The origin of the ethnonym "Cossack" is not fully understood. Versions of its etymology are based either on its ethnicity (Cossack is a derivative of the name of the descendants of the Kasogs or Torks and Berendeys, Cherkasy or Brodniks), or on social content (the word Cossack is of Turkic origin, they were called either a free, free, independent person, or a military guard on the border). At various stages of the existence of the Cossacks, it included Russians, Ukrainians, representatives of some steppe nomads, the peoples of the North Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia, and the Far East. By the beginning of the XX century. the Cossacks were completely dominated by the East Slavic ethnic basis. So, the Cossacks are a sub-ethnos of the Great Russian ethnos.

The Cossacks lived in the Don, the North Caucasus, the Urals, the Far East, and Siberia.

Those or other Cossack communities were part of a particular Cossack army.

The language of the Cossacks is Russian. In the Cossack environment, a number of dialects are noted: Don, Kuban, Ural, Orenburg and others.

The Cossacks used Russian writing.

By 1917, there were 4 million 434 thousand Cossacks of both sexes.

Currently, there are practically no exact data on the number of Cossacks and their descendants. According to various estimates, approximately 5 million Cossacks live in 73 subjects of the Russian Federation. The number of Cossacks located in places of compact residence in Kazakhstan and Ukraine, as well as the number of their descendants in the far abroad, is unknown.

The term "Cossack" was first mentioned in the sources of the XIII century, in particular in the "Secret History of the Mongols" (1240), and, according to various versions, has a Turkic, Mongolian, Adyghe-Abkhazian or Indo-European origin. The meaning of the term, which later became an ethnonym, is also defined in different ways: a free man, a lightly armed rider, a fugitive, a lone man, and more.

The origin of the Cossacks and the time of its appearance on the historical arena has not been fully elucidated up to the present time. Disputes among researchers are even on the etymology (origin) of the very word-term "Cossack".

There are many scientific theories of the origin of the Cossacks (only the main ones - 18). All

theories of the origin of the Cossacks are divided into two large groups: the theories of the fugitive and migratory, that is, alien, and autochthonous, that is, local, indigenous origin of the Cossacks. Each of these theories has its own evidence base, various convincing or not fully convincing scientific arguments, advantages and disadvantages.

According to autochthonous theories, the ancestors of the Cossacks lived in Kabarda, they were the descendants of the Caucasian Circassians (Cherkas, Yases), a conglomerate of Kasags, Circassians (Yases), "black hoods" (Pechenegs, Torks, Berendeys), wanderers (yases and groups of Slavic-Russian and nomadic peoples) and others.

According to migration theories, the ancestors of the Cossacks were freedom-loving Russian people who fled beyond the borders of the Russian and Polish-Lithuanian states either due to natural historical reasons (the provisions of the theory of colonization) or under the influence of social antagonisms (the provisions of the theory of class struggle). The first reliable information about the Cossacks living in Chervleny Yar, in addition to scientifically unrecognized evidence in the notes of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (X century), is contained in the annals of the Donskoy Monastery (“Grebenskaya Chronicle”, 1471), “The well-known word ... Archimandrite Anthony”, “ A Brief Moscow Chronicle ”- a mention of the participation of the Don Cossacks in the Battle of Kulikovo, is contained in the annals of 1444. Having arisen in the southern expanses of the so-called“ Wild Field ”, the first communities of free Cossacks were truly democratic public formations. The fundamental principles of their internal organization were the personal freedom of all their members, social equality, mutual respect, the ability of each Cossack to openly express his opinion in the Cossack circle, which was the highest authority and administrative body of the Cossack community, to elect and be elected the highest official, ataman, who was first among equals. The bright principles of freedom, equality and fraternity in the early Cossack public formations were universal, traditional, self-evident phenomena.

The process of formation of the Cossacks was long and complex. In the course of it, representatives of different ethnic groups united. It is possible that in the original basis of the early groups of the Cossacks there were various ethnic elements. In ethnic terms, the "old" Cossacks were subsequently "overlapped" by Russian elements. The first mention of the Don Cossacks dates back to 1549.

Cossacks

Origin of the Cossacks.

09:42 December 16, 2016

The Cossacks are a people that formed at the beginning of a new era, as a result of genetic ties between many Turanian (Siberian) tribes of the Scythian people Kos-Saka (or Ka-Saka), the Azov Slavs Meoto-Kaisar with a mixture of Ases-Alans or Tanaits (Dontsov). The ancient Greeks called them kossakha, which meant "white sakhi", and the Scythian-Iranian meaning "kos-sakha" - "white deer". The sacred deer - the solar symbol of the Scythians, can be found in all their burials, from Primorye to China, from Siberia to Europe. It was the Don people who brought this ancient military symbol of the Scythian tribes to our days. Here you will find out where the Cossacks came from, a shaved head with a forelock and a drooping mustache, and why the bearded Prince Svyatoslav changed his appearance. You will also learn the origin of many names of the Cossacks, Don, Greben, roamers, black hoods, etc., where did the Cossack military paraphernalia, hat, knife, Circassian coat, gazyri come from. You will also understand why the Cossacks were called Tatars, where Genghis Khan came from, why the Battle of Kulikovo took place, the invasion of Batu and who was really behind all this.

"Cossacks, an ethnic, social and historical community (group), which, due to its specific characteristics, united all the Cossacks ... The Cossacks were also defined as a separate ethnic group, an independent nationality, or as a special nation of mixed Turkic-Slavic origin." Dictionary of Cyril and Methodius 1902.

As a result of the processes that in archeology are usually called "the introduction of the Sarmatians into the environment of the Meots", in the North. In the Caucasus and on the Don, a mixed Slavic-Turanian type of special nationality appeared, divided into many tribes. It was from this confusion that the original name "Cossack" originated, which was noted by the ancient Greeks in ancient times and was written as "kossakhs". The Greek inscription Kasakos was preserved until the 10th century, after which the Russian chroniclers began to mix it with the common Caucasian names Kasagov, Kasogov, Kazyag. But from the ancient Turkic "Kai-Sak" (Scythian) meant freedom-loving, in another sense - a warrior, a guard, an ordinary unit of the Horde. It was the Horde that became the unification of different tribes under a military union - whose name today is the Cossacks. The most famous: "Golden Horde", "Piebald Horde of Siberia". So the Cossacks, remembering their great past, when their ancestors lived beyond the Urals in the country of Asses (Great Asia), inherited their name of the people "Cossacks", from As and Saki, from the Aryan "as" - warrior, military estate, "Sak" - by type of weapon: from sak, whip, cutters. "As-sak" was later transformed into a Cossack. And the very name of the Caucasus - Kau-k-az from the ancient Iranian kau or kuu - mountain and az-as, i.e. Mount Azov (Asov), as well as the city of Azov in Turkish and Arabic was called: Assak, Adzak, Kazak, Kazova, Kazava and Azak.
All ancient historians claim that the Scythians were the best warriors, and Svydas testifies that they had banners in the troops from ancient times, which proves the regularity in their militias. The Getae of Siberia, Western Asia, the Hittites of Egypt, the Aztecs, India, Byzantium, on banners and shields had a coat of arms depicting a double-headed eagle, adopted by Russia in the 15th century. as a legacy of their glorious ancestors.

Interestingly, the tribes of the Scythian peoples depicted on the artifacts found in Siberia, on the Russian Plain, are shown with beards and long hair on their heads. Russian princes, rulers, warriors are also bearded and hairy. So where did the settler come from, a shaved head with a forelock and a drooping mustache?
For European peoples, including the Slavs, the custom of shaving the head was completely alien, while in the east it has been widespread for a long time and very widely, including among the Turkic-Mongolian tribes. So the hairstyle with the sedentary was borrowed from the eastern peoples. In 1253 Rubruk described it in Batu's Golden Horde on the Volga.
So, we can say with confidence that the custom of shaving the head of the Slavs in Russia and in Europe was completely alien and unacceptable. It was first brought to Ukraine by the Huns, for centuries it lived among the mixed Turkic tribes living on Ukrainian lands - Avars, Khazars, Pechenegs, Polovtsy, Mongols, Turks, etc., until it was finally borrowed by the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, along with all the other Turkic-Mongolian traditions of the Sich . But where does the word "Sich" come from? Here is what Strabo writes. XI.8.4:
"Saks were called all the southern Scythians attacking Western Asia." The weapon of the Saks was called sakar - an ax, from whipping, chopping. From this word, in all likelihood, the name of the Zaporozhian Sich came, as well as the word Sicheviki, as the Cossacks called themselves. Sich - the camp of the Saks. Sak in Tatar means cautious. Sakal - beard. These words are borrowed from the Slavs, Masaks, Massagets.

In ancient times, during the mixing of the blood of the Caucasoids of Siberia with the Mongoloids, new mestizo peoples began to form, which later received the name of the Turks, and this was still a long time after the emergence of Islam itself and their adoption of the Mohammedan faith. Subsequently, from these peoples and their migration to the West and Asia, a new name appeared, defining them as the Huns (Huns). Of the discovered Hunnic burials, they reconstructed the skull and it turned out that some Hunnic warriors wore a sedentary. The same warriors with forelocks were then among the ancient Bulgars who fought in the army of Attila, and many other peoples mixed with the Turks.

By the way, the Hunnic "devastation of the world" played an important role in the history of the Slavic ethnos. Unlike the Scythian, Sarmatian and Gothic invasions, the invasion of the Huns was extremely large-scale and led to the destruction of the entire former ethno-political situation in the barbarian world. The departure to the west of the Goths and the Sarmatians, and then the collapse of the empire of Attila, allowed the Slavic peoples in the 5th century. to begin mass settlement of the Northern Danube, the lower reaches of the Dniester and the middle reaches of the Dnieper.
Among the Huns there was also a group (self-name - Gur) - Bolgurs (White Gur). After the defeat in Phanagoria (Northern Black Sea, Mesopotamia Don-Volga and Kuban), part of the Bulgarians went to Bulgaria and, having strengthened the Slavic ethnic component, became modern Bulgarians, the other part remained on the Volga - the Volga Bulgarians, now Kazan Tatars and other Volga peoples. One part of the Khungurs (Hunno-gurs) - the Ungars or Ugrians, founded Hungary, the other part of them settled on the Volga and mixed with the Finnic-speaking peoples, became Finno-Ugric peoples. When the Mongols came from the east, they, with the agreements of the Kiev prince, went west and merged with the Ungars-Hungarians. That is why we are talking about the Finno-Ugric language group, but this does not apply to the Huns in general.
During the formation of the Turkic peoples, entire states appeared, for example, from the mixing of the Caucasoids of Siberia, the Dinlins with the Gangun Turks, the Yenisei Kirghiz appeared, from them - the Kyrgyz Kaganate, after - the Turkic Kaganate. We all know the Khazar Kaganate, which became the unification of the Khazar Slavs with the Turks and Jews. From all these endless associations and separations of the Slavic peoples with the Turks, many new tribes were created, for example, the state association of the Slavs suffered from the raids of the Pechenegs and Polovtsy for a long time.

For example, according to the law of Genghis Khan "Yasu", developed by cultural Central Asian Christians of the Nestorian sect, and not by wild Mongols, hair must be shaved off, and only a pigtail is left on the crown. High-ranking personalities were allowed to wear a beard, and the rest had to shave it off, leaving only mustaches. But this is not a custom of the Tatars, but of the ancient Getae (see Chapter VI) and the Massagetae, i.e. people known as far back as the 14th century. BC and intimidating Egypt, Syria and Persia, and then mentioned in the VI century. according to R. X. by the Greek historian Procopius. The Massagetae - the Great-Saki-Geta, who made up the advanced cavalry in the hordes of Attila, also shaved their heads and beards, leaving a mustache, and left one pigtail on top of their heads. It is interesting that the military class of the Russ always bore the name Get, and the word "hetman" itself is again of Gothic origin: "great warrior."
The painting of the Bulgarian princes and Liutprand speak of the existence of this custom among the Danube Bulgarians. According to the description of the Greek historian Leo Deacon, the Russian Grand Duke Svyatoslav also shaved his beard and head, leaving one forelock, i.e. imitated the Geta Cossacks, who constituted the advanced cavalry in his army. Consequently, the custom of shaving beards and heads, leaving a mustache and forelock, is not Tatar, as it existed earlier among the Getae more than 2 thousand years before the appearance of the Tatars in the historical field.

The image of Prince Svyatoslav, who has already become canonical, with a shaved head, a long forelock and a drooping mustache, like a Zaporozhian Cossack, is not entirely correct and was imposed mainly by the Ukrainian side. His ancestors had luxurious hair and beards, and he himself was portrayed in various chronicles as bearded. The description of the forelocked Svyatoslav is taken from the above-mentioned Leo Deacon, but he became so after he became the prince not only of Kievan Rus, but also the prince of Pecheneg Russia, that is, southern Russia. But why then did the Pechenegs kill him? It all comes down to the fact that after the victory of Svyatoslav over the Khazar Kaganate and the war with Byzantium, the Jewish aristocracy decided to take revenge on him and persuaded the Pechenegs to kill him.

Well, also Leo the Deacon in the X century, in his "Chronicles" gives a very interesting description of Svyatoslav: "The king is ready Sventoslav, or Svyatoslav, the ruler from Russia, and the hetman of their troops, was the root of the Balts, Rurikovich (Balts - the royal dynasty of the Western Goths. From this dynasty was Alaric, who took Rome.) ... His mother, the regentess Helga, after the death of her husband Ingvar, who was killed by the Greutungs, whose capital was Iskorost, wished to unite the two dynasties of the ancient Rixes under the scepter of the Balts, and turned to Malfred, the Rix of the Greutungs , to give her sister Malfrida for her son, giving her word that she would forgive Malfred the death of her husband.Having been refused, the city of the Greuthungs was burned by her, and the Greuthungs themselves submitted ... Malfrida was escorted to the court of Helga, where she was brought up until did not grow up and did not become the wife of King Sventoslav ... "
In this story, the names of Prince Mala and Malusha, the mother of Prince Vladimir the Baptist, are clearly guessed. It is curious that the Greek stubbornly called the Drevlyans Greytungs - one of the Gothic tribes, and not Drevlyans at all.
Well, let's leave it on the conscience of the late ideologists, who point-blank did not notice these very Goths. We only note that Malfrida-Malusha was from Iskorosten-Korosten (Zhytomyr region). Then - again Leo the Deacon: "The equestrian warriors of Sventoslav fought without helmets and on light horses of Scythian breeds. Each of his warriors from the Rus had no hair on his head, only a long strand descending to the ear - a symbol of their military god. They fought furiously, descendants of those Gothic regiments that brought the great Rome to its knees.These horsemen of Sventoslav gathered from the allied tribes of the Greytungs, Slavs and Rosomones, they were also called in Gothic: "kosaks" - "horseman" that is, and among the Rus they were an elite, themselves but the Ruses inherited from their fathers the ability to fight on foot, hiding behind shields - the famous "tortoise" of the Vikings. The Ruses buried their fallen ones in the same way as their Gothic grandfathers, burning the bodies on their canoes or on the banks of the river, in order to then put the ashes on And those who died by their own death, they laid them in mounds, and poured hills on top. In the Goths in their land, such resting places stretch for hundreds of stages sometimes ... "
We will not understand why the chronicler calls the Rus Goths. And burial mounds in the Zhytomyr region are stumbled unmeasured. Among them there are very ancient ones - Scythian, even before our era. They are mainly located in the northern regions of the Zhytomyr region. And there are later ones, the beginning of our era, IV-V centuries. In the area of ​​the Zhytomyr hydropark, for example. As you can see, the Cossacks existed long before the Zaporozhian Sich.
And here is what Georgy Sidorov says about the changed appearance of Svyatoslav: “The Pechenegs chose him over themselves, after the defeat of the Khazar Khaganate, he becomes a prince already here, that is, the Pecheneg khans themselves recognize his power over themselves. They give him the opportunity to control the Pecheneg cavalry, and she herself the Pecheneg cavalry goes with him to Byzantium.

In order for the Pechenegs to obey him, he was forced to take on their appearance, which is why instead of a beard and long hair, he has a sedentary man and a drooping mustache. Svyatoslav was a venet by blood, his father did not wear a forelock, he had a beard and long hair, like any venet. Rurik, his grandfather, was the same, Oleg was exactly the same, but they did not adjust their appearance to the Pechenegs. Svyatoslav, in order to manage the Pechenegs, so that they believed him, he had to put himself in order, to be outwardly similar to them, that is, he became the khan of the Pechenegs. We are constantly divided, Russia is the north, the south is the Polovtsy, this is the wild steppe and the Pechenegs. In fact, it was all one Russia, steppe, taiga and forest-steppe - it was one people, one language. The only difference was that in the south they still knew the Turkic language, it was once the Esperanto of the ancient tribes, they brought it from the East, and the Cossacks knew this language up to the 20th century, too, preserving it.
In Horde Russia, not only Slavic writing was used, but also Arabic. Until the end of the 16th century, Russians had a good command of the Turkic language at the everyday level, i.e. Turkic until then was the second spoken language in Russia. And this was facilitated by the unification of the Slavic-Turkic tribes into an alliance, whose name is the Cossacks. After the Romanovs came to power in 1613, they, because of the freedom and rebelliousness of the Cossack tribes, began to instill a myth about them, as about the Tatar-Mongol "yoke" in Russia and contempt for everything "Tatar". There was a time when Christians, Slavs and Muslims prayed in the same temple, this was a common faith. God is one, but the religion is different, it was then that everyone was divided and parted in different directions.
The origins of the ancient Slavic military vocabulary date back to the era of Slavic-Turkic unity. This term, so far unusual, is provable: the sources give grounds for this. And above all - a dictionary. A number of designations for the most general concepts of military affairs are derived from the ancient Turkic languages. Such as - warrior, boyar, regiment, labor, (in the meaning of war), hunting, round-up, cast iron, iron, damask steel, halberd, ax, hammer, sulitsa, army, banner, saber, kmet, quiver, darkness (10 thousandth army ), cheers, let's go, etc. They no longer stand out from the dictionary, these invisible Turkisms, tested for centuries. Linguists notice only later, clearly "non-native" inclusions: saadak, horde, bunchuk, guard, esaul, ertaul, ataman, kosh, kuren, hero, biryuch, zhalav (banner), snuznik, rattletrap, alpaut, surnach, etc. And the common symbols of the Cossacks, Horde Russia and Byzantium, tell us that there was something in the historical past that united them all in the fight against the enemy, which is now hidden from us by false layers. Its name is the "Western World" or the Roman Catholic world under papal control, with its missionary agents, crusaders, Jesuits, but we'll talk about that later.

As mentioned above, the "settler" was first brought to Ukraine by the Huns, and in confirmation of their appearance we find in the Name Book of the Bulgarian Khans, which lists the ancient rulers of the Bulgar state, including those who ruled on the lands of present-day Ukraine:
"Avitokhol has lived for 300 years, he was born Dulo, and I eat (y) dilom tvirem ...
These 5 princes reign over the country of the Danube for 500 years and 15 shorn heads.
And then I came to the country of the Danube Isperih prince, I am the same hitherto."
So, facial hair was treated differently: "Some Russ shave their beards, others twist and braid it, like horse manes" (Ibn-Khaukal). On the Taman Peninsula, among the "Russian" nobility, the fashion for sedentary people, which was later inherited by the Cossacks, became widespread. The Hungarian Dominican monk Julian, who visited here in 1237, wrote that the local "men shave their heads baldly and carefully grow their beards, except for noble people who, as a sign of nobility, leave a little hair above their left ear, shaving the rest of their head."
And here is how the contemporary Procopius of Caesarea described fragmentarily the lightest Gothic cavalry: “They have few heavy cavalry, on long campaigns the Goths go light, with a small load on the horse, and when the enemy appears, they sit on their light horses and attack ... The Gothic horsemen are called themselves "kosak", "owning a horse". As usual, their riders shave their heads, leaving only a long tuft of hair, so they become like their military deity - Danapr. All of them have deities with heads shaved in this way and the Goths hasten to imitate them with their appearance .. If necessary, this cavalry fights on foot, and here they have no equal ... When stopping, the army puts carts around the camp for protection, which hold the enemy in case of a sudden attack ... "
To all these military tribes, with a forelock, with a beard or mustache, the name "Kosak" was fixed over time, and therefore the original written form of the Cossack name is still fully preserved in English and Spanish pronunciation.

N. Karamzin (1775-1826) calls the Cossacks a people-knight and says that its origin is more ancient than the Batyevo (Tatar) invasion.
In connection with the Napoleonic wars, the whole of Europe began to be especially interested in the Cossacks. The English general Nolan claims: "The Cossacks in 1812-1815 did more for Russia than its entire army." The French general Caulaincourt says: "Napoleon's entire numerous cavalry perished, mainly under the blows of Ataman Platov's Cossacks." The same is repeated by the generals: de Braque, Moran, de Bart, and others. Napoleon himself said: "Give me the Cossacks, and I will conquer the whole world with them." And the simple Cossack Zemlyanukhin, during his stay in London, made a huge impression on the whole of England.
The Cossacks retained all the distinctive features they received from their ancient ancestors, this is the love of freedom, the ability to organize, self-esteem, honesty, courage, love for the horse ...

Some concepts of the origin of the names of the Cossacks

Asia's Cavalry - the most ancient Siberian army, originating from the Slavic-Aryan tribes, i.e. from the Scythians, Saks, Sarmatians, etc. All of them also belong to the Great Turan, and the tours are the same Scythians. The Persians called the nomadic tribes of the Scythians "Tura", because for their strong physique and courage, the Scythians themselves began to be associated with the bulls of the Tours. Such a comparison emphasized the masculinity and courage of the warriors. So, for example, in the Russian chronicles one can find such phrases: "Brave bo be, like a tour" or "Buy tour Vsevolod" (this is how it is said about brother Prince Igor in "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"). And this is where the most curious thing comes in. It turns out that in the time of Julius Caesar (F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron give a reference to this in their Encyclopedic Dictionary), the wild bulls of Turov were called "Urus"! ... And today, for the entire Turkic-speaking world, Russians are "Uruses". For the Persians, we were "urs", for the Greeks - "Scythians", for the British - "cattle", for the rest - "tartarien" (Tatars, wild) and "Urus". Many originated from them, the main ones from the Urals, Siberia and ancient India, from where the military doctrine spread already in a distorted form, known to us in China as martial arts.
Later, after regular migrations, some of them were settled in the Azov and Don steppes and began to be called equestrian azes or princes (in Old Slavonic, prince - konaz) among the ancient Slavic-Russians, Lithuanians, Arsk peoples of the Volga and Kama, Mordovians and many others from ancient times became at the head of the board, forming a special noble caste of warriors. Perkun-az among the Lithuanians and the basics among the ancient Scandinavians were revered as deities. And what is a king among the ancient Germans and among the Germans könig (könig), among the Normans king, and among the Lithuanians kunig-az, if not converted from the word horseman, who came out of the land of the Azov-Asses and became the head of the board.
The eastern shores of the Azov and Black Seas, from the lower reaches of the Don, up to the foot of the Caucasus Mountains, became the cradle of the Cossacks, where they finally formed into a military caste, recognizable to us today. This country was called by all ancient peoples the land of the Azov, Asia terra. The word az or as (aza, azi, azen) is sacred to all Aryans; it means god, lord, king or folk hero. In ancient times, the territory beyond the Urals was called Asia. From here, from Siberia, in ancient times, the people's leaders of the Aryans with their clans or squads went to the north and west of Europe, to the Iranian plateau, the plains of Central Asia and India. For example, historians note the Andronov tribes or the Siberian Scythians as one of these, and the ancient Greeks - the Issedons, Sindons, Seres, etc.

Ainu - in ancient times, they moved from the Urals through Siberia to Primorye, Amur, America, Japan, are known to us today as the Japanese and Sakhalin Ainu. In Japan, they created a military caste, recognizable today by everyone as the samurai. The Bering Strait used to be called the Ain (Aninsky, Ansky, Anian Strait), where they inhabited part of North America.

Kai-Saki (not to be confused with the Kirghiz-Kaisaks),roaming the steppes, these are Polovtsy, Pechenegs, Yases, Huns, Huns, etc., lived on the territory of Siberia, in the Pinto Horde, in the Urals, the Russian Plain, Europe, Asia. From the ancient Turkic "Kai-Sak" (Scythian), meant freedom-loving, in another sense - a warrior, a guard, an ordinary unit of the Horde. Among the Siberian Scythians-Saks, "kos-saka or kos-sakha", this is a warrior, whose symbol is a totem animal deer, sometimes an elk, with branched horns, which symbolized speed, fiery flames and a shining sun.

Among the Siberian Turks, the Sun God was designated through his intermediaries - the swan and the goose, later the Khazar Slavs will accept the symbol of the goose from them, and then the hussars will appear on the historical stage.
And here is Kirgis-Kaisaki,or the Kyrgyz Cossacks, these are today's Kyrgyz and Kazakhs. They are descendants of the Gangun and the Dinling. So, in the first half of the 1st millennium AD. e. on the Yenisei (Minusinsk basin), as a result of the mixing of these tribes, a new ethnic community is formed - the Yenisei Kyrgyz.
In their historical homeland, in Siberia, they created a powerful state - the Kyrgyz Kaganate. In ancient times, this people was marked by Arabs, Chinese and Greeks as blond and blue-eyed, but at a certain stage they began to take Mongols as their wives and changed their appearance in just a thousand years. Interestingly, in percentage terms, the haplogroup R1A among the Kyrgyz is larger than among the Russians, but one should know that the genetic code is transmitted through the male line, and external signs are determined by the female.

Russian chroniclers begin to mention them only from the first half of the 16th century, calling them Horde Cossacks. The character of the Kirghiz is direct and proud. Kirghiz-Kaisak only calls himself a natural Cossack, not recognizing this for others. Among the Kirghiz come across all the transitional degrees of types, from purely Caucasian to Mongolian. They adhered to the Tengrian concept of the unity of the three worlds and entities "Tengri - Man - Earth" ("birds of prey - wolf - swan"). So, for example, ethnonyms found in ancient Turkic written monuments and associated with totem and other birds include: kyr-gyz (birds of prey), uy-gur (northern birds), bul-gar (water birds), bash- kur-t (Bashkurt-Bashkirs - head birds of prey).
Until 581, the Kyrgyz paid tribute to the Turks of Altai, after which they overthrew the power of the Turkic Khaganate, but gained independence for a short time. In 629, the Kyrgyz were conquered by the Teles tribe (most likely of Turkic origin), and then by the Kok-Turks. The ongoing wars with kindred Turkic peoples forced the Yenisei Kyrgyz to join the anti-Turkic coalition created by the Tang state (China). In 710-711, the Turkuts defeated the Kyrgyz and after that they were under the rule of the Turkuts until 745. In the so-called Mongol era (XIII-XIV centuries), after the defeat of the Naimans by the troops of Genghis Khan, the Kyrgyz principalities voluntarily replenished his empire, finally losing their state independence. Combat detachments of the Kyrgyz joined the Mongol hordes.
But the Kyrgyz-Kyrgyz have not disappeared from the pages of history, already in our times, their fate was decided after the revolution. Until 1925, the government of the Kyrgyz autonomy was located in Orenburg, the administrative center of the Cossack army. In order to lose the meaning of the word Cossack, the Jewish Commissars renamed the Kyrgyz ASSR into Kazakstan, which would later become Kazakhstan. By a decree of April 19, 1925, the Kirghiz ASSR was renamed the Kazakh ASSR. Somewhat earlier - on February 9, 1925, by a decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Kyrgyz ASSR, it was decided to transfer the capital of the republic from Orenburg to Ak-Mechet (formerly Perovsk), renaming it Kyzyl-Orda, since one of the decrees of 1925, part of the Orenburg region was returned to Russia. So the original Cossack lands, together with the population, were transferred to nomadic peoples. Now world Zionism demands payment for the rendered "service" to today's Kazakhstan in the form of anti-Russian policy and loyalty to the West.

Siberian Tartars - Jagatai,this is the Cossack army of the Rusyns of Siberia. Ever since the time of Genghis Khan, the Tatarized Cossacks began to represent a dashing invincible cavalry, which was always in the advanced conquest campaigns, where it was based on the Chigets - Dzhigits (from the ancient Chigs and Gets). They were also in the service of Tamerlane, today the name among the people has remained from them, like a dzhigit, dzhigitovka. Russian historians of the eighteenth century. Tatishchev and Boltin say that the Tatar Baskaks, sent to Russia by the khans to collect tribute, always had detachments of these Cossacks with them. Caught near sea waters, some of the Chigs and Geth became excellent sailors.
According to the Greek historian Nikephoros Gregory, the son of Genghis Khan, under the name of Telepug, in 1221 conquered many peoples living between the Don and the Caucasus, including the Chigets - Chigs and Gets, as well as the Avazgs (Abkhazians). According to another historian Georgy Pakhimer, who lived in the second half of the 13th century, the Tatar commander, named Noga, subjugated all the peoples living along the northern shores of the Black Sea under his rule and formed a special state in these countries. The Alans, Goths, Chigis, Rosses and other neighboring peoples, conquered by them, mixed with the Turks, little by little learned their customs, way of life, language and clothes, began to serve in their army and raised the power of this people to the highest degree of glory.
Not all of the Cossacks, but only part of it, adopted their language, customs and customs, and then, together with them, the Mohammedan faith, while the other part remained faithful to the idea of ​​Christianity and for many centuries defended its independence, dividing into many communities, or partnerships, representing one common union.

Sinds, Miots and Tanahitesthese are Kuban, Azov, Zaporozhye, partly Astrakhan, Volga and Don.
Once from Siberia, part of the tribes of the Andronovo culture moved to India. And here is an indicative example of the migration of peoples and the exchange of cultures, when some part of the Proto-Slavic peoples already moved back from India, bypassing the territory of Central Asia, passing the Caspian Sea, crossing the Volga, they settled in the territory of the Kuban, they were Sinds.

After they formed the basis of the Azov Cossack army. Approximately in the XIII century, some of them went to the mouth of the Dnieper, where they later became known as the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks. At the same time, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania subjugated almost all the lands of present-day Ukraine. The Lithuanians began to recruit these military people for their military service. They called them Cossacks and during the time of the Commonwealth, the Cossacks founded the border Zaporozhian Sich.
Some of the future Azov, Zaporizhzhya and Don Cossacks, while still in India, adopted the blood of local tribes with dark skin color - the Dravidians, and among all the Cossacks, they are the only ones with dark hair and eyes, this is what distinguishes them. Ermak Timofeevich was just from this group of Cossacks.
In the middle of the first millennium BC. in the steppes lived on the right bank of the Don, the nomadic Scythians, who displaced the nomadic Cimmerians, and on the left bank, the nomadic Sarmatians. The population of the Don forests was original Don - all of them in the future will be called Don Cossacks. The Greeks called them Tanaites (Donets). At that time, in addition to the Tanahites, many other tribes lived near the Sea of ​​​​Azov, who spoke dialects of the Indo-European group of languages ​​\u200b\u200b(including Slavic), to which the Greeks gave the collective name "Meots", which in ancient Greek means "bogs" (inhabitants swampy areas). By the name of this people, the sea was named, near which these tribes lived - "Meotida" (Meotian Sea).
Here it should be noted how the Tanaites became the Don Cossacks. In 1399, after the battle on the river. Vorskla, the Siberian Tartars-Rusyns who came with Edigei, settled along the upper reaches of the Don, where Brodniki also lived, and they gave rise to the name of the Don Cossacks. Among the first Don ataman recognized by Muscovy is Sary Azman.

The word sary or sar is ancient Persian, meaning king, lord, lord; hence Sary-az-man - the royal Azov people, the same as the Royal Scythians. The word sar in this sense is found in the following proper and common nouns: Sar-kel is a royal city, but the Sarmatians (from sar and mada, mata, mother, i.e. woman) from the dominance of women among this people, from them - Amazons. Balta-Sar, Sar-Danapal, Serdar, Caesar, or Caesar, Caesar, Caesar and our Slavic-Russian Tsar. Although many people tend to think that sary is a Tatar word meaning yellow, and from here they derive - red, but in the Tatar language there is a separate word for expressing the concept of red, namely zhiryan. It is noted that the Jews, leading their family on the maternal side, often call their daughters Sarah. It is also noted about female domination that from the 1st century. along the northern shores of the Azov and Black Seas, between the Don and the Caucasus, the rather powerful people of Roksolane (Ros-Alan) become known, according to Iornand (VI century) - Rokasy (Ros-Ases), whom Tacitus ranks with the Sarmatians, and Strabo - with Scythians. Diodorus Siculus, describing the Saks (Scythians) of the northern Caucasus, speaks a lot about their beautiful and cunning queen Zarin, who conquered many neighboring peoples. Nicholas of Damascus (1st century) calls the capital of Zarina Roskanakoy (from Roskanak, castle, fortress, palace). It is not for nothing that Iornand calls them Ases or Rokas, where their queen was erected a giant pyramid with a statue on top.

Since 1671, the Don Cossacks recognized the protectorate of the Moscow Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, that is, they abandoned their independent foreign policy, subordinating the interests of the Army to the interests of Moscow, the internal routine remained the same. And only when the Romanov colonization of the south advanced to the borders of the Land of the Don Army, then Peter I carried out the incorporation of the Land of the Don Army into the Russian state.
This is how some of the former Horde became the Cossacks of the Don, swore an oath to serve the tsar father for a free life and protection of borders, but refused to serve the Bolshevik authorities after 1917, for which they suffered.

So, Sindy, Miot and Tanait are Kuban, Azov, Zaporozhye, partly Astrakhan, Volga and Don, of which the first two mostly died out due to the plague, replaced by others, mainly Cossacks. When, by decree of Catherine II, the entire Zaporozhian Sich was destroyed, then after the surviving Cossacks they were collected and resettled in the Kuban.

The photo above shows the historical types of Cossacks that made up the Kuban Cossack army in the reconstruction of Yesaul Strinsky.
Here is a Khoper Cossack, three Black Sea Cossacks, a lineman and two scouts - a participant in the defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War. The Cossacks are all distinguished, they have orders and medals on their chests.
-The first on the right is a Cossack of the Khoper regiment, armed with a cavalry flintlock gun and a Don saber.
-Next we see a Black Sea Cossack in the form of a sample of 1840 - 1842. He holds in his hand an infantry percussion rifle, an officer's dagger and a Caucasian saber in a sheath hang on his belt. He has a cartridge bag or a carcass hanging on his chest. On the side is a revolver in a holster on a cord.

- Behind him is a Cossack in the form of the Black Sea Cossack army of the 1816 model. Its armament is a flint Cossack rifle of the 1832 model and a soldier's cavalry saber of the 1827 model.
-In the center we see an old Black Sea Cossack from the time when the Black Sea people settled in the Kuban region. He is wearing the uniform of the Zaporizhzhya Cossack army. In his hand he holds an old, apparently Turkish flintlock gun, he has two flintlock pistols in his belt and a powder flask made of horn hangs from his belt. The saber at the belt is either not visible or absent.
-Next is a Cossack in the form of a linear Cossack army. His weapons are: a flintlock infantry rifle, a dagger - beybut at the waist, a Circassian saber with a handle recessed in the sheath, and a revolver on a cord at the waist.
The last in the photograph were two Cossacks of the plastun, both armed with authorized plastun weapons - Littih double-threaded fittings of the 1843 model. Bayonet-cleavers in makeshift scabbards hang from the belt. On the side stands a Cossack pike stuck into the ground.

Brodniki and Donets.
Brodniki come from the Khazar Slavs. In the VIII century, the Arabs considered them Saklabs, i.e. white people, Slavic blood. It is noted that in 737, 20 thousand of their families of horse breeders settled on the eastern borders of Kakheti. They are indicated in the Persian geography of the tenth century (Gudud al Alam) on the Srenem Don under the name Bradas and are known there until the 11th century. after which their nickname is replaced in the sources by a common Cossack name.
Here it is necessary to explain in more detail about the origin of wanderers.
The formation of the union of Scythians and Sarmatians received the name Kas Aria, which later became distortedly called Khazaria. It was to the Slavic Khazars (CasArians) that Cyril and Methodius came to missionary work.

Their activity is where it was noted: Arab historians in the VIII century. the Sakalibs were noted in the Upper Don forest-steppe, and the Persians, a hundred years after them, Bradasov-Brodnikov. The sedentary part of these tribes, remaining in the Caucasus, obeyed the Huns, Bolgars, Kazars and Asam-Alans, in whose kingdom the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov and Taman were called the Land of Kasak (Gudud al Alem). There, among them, Christianity finally triumphed, after the missionary work of St. Cyril, ok. 860
The difference between KasAriya is that it was a country of warriors, and later became Khazaria - a country of merchants, when the Jews came to power in it. And here, in order to understand the essence of what is happening, it is necessary to explain in more detail. In 50 AD, Emperor Claudius expelled all the Jews from Rome. In 66-73, a Jewish uprising arose. They capture the Temple of Jerusalem, the fortress of Anthony, the entire upper city and the fortified palace of Herod, arrange a real massacre for the Romans. They then start an uprising throughout Palestine, killing both the Romans and their more moderate compatriots. This rebellion was crushed, and in 70 the center of Judaism in Jerusalem was destroyed, and the temple was burned to the ground.
But the war went on. The Jews did not want to admit defeat. After the great Jewish uprising of 133-135, the Romans wiped out all the historical traditions of Judaism. A new pagan city of Elia Capitolina has been built on the site of the destroyed Jerusalem since 137, Jews were forbidden to enter Jerusalem. To hurt the Jews even more, the emperor Ariadne forbade them to be circumcised. Many Jews were forced to flee to the Caucasus and Persia.
In the Caucasus, Jews became neighbors to the Khazars, and in Persia they slowly entered all branches of government. It ended with a revolution and a civil war under the leadership of Mazdak. As a result, the Jews were expelled from Persia - to Khazaria, where at that time the Khazar Slavs lived there.
In the 6th century, the Great Turkic Khaganate was created. Some tribes fled from him, such as the Hungarians to Pannonia, and the Khazar Slavs (kozare, kazara), in alliance with the ancient Bulgars, united with the Turkic Kaganate. Their influence reached from Siberia to the Don and the Black Sea. When the Turkic Kaganate began to fall apart, the Khazars received the fled prince of the Ashin dynasty and drove out the Bulgars. This is how the Khazar-Turks appeared.
For a hundred years, Khazaria was ruled by Turkic khans, but they did not change their way of life: they lived in the steppe as a nomadic life and only returned to the adobe houses of Itil in winter. Khan supported himself and his army himself, without burdening the Khazars with taxes. The Turks fought against the Arabs, taught the Khazars to repel the onslaught of regular troops, as they possessed the skills of a steppe maneuver war. So, under the military leadership of the Turks (650-810), the Khazars successfully repelled periodic invasions from the south of the Arabs, which rallied these two peoples, moreover, the Turks remained nomads, and the Khazars - farmers.
When Khazaria accepted the Jews who fled from Persia, and the wars with the Arabs led to the liberation of part of the lands of Khazaria, this allowed the refugees to settle there. So, gradually, Jews who fled from the Roman Empire began to join them, it was thanks to them that at the beginning of the 9th century. a small khanate turned into a huge state. The main population of Khazaria at that time could be called "Slavs-Khazars", "Turkic-Khazars" and "Judeo-Khazars". The Jews who arrived in Khazaria were engaged in trade, for which the Khazar Slavs themselves did not show any abilities. In the second half of the 8th century Jewish refugees from Persia began to arrive in Khazaria by rabbinic Jews expelled from Byzantium, among whom were also descendants of those expelled from Babylon and Egypt. Since the Rabbinical Jews were townspeople, they settled exclusively in the cities: Itil, Semender, Belenjer, etc. All these immigrants from the former Roman Empire, Persia and Byzantium, today we know as Sephardim.
At the beginning of the conversion of the Slavic Khazars to Judaism was not, because. the Jewish community lived apart among the Slavic Khazars and Turkic-Khazars, but over time, some of them converted to Judaism and today they are known to us as Ashkenazi.

By the end of the 8th c. The Judeo-Khazars began to gradually penetrate into the power structures of Khazaria, acting in their favorite way - by becoming related through their daughters to the Turkic aristocracy. The children of the Turkic-Khazars and Jews had all the rights of a father and the help of the Jewish community in all matters. And the children of Jews and Khazars became a kind of outcasts (Karaites) and lived on the outskirts of Khazaria - in Taman or Kerch. At the beginning of the 9th c. the influential Jew Obadiah took power into his own hands and laid the foundation for Jewish hegemony in Khazaria, acting through the Khan-puppet of the Ashin dynasty, whose mother was Jewish. But not all Turko-Khazars accepted Judaism. Soon, a coup took place in the Khazar Kaganate, resulting in a civil war. The "old" Turkic aristocracy revolted against the Judeo-Khazar authorities. The rebels attracted the Magyars (ancestors of the Hungarians) to their side, the Jews hired the Pechenegs. Konstantin Porphyrogenitus described those events as follows: “When they separated from power and an internecine war broke out, the first power (Jews) prevailed and some of them (the rebels) were killed, others fled and settled with the Turks (Magyars) in the Pecheneg lands (lower reaches of the Dnieper), made peace and were called kabars.

In the 9th century, the Judeo-Khazar Khagan invited the Varangian squad of Prince Oleg to wage war against the Muslims of the Southern Caspian, promising the division of Eastern Europe and help in capturing the Kiev Kaganate. Tired of the constant raids of the Khazars on their lands, where the Slavs were constantly taken into slavery, Oleg took advantage of the situation, captured Kyiv in 882 and refused to fulfill the agreements, the war began. Approximately in 957, after the baptism of the Kievan princess Olga in Constantinople, i.e. after enlisting the support of Byzantium, the confrontation between Kyiv and Khazaria began. Thanks to an alliance with Byzantium, the Pechenegs supported the Russians. In the spring of 965, the troops of Svyatoslav descended along the Oka and the Volga to the Khazar capital Itil, bypassing the Khazar troops that were waiting for them in the Don steppes. After a short battle, the city was taken.
As a result of the campaign of 964-965. Svyatoslav excluded the Volga, the middle reaches of the Terek and the middle Don from the sphere of the Jewish community. Svyatoslav returned independence to Kievan Rus. Svyatoslav's blow to the Jewish community of Khazaria was cruel, but his victory was not final. Returning, he passed the Kuban and the Crimea, where the Khazar fortresses remained. There were also communities in the Kuban, in the Crimea, Tmutarakan, where the Jews, under the name of the Khazars, still held dominant positions for another two centuries, but the state of Khazaria ceased to exist forever. The remnants of the Judeo-Khazars settled in Dagestan (Mountain Jews) and the Crimea (Karaite Jews). Part of the Slavic Khazars and the Turkic-Khazars remained on the Terek and Don, mixed with local kindred tribes and, according to the old name of the Khazar warriors, they were called "Podon Brodniki", but it was they who fought against Russia on the Kalka River.
In 1180, the wanderers helped the Bulgarians in their war for independence from the Eastern Roman Empire. The Byzantine historian and writer Nikita Choniates (Acominatus), in his "Chronicle", dated 1190, described the events of that Bulgarian war, so with one phrase he comprehensively characterizes the roamers: "Those roamers who despise death are a branch of the Russians." The initial name was worn as "Kozary", originating from the Kozar Slavs, from whom it received the name Khazaria or the Khazar Kaganate. This is a Slavic militant tribe, part of which did not want to submit to the already Judaic Khazaria, and after its defeat, uniting with their kindred tribes, they subsequently settled along the banks of the Don, where the Tanahites, Sarmatians, Roxalans, Alans (yases), Torki-Berendeys, etc. lived. The name of the Don Cossacks was received after most of the Siberian army of the Rusins ​​of Tsar Edygei settled there, which also included black hoods left after the battle on the river. Vorskla, in 1399. Edigey - the founder of the dynasty, who led the Nogai Horde. His direct descendants in the male line were the princes Urusovs and Yusupovs.
So, Brodniki are the undeniable ancestors of the Don Cossacks. They are indicated in the Persian geography of the tenth century (Gudud al Alam) in the Middle Don under the name Bradas and are known there until the 11th century. after which their nickname is replaced in the sources by a common Cossack name.
- Berendei, from the territory of Siberia, like many tribes due to climatic shocks, they moved to the Russian Plain. The field, driven from the east by the Polovtsy (Polovtsy - from the word "sexual", which means "red"), at the end of the 11th century, the Berendeys entered into various allied agreements with the Eastern Slavs. Under agreements with the Russian princes, they settled on the borders of Ancient Russia and often carried out guard duty in favor of the Russian state. But after that they were scattered and partly mixed with the population of the Golden Horde, and the other part - with Christians. They existed as an independent people. The formidable warriors of Siberia originate from the same lands - the Black Hoods, which means black hats (papakhas), which will later be called Cherkases.

Black hoods (black hats), Cherkasy (not to be confused with Circassians)
- moved from Siberia to the Russian Plain, from the Berendeev kingdom, the last name of the country is Borondai. Their ancestors once inhabited the vast lands of the northern part of Siberia, up to the Arctic Ocean. Their harsh temper terrified enemies, it was their ancestors who were the people of Gog and Magog, it was from them that Alexander the Great was defeated in the battle for Siberia. They did not want to see themselves in family alliances with other peoples, they always lived apart and did not consider themselves to be among any peoples.

For example, the important role of black hoods in the political life of the Kiev Principality is evidenced by the stable expressions repeatedly repeated in the annals: "the whole land of Rus and black hoods." The Persian historian Rashid-ad-din (died in 1318), describing Russia in 1240, writes: "The princes Batu with his brothers, Kadan, Buri and Buchek went on a campaign to the country of the Russians and the people of black hats."
Subsequently, in order not to separate one from the other, black hoods began to be called Cherkasy or Cossacks. In the Moscow chronicle of the end of the 15th century, under the year 1152, it is explained: "All the Black Hoods, which are called Cherkasy." The Resurrection and Kyiv Chronicles also speak of this: "And having accumulated your squad, go, catch with you the Vyacheslav regiment, all and all black hoods, which are called Cherkasy."
Black hoods, because of their isolation, easily got into the service of both the Slavic peoples and the Turkic ones. Their character and special differences in clothes, especially the headdress, were adopted by the peoples of the Caucasus, whose clothes are now considered for some reason only Caucasian. But in old drawings, engravings and photographs, these clothes, and especially hats, can be seen among the Cossacks of Siberia, the Urals, Amur, Primorye, Kuban, Don, etc. In cohabitation with the peoples of the Caucasus, an exchange of cultures took place and each tribe had something from the others, both in the kitchen, and in clothes and customs. The Siberian, Yaik, Dnieper, Grebensky, Terek Cossacks also went from the Black Hoods, the first mention of the latter dates back to 1380, when free Cossacks living near the Grebenny Gory blessed and presented the holy icon of the Virgin (Grebnevskaya) to Grand Duke Dmitry (Donskoy) as a gift .

Grebensky, Tersky.
The word comb is purely Cossack, meaning the highest line of the watershed of two rivers or beams. In each village of the Don there are many such watersheds and they are all called ridges. In ancient times, there was also the Cossack town of Grebni, mentioned in the annals of Archimandrite Anthony of the Donskoy Monastery. But not all the combers lived on the Terek, in an old Cossack song, they are mentioned in the Saratov steppes:
As it was on the glorious steppes in Saratov,
What is below the city of Saratov,
And above was the city of Kamyshin,
Cossacks-friends gathered, free people,
They gathered, brothers, in a single circle:
like Don, Grebensky and Yaitsky.
Their ataman is Ermak son Timofeevich ...
Later in their origin, they began to add "living near the mountains, i.e. near the ridges." Officially, the Tertsy trace their genealogy from 1577, when the city of Terka was founded, and the first mention of the Cossack army dates back to 1711. It was then that the Cossacks of the Free Community of Grebenskaya formed the Grebenskoye Cossack Host.

Pay attention to the photograph of 1864, where the combers inherited the dagger from the Caucasian peoples. But in fact, this is an improved sword of the Scythians akinak. Akinak is a short (40-60 cm) iron sword used by the Scythians in the second half of the 1st millennium BC. e. In addition to the Scythians, the tribes of Persians, Saks, Argipeys, Massagets and Melankhlens also used Akinaks, i.e. proto-Cossacks.
The Caucasian dagger is part of the national symbolism. This is a sign that a man is ready to defend his personal honor, the honor of his family and the honor of his people. He never parted with him. For centuries, the dagger has been used as a means of attack, defense and as a cutlery. The Caucasian dagger "kama" was most widely used among the daggers of other peoples, Cossacks, Turks, Georgians, etc. The attribute of gasses on the chest appeared with the advent of the first firearm with a powder charge. This detail was first added to the clothes of a Turkic warrior, was among the Mamelukes of Egypt, the Cossacks, but already as an ornament it was fixed among the peoples of the Caucasus.

The origin of the papakha is interesting. Chechens adopted Islam during the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad. A large Chechen delegation that visited the prophet in Mecca was personally initiated by the prophet into the essence of Islam, after which the envoys of the Chechen people accepted Islam in Mecca. Mohamed gave them astrakhan fur for the journey to make shoes. But on the way back, the Chechen delegation, believing that it was not appropriate to wear the gift of the prophet on their feet, sewed hats, and now, to this day, this is the main national headdress (Chechen hat). Upon the return of the delegation to Chechnya, without any coercion, the Chechens accepted Islam, realizing that Islam is not only "Mohammedanism", originating from the Prophet Muhammad, but this original faith of monotheism, which made a spiritual revolution in the minds of people and laid a clear line between pagan savagery and true educated faith.

It was the Caucasians, who adopted military attributes from different nations, adding their own, such as a cloak, hat, etc., improved this style of military attire and secured it for themselves, which no one doubts today. But let's see what military vestments used to be worn in the Caucasus.

In the middle photo above we see Kurds dressed according to the Circassian pattern, i.e. this attribute of military attire is already attached to the Circassians and will continue to be assigned to them in the future. But in the background we see a Turk, the only thing he does not have is gazyrs, and this is different. When the Ottoman Empire waged war in the Caucasus, the peoples of the Caucasus adopted some military attributes from them, as well as from the Grebensky Cossacks. In this mixture of exchange of cultures and war, the recognizable Circassian and hat appeared. Turks - Ottomans, seriously influenced the historical course of events in the Caucasus, so some photos are full of the presence of Turks with Caucasians. But if not for Russia, many peoples of the Caucasus would have disappeared or assimilated, such as the Chechens who went with the Turks to their territory. Or take the Georgians who asked for protection from the Turks from Russia.

As you can see, in the past, the main part of the peoples of the Caucasus did not have their recognizable attributes today, "black hats", they will appear later, but the combers have them, as the heirs of the "black hats" (hoods). The origin of some Caucasian peoples can be cited as an example.
The Lezgins, the ancient Alans-Lezgi, are the most numerous and brave people in the entire Caucasus. They speak in a light sonorous language of Aryan root, but thanks to influence, starting from the 8th century. Arab culture, which gave them their script and religion, as well as the pressure of the neighboring Turkic-Tatar tribes, have lost a lot of their original nationality and now represent an amazing, difficult to study mixture with Arabs, Avars, Kumyks, Tarks, Jews and others.
The neighbors of the Lezgins, to the west, along the northern slope of the Caucasus Range, live the Chechens, who received the name from the Russians, actually from their large village "Chachan" or "Chechen". The Chechens themselves call their nationality Nakhchi or Nakhchoo, which means people from the country of Nakh or Noah, that is, Noah. According to folk tales, they came around the 4th century. to their present residence, through Abkhazia, from the area of ​​Nakhchi-Van, from the foot of Ararat (Erivan province) and pressed by the Kabardians, they took refuge in the mountains, along the upper reaches of the Aksai, the right tributary of the Terek, where there is still the old village of Aksai, in Greater Chechnya , built once, according to the legend of the inhabitants of the village of Gerzel, Aksai Khan. The ancient Armenians were the first to connect the ethnonym "Nokhchi", the modern self-name of the Chechens, with the name of the prophet Noah, the literal meaning of which means Noah's people. Georgians, from time immemorial, have called Chechens "dzurdzuks", which means "righteous" in Georgian.
According to the philological researches of Baron Uslar, in the Chechen language there is some similarity with the Lezgi language, while in anthropological terms the Chechens are a people of a mixed type. In the Chechen language, there are quite a few words with the root "gun", as, for example, in the names of rivers, mountains, auls and tracts: Guni, Gunoy, Guen, Gunib, Argun, etc. Their sun is called Dela-Molch (Moloch). The mother of the sun is Aza.
As we saw above, many Caucasian tribes of the past do not have the usual Caucasian paraphernalia for us, but all the Cossacks of Russia, from the Don to the Urals, from Siberia to Primorye, have it.

And here below, there is already inconsistency in military uniforms. Their historical roots began to be forgotten, and military attributes are already copied from the Caucasian peoples.

After repeated renaming, mergers and divisions of the Grebensky Cossacks, according to the order of the Minister of War N 256 (dated November 19, 1860) "... it was ordered: from the 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th brigades of the Caucasian linear Cossack troops, in full force, to form the "Terek Cossack army", turning into its composition the horse-artillery battery of the Caucasian linear Cossack army N15th and reserve ... ".
In Kievan Rus, subsequently, the semi-settled and settled part of the black hoods remained in Porosie and was eventually assimilated by the local Slavic population, taking part in the ethnogenesis of Ukrainians. Their free Zaporizhzhya Sich ceased to exist in August 1775, when the Sich and the very name "Zaporozhian Cossacks" in Russia, according to Western plans, were destroyed. And only in 1783, Potemkin again gathers the surviving Cossacks for the sovereign's service. The newly formed Cossack teams of the Cossacks receive the name "Kosh of the faithful Cossacks of Zaporozhye", and settle in the territory of the Odessa district. Soon after that (after repeated requests of the Cossacks and for faithful service), they, by personal decree of the Empress (of January 14, 1788), are transferred to the Kuban - to Taman. Since then, the Cossacks are called Kuban.

In general, the Siberian army of the Black Hoods had a huge impact on the Cossacks of all Russia, they were in many Cossack associations and were an example of a free and indestructible Cossack spirit.
The very name "Cossack" comes from the time of the Great Turan, when the Scythian peoples of Kos-saka or Ka-saka lived. For more than twenty centuries, this name has changed little, originally among the Greeks it was written as Kossakhi. The geographer Strabo called the military people stationed in the mountains of Transcaucasia during the life of Christ the Savior by the same name. After 3-4 centuries, back in the ancient era, our name is repeatedly found in the Tanaid inscriptions (inscriptions), discovered and studied by V.V. Latyshev. Its Greek style Kasakos was preserved until the 10th century, after which the Russian chroniclers began to mix it with the common Caucasian names Kasagov, Kasogov, Kazyag. The original Greek inscription of Kossakhi gives the two constituent elements of this name "kos" and "sakhi", two words with a definite Scythian meaning "White Sahi". But the name of the Scythian tribe Sakhi is equivalent to their own Saka, and therefore the following Greek inscription "Kasakos" can be interpreted as a variant of the previous one, closer to the modern one. The change of the prefix "kos" to "kas" is obvious, the reasons are purely sound (phonetic), the peculiarities of pronunciation and the peculiarities of auditory sensations among different peoples. This difference remains even now (Cossack, Kozak). Kossaka, in addition to the meaning of White Saks (Sahi), has, as mentioned above, another Scythian-Iranian meaning - "White deer". Remember the animal style of Scythian jewelry, tattoos on the mummy of the Altai princess, most likely deer and deer buckles - these are attributes of the military class of the Scythians.

And the territorial name of this word was preserved in Sakha Yakutia (in ancient times the Yakuts were called Yakoltsy) and Sakhalin. In the Russian people, this word is associated with the image of branched horns, like elk, colloquial - elk. So, we again returned to the ancient symbol of the Scythian warriors - to the deer, which is reflected in the seal and coat of arms of the Cossacks of the Don army. We should be grateful to them for the preservation of this ancient symbol of the warriors of the Rus and Ruthenians, who come from the Scythians.
Well, in Russia, Cossacks were also called Azov, Astrakhan, Danube and Transdanubian, Bug, Black Sea, Sloboda, Transbaikal, Khoper, Amur, Orenburg, Yaik - Ural, Budzhak, Yenisei, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Yakut, Ussuri, Semirechensky, Daursky, Ononsky , Nerchen, Evenk, Albazin, Buryat, Siberian, you will not cover everyone.
So, no matter how they call all these warriors, they are all the same Cossacks living in different parts of their country.

P.S.
There are in our history the most important circumstances that are hushed up by hook or by crook. Those who, throughout our historical past, constantly played dirty tricks on us, are afraid of publicity, they are afraid of being recognized. That is why they hide behind false historical layers. These visionaries invented their story for us in order to hide their dark deeds. For example, why did the Battle of Kulikovo take place in 1380 and who fought there?
- Donskoy Dmitry, Prince of Moscow and Grand Duke of Vladimir, led the Volga and Trans-Ural Cossacks (Sibiryaks), who are called Tatars in Russian chronicles. The Russian army consisted of the prince's cavalry and foot squads, as well as the militia. The cavalry was formed from baptized Tatars, defected Lithuanians and Russians trained in Tatar equestrian combat.
- In the Mamaev army there were Ryazan, Western Russian, Polish, Crimean and Genoese troops that fell under the influence of the West. Mamai's ally was the Lithuanian prince Jagiello, Dmitry's ally is Khan Tokhtamysh with an army of Siberian Tatars (Cossacks).
The Genoese financed the Cossack chieftain Mamai, and promised the troops manna from heaven, that is, "Western values", well, nothing changes in this world. The Cossack ataman Dmitry Donskoy won. Mamai fled to Kafu and there, as unnecessary, was killed by the Genoese. So, the Battle of Kulikovo is a battle of Muscovites, Volga and Siberian Cossacks, led by Dmitry Donskoy, with an army of Genoese, Polish and Lithuanian Cossacks, led by Mamai.
Of course, later the whole story of the battle was presented as a battle of the Slavs with foreign (Asian) invaders. Apparently, later, with tendentious editing, the original word "Cossacks" was replaced everywhere in the annals with "Tatars" in order to hide those who so unsuccessfully proposed "Western values".
In fact, the Battle of Kulikovo was only an episode of a civil war that broke out, in which the Cossack hordes of one state fought among themselves. But they sowed the seeds of discord, as the satirist Zadornov says - "traders". It is they who imagine that they are the chosen and exceptional, it is they who dream of world domination, and hence all our troubles.

These "traders" persuaded Genghis Khan to fight against his own peoples. The Pope of Rome and the French King Louis the Saints sent a thousand envoys, diplomatic agents, instructors and engineers to Genghis Khan, as well as the best of European commanders, especially from the Templars (knightly order).
They saw that no one else was fit to defeat both the Palestinian Muslims and the Orthodox Eastern Christians, Greeks, Russians, Bulgarians, etc., who once smashed ancient Rome, and then Latin Byzantium. At the same time, for fidelity and strengthening the blow, the popes began to arm the Swedish ruler of the throne, Birger, the Teutons, the swordsmen and Lithuania against the Russians.
Under the guise of scientists and capital, they occupied administrative positions in the Uighur kingdom, Bactria, Sogdiana.
It was these rich scribes who were the authors of the laws of Genghis Khan - "Yasu", in which great favor and tolerance was shown to all sects of Christians, unusual for Asia, popes and then Europe. In these laws, under the influence of the popes, actually the Jesuits, permission was expressed, with various benefits, to move from Orthodoxy to Catholicism, which was used at that time by many of the Armenians, who later formed the Armenian Catholic Church.

To cover the papal participation in this enterprise and to please the Asians, the main official roles and places were given to the best native commanders and relatives of Genghis Khan, and almost 3/4 of the secondary leaders and officials consisted mainly of Asian Christian and Catholic sectarians. That's where the invasion of Genghis Khan came from, but the "traders" did not take into account his appetite, and cleaned up the pages of history for us, preparing another meanness. All this is very similar to the "invasion of Hitler", they themselves brought him to power and got hit in the teeth by him, which had to take the goal of the "USSR" as an ally and delay our colonization. By the way, not so long ago, during the period of the opium war in China, these "traders" tried to repeat the scenario of "Genghis Khan-2" against Russia, they spud China for a long time with the help of Jesuits, missionaries, etc., but later, as they say: "Thank you Comrade Stalin for our happy childhood."
Have you wondered why the Cossacks of various stripes fought both for Russia and against it? For example, some of our historians are perplexed why the governor of the roamers Ploskinya, who, according to our chronicle, stood with 30 thousand detachments on the river. Kalke (1223), did not help the Russian princes in the battle with the Tatars. He even clearly took the side of the latter, persuading the Kiev prince Mstislav Romanovich to surrender, and then tied him together with his two sons-in-law and handed him over to the Tatars, where he was killed. As in 1917, so here, there was a protracted civil war. Peoples related to each other pitted against each other, nothing changes, the same principles of our enemies remain, "divide and rule." And so that we do not learn from this, the pages of history are being replaced.
But if the plans of the "traders" of 1917 were buried by Stalin, then the events described above were Batu Khan. And of course, both of them were smeared with the indelible mud of historical lies, their methods are like that.

13 years after the Battle of Kalka, the "Mongols" under the leadership of Khan Batu, or Batu, the grandson of Genghis Khan, from beyond the Urals, i.e. from the territory of Siberia moved to Russia. Batu had up to 600 thousand troops, consisting of many, more than 20 peoples of Asia and Siberia. In 1238 the Tatars took the capital of the Volga Bulgarians, then Ryazan, Suzdal, Rostov, Yaroslavl and many other cities; defeated the Russians at the river. City, took Moscow, Tver and went to Novgorod, where at the same time the Swedes and the Baltic Crusaders were going. An interesting battle would be, the crusaders with Batu storm Novgorod. But the thaw got in the way. In 1240, Batu took Kyiv, his goal was Hungary, where the old enemy of the Chingizids, the Polovtsian Khan Kotyan, fled. Poland fell first with Krakow. In 1241, the army of Prince Henry with the Templars was defeated near Legitsa. Then Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Hungary fell, Batu reached the Adriatic and took Zagreb. Europe was helpless, saved by the fact that Khan Udegei died and Batu turned back. Europe got in the teeth with full for its crusaders, Templars, bloody baptisms, and order reigned in Russia, the laurels for this remained with Alexander Nevsky, brother of Batu.
But then this mess began with the baptist of Russia, with Prince Vladimir. When he seized power in Kyiv, then Kievan Rus began to unite more and more with the Christian system of the West. Here it is necessary to note curious episodes from the life of the baptist of Russia, Vladimir Svyatoslavich, including the brutal murder of his brother, the destruction of not only Christian churches, the rape of the princely daughter Ragneda in front of her parents, a harem of hundreds of concubines, a war against her son, etc. Already under Vladimir Monomakh, Kievan Rus was the left flank of the Christian-crusader invasion of the East. After Monomakh, Russia split into three systems - Kyiv, Darkness-Cockroach, Vladimir-Suzdal Russia. When the Christianization of the Western Slavs began, the Eastern Slavs considered it a betrayal and turned to the Siberian rulers for help. Seeing the threat of a crusader invasion and the future enslavement of the Slavs, on the territory of Siberia, many tribes united into an alliance, so a state formation appeared - Great Tartaria, which stretched from the Urals to Transbaikalia. Yaroslav Vsevolodovich was the first to call for help from Tartaria, for which he suffered. But thanks to Batu, who created the Golden Horde, the crusaders were already afraid of such a force. But all the same, on the sly, the "traders" ruined Tartaria.

Why it all happened, the question here is solved very simply. The cause of the conquest of Russia was led by papal agents, Jesuits, missionaries and other evil spirits, who promised the locals all sorts of benefits and benefits, and especially those that helped them. In addition, in the hordes of the so-called "Mongol-Tatars" there were many Christians from Central Asia, who enjoyed many privileges and freedom of religion, Western missionaries on the basis of Christianity bred there various kinds of religious movements, such as Nestorianism.

Here it becomes clear where in the West there are so many old maps of the territories of Russia and especially Siberia. It becomes clear why the state formation on the territory of Siberia, which was called Great Tartary, is hushed up. On early maps, Tartaria is indivisible, on later maps it is fragmented, and since 1775, under the guise of Pugachev, it ceased to exist. So, with the collapse of the Roman Empire, the Vatican took its place and, continuing the traditions of Rome, organized new wars for its domination. This is how the Byzantine Empire fell, and its heir Russia became the main goal for papal Rome, i.e. now the Western world "traders". For their insidious purposes, the Cossacks were like a bone in the throat. How many wars, upheavals, how much grief has fallen to the lot of all our peoples, but the main historical time, known to us from ancient times, the Cossacks gave our enemies in the teeth. Already closer to our times, they nevertheless managed to break the dominance of the Cossacks, and after the well-known events of 1917, the Cossacks were dealt a crushing blow, but it took them many centuries.

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Have you ever heard that the hero of the ancient Greek epic Achilles was ... a Cossack? However, I am disappointed. This story was invented in the 17th century. Kiev Bursaks, who studied the ancient classics. And of course, they were well fed and well fed, telling it to the Cossacks. But still, the bike was not invented from scratch. The fact is that the Greeks themselves had several versions of the origin of Achilles. In Homer, he is represented by the king of the Myrmidons, he died and was buried near Troy. And Lycophron, Alkey and other authors wrote that he brought soldiers from the north and "ruled over the Scythian land." The graves where Achilles was allegedly buried were shown and revered on the islands of Zmein, at the mouth of the Danube, and Bel, at the mouth of the Dnieper - now it has turned into the Kinburn Spit. And the Tendrovskaya Spit between the Dnieper and Perekop was called "Achilles Drome" ("drome" means "running", "running ground"). And archaeological excavations on the Kinburn Spit really discovered the remains of an altar, an inscription in honor of Achilles, and three marble slabs with dedications to him were found nearby.

Obviously, in the figure of Achilles, legends combined several leaders. And the one who lived in the Dnieper region, judging by the time, was a Cimmerian. Ancient Greek images preserved the appearance of this people, dashing horsemen and indeed similar to Cossacks - bearded, in hats, clothes like zipuns, belted with sashes. Only instead of sabers in the hands of straight swords. But, of course, there is no reason to identify the Cimmerians with the Cossacks. It was the Celtic people who inhabited the Northern Black Sea region in the XIII - VIII centuries. BC.

People in these parts lived long before the Cimmerians - for example, the world's oldest sample of a boat was found on the Don and dates back to the 7th millennium BC. This is a typical dugout-odnodrevka, which were later used by the Cossacks. People lived here after the Cimmerians, in the VIII century. BC. they were partially forced out, partially mixed with them by the Scythians, who created a multinational empire, which included the Proto-Slavs. And in the II century. BC. the settlement of the Sarmatian tribes from Central Asia began, and the Savromats defeated Scythia. But they themselves were expelled by the tongues. And they, in turn, were pushed back to the west by the Roxolans, occupying the steppes between the Dnieper and the Don. Slavic and Ugric peoples settled in the forest-steppes, to the north, in the forests - Finnish and Baltic peoples.

A number of ancient tribes lived in the Sea of ​​Azov, in the Kuban and on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus: Zigs (Chigs), Kerkets, Sinds, Achaei, Geniokhs, Aspurgians, Dandaria, Agra, etc. Of these, the Chigs were famous as sailors and pirates who went to sea on lungs boats, accommodating 25 people. But another wave of Sarmatian tribes moved from the east - Assedons, Ixamats, Pisamats, Aorses, Siraks. For the Don, the Roxolans did not let them through and they also settled in the Kuban and in the current Stavropol region. And in the I century. followed by a new wave of settlers, the Alans (yases). They used to incorporate the conquered peoples into their own, and the ethnonyms of many tribes living from Taman to the Caspian Sea disappear from ancient sources, here a united Alania appears ...

The question is - how and by what signs among all these peoples to look for the ancestors of the Cossacks? At the beginning of the twentieth century. there were two theories of their origin - "autochthonous" and "migratory". The supporter of the first was the historian General N.F. Bykadorov. It was argued that the Cossacks were always the indigenous population of their lands (although Bykadorov himself later abandoned his theory). The “migration” version was developed by the Don historian E.P. Saveliev. He considered the Cossacks to be the descendants of the "Getae-Rus", who allegedly first lived near Troy, then in Italy, and then moved to the Black Sea region.

Both of these theories are wrong. At the time when they were created, the history of Ancient Russia was studied very little, and such a science as ethnology did not exist at all, and ideas about ethnogenesis were superficial and primitive. Although in reality these processes are always complex and ambiguous. So, if we touch on the "autochthonous" theory, then we must bear in mind that no people can live in the same places for thousands of years and remain unchanged. This is possible only for small "isolates", cut off from the world on a remote island or in a high mountain valley. But not in such a "brisk area" as the East European Plain, where a lot of large and small migrations were recorded, the peoples inevitably entered into contacts, accepted certain "additives".

Well, regarding the “migration” theory, it must be said that the people are not a soccer ball capable of rolling back and forth across the field of the earth. Migration is a difficult and painful process, usually accompanied by a split of an ethnic group. Some leave, some remain. Both parts interact with different environments, develop in different conditions and lose their relationship. A specific example: in the VII century. under the blows of the Khazars, the ancient Bulgarians inhabiting the Black Sea region were divided into three. One branch went to the mountains of the Caucasus - these are the Balkars. The other retreated to the Balkans, united the local Slavs around itself and created the Bulgarian kingdom. The third went up the Volga, in the tenth century. converted to Islam and divided again - the Chuvash tribe did not want to change their faith. And those who changed religion became the ancestors of the Kazan Tatars. Well, who will say that the current Bulgarians, Balkars, Chuvashs and Kazan Tatars are one people? Or that the Hungarians and the Bashkirs, divided in the 9th century, are one people? Moreover, if we talk about kinship, about continuity, then it is not superfluous to recall that even an individual person has not one, but two ancestors, a father and a mother. And in the processes of ethnogenesis there are many more of them. Therefore, it is completely incompetent to produce "directly" one people from another. And, say, the ancestors of the Russian people are by no means only Slavic tribes, it has numerous Finno-Ugric, Turkic, Baltic, Germanic, Sarmatian, Scythian, Celtic roots.

However, even today the science of ethnology has been developed very poorly and is not a single coherent system, but a vague set of private views of certain scientists. By now, the most complete and consistent theory seems to be the concept of one of the founders of this science, L.N. Gumilyov. Who considered the Cossacks "a sub-ethnos of the Great Russian ethnos". And the subethnos, according to the author's definition, is "a taxonomic unit within the ethnos as a visible whole, not violating its unity" . That is, a community that has the features and characteristics of a people, but at the same time is firmly connected with the main ethnic group.

We will return to this classification of the Cossacks in the course of the book, but for now we will take it as a basis. And we note one more fundamental position of Gumilyov's teaching - for any ethnic group (and sub-ethnic group) it is very important to have a connection with its native landscape. It is the landscape that determines its “face”, features, ways of managing. So, the native landscape of Tajiks is mountains, Uzbeks - irrigated valleys, Turkmens - oases of deserts. Three peoples live side by side, but differ significantly. For Russians, this is forest-steppe. And when settling to the north, they always chose similar conditions: clearings, edges, but not the depths of forests. And, say, the Jews definitely need an artificial landscape - cities, towns, but not villages.

What kind of landscape is native to the Cossacks? These are the valleys of the great rivers of the steppe zone! Don, Dnieper, Volga, Yaik, Terek, Kuban. And what were they characteristic of in antiquity? The then steppe peoples were pastoralists, but not nomads in the full sense. In European Russia, a lot of snow falls, the cattle cannot get food from under it. And permanent settlements were required, where hay is harvested, herds and people winter. Of course, they were built not in the middle of the bare steppe, but near rivers, the valleys of which were covered with dense forests and shrubs. There were firewood, building materials, hayfields in water meadows, watering places. And archeology confirms this. Scythian cities were found on the Dnieper, their capital was located near Zaporozhye. And Roxolans wintered in towns on the Lower Don.

But the Eurasian steppes were also a "torn road" along which, smashing each other, new peoples came. And the river valleys, islands, floodplains, swamps covered with thickets were a natural shelter, where some of the defeated had the opportunity to escape. Not all. After all, this required a change in lifestyle, to get food by hunting, fishing, cattle rustling. Only the strongest and most enduring could survive in such conditions. And freedom-loving, not wanting to submit to the winners. And from the fragments of various tribes, the most ancient roots of the Cossacks grow.

There is evidence. On the Don and the Donets, archeology reveals the continuous existence of settled settlements from about the 2nd century BC. BC. Which coincides with the death of Scythia and the Proto-Slavic Milograd culture. Archaeological data are supplemented by written ones. Strabo wrote about the "mixed" tribe that lived in the arms of the Don. Arrian, who visited the Northern Black Sea region in the 2nd century AD, reported that some of the local tribes “formerly ate bread and farmed”, but after enemy invasions “swore a great oath never again to build houses, not to plow the land with a plow, not found cities ... and keep no more cattle than can be transferred from one country to another. But the same law, which categorically forbade agriculture, is known among the Don Cossacks, it lasted until 1695 and was quite rational - farms tied to the land would become easy prey for the steppe dwellers.

Another piece of evidence is a dramatic change in the stereotypes of the behavior of local residents. If in the V-IV centuries. BC. the Greeks reported on peaceful "Meots", passively passing under the rule of Scythia or the Bosporus, then Roman authors in the I-II centuries. AD warned that the settled inhabitants of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov are no less warlike than the nomads. That is, they absorbed part of the Scythians, Proto-Slavs, Sarmatians. They also had large centers like the city of Tanais - Azov. This city was not Greek - in all documents its citizens are divided into "Tanaites" and "Hellenes", with the leadership being "Tanaites". And the Romans experienced the ability of the local tribes to fight, in 47, their legions from Taman passed along the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov, took Azov, but it became the northernmost point of their conquests. The Romans here firmly received and did not advance a single step further.

Later, foreign authors began to call the inhabitants of the Lower Don and the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov "Heruls". Jordan reported that the Heruli are a “Scythian” tribe, i.e. local, not German, that it is "very mobile." “There was not a single state then that would not recruit lightly armed warriors from them.” However, the map of the Black Sea region continued to change. In the II century. the Ruses (Rugs) came here from the Baltic, uniting into one power with the Slavs and Roxolans. And then this alliance was defeated by the Germanic Goths. With the Heruli, the Goths first entered into an alliance. From 256, joint squadrons of their boats began to attack the shores of the Caucasus, Asia Minor, and the Bosphorus. But in the IV century. The Gothic emperor Germanaric decided to finally enslave the surrounding peoples. The Heruli resisted longer than others, according to Jordanes, were "mostly killed", and only after several defeats were they forced to submit.

The triumph of the Germans was short-lived. The Huns launched an offensive from the Volga and Ural regions. They defeated Alania, and in 371 they attacked the Goths. And the Heruli, like most Slavic tribes, immediately took the side of the Huns, helping them beat their common enemies. By the way, a legend has come down to us about how the Hun warriors, hunting for Taman, wounded a deer. He rushed into the water, swimming between shallows and drifts, crossed the Kerch Strait - and showed the way to the army. The Goths concentrated their forces on the Don, and the Huns bypassed them through the Crimea and struck in the rear. Is it not this deer, wounded by an arrow and helping the Heruli to free themselves, was depicted on the ancient coat of arms of the Don Cossacks?

But it is also impossible to directly identify the Cossacks with the Heruli. Their main part, together with the Hun allies, went to the west. In 476, the Heruli, led by their leader Odoacer (in the Slavic transcription Ottokar), captured Italy, where they perished in subsequent wars. Antia arose in the Black Sea region after the collapse of the Hun empire. But in 558 Avars came from Central Asia and crushed it. And in 570, the enemies of the Avars, the Turks, moved from the east. Avar and Turkic Khaganates arose - the border between them ran along the Don.

In the 7th century both kaganates fell apart. In the steppes from the Danube to the Kuban, the Bulgarian Khanate was formed. And the Khazars, who inhabited the shores of the Caspian Sea and the Terek valley, accepted the Turkic military elite and created their own kaganate. In 670, in alliance with the Slavs and Alans, they defeated and expelled the Bulgarians. Then they defeated and subjugated Alania. And after that, the ethnonym “kasaki” suddenly spreads (in the Russian chronicles “kasogi”). It was first recorded by Strabo in the 1st century, among the tribes that inhabited the Kuban and the Caucasus, he mentions “Kossakhs”. Then this name disappears. And from the 7th century begins to be widely used in relation to the inhabitants of the Western Caucasus, the Kuban and the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov. The authors of the 10th century report about the “country of Kasakiya”. Constantine Porphyrogenitus, Al-Masudi, Persian geographer of the 13th century. Gudad al-Alem and others. And it was precisely in this news that the emigrant researchers were inclined to see the “Cossack nation”.

This is not entirely true. An ethnonym can be passed from one nation to another, as, for example, from the Romans their name passed to the Romans (Byzantines), and then to the Romanians. But if we try to understand the meaning of the word "kasaks", then we will really come to a clue, where does the name of the Cossacks come from? It is usually believed that it is Turkic and was used in the meanings of "free warrior", "tramp", and even "robber". But Strabo mentions it long before the Turkic invasion. And besides, in the Turkic languages ​​there are no close roots from which "Cossack" could be derived, there are no related words either. Consequently, it got into the lexicon of the Turkic peoples already “ready”, from somewhere outside. Where?

The origin of the word "Cossack" must be sought not in the Turkic, but in the ancient Iranian languages ​​spoken by the Scythians and Sarmatians. And to see this, I suggest the reader to look at the set of words (in the first group, ancient Iranian, in the second, later ones):

• Asias, Ases, Yases, Aspurgians, Caspians, Traspians, Asaak, Sakasenes, Massagets, Assedons, Asiaks, Yazygs, Azads, Khazars, Khorasmians, Kasogs
• Cossacks, Cherkasy, Kazakhs, Khakasses.

What do these words have in common? The root "as" (depending on the pronunciation and transmission can be transformed into "yas" or "az"). Its meaning is known - “free”, “free” (for example, “azads” - the service class of the warriors of Parthia, this word just meant “free”, in Sasanian Iran the same word was pronounced “gas”). But "aces" was also the self-name of all Sarmatian peoples! Moreover, such a designation of themselves is by no means a rarity in the world. “Franks” also means “free”, and Genghis Khan collected the Mongolian ethnic group from “people of long will” (read “free”).

The root "as" was also included in most of the Sarmatian tribal names. Almost all the words presented in the chain are ethnonyms. For example, the Alans are the name of the people, and the self-name was Ases, in the Slavic transcription - Yases. And the ending “-ak, -ah” in the ancient Iranian languages ​​was used in the formation of nouns from adjectives and verbs, it is present in the ethnonyms “yazyg”, “asiak”, “kasak”, in the name of the first Parthian capital Asaak. Thus, "Cossack" in literal translation is something like "freestyler", and if translated not in form, but in meaning - "free man". "Cherkas" is also easily translated. "Cher" is a head, and this word can be read either as "main free", "main aces", or "free heads". Let us note that the Kazakhs, Khakasses, who retained the same root in ethnonyms, live in the territories once inhabited by Sarmatian tribes. From which their names passed through the centuries, although the peoples themselves managed to change, change languages, and, of course, they have nothing to do with the Cossacks.

By the way, many other names came to us from the Scythian-Sarmatian peoples: the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov, Kazbek, the Caucasus, Asia (the words have the same root “az”), and “dan” in ancient Iranian languages ​​meant “water”, “river” - hence the Don, Dnieper (Danapr), Dniester (Danastr), Danube (Danuvius), and the Russian "bottom". As for the ancient Kasaks, we can recall once again: during the formation of Alania, it included numerous defeated tribes, both Sarmatian and pre-Sarmatian (including the “Kossakhs” mentioned by Strabo). And it is logical to assume that after the defeat of the Alans by the Khazars, these tribes separated. And now they have already generically designated themselves as “free” - “Kasaks”. Some of them called themselves "Cherkasy" (but not Circassians - this is not a self-name, but the nickname given by the Alans means "thugs") . The Arab historian Masudi described very eloquently: “Beyond the kingdom of the Alans there is a people called Kasak, living between Mount Kabkh (Kazbek) and the Rum (Black) Sea. This people professes the faith of magicians. Among the tribes of those places there is no people more refined in appearance, with purer faces, no more beautiful men and more beautiful women, more slender, thinner in the waist, with a more prominent line of the hips and buttocks. In private, their women are described as distinguished by their sweetness. The Alans are stronger than the Kasaks. The reason for their weakness in comparison with the Alans is that they do not allow a king to be placed over them, who would unite them. In this case, neither the Alans, nor any other people could conquer them. As you can see, Masudi also noted that it was not one people, but fragmented tribes.

Based on the book by Valery Shambarov "Cossacks: the path of the soldiers of Christ"

Most of our contemporaries draw information about the Cossacks exclusively from works of art: historical novels, dooms, films. Accordingly, our ideas about the Cossacks are very superficial, in many respects even popular prints. Confusing and the fact that the Cossacks in its development has come a long and difficult path. Therefore, the heroes of Sholokhov and Krasnov, written off from real Cossacks of the last XX century, have as much in common with the Cossacks of the sixteenth century as modern Kievans have with Svyatoslav's combatants.

Regrettably for many, but the heroic-romantic myth about the Cossacks, created by writers and artists, we will have to debunk.

The first information about the existence of the Cossacks on the banks of the Dnieper dates back to the fifteenth century. Whether they were descendants of wanderers, black hoods, or part of the Golden Horde that became glorified over time, no one knows. In any case, the Turkic influence on the customs and behavior of the Cossacks is enormous. In the end, according to the form of the Cossack Rada, nothing more than a Tatar kurultai, an oseledets and bloomers are attributes of representatives of many nomadic peoples ... Many words (kosh, ataman, kuren, beshmet, chekmen, bunchuk) came into our language from the Turkic . The steppe gave the Cossacks mores, customs, military techniques and even appearance.

In addition, now the Cossacks are considered an exclusively Russian phenomenon, but this is not so. The Muslim Tatars also had their own Cossacks. Long before the appearance on the historical stage of the Zaporizhzhya and Don troops, the inhabitants of the steppe were terrified by the bands of the Horde Cossacks. The Tatar Cossacks also did not recognize the power of any sovereign over themselves, but were willingly hired for military service. Moreover, both to Muslim and Christian rulers. With the disintegration of the united state of the Golden Horde into warring khanates, the vast steppe expanses from the Dnieper to the Volga became virtually no man's land. It was at this moment that the first fortified Cossack towns appeared on the banks of the steppe rivers. They played the role of bases, from where the Cossack artels went fishing, hunting or robbery, and in the event of an enemy attack, the Cossacks could sit out behind their walls.

Circassians in Krakow

The centers of the Cossacks were the Dnieper, Don and Yaik (Urals). In the forties of the sixteenth century, the Dnieper Cossacks, who were called Cherkasy in Russia, founded the most famous fortress on the island of Malaya Khortitsa - Zaporizhzhya Sich.

Prince Dmitry Ivanovich Vishnevetsky (Cossack Baida)

Soon, all the Cossacks who lived on the Dnieper united around the Sich, laying the foundation for the Zaporozhian Grassroots Army. The foundation of the Zaporizhian Sich is traditionally attributed to Dmitry Bayda Vyshnevetsky, although, as the Ukrainian historian Oles Buzina recently proved, this nobleman had nothing to do with the Sich. At this time, the Cossacks already represented a certain force, the number of which was replenished due to the arrival of new people from the Commonwealth, Wallachia and Little Russia. These settlers significantly changed the composition of the Cossacks, dissolving the non-Slavic Cossacks in themselves, and by the sixteenth century the Cossacks were an exclusively Russian-speaking Orthodox formation. However, in terms of mentality and occupation, the Cossacks differed significantly from the Russians and from other settled peoples.

Our historians have developed two opposite mutually exclusive views on the Cossacks. According to the first, the Cossacks are an analogue of the Western European knightly orders, according to the second, the Cossacks are the spokesmen for the aspirations of the masses, the bearers of democratic values ​​and democracy. However, both of these views are untenable if you carefully study the Cossacks. Unlike the knightly orders of the European Middle Ages, the Dnieper Cossacks did not arise in harmony with state power. On the contrary, the ranks of the Cossacks were replenished by people for whom there was no place in a civilized society. For the Dnieper rapids, the villagers who did not find themselves in a peaceful life came, fled, fleeing the court or the debts of the gentry and simply seekers of easy money and adventures. Not the slightest hint of the discipline characteristic of knightly orders can be found in the Sich. Instead, all contemporaries noted the self-will and unbridledness of the Cossacks. Is it possible to imagine that the master of the Templars was proclaimed and overthrown at the whim of the masses, often drunk, as was the case with the atamans of the Cossack bands? If you can compare the Sich with anything, it is more likely with the pirate republics of the Caribbean or the Tatar hordes, and not with the knights.

The legend of Cossack democracy was born in the nineteenth century thanks to the efforts of Russian poets and publicists. Brought up on the European democratic ideas of their time, they wanted to see in the Cossacks a simple people who had left the pan and royal power, fighters for freedom. The "progressive" intelligentsia picked up and inflated this myth. Of course, the peasants fled to the Sich, but they were not in charge there. The ideas of liberating the peasants from pan power did not find a response in the hearts of the Cossacks, but the opportunity to rob, hiding behind the peasants, was never missed. Then the Cossacks easily betrayed the peasants who trusted them. Fugitive peasants only replenished the ranks of the army, but it was not from them that the Zaporizhzhya top-foreman was formed, they were not the backbone of the Cossacks. No wonder the Cossacks have always considered themselves a separate people and did not recognize themselves as fugitive peasants. Sich "knights" (knights) shied away from agriculture and were not supposed to bind themselves with family ties.

Zaporizhian Sich
The figure of a Cossack is not identical to the type of a native Little Russian. They represent two different worlds. One is sedentary, agricultural, with a culture, way of life and customs dating back to Kievan Rus. The second - walking, unemployed, leading a robbery life. The Cossacks were born not of South Russian culture, but of the hostile elements of the nomadic Tatar steppe. No wonder many researchers believe that the first Russian Cossacks were Russified baptized Tatars. Living solely at the expense of robbery, not appreciating either their own, let alone someone else's life, prone to wild revelry and violence - these people appear before historians. They sometimes did not disdain the hijacking of their "Orthodox brothers" into captivity, followed by the sale of live goods in slave markets.
Taras Bulba, sung by Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol.

So by no means all the Cossacks appear in the image of the noble Taras Bulba, sung by Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. By the way, pay attention, reader: Gogol's Taras calls himself not a Ukrainian, but a Russian! Essential detail.

Another myth is the mission of defending the Orthodox faith attributed to the Cossacks. The "defenders of Orthodoxy" hetmans Vyhovsky, Doroshenko and Yuriy Khmelnytsky, without any remorse, recognized the Turkish sultan, the head of Islam, as their master. And in general, the Cossacks have never been particularly politically intelligible. Remaining true to their nature of the steppe miners, they never sacrificed real, practical benefits to abstract ideas. It was necessary - and they entered into an alliance with the Tatars;

Yuri Khmelnitsky

Prior to the establishment by the Poles in the sixteenth century of the registered Cossacks, the term "Cossack" defined a special way of life. “To go to the Cossacks” meant to move beyond the border guard line, to live there, earning food by hunting, fishing and robbery. In 1572, the Polish government tried to use the activity of the Cossacks for the benefit of the state. For the service of protecting the border, detachments of Cossack mercenaries were created, called "registered Cossacks". As light cavalry, they were widely used in the wars waged by the Commonwealth. Becoming a registered Cossack was the dream of any Cossack, because it meant having a guaranteed income, clothes and food. In addition, registered Cossacks risked much less than their former fellow craftsmen. It is not surprising that the Cossacks constantly demanded to increase the registry. Initially, the register consisted of only 300 Zaporizhian Cossacks, headed by an ataman appointed by the Polish government. In 1578 the register was increased to 600 people. The Cossacks were transferred to the management of the city of Terekhtemirov with the Zarubsky monastery, located near the city of Pereyaslav, on the right bank of the Dnieper. The Cossack arsenal and hospital were located here. In the 1630s, the number of registered Cossacks ranged from 6 to 8 thousand people. If necessary, Poland hired the entire Zaporizhian army. At this time, the Cossacks received a salary, the rest of the time they had to rely on their sabers more than on royal mercy.

Petr Sahaidachny

The golden age for the Zaporizhian army was the beginning of the seventeenth century. Under the leadership of Peter Sahaydachny, the Cossacks, who became a real force, managed to make several daring raids on the Turkish Black Sea cities, capturing huge booty. Only in Varna, the Cossacks took goods worth 180 thousand zlotys. Then Sagaidachny with his army joined the Polish prince Vladislav, who began a campaign against Moscow. The Time of Troubles raged in Russia at that time, the Polish troops besieged Moscow, and the very existence of the Muscovite kingdom was under threat. Under these conditions, twenty thousand thugs of Sahaydachny could become a decisive trump card in the long-term war between Poland and Russia. True, the Cossacks would not have been Cossacks if they had not brought trouble to their Polish employers. Initially, they ravaged the Kiev and Volyn provinces of the Commonwealth, and only then invaded Russian possessions. The first victim of the Cossacks was Putivl, then Sahaidachny captured Livny and Yelets, and his associate Mikhail Doroshenko marched through the Ryazan region with fire and sword. Only the small town of Mikhailov managed to fight back. Knowing about the fate of the cities captured by the Cossacks, where all the inhabitants were slaughtered, the Mikhailovites fought back with the despair of the doomed. Having lost almost a thousand people, Sagaidachny, who never managed to take it, was forced to lift the siege and go to Moscow to join with Prince Vladislav. On September 20, 1618, the Polish and Cossack armies united near Moscow and began to prepare for a decisive assault, which ended in failure. Soon, peace was concluded between the Moscow kingdom and the Commonwealth. As a reward for the Moscow campaign, the Cossacks received 20,000 złoty and 7,000 pieces of cloth from the Poles, although they expected more.

And just two years later, Sahaidachny sent envoys to Moscow who declared ... the desire of the registered Zaporizhzhya army to serve Russia. The reason for this appeal was the fanaticism and intransigence of the Catholic Church, which unleashed terrible persecution of Orthodoxy, and the position of the gentry, who looked at the Cossacks and Little Russians as their slaves. It was during the period of Sagaidachny's hetmanship that the impossibility of establishing a joint life of the Orthodox in the same state with the Poles became finally clear. The logical conclusion from this was the desire to break the connection with Poland imposed by historical events and arrange their own destiny according to their own interests and desires. A movement began to liberate Little Russia from Polish rule. But soon, in the battle with the Turks near Khotyn, the hetman received a mortal wound...

After the death of this commander and diplomat, difficult times begin for the Cossacks. Near Khotyn, the Cossacks saved Poland from being captured by the Turks, but they did not receive any gratitude. On the contrary, the Poles began to fear their allies and in every possible way to limit the Cossack force. The Cossacks, feeling their strength, began to demand for themselves the rights of the gentry. First of all, the right to uncontrollably exploit the peasants.

Let's pay attention to another phenomenon: despite the fierce struggle of the Cossacks for separation from the Polish-Lithuanian kingdom (the Commonwealth), the top of the Cossacks looked with envy at the Polish nobility (gentry). The Cossack foremen passionately wanted to live as wildly and luxuriously as the gentry, as well as to despise ordinary farmers, as the Polish nobles despised them. Some historians say that the Poles made a fatal mistake for themselves. They needed to accept the Cossack foreman into the gentry, without insisting on her changing her faith from Orthodoxy to Catholicism. And then the current Ukraine could remain part of the Commonwealth for centuries.

rev. from 03/18/2016 - (times of Great Scythia)

The view of modern historians on the origin of the Cossacks, it must be said, is peculiar. The places of origin and settlement of the Cossacks are Don, Kuban, Terek, Ural, Lower Volga, Irtysh, Amur, Transbaikalia, Kamchatka. In fact, the territory of Alaska and even California can also be attributed here.

The origin of the word Cossack is also explained in different ways. Modern researchers unanimously say that the Cossacks are people who, starting from the 16th century, went to the outskirts of Russia, being runaway serfs. Some say they were hunters. Someone says that they became wild and became robbers, getting involved in a war with Muslims. But these are fairy tales, unscrupulous, far-fetched and invented.

The Cossacks are a peculiar, interesting and not understood people or ethnic group in the West and even in Russia. Although they speak Russian, they are not exactly Russian people. Until the 17th century, they themselves did not even consider themselves to be the Russian people, that is, the Great Russians. They were different. They were proud that they were Cossacks.

They did not know what betrayal is, they did not know what cowardice is, but in fact, they were warriors from the cradle. This also determined a completely different mentality of behavior. The psyche is not of slaves, but of free people, masters of their lives. Therefore, the question arises - where do they come from? Because they don't remember it.

Take the Germans. They call themselves Deutsch, the Italians call them Germans, the French Alamanni. Or Turks. They are offended that they are called Turks. In Persian, a Turk is a vagabond and a thief. And the Cossacks, all, are called in one word - a Cossack.

At one time, Siberia was conquered by the Cossacks, all attempts by the Turks to attack the south of Russia and the Crimean Khan were repulsed. The war, which lasted no less than 500 years, ended with the victory of the Cossacks. In fact, Russia itself did not actually defend itself in the south. Everything was thrown to the war with the West, while in the south they did not even try to help the Cossacks. The surrender of the fortress of Azov under the Romanovs is very indicative in this respect.

Turkey and the entire Muslim world were held back only by the Don and Zaporozhye Cossacks, holding everything on their shoulders. At the same time, it was unbearably difficult, it was a war that lasted from century to century. The Turks destroyed half of Europe, they even reached Vienna. They took Hungary and Romania. But here they could only reach the Crimea. And then, already in the XVIII century, it became ours, Sevastopol was founded. And this happened only thanks to the support of the Cossacks.

Around the 3rd millennium BC. e. the Aryan population penetrates the territory of the modern Taklamakan desert, western China, and builds a powerful empire there. In Chinese mythology, she is called Laolong. The Chinese themselves, when they dug up this territory, were very surprised to find the skulls of pure Caucasians and huge, huge cities. Now it's all gone under the sand. Therefore, in order not to further upset the Chinese, Takla-Makan, Gobi, the Yellow River, were closed to the public after a powerful underground test of nuclear weapons.

When this territory began to turn into a desert, the Aryan population was forced to move further to the West and to Hindustan, where the climate is more humid, rivers flow, and it rains. The same Veles book writes about this. At the same time, one should not forget that Ural Rus was already in Europe. The first wave reached the territory of the Danube and Pannonia.

But in the Vedas, one can find references to the fact that Dasyu lived in the territory of Eurasia in those days. Inhumans, shaggy scary monsters with incredible strength, which are also called Rakshasas in the Vedas. They are sometimes called Paleo-European tribes. This is a mixed Cro-Magnon-Neanderthal population, which prevented the settlement of the Aryan people.

It turns out that the military estate moved ahead of the Aryan tribes on horseback, freeing the territory from Dasyu. At the same time, these were horses, which we do not even know now. The horses that are found in the burial mounds did not look like Mongolian ones. They were high gait, fast, very high, similar to Akhal-Teke. Remember, all our heroes are horsemen. Such as Hercules, on foot, we have no heroes.

These pioneers were then called horse aces. And their leader was called the prince - the horse ace. A prince was determined in battle by a black or white horse.

As a result of this resettlement, the remnants of the dasyu or dogheads were driven either into the mountains of the Caucasus, Pereneev, Palmyra, or into other impassable places. And on the outskirts of the settlement of the Aryans, that force settled, which subsequently formed the Don army, the Kuban army, the Terek army and the Siberian army.

Persian sources call the population of southern Siberia, Central Asia, the population of the Gobi in one word - Saks or Saxons. And the sword of this people has always been called kromosaks - cutting edge. Sax is a sec. People who were able to fight alone with a hundred such as Dasyu were called Asses. This is how the word kassak, horse ace, appeared. Later it was transformed into a Cossack, apparently in the same way as Asia in Asia. Moreover, according to the initial letter, Az is a descendant of the gods, an earthly form that benefits the Earth itself.

It turns out that the Cossacks are a pure Aryan population of the military class, which continued to live in their way of life, in their life, which they always lived. Everything was decided by the Cossack circle, where everyone was equal. Ataman was elected for one year. In field conditions, they obeyed him unconditionally, the discipline was iron. If there was peacetime, the ataman was the same as everyone else. It was the highest democracy, if I may say so.

By the way, Veliky Novgorod has preserved exactly the same democracy in his city. In fact, Novgorodians can be considered the same Cossacks from the military class, but who came from the Baltic.

The descendants of those Dasyu who survived that war were obviously the Kartvels. The Chinese language has Georgian roots, the roots of the Basques, who lived in Spain. Once the Paleo-Asiatics spoke the same language, and fragments of this language fell into both the Chinese language and the languages ​​of the Georgians and Basques.

Now there are eight language groups in the Caucasus. Of particular note is the Ossetian family, which speaks the Old Persian language. We can recall Afanasy Nikitin, XV century, when he visited the territory of India. He calmly spoke with the Iranians in Russian, in India he was also calmly understood without any translators.

In Old Russian, the river was called in one word - don. Therefore, Ossetians still have Sadon, Nandon, Vardon (Kuban), Danat (Danube), Eridan (Rhine). Where is Rein? Already Western Europe.

Do not forget about the Hercynian forest, between France and the Elbe (Labe), where the Rhine flows. Roman authors wrote about him. It is even called the cradle of the German people.

When Charlemagne unites three territories, Germany, France and Italy, in the 9th century, a powerful empire is created. As a result, this entire empire, united by the Merovingians, collapsed on the western Slavic tribes. Many scientists, since the 19th century, including Saveliev, Lomonosov, believed that the territory of Germany is a cemetery of the Slavs. “Where the strength of the Germans passed, there the whole region is already a grave”. There was a total extermination, cutting to the last man. There was cannibalism. Read the national German epic, it's all there and they are proud of it. The predatory warlike gene pool has been preserved in the Germans to this day.

Interesting fact. In the trilogy "The Matrix" there is such a hero as Merovingian. A very ancient program that has survived several versions of the matrix. The Merovingian loves to speak French and sells information. Is it a coincidence? But this is so, for lovers of figurative thinking. Reason for reflection.

Braniborg - Brandenburg, Nikulinborg - Mecklenburg, Pomerania - Pomeranian, Strelov - Stelets, Drozdyany - Dresden. The Laba River became the Elbe, the Rhone became the Rhine. You can also remember Arkona, Retra.

Why are we talking about this now? And to the fact that there were no aces on this territory, that group of the military class that could give them worthy resistance.

Even Herodotus, on the territory of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov, the northern part of the Black Sea and the mouth of the Kuban, describes an interesting people - Meots and Sinds or Indus. They had a slightly different anthropology. They made up the Azov army of the Kuban Cossacks. This is the only people of the Cossacks who had dark hair and skin. Correct Aryan features of the body and face, but dark eyes. Apparently, having been in India, this ethnic group adopted the blood of the Indians or Dravidians. By the way, Ermak Timofeevich was from this group. Part of the Sinds and Meots, having left the Kuban in the 13th century at the mouth of the Dnieper, created the Zaporozhye Cossacks.

THE TIMES OF GREAT SCYTHIA AND SARMATIA

We do not know the real self-names of the Scythians and Sarmatians. Only one thing can be said, the father of Aeneas, the hero of the Trojan War who built Rome, with all his family on 30 ships 1200 BC. left for Troy. The ancient Cossack clan left under Troy to help the Trojans in the fight against the Achaean Union (the military-political association of the cities of Ancient Greece on the Peloponnese peninsula).

And Aeneas, after the defeat at Troy, on 20 ships goes first to Carthage, and then to Italy, crosses the Tiber and there, thanks to his efforts, Rome is built. It has now been proven that the Etruscans spoke the Old Russian language. Obviously their resettlement was during the Trojan War.

Slavomysl writes about this in Svetoslav's monologue:

"... I honor the Romans, they are kindred to us, Aeneas is remembered, like us,
The absurd fiction about him was rejected by Virgil, having measured the myth with the common sense of the Hellenes.
I don't blame Trojans either. Knowing the harmony of Svarogia, they rewarded Rome from the ashes of Troy
And the land was not taken away from the Etruscans: without grumbling, those brothers by blood were brotherly accepted .. ".

The Greeks called them Scythians. They were also called chips. Translation from Russian is not required, but in English there is a consonant word school - school. But this is so, again from figurative thinking.

"... The Scythians are barbarians, but the maidens of the Scythians, shut up in temples, at the feet, washed by Nepro, Hellas is thrown down ...
... But the Magi from Nepra will be called and they will dress up as Hellenes: Vseslav the prophetic was called Anacharsis,
Lubomud, the Russian from Golun, is Heraclitus of Ephesus ... The Slavic breed is prolific,
Lubomudry, Svetozary and Vseslav are not uncommon in Russia
And mothers will not stop giving birth on Nepre and Ros.
Neighbors are a consolation, well, the Russians are not a loss ...
... The face of the Hellene is wonderful, like the fables of Herodotus about the Scythians ... "

Therefore, the Scythian, translated from Greek, is a shield-bearer. It's just that they were the first to have shields, wooden shields covered with bull skin. Neither the Assyrians, nor the Greeks, nor even the Egyptians had shields then. If anyone made them, then they were woven from a vine. And the Sarmatians, among other things, were engaged in leather dressing.

The Scythians and Sarmatians are actually one people who called themselves Russ, and their military class was Assaks. The Turks, in the XIII century, having come to the territory of Kazakhstan, began to call themselves Assaks or Cossacks, imitating the Scythian tribes.

The word Russa is a sacred word, so it is read in two directions. Ur is the sky. Uranus is the god of the sky. Therefore, Russa is an ace who came from heaven through the light. This word has been known since the time of Oriana. Therefore, both the Scythian army and the Sarmatian were called that.

Getae - one of the names of the military class. From it was born the word hetman. In the VIII century BC, when the Scythians crossed the Volga, the Tagar culture, they attacked the Cimmerians, who lived in the south of Europe up to the Danube. The Cimmerians were tribes related to the Scythians, but refused to obey them. As a result, the Cimmerians leave for Asia Minor. The Scythians through the Caucasus invade the territory of Media. They defeat the Medes, defeat the Persians, defeat the Assyrian troops and reach the borders of Egypt. For 28 years they have reigned in this territory without fear that they will be attacked by the Slavs. This suggests that it was one people. Then they again return to Eastern Europe and up to the III century BC. live on this earth.

Interestingly, all the jewelry of those times, the purely animal style that existed among the Scythians, is attributed to the Greeks. Until now, vases, pendants, various products are found, and everything is made superbly. The Greeks did not have a jewelry school of this level.

Not in a single Greek colony, not in Chersonesos, not in Phanagoria, not in Phasis, not a single workshop was found anywhere where this gold or silver was cast. When Scythian mounds began to be excavated in Siberia, they began to find jewelry made in the same style, but even more beautiful. How could the Greeks reach out to Central Asia, to Kazakhstan, to Altai?

But all culturologists unanimously say: the work of Greek masters. And the Scythians, it turns out, had huge cities. Houses were built in the cities, skins were dressed, weaving and metallurgy were developed. The population did not know what the west was, and no one from the west was allowed to enter them. The military estate closely watched the progress of the Greeks. Herodotus, having arrived and studied the Scythians, did not even know that all of Scythia was covered with gigantic cities, and without walls. They didn't need walls. If the people are powerful, they do not need fortress walls. Remember Sparta - they did not have fortress walls.

The Kushans who went to India, the Parthians who left in the 3rd century B.C. to Iran, the Massagets, whom the Greeks, Sakas or Saxons spoke of, are all one and the same people. The people who spoke the same language, had one faith, simply settled on a vast territory.

Incredibly, the Scythians defeated the 700 thousandth army of Darius, and defeated the Macedonian. Moreover, the Macedonian itself was defeated first, crossing the Danube with 40,000 army. Then he moved to Persia, and from Persia he is again going to oppose the Scythian people. This battle is described by Nizami, an Azerbaijani poet, in the work "Iskander". But nobody talks about it. It is not customary to say that Macedonian was defeated and stopped in this territory, while being captured.

An interesting thing is that in 320 BC, when Macedonia was defeated by Rome, part of the Macedonians, 70 percent, moved to the Baltic. They left and created the Principality of the Obodrites there. Niklot is the prince of the Obodrites. Then they move to the territory of Novgorod and build Pskov. It turns out that Macedonian did not even understand with whom he was fighting.

In the III century BC. Sarmatians cross the Volga and fall on the Scythians. The Scythians, in fact, deserved it. They began to imitate the culture of the West and dragged the Greek gods to their territory in Eastern Europe. By this they provoked the blow of the Sarmatians. The Sarmatians swept through their territory up to the Danube. In fact, there was a civil war.

As a result, the pro-Western Scythians fled to the Crimea, some beyond the Danube. The rest went to the North, mixing with the Russian population. Lomonosov called them the white-eyed Chud.

Thus, the Sarmatians put a dead barrier on the advance of the west to the east. They stopped in due time and Rome. The Parthians beat Rome in the south, the Sarmatians beat Rome in the west, on the Danube, and the Kushans crush the Indian kingdoms, creating there a surge of new Aryan blood and a new direction in the development of religion.

The Huns at this time move across Central Asia, take possession of modern Kazakhstan and approach the banks of the Volga.

And all this is led by the military class, which we called the Cossacks, Assaks or Getae.

Mark Crassus in 57 BC marched with his legions to Parthia. Against Crassus, the Parthian king sends his commander Suren. The Parthians attack Crassus and all his 22 legions who are still alive are sent in chains through the deserts of Iran to work for the Parthians. Rome had never known such a defeat before.

At this time, Aorses, Roxalans, Alans, Yazygs, attack the Roman borders beyond the Danube. Trajan in one of the battles in the Carpathians loses seven legions at once during the battle with the legendary Carpathian prince Igor. For the first time, the Roman legions fell under the blows of the Russians not with swords, but with axes. For the first time, the invincible Roman infantry and the infantry of the Carpathian people met. In this battle, the Carpathian cavalry did not fight. The heavy, armored cavalry of the cataphracts, with spears of 4-5 meters each, lamenar armor and people in armor, stood aside and simply looked at the many hours of cutting infantry with infantry.

At that time, not a single army could withstand the blow of the Sarmatian cavalry. The Russian heavyweight is the warhorse of those times. But here the Russian infantry destroyed the Roman infantry, ending Rome's advance north into the Carpathians.

Modern historians believe that the Sarmatian yoke hung over Eastern Europe for 600 years. Six centuries of blood. Academician Rybakov also thinks so, explaining this by the fact that the Chernihiv culture moved 100 km to the north after the invasion of the Sarmatians. What kind of yoke can there be if the language is one, the culture is one, the race is one, everything is one.

But the Chernihiv culture really departed, because it was not needed in the steppe. The Sarmatians who came are a nomadic people, and they needed huge pastures to supply themselves with food and cattle with pastures. Rome moved millions, and it was also necessary to fight with it by millions.

The Scythian kingdom, which was formed on the territory of the Crimea, was completely subordinate to the Sarmatians. Or rather, even to the Sarmatian queens, because among the Sarmatians, the queens had more power than the kings. The female half was free, like the men, they were warriors. The memory of the Amazons is also the memory of the Sarmatians.

In fact, the heavy Sarmatian cavalry consisted of the ancestors of the Cossacks, and they inherited their skills in managing a horse, managing a battle. A powerful heavy spear remained on the Don until the 20th century. If the Kuban Cossacks were considered light cavalry, then the Don Cossacks were heavy. Back in 1914, during the First World War, the Cossacks raised the Germans in Austria, Romania and Germany itself on these peaks. This tradition has been preserved since those very times.

THE INVASION OF THE GOTHIC UNION

IV century. Historians do not say who the Goths are and where they came from. We know that they are Germans: Visigoths and Ostrogoths. But where did they come from in the Black Sea region? They have their own historian - Jordan. But the name Jordan is not Gothic, rather southern. He wrote a gothic history. But under the Jordan you could write anything.

He writes that Germanaric conquered all the Slavic peoples, he crushed the Roxalans, the Aorsi, subjugated the Slavs from the Black Sea to the Baltic.

But the Goths were not Germans then, they were Iranians. Iranians who did not want to live among their peoples on the territory of Bactria and Sogdiana (modern Turkmenistan). They moved north. They bypassed the Caspian, crossed the Volga and came out at the mouth of the Don, spreading across the territory of southern Russia. During the arrival of the Goths, there was not a single serious battle. Not a single chronicle tells of battles with the Goths.

The fact is that the Goths spoke the Old Russian language. Even Jordan himself writes that the Gothic warrior easily talked with the Slavic warrior, with Alan, with Roxalan. But the problem is that the Goths, having come to the Crimea, adopted Christianity. Jordan is silent on this. They became Christians by the Arian rite. This made them treat their fellow tribesmen as enemies. The Goths came as a close people, but having adopted Christianity, they became enemies. They left Central Asia precisely because they did not accept Zoroastrianism. Then they still retained the Vedic worldview. But apparently lost their priests. There was a military class, but there was no priestly class. And having come to the Crimea, they accepted the priestly estate in the form of Christians.

Read Shambarov, Jordan - each Goth had 4-5 wives. There was a polygamous family, so the army was huge.

We have already said that there is the concept of get or assak. The hetman is the one who rules the geth. Therefore, the Goths are apparently a transcription of Jordan. In fact, these were the same Getae, a military estate, but which changed the principles of Vedic civilization. And again, it was a war and a civil war. Terrible and terrible war. With the Goths were the Alans - heavy, powerful cavalry. On the Vedic side, too, there was a most powerful cavalry, the same as that of the Goths.

When two cavalry of the Sarmatians and Goths converged in battle, the clang of weapons was heard for many kilometers around. Jordanes writes that for a short time Germanaric subjugated the peoples of the north. But apparently it was just a truce. There could not be complete submission, because Christianity did not go to the North.

Further, Jordan writes that Germanaric, at the age of 100, decided to marry again and a young girl was brought to him. But it so happened that she fell in love with his son. He kills his own son, and the brothers wound Germanarich himself. The girl is being torn apart by horses.

The cutting begins again. Sloven, the prince who ruled on the Volkhov in Novgorod, participates in this felling. He comes to the territory of southern Russia and on the Danube, in a fierce battle, Germanaric dies, not even realizing that his entire army was killed.

At the same time, the Alans, the allies of the Goths, are fighting the invasion of the Huns. The Huns began to cross the Volga and the Alans, being residents of the northern Caucasus, met the Hun union with weapons, because at that time they were already Christians.

The Huns did not go to Russia in order to conquer it, they understood what was happening in it. The Goths shed Vedic blood, and the Huns came to the aid of Russia. The surviving Alans go to the mountains, the Huns invade the territory of Eastern Europe and displace the Goths.

Some of them passed through the Taman Peninsula through the Sivash, broke into the Crimea and stabbed the Gothic alliance in the back, which Germanaric could not stand. The blow of the Slavs from the north and the blow of the Huns from the south.

The remaining Goths go beyond the Danube, this is already the 5th century, and the Huns go to the Transcaucasus. Why in Transcaucasia? And there was Armenia, a Christian state. Balamber's army completely defeated Armenia, Georgia, marched throughout Asia Minor and almost reached Egypt.

But at this time the Goths are returning, led by the grandson of Germanaric Amal Vinitar. Vinitar - conquering the Venets. The Goths trampled Austria, where there were Venets.

The Huns threatened the Byzantine Empire, the Christians in Egypt were also horrified. The Library of Alexandria was already hiding. It was necessary to force Balamber to return. And he, having learned about the invasion of the Goths, turned to the north. Doesn't this remind you of anything from the time of Batu's invasion?

At this time, Bus Beloyar is trying to stop the Goths. Bus won one battle against Amal Vinitar, the Goths were defeated. But he decides not to go out to the second battle, but to wait for Balamber. He was a strong magician and saw well that he would perish and his people perish. Therefore, Bus persuades the people to wait for Balamber.

But under his pressure, he enters the fight. As a result of a terrible battle, all his soldiers were killed. Seventy wounded elders were picked up by Amal Vinitar, including Bus himself, and crucified on a yar above the waters of the Dnieper.

When the Huns found out about this, they drove their horses day and night. They even left the infantry, there was one cavalry. At this time, Sloven came up again. At the mouth of the Dnieper, the two armies of Slovene and Balamber again converged with the Gothic alliance.

In the fiercest struggle, the battle went on for two days. The Goths were broken, Amar Vinitar died, and the Goths were thrown across the Danube. It was then that Bayan wrote his hymn of victory over Amar Vinitar. It was performed to the Russian army in the palace of the Danube Kyiv. Yes, there was such Kyiv.

The Goths, once beyond the Danube, moved to the Byzantine Empire. They destroyed the 40,000 army of Valens, ruined the entire north of the Byzantine Empire, broke into Gaul, into Italy, took Rome and destroyed it almost to the ground.

The West, having created an artificial people through Christian ideology, weaned them from cattle breeding and agriculture, they stopped feeding themselves. They could only rob. And when the stomach overpowered the ideology, they fell upon their own allies.

The Huns cross the Danube, and build their own state on the territory of modern Hungary. Until now, it is called Hungaria. And interestingly, when the Huns disappear from the field of history, the Hungarians still speak Russian. Why? Yes, because the Hunnic language never existed. There was only Old Russian. There, the Moravian state arises. After the death of Attila, part of the Hunnic people returned to the territory of Russia and mixed with the Russian people.

The Assacs on the one hand and the Assacs on the other, the Goth Getae and the Hunnic Getae, fought among themselves. Again we see a heavy terrible internecine struggle, which is reflected in historical chronicles as a struggle between two peoples. But in fact it was a turmoil of one people, organized, as usual, by a third party.

HAGANATES

The 6th century is coming. The Hunnic state breaks up, part of the Huns returns to the territory of Eastern Europe, having formed the Ants state. Initially, the name apparently implied the opposite of the West. An - that which is opposite is opposite.

The Middle Ages are coming to the West. Beginning of the formation of the Frankish Empire. Clovis, Pepin. They are building their empire, subjugating the Longboard, seizing the territory of Italy, Rome has long since ceased to exist. They unite modern France, Italy, Switzerland and Austria. Huge-huge power, which is subject to the emperors of the Merovingian family.

Things are no better in the East. The Hunnic union is replaced by the union of Turkic tribes or the Turkic Khaganate. Another ethnicity, another psychology. They adopted the skills of cattle breeding from the Huns, but did not know agriculture. Having excellent cavalry constantly torment China. But China still copes with them. The Turkic Khaganate splits into Western and Eastern. Their fight among themselves begins. As a result, the eastern one submits to China, while the western one flows to the west.

In the region of the northern Caspian, they stumble upon the settled tribes of the Avars. Although the Avars are considered Iranians, they are not really Iranians. In fact, these are the descendants of the Paleo-Asians, mixed with the Aryan population. Their faith and culture were not Aryan. Nobody touched them, because they were engaged in agriculture and sold their bread to semi-nomadic peoples. They were shamans. An ancient culture that has fallen out of both the western and the eastern.

But the Turks attacked the Avars, and they had to save themselves. The Avars cross the Volga in the delta region, this is 512, and stop.

The Avars are the first to use scorched earth tactics. No one has done this before them. They waited for spring, until the Antes sowed bread, until they sprout and ripen. And then they attacked, not the Antes, but their fields and cattle.

They burned all the grain fields and destroyed all the livestock. Their light patrols swept across southern Russia, destroying everything in a row. It is for this that in the Russian chronicles they were called images.

They did not touch only the Don and the Kuban, because there was the cradle of those who were called Cossacks. Avars passed to the north. They reached the Kama and the territory of Ukraine, went to the mouth of the Danube, and from there began to move back to the east.

As a result, a huge number of Russians found themselves without a livelihood. Moreover, the Avars summoned the Russian leader and killed him during the negotiations. With the onset of winter, the population began to simply die of hunger. And the Avars took entire cities absolutely without a fight.

There were no crops in the Don and the North Caucasus, the population lived by cattle breeding and fish, so the Avars did not meddle there. In addition, they had no great desire to meet the heavy cavalry of the Assakhs.

Then the Don Cossacks turned to Siberian Russia, to the tribe of the Savirs, the most powerful tribe that lived in the territory from the Urals to the Yenisei. Even the Turks did not touch the Savirs. They knew not to go north.

The Savirs receive the Assac embassy from the Don, realizing that the Avars can only be defeated together. The Savirs practically abandon western Siberia, leaving Grastiana, their capital on the banks of the Ob. The Turks open a corridor and the Savirs leave to the west.

Savirs come to the Don Assaks and Alans, uniting with them on the Northern Donets. A bloody war begins with the Avar Khaganate. The Kagan of the Avars leaves Eastern Europe for Pannonia (Pannonia) in Hungary and sets up his headquarters there.

But the blow of the Slavs from the east and Charlemagne from the west on the Danube completely destroys the Avars. The extermination was complete, not even children were spared. It was a completely different people. If it was possible to negotiate with other peoples, then it was impossible to negotiate with the Avars. They were completely destroyed. Thus ended the existence of the Avar Khaganate.

It is the military estate of the Savirs of the North and the Assaks of the Don, Kuban, Terek, the lower reaches of the Volga that saves the Slavic people. On the territory of Ukraine, 100 km from Kyiv, the Savirs, together with the Assaks, are building their capital, Chernihiv, on a hill.

The Turks occupy the territory left by the Savirs. But not all Savirs left. As a result, without war there is a mixture of Turks and Savirs. In fact, this is how the ethnos of the Siberian Tatars arises, a mixture of the Turkic and Slavic population. At the same time, Slavic psychology is practically preserved. They are belligerent, inclined to argue, fight, but at the same time simple, reliable, honest.

When the Siberian cities arose, the Siberian Tatars, although they were Muslims, were quietly accepted into the Cossacks. They fought with China, Manchuria, the Japanese and never betrayed. There were cases when they even got into a fight first, and then they had to help.

In the west, the Turks, approaching the Caspian Sea, crushed a small nation of farmers who called themselves Hassaks or Khazars. There were few of them and, having lost one battle, as chronicles say, they take Turkic citizenship. Above them rises a Turkic kagan from the Ashin clan.

At the beginning of the 8th century, when Khazaria got stronger, it attacked the Bulgarian camps. The Bulgarians then were fair-haired, blue-eyed, in fact a mixture of Savirs and Turks. As a result, part of the Bulgarians went north for the Savirs, and Khan Asparukh led the other part to the Danube, where Danubian Bulgaria appeared.

When the Khazar Khagans convert to Judaism, they turn to the Vatican for help in managing the Slavic population. The Vatican sends two brothers to Chersonese: Cyril and Methodius. Knowing Greek, they learn Russian in Chersonesus, so that later they can teach Christianity to the Slavic peoples.

PECHENEGS AND POLOVETS

After the death of Khazaria, the Pechenegs come. Blue-eyed, fair-haired, remnants of the same Savirs, but who already spoke the Turkic language. They began to torment Russia from the south. But they didn’t meddle with the Don. The territories occupied by the Assaks were dangerous for them. But this was not for long, by the 10th century they became allies of Russia. Gradually, the Pechenegs move to Bulgaria, mixing with the local population, they adopt the Bulgarian language. At the same time, Turkic words appear in the Bulgarian language.

The Pechenegs are replaced by the Polovtsy, and the Mongols come after them. If the Pechenegs came with the Vedic religion, then the Polovtsy came already as Christians. They adopted Christianity in Central Asia.

Therefore, the Polovtsians, together with the Russian Christian princes, are happy to storm the Vedic cities. A terrible turmoil began, which lasted a whole century. Only Yaroslav the Wise could stop her, giving all his daughters as Western rulers and marrying everyone he could.

When the Mongols arrived, they began to destroy the Polovtsians. In order to better understand who fought with whom, and who defended whom, it is necessary to approach this issue not from an ethnic but from an ideological side. In fact, there was a confrontation between the Vedic and Christian ideologies. Therefore, the Polovtsy and the Mongols, and many others, could often be seen both from one side and from the other.

We have already written about the Mongols, so we will skip this period a little. Let's start from the moment when the Mongols or Tatars accept an aggressive world religion, and attack the "infidels", eradicating them literally to the root. That's when the Don is empty. The population leaves with whole families and clans. Moscow, Ryazan, and Dnieper Cossacks appear. The Horde began to sell thousands of Kipchak Christians to Egypt and Turkey. Don could not defeat the Horde then. Novgorod could not help either. At that time he was busy fighting the Livonian and Teutonic orders. The confrontation with the Muslim world begins, which lasts from the 15th to the 19th century. In fact, 500 years of blood.

This is how Belovezhskaya Pushcha arose. The population from Belaya Vezha went to the Belarusian woodland and took refuge there. The Mongols swept across the Don, across the Kuban, but the blood of the Assaks was preserved. In order to somehow survive, the Assacs are forced to accept Christianity, but they retain the Cossack circle, retain their election, retain their military education, and retain their blood.

Circassians now live in the mountains next to the Kuban Cossacks. The Circassians have Russian blood, Tatar, Kartvelian. They speak four dialects, a lot of Turkic words. They are Muslims by faith. But natural Aryans are still periodically born among them.

And further. Before the advent of Christianity to Russia, the steppes of the Irtysh region and East Kazakhstan (Kazakhstan) were inhabited by the Slavic-Aryan caste of warriors - Cumans (Polovtsy), who guarded the southeastern border of Russia. The Cumans had a cult of the Family. His pillar-like stone sculptures, made with extraordinary skill from limestone and marble, they placed on the graves of their relatives. Tens of thousands of such statues stood on mounds and Maidans, at crossroads and river banks. Until the 17th century, they were a necessary part and decoration of the steppe. Since then, most of the statues have been destroyed and only a few thousand have ended up in museums. For example, the Assaks who lived in Kazakhstan, having become Muslims, lost their blood and turned into Kazakhs.

Numbering by 1916 4.4 million people and occupying lands from the Black to the Yellow Sea, the Cossacks in the 20th century were the most serious opponent of those who supported the idea of ​​the destruction of Russia. Even then, there were still 11 Cossack troops: Amur, Astrakhan, Don, Transbaikal, Kuban, Orenburg, Semirechensk, Siberian, Terek, Ural and Ussuri.

Therefore, in the party programs and propaganda literature of the Social Democratic parties, the Cossacks, after unsuccessful attempts to involve them in the revolutionary movement, were called the "stronghold of tsarism", and, in accordance with the party decisions of those years, were subject to destruction.

As a result: no population, no cities, no villages. Some nameless ruins. Even the memories were uprooted.