not in horse food (oats)- about efforts that do not give the expected results.
Don't sew the mare's tail- completely unnecessary, out of place.
I'll show you where the crayfish hibernate- a prediction of revenge, an undesirable position.
Release the red rooster- arson, start a fire
Bird's-eye- from a great height, giving an overview of a large space.
Put a pig- to mischief, to do something unpleasant.
Watch like a ram on a new gate- to look at something with a stupid expression.
dog cold- severe cold, causing inconvenience.
Count the crows- to yawn, to be inattentive to something.
A dark horse- an obscure, little-known person.
Pull the cat's tail- to delay the case, to work very slowly.
Kill two birds with one stone solve two problems at the same time.
Though the wolf howl- about any situation without the possibility of changing it for the better.
The black cat ran- to break off friendly relations, to quarrel.
Phraseological units with objects, other phraseological units
dead hour- long time.
Beat the thumbs- to do simple, not so important business.
Throw to the mercy of fate- to leave somewhere without helping and without being interested.
Put a spoke in wheel to intervene, intentionally interfere with someone.
go around the mountain- do something great.
Keep in line- treat someone strictly, for the good of one's will.
Keep your pocket wider- about too high and unrealizable hopes, expectations.
From dirt to Kings- suddenly and abruptly achieve amazing success.
out of the ordinary- different from the usual, special.
Reinvent the wheel- try to do something from an already proven, reliable means.
From time immemorial- a long, long time ago.
The stone fell from the soul (from the heart)- a feeling of relief when getting rid of something oppressive.
oil painting- Everything is well and beautifully converged.
Roll a barrel- act aggressively towards someone.
Mom don't worry- about something extraordinary, beyond the ordinary understanding of things.
Change the awl for soap It's pointless to change one useless thing for another.
Cover yourself with a copper basin- suddenly and abruptly disappear, deteriorate; perish.
Found a scythe on a stone- Faced with an irreconcilable contradiction of opinions and interests.
Does not burn- not so important, not urgent.
Not far away- nearby, not too far away in time or space.
Not a bastard- not simple, not stupid.
It is too expensive- about the inconsistency with someone's income, financial capabilities.
From our table to yours- the transfer of any property to another person.
Shelving- leave something for an indefinite period of time.
Go too far- to be overzealous in something.
The song is sung- someone or something has come to an end.
Shoulder- about the ability to cope with something.
Essentially- Naturally, of course.
Add fuel to the fire- deliberately aggravate the conflict, provoke.
The train left- lost time to do something.
One, two - and miscalculated- about something in a small amount that is easy to count.
Born in a shirt- about a very lucky person who miraculously escaped tragedy.
Make ends meet- Difficulty coping with financial difficulties.
move a mountain- a lot to do.
Sitting on pins and needles- to be impatient, waiting, if you want to achieve something.
At least henna- about the indifference of a person who does not care about someone else's misfortune.
Phraseologism
| This page is proposed to be merged with.
Explanation of reasons and discussion - on the page Wikipedia:Unification/March 25, 2012. |
Phraseologism (phraseological turn, phraseme) - a phrase or sentence that is stable in composition and structure, lexically indivisible and integral in meaning, performing the function of a separate lexeme (vocabulary unit). Often phraseologism remains the property of only one language; the exception is the so-called phraseological tracing paper. Phraseologisms are described in special phraseological dictionaries.
Phraseologism is used as a whole that is not subject to further decomposition and usually does not allow rearrangement of its parts within itself. The semantic fusion of phraseological units can vary within a fairly wide range: from the non-derivation of the meaning of a phraseological unit from its constituent words in phraseological fusions ( idioms) to phraseological combinations with a meaning arising from the meanings that make up the combination. The transformation of a phrase into a stable phraseological unit is called lexicalization.
The concept of phraseological units (fr. unite phraseologique) as a stable phrase, the meaning of which cannot be deduced from the meanings of its constituent words, was first formulated by the Swiss linguist Charles Bally in his work Precis de stylistique, where he contrasted them with another type of phrases - phraseological groups (fr. series phraseologiques) with a variable combination of components. Later V. V. Vinogradov singled out three main types of phraseological units: phraseological fusions(idioms), phraseological units and phraseological combinations. N. M. Shansky also identifies an additional species - phraseological expressions.
Different scientists interpret the concept of phraseological unit and its properties in different ways, however, the most consistently distinguished by various scientific properties of phraseological units are
- reproducibility
- stability,
- overwordiness (separately formalized).
- belonging to the nominative inventory of the language.
Phraseological fusions (idioms)
Phraseological fusion, or idiom (from the Greek. ἴδιος “own, peculiar”) is a semantically indivisible turnover, the meaning of which is not at all deducible from the meanings of its constituent components. For example, sodom and gomorrah- "turmoil, noise."
Often the grammatical forms and meanings of idioms are not determined by the norms and realities of the modern language, that is, such fusions are lexical and grammatical archaisms. For example, idioms beat the buckets- "to mess around" (in the original meaning - "to split a log into blanks for making household wooden items") and slipshod- "carelessly" reflect the realities of the past, absent in the present (in the past, they were characterized by metaphor). In adhesions from small to large, without hesitation preserved archaic grammatical forms.
Phraseological units
Phraseological unity is a stable turnover, each of its words is used in direct and in parallel in figurative meanings. The figurative meaning is the content of phraseological unity. Phraseological unity is a trope with a metaphorical meaning For example, "go with the flow", "throw the bait", "reel the bait", fall for the bait", "get caught in the net". Phraseological units include all expressions of all the sacred scriptures of the world. Since the absolute most people perceive the direct meaning of expressions, then they do not understand the ideas of the scriptures.For example, "Pigs love to swim in the mud." This expression is a statement of an observable sensually perceived fact - the truth of science. However, as in all the scriptures of the world, this expression in its content has not a rational thought, but an irrational idea. Rational thought is based on the perception of feelings, and an irrational idea draws knowledge from the spirit. An irrational idea is a pure idea. It is cleared of information from sensory perception. Information from sensory perception is inaccessible to the ideas of phraseological units. This is what the main problem of understanding is hermeneutics.Unlike idioms, unity is motivated s realities of the modern language and can allow the insertion of other words between their parts in speech: for example, bring (oneself, him, someone) to a white heat, pour water on a mill (something or someone) and pour water on (one's own, someone else's, etc.) mill. Examples: come to a standstill, beat the key, to go with the flow, keep a stone in one's bosom, lead by the nose.
Phraseological combinations
A phraseological combination (collocation) is a stable turnover, which includes words both with a free meaning and with phraseologically related, non-free (used only in this combination). Phraseological combinations are stable turns, but their holistic meaning follows from the meanings of their individual words.
Unlike phraseological unions and unities, combinations are semantically divisible - their composition allows limited synonymous substitution or replacement of individual words, while one of the members of the phraseological combination turns out to be constant, while the others are variable: for example, in phrases burn with love, hate, shame, impatience word burn down is a constant member with a phraseologically related meaning.
As variable members of the combination, a limited range of words can be used, determined by semantic relations within the language system: for example, the phraseological combination burn with passion is a hypernym for combinations of the type burn from..., while due to the variation of the variable part, the formation of synonymous series is possible burn with shame, disgrace, disgrace, burn with jealousy, thirst for revenge.
Phraseological expressions
Phraseological expressions are phraseological phrases that are stable in their composition and use, which are not only semantically articulated, but also consist entirely of words with a free nominative meaning. Their only feature is reproducibility: they are used as ready-made speech units with a constant lexical composition and certain semantics.
Often a phraseological expression is a complete sentence with a statement, edification or conclusion. Examples of such phraseological expressions are proverbs and aphorisms. If there is no edification in the phraseological expression or there are elements of understatement, then this is a saying or a catchphrase. Another source of phraseological expressions is professional speech. Speech cliches also fall into the category of phraseological expressions - stable formulas like good luck, see you again etc.
Many linguists do not classify phraseological expressions as phraseological units, since they lack the main features of phraseological units. no suggestions for example
Melchuk's classification
- The language unit affected by phraseologization:
- lexeme ( shepherd with suffix - rotten),
- phrase ( exaggerated authority, English red herring),
- syntactic phrase (sentences differing in prosody: You I have to read this book and You are in my house read this book).
- Participation of pragmatic factors in the process of phraseologization:
- pragmatems related to the extralinguistic situation ( shelf life, English best before),
- semantic phrases ( kick back).
- Component of a linguistic sign subject to phraseologization:
- signified ( beat the buckets),
- signifier (suppletive units in morphology: person people),
- syntax of the sign itself He sort of laughed).
- Degree of phraseology:
- full phrases (= idioms) (eng. kick the bucket),
- semi-phrases (=collocations) (eng. land a job),
- quasi-phrases ham and eggs).
In general, as a result of such a calculation, Melchuk singles out 3 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 54 types of phrases.
see also
- Semantic classification of English phraseological units
Notes
Literature
- Amosova N. N. Fundamentals of English phraseology. - L., 1963
- Arsent'eva E.F. Phraseology and Phraseography in a Comparative Aspect (on the Material of Russian and English Languages). - Kazan, 2006
- Valgina N. S., Rosenthal D. E., Fomina M. I. Modern Russian language. 6th ed. - M.: "Logos", 2002
- Kunin A. V. Course of phraseology of modern English. - 2nd ed., revised. - M., 1996
- Mokienko V. M. Slavic phraseology. 2nd ed., Spanish. and additional - M., 1989
- Teliya VN Russian Phraseology: Semantic, Pragmatic and Linguistic and Cultural Aspects. - M., 1996
- Baranov A.N., Dobrovolsky D.O. Aspects of the theory of phraseology / A.N. Baranov, D.O. Dobrovolsky. – M.: Znak, 2008. – 656 p.
- Vereshchagin E.M., Kostomarov V.G. Language and culture. Three linguistic and cultural concepts: lexical background, speech-behavioral tactics and sapientema / E.M. Vereshchagin, V.G. Kostomarov; under. ed. Yu.S. Stepanova. – M.: Indrik, 2005. – 1040 p.
- Vinogradov V.V. Phraseology. Semasiology // Lexicology and lexicography. Selected works. - M .: Nauka, 1977. - 118-161 p.
- Shansky N.M. Phraseology of the modern Russian language / N.M. Shansky. - 3rd ed., Rev. and additional - M., 1985. - 160 p.
Links
- Phraseological units (idioms) in English. Archived (English) . Archived from the original on November 27, 2012. (Russian). Archived from the original on November 27, 2012.
- Michelson's Big Dictionary of Explanatory Phraseology. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012.
- Dictionary of phraseological units and set expressions. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012.
- Wiki dictionary of phraseological units. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012.
- Dictionary of phraseological units of the Russian language. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012.
- Dictionary of phraseological units with illustrations. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012.
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Synonyms:Phraseological combinations
Phraseological combinations are called such stable turns, the general meaning of which completely depends on the meaning of the constituent words. Words in a phraseological combination retain relative semantic independence, however, they are not free and show their meaning only in conjunction with a certain, closed circle of words, for example: the word is tearfully combined only with the words ask, beg. Consequently, one of the members of the phraseological combination turns out to be more stable and even constant, the other - variable. The presence of permanent and variable members in combination noticeably distinguishes them from adhesions and unities. The meaning of constant members (components) is phraseologically related. For example, in combinations, burn with shame and longing, it takes constant burns and takes, since it is these words that will turn out to be the main (core) elements in other phraseological combinations: burn - from shame, from shame, from disgrace; burn - from love; burn - from impatience, envy; takes - longing, meditation; takes - annoyance, anger; takes - fear, horror; takes - envy; beret - hunting; takes - laughter. The use of other components is impossible (cf.: “burn with joy”, “takes a smile”), this is due to the existing semantic relationships within the language system. The meanings of such words are phraseologically related in the system of these revolutions (see § 2), i.e. are implemented only with a certain range of words.
Phraseological combinations differ from phraseological unions and unities in that they are not absolutely lexically indivisible. Despite the phraseological isolation of this type of phrase, even lexically non-free components can be replaced by a synonym without prejudice to the general phraseological meaning (cf. ). This creates favorable conditions for the emergence of variants of phraseological units, and often synonyms.
The syntactic connections of words in such turns of phrase correspond to the existing norms, according to which free phrases are also created. However, unlike the latter, these connections are stable, indecomposable and always reproduced in the same form, semantically inherent in one or another phraseological unit.
Phraseological combinations are quite numerous in composition and very common in use group.
