in the 20th and 21st centuries.

According to scientists, by the beginning the average temperature of the Earth's surface may increase by 1.8 to 3.4 °C. In some regions, the temperature may drop slightly (see Fig. 1).

According to experts (IPCC) , the average temperature on Earth has risen by 0.7 ° Cfrom the second halfand “much of the warming observed in the past 50 years is due to". This isprimarilyejection,calling as a result of burning , and .(see fig.2) .

The strongest temperature fluctuations are observed in the Arctic, Greenland and the Antarctic Peninsula (see Figure 3). It is the polar regions that are most sensitive to climate change, where water is on the border of melting and freezing. A slight cooling leads to an increase in the area of ​​snow and ice, which well reflect solar radiation into space, thereby contributing to a further decrease in temperature. Conversely, warming leads to a reduction in snow and ice cover, better water heating and intensive melting of glaciers, which leads to an increase in ocean level.

In addition to increasing , an increase in temperature will also lead to changes in quantity and distribution. As a result, natural disasters may become more frequent:, and others. Warming is likely to increase the frequency and magnitude of such events.

Another possible consequence of rising global temperatures is lower crop yields in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, and higher yields in developed countries (due to longer growing seasons).

Climate warming can lead to a shift in the habitats of plant and animal species to the polar zone, which will increase the likelihood of extinction of small species inhabiting coastal zones and islands, whose existence is currently under threat of extinction.

By 2013, the scientific community reports that the process of global warming has stopped, and the reasons for the cessation of temperature growth are being studied.

The purpose of my work is to investigate global warming and find ways to solve this problem.

Research objectives:

Explore various theories of global warming;

Assess the consequences of this process;

Suggest measures to prevent global warming.

Research methods used in my work:

Empirical

Statistical

Mathematical, etc.

Climate change on Earth.

The climate is changing both as a result of natural internal processes and external impacts on the environment (see Fig. 4). Over the past 2000 years, several climatic cycles of cooling and warming, replacing each other, are clearly distinguished.

Climatic shifts of our era.

0 - 400 years

. The climate was probably hot, but not dry. The temperature was roughly the same as today, and to the north of the Alps it was even higher than today. Wetter climates prevailed in North Africa and the Middle East.

400 - 1000 years

. The average annual temperature was 1-1.5 degrees lower than the current one. In general, the climate has become wetter and winters colder. In Europe, cold temperatures have also been associated with increased humidity. The limit of tree distribution in the Alps has decreased by about 200 meters, and the glaciers have increased.

1000 - 1300 years

. The era of relatively warm climate inin- centuries, was characterized by mild winters, relatively warm and even weather.

1300 - 1850

. Period, which took place onduring- . This period is the coldest in the last 2,000 years.

1850 - 20?? gg

"Global warming". Estimates from climate models suggest that the average temperature of the Earth's surface may rise by 1.8 to 3.4 °C by the beginning.

Causes of global warming.

The causes of climate change remain unknown, however, among the main external influences are changes in the Earth's orbit, volcanic emissions and . According to direct climate observations, average temperatures on Earth have increased, but the reasons for this increase remain a matter of debate. One of the most widely discussed causes is anthropogenic .

1. .

According to some scholarsthe presentglobal warming is attributed to human activities. It is caused by an anthropogenic increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere, and, as a result, an increase in ». The effect of its presence in resembles the greenhouse effect, when short-wave solar radiation easily penetrates through the CO layer. 2 , and then, reflected from the earth's surface and turning into long-wave radiation, cannot penetrate back through it and remains in the atmosphere. This layer acts like a film in a greenhouse - it creates an additional thermal effect.

The greenhouse effect was discovered in and was first studied inyear. This is the process by which absorption and emission causes the atmosphere and surface to heat up..

On Earth, the main greenhouse gases are: (responsible for approximately 36-70% of the greenhouse effect, excluding clouds), (CO 2 ) (9-26%), (CH 4 ) (4-9%) and (3-7%). Atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and CH 4 increased from the beginning of the industrial revolution to the middle by 31% and 149% respectively. According to separate studies, such concentration levels have been reached for the first time in the last 650,000 years. This is the period for which data were obtained from polar ice samples. Carbon dioxide creates 50% of the greenhouse effect, chlorofluorocarbon accounts for 15-20%, methane - 18%, nitrogen 6% (Fig. 5).

About half of all greenhouse gases produced by human activities remain in the atmosphere. About three-quarters of all anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions over the past 20 years have been the result of fuel combustion. At the same time, about half of the volume of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions is associated with terrestrial vegetation and the ocean. Most of the remaining CO 2 emissions are caused primarily by deforestation and a decrease in the amount of vegetation that absorbs carbon dioxide.

2.2 Change in solar activity.

Scientists have proposed a variety of explanations for changes in the temperature of the Earth. All ongoing climatic processes on the planet depend on the activity of our luminary - the Sun. Therefore, even the smallest changes in solar activity will certainly affect the weather and climate of the Earth. There are 11-year, 22-year, and 80-90-year (Gleisberg) cycles of solar activity. It is likely that the observed global warming is due to the next increase in solar activity, which may decline again in the future. Solar activity could explain half of the temperature changes before 1970. Under the action of solar radiation, the thickness of mountain glaciers changes. For example, in the Alps almost the Pasterze glacier was melting (see Fig. 6). And glaciers are thinning in some areas, while ice sheets are thickening in others (see Fig. 7). Over the past half century, temperatures in southwestern Antarctica have increased by 2.5°C. In from the shelf with an area of ​​3250 km² and a thickness of over 200 meters, located on the Antarctic Peninsula, an area of ​​over 2500 km² broke away. The entire destruction process took only 35 days. Prior to this, the glacier had remained stable for 10,000 years, since the end of the last ice age. The melting of the ice shelf led to the release of a large number of icebergs (over a thousand) in (see Fig. 8).

2.3 Influence of the World Ocean.

The oceans are a huge storage of solar energy. It determines the direction and speed of movement of warm ocean currents, as well as air masses on Earth, which greatly affect the climate of the planet. At present, the nature of heat circulation in the water column of the ocean has been little studied. It is known that the average temperature of the ocean waters is 3.5°C, and the land surface is 15°C, therefore, enhanced heat transfer between the ocean and the surface layer of the atmosphere can lead to significant climate changes (Fig. 9). In addition, a large amount of CO 2 is dissolved in the waters of the ocean (about 140 trillion tons, which is 60 times more than in the atmosphere) and a number of other greenhouse gases. As a result of various natural processes, these gases can enter the atmosphere, significantly affecting the Earth's climate.

2 .4 Volcanic activity.

Volcanic activity is also a source of sulfuric acid aerosols and large amounts of carbon dioxide released during volcanic eruptions into the Earth's atmosphere. Large eruptions are initially accompanied by cooling due to the entry of ash, sulfuric acid and soot particles into the Earth's atmosphere. Subsequently, the CO 2 released during the eruption causes an increase in the average annual temperature on Earth. The subsequent long-term decrease in volcanic activity contributes to an increase in the transparency of the atmosphere, and leads to an increase in temperature on the planet. This can significantly affect the Earth's climate.

3.Results global warming research.

When studying global warming by different weather stations of the world, four series of global temperatures were identified, starting with the second half of the 19th century (see Fig. 10). They show two distinct episodes of global warming. One of them falls on the period from 1910 to 1940. During this time, the average temperature on Earth increased by 0.3-0.4°C. Then, for 30 years, the temperature did not rise and, perhaps, even dropped slightly. And since 1970, a new episode of warming began, which continues to this day. During this time, the temperature increased by another 0.6-0.8°C. Thus, in general, over the 20th century, the average global surface air temperature on Earth has increased by about one degree. This is quite a lot, because even when the ice age comes out, the warming is usually only 4° C.

By studying changes in the level of the World Ocean, scientists have found that the average sea level has been rising over the past 100 years at an average rate of about 1.7 mm / year, which is significantly more than the average rate over the past few thousand years. Since 1993, the global sea level has begun to rise at an accelerated rate - about 3.5 mm / year (see Fig. 11). The main cause of sea level rise today is the increase in the heat content of the ocean, which leads to its expansion. Ice melt is expected to play a larger role in accelerating sea level rise in the future.

The total volume of glaciers on Earth is shrinking rather sharply. Glaciers have been gradually shrinking throughout the last century. But the rate of decline has noticeably increased in the last decade (see Fig. 12). Only a few glaciers are still growing. The gradual disappearance of glaciers will be the result of not only rising sea levels, but also the emergence of problems with the provision of fresh water to some parts of Asia and South America.

.

There is a theory, which often used by opponents of the concepts of anthropogenic global warming and the greenhouse effect. They argue that modern warming is a natural way out of the Little Ice Age of the XIV-XIX centuries, which will lead to the restoration of the temperatures of the small climatic optimum of the X-XIII centuries.

Global warming may not happen everywhere. According to the hypothesis of climatologists M. Ewing and W. Donn, there is an oscillatory process in which the ice age is generated by climate warming, and the exit from the ice age is caused by cooling. This is due to the fact that when the polar ice caps thaw, the amount of precipitation in polar latitudes increases. Subsequently, there is a decrease in temperature in the inland regions of the northern hemisphere, followed by the formation of glaciers. When the ice polar caps freeze, the glaciers in the deep regions of the continents, not receiving enough recharge in the form of precipitation, begin to thaw.

According to one hypothesis, global warming will lead to a stop or a serious weakening. This will cause a significant drop in the average temperature in (while the temperature in other regions will increase, but not necessarily in all), as the Gulf Stream warms the continent due to the transfer of warm water from the tropics.

5. Consequences of global warming.

Currently, the factor of climate warming is considered on a par with other known health risk factors - smoking, alcohol, overnutrition, low physical activity and others.

5.1 Spread of infections.

As a result of climate warming, an increase in precipitation, an expansion of wetlands and an increase in the number of flooded settlements are expected. The area of ​​settlement of reservoirs by mosquito larvae is constantly increasing, including 70% of reservoirs are infected with larvae of malarial mosquitoes. According to WHO experts, an increase in temperature by 2-3 ° C leads to an increase in the number of people who can get malaria by about 3-5%. Mosquito-borne ("mosquito") diseases may occur, such as West Nile fever (WNF), Dengue fever, yellow fever. An increase in the number of days with high temperature leads to the activation of ticks and an increase in the incidence of infections they carry.

5.2. Melting permafrost.

In the thickness of frozen rocks, gas - methane - is conserved. It causes an incomparably greater greenhouse effect than CO2. If methane is released into the atmosphere as permafrost melts, climate change will be irreversible. The planet will become suitable only for cockroaches and bacteria. In addition, dozens of cities built on permafrost will simply sink. The percentage of building deformations in the north is already very high and is growing all the time. Due to the melting of the permafrost, it will be impossible to extract oil, gas, nickel, diamonds and copper. With global warming, with an increase in temperature, new outbreaks of viruses will occur, it becomes available to bacteria and fungi that decompose methane.

5.3 Abnormal natural phenomena.

Scientists believe that one of the consequences of climate change is an increase in the number of such abnormal weather events as floods, storms, typhoons, and hurricanes. R The increase in the frequency, intensity and duration of droughts in some regions will lead to an increase in fire hazard in forest areas, a noticeable expansion of drought areas and desert lands. In other regions of the Earth, one can expect an increase in winds and an increase in the intensity of tropical cyclones, an increase in the frequency of heavy precipitation, which will cause floods to become more frequent, which will lead to waterlogging of the soil, which is dangerous for agriculture.

5.4 Ocean level rise.

In the northern seas, the number of glaciers will decrease (for example, in Greenland), which will lead to a rise in the level of the World Ocean. Then coastal areas will be under water, the level of which is below sea level. For example, the Netherlands, which, under the pressure of the sea, only with the help of dams retain their territory; Japan, which has many manufacturing facilities in such areas; many islands in the tropics can be flooded with the ocean.

5.5 Economic implications.

Climate change costs rise with temperature. Severe storms and floods cause billions of dollars in losses. Extreme weather creates extraordinary financial challenges. For example, after a record-breaking hurricane in 2005, Louisiana experienced a 15 percent drop in revenue a month after the storm, and property damage was estimated at $135 billion. Consumers regularly face rising food and energy prices along with rising health care and real estate costs. As drylands expand, food production is threatened and some populations are at risk of going hungry. Today, India, Pakistan and sub-Saharan Africa are suffering from food shortages, and experts predict even greater reductions in rainfall in the coming decades. Thus, according to estimates, a very gloomy picture emerges. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that by 2020, 75-200 million Africans could experience water scarcity and the continent's agricultural output could fall by 50 percent.

5.6 Loss of biodiversity and destruction of ecosystems.

By 2050, humanity risks losing as much as 30 percent of animal and plant species if the average temperature rises by 1.1 to 6.4 degrees Celsius. Such extinction will occur due to loss of habitat through desertification, deforestation and warming ocean waters, as well as due to the inability to adapt to ongoing climate change. Wildlife researchers have noted that some of the more resilient species have migrated to the poles in order to "maintain" the habitat they need. When plants and animals disappear as a result of climate change, human food, fuel and income will also disappear. Scientists are already seeing bleaching and death of coral reefs due to warming ocean waters, as well as the migration of the most vulnerable plant and animal species to other areas due to rising air and water temperatures, as well as in connection with the melting of glaciers. Changing climatic conditions and a sharp increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are a serious test for our ecosystems.

6. Areas of climate change.

The Intergovernmental Commission has identified a number of areas most vulnerable to expected climate change:

In Asia's mega-delta region, small islands will see increased droughts and increased desertification;

In Europe, rising temperatures will reduce water resources and hydropower generation, reduce agricultural output, worsen tourism conditions, reduce snow cover and retreat of mountain glaciers, increase summer precipitation and increase the risk of heavy and catastrophic rivers;

In Central and Eastern Europe, there will be an increase in the frequency of forest fires, fires on peatlands, a decrease in forest productivity; increasing ground instability in Northern Europe.

In the Arctic - a catastrophic decrease in the area of ​​ice cover, a reduction in the area of ​​sea ice, strengthening of the coast;

In the southwest of Antarctica, on , the temperature increased by 2.5 °C. The mass of Antarctic ice is decreasing at an accelerating rate;

In Western Siberia, since the early 1970s, the temperature of permafrost soils has increased by 1.0 °C, in central Yakutia - by 1-1.5 °C in the northern regions - the Arkhangelsk region, the Komi Republic has not warmed at all;

In the north, since the mid-1980s, the temperature of the upper layer of frozen rocks has increased by 3 ° C, and the fertile California has become somewhat colder;

In the southern regions, in particular, in Ukraine, it also got a little colder.

7. Measures to prevent global warming.

To stop growing CO2 , it is necessary to replace traditional types of energy based on the combustion of carbon raw materials with non-traditional ones. It is necessary to increase the production of solar panels, wind turbines, the construction of tidal power plants (TPP), geothermal and hydroelectric power plants (HPP).

The problem of global warming must be solved at the international level, in accordance with a single international program drawn up with the participation of the governments of all countries and the world community, under a single international leadership. To date, the main global agreement on combating global warming is (agreed on, entered into force on). The protocol includes more than 160 countries of the world and covers about 55% of global greenhouse gas emissions.:

The European Union must cut CO 2 and other greenhouse gas emissions by 8%.

USA - by 7%.

Japan - by 6%.

The protocol provides for a system of quotas for greenhouse gas emissions. Its essence lies in the fact that each of the countries receives permission to emit a certain amount of greenhouse gases. Thus, it is assumed that greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced by 5% over the next 15 years.

Since the implementation of this program will be designed for many years, it is necessary to designate the stages of its implementation, their deadlines, and provide for a system of control and reporting.

Russian scientists are also developing weapons against global warming. This is an aerosol of sulfur compounds, which is supposed to be sprayed into the lower layers of the atmosphere. The method being developed by Russian scientists involves spraying a thin layer of aerosol (0.25-0.5 microns) from various sulfur compounds into the lower layers of the stratosphere (at an altitude of 10-14 kilometers from the ground) using aircraft. Sulfur droplets will reflect solar radiation.

According to scientists, if one million tons of aerosol is sprayed over the Earth, this will reduce solar radiation by 0.5-1 percent, and air temperature by 1-1.5 degrees Celsius.

The amount of aerosol sprayed will need to be constantly maintained as sulfur compounds will sink to the ground over time.

Conclusion.

When studying global warming, I came to the conclusion that over the past 150 years there has been a change in the thermal regime by about 1-1.5 degrees. It has its own regional and temporal scales.

Many scientists believe that the main reason that possibly leads to these processes is an increase in CO 2 (carbon dioxide) in. It is called a "greenhouse gas." An increase in the content of gases such as freon and a number of halogen gases is also considered a consequence of human activities and the cause of ozone holes.

Studies have shown that in order to avoid a global catastrophe, it is necessary to reduce carbon emissions into the atmosphere.

I believe that the most important ways to solve this problem are: the introduction of environmentally friendly, low-waste and waste-free technologies, the construction of treatment facilities, the rational distribution of production and the use of natural resources.

I suggest to use biogas technologies.

Biogas is a decomposition product of organic substances of various origins (manure, food industry waste, other biological waste).

Biogas consists of 50-70% methane (CH 4) and 30-50% carbon dioxide (CO 2). It can be used as a fuel for heat and electricity. Biogas can be used in boiler plants (to generate heat), in gas turbines or in reciprocating engines. Usually they operate in cogeneration mode - for the production of electricity and heat (see Fig. 13).

Raw materials for biogas plants are available in sufficient quantities at wastewater treatment plants, garbage dumps, pig farms, poultry farms, cowsheds. It is agricultural enterprises that can be considered the main consumer of biogas technologies. From a ton of manure, 30-50 m3 of biogas is obtained with a methane content of 60%. In fact, one cow is able to provide 2.5 cubic meters of gas per day. About 2 kW of electricity can be generated from one cubic meter of biogas. Plus, organic fertilizer is produced, which can be used in agriculture.

The principle of operation of the installation:

From livestock buildings 1 using self-alloying method, manure is moved to a receiving tank 2 , where the preparation of raw materials for loading into reactors for processing takes place. Then it is fed into the biogas plant 3 , where the biogas is released, which is fed into the gas distribution column 5 . It separates carbon dioxide and methane. Wastes are nitrogen fertilizers, they are taken to the fields 10. CO 2 goes to the production of biovitamin concentrate, and CH4 goes to the gas generator 9 , where it generates electricity, with which the pump works 11 supplying water for irrigation of fields and greenhouses 13 .

In the energy balance of European countries, biogas takes 3-4%. In Finland, Sweden and Austria, thanks to the state incentives for bioenergy, its share reaches 15-20%. There are 12 million small "family" biogas plants in China, supplying gas mainly to cooking stoves. This technology is widespread in India, Africa.In Russia, biogas plants are little used.

Bibliography.

Journal "Chemistry and Life" №4, 2007

Kriskunov E.A. Ecology (textbook), M. 1995

Pravda.ru

Revich B.A. "Russia in the surrounding world: 2004"

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http://www.priroda.su/item/389

http://www.climatechange.ru/node/119

http://energyland.info

Into the atmosphere as a result of burning fossil fuels from 1800 to 2007 in billions of tons.

Figure 3 Between 1979 (left) and 2003 (right), the area covered by Arctic ice has noticeably decreased.

Fig.4 Climate reconstructions for the period 1000-2000 n. e., marked by the Little Ice Age

Rice. 5. The proportion of anthropogenic gases in the atmosphere during the greenhouse effect.

Fig.6 Photographs of the melting Pasterze glacier in Austria in 1875 (left) and 2004 (right).

Fig.7 Map of changes in the thickness of mountain glaciers since 1970. Thinning in orange and red colors, thickening in blue.

Fig.8. Melting ice shelf.

Fig.9 Graph of changes in ocean heat content for a 700-meter layer of water since 1955. Seasonal changes (red dots), annual averages (black line)

Fig.10. Study of global warming at different weather stations.

Rice. 11 Graph of changes in annual mean measurements of global sea level. Red: sea level since 1870; blue: based on tide sensors, black: based on satellite observations. Inset is the average global sea level rise since 1993, the period during which sea level rise has accelerated.

Rice. 12 Volumetric decline (in cubic miles) of glaciers worldwide.

Rice. 13 Diagram of a biogas plant.

An article about global warming. What is happening now in the world on a global scale, what consequences may be due to global warming. At times it is worth looking at what WE have brought the world to.

What is global warming?

Global warming is a slow and gradual increase in the average temperature on our planet, which is currently observed. Global warming is a fact that is pointless to argue with, and that is why it is necessary to approach it soberly and objectively.

Causes of global warming

According to scientific data, global warming can be caused by many factors:

Volcanic eruptions;

Behavior of the World Ocean (typhoons, hurricanes, etc.);

Solar Activity;

Earth's magnetic field;

Human activity. The so-called anthropogenic factor. The idea is supported by the majority of scientists, public organizations and the media, which does not at all mean its unshakable truth.

Most likely, it will turn out that each of these components contributes to global warming.

What is the greenhouse effect?

The greenhouse effect has been observed by any of us. In greenhouses, the temperature is always higher than outside; in a closed car on a sunny day, the same thing is observed. On the scale of the globe, everything is the same. Part of the solar heat received by the Earth's surface cannot escape back into space, since the atmosphere acts like polyethylene in a greenhouse. If it were not for the greenhouse effect, the average temperature of the Earth's surface should be about -18°C, but in reality it is about +14°C. How much heat remains on the planet directly depends on the composition of the air, which just changes under the influence of the factors described above (What causes global warming?); namely, the content of greenhouse gases is changing, which include water vapor (responsible for more than 60% of the effect), carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide), methane (causes the most warming) and a number of others.

Coal-fired power plants, car exhausts, factory chimneys and other man-made sources of pollution together emit about 22 billion tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases per year. Animal husbandry, fertilizer application, coal burning and other sources produce about 250 million tons of methane per year. About half of all greenhouse gases emitted by mankind remain in the atmosphere. About three-quarters of all anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions over the past 20 years have been caused by the use of oil, natural gas and coal. Much of the rest is caused by landscape changes, primarily deforestation.

What facts prove global warming?

Rising temperatures

The temperature has been documented for about 150 years. It is generally accepted that it has risen by about 0.6°C over the past century, although there is still no clear methodology for determining this parameter, and there is also no confidence in the adequacy of data from a century ago. Rumor has it that warming has been sharp since 1976, the beginning of rapid industrial activity of man and reached its maximum acceleration in the second half of the 90s. But even here there are discrepancies between ground-based and satellite observations.

Rising sea levels

As a result of warming and melting of glaciers in the Arctic, Antarctica and Greenland, the water level on the planet has risen by 10-20 cm, possibly more.

Melting glaciers

Well, what can I say, global warming is really the reason for the melting of glaciers, and photos will confirm this better than words.

The Upsala Glacier in Patagonia (Argentina) used to be one of the largest glaciers in South America, but is now disappearing at 200 meters per year.

Rhoun glacier, Valais, Switzerland rose up to 450 meters.

Portage Glacier in Alaska.

1875 photo courtesy H. Slupetzky/University of Salzburg Pasterze.

Relationship between global warming and global cataclysms

Global warming prediction methods

Global warming and its development are predicted mainly with the help of computer models, based on the collected data on temperature, carbon dioxide concentration and much more. Of course, the accuracy of such forecasts leaves much to be desired and, as a rule, does not exceed 50%, and the further scientists swing, the less likely the prediction will come true.

Also, ultra-deep drilling of glaciers is used to obtain data, sometimes samples are taken from a depth of up to 3000 meters. This ancient ice contains information about the temperature, solar activity, and the intensity of the Earth's magnetic field at that time. The information is used for comparison with current indicators.

What measures are being taken to stop global warming?

A broad consensus among climate scientists that global temperatures continue to rise has led a number of governments, corporations and individuals to try to prevent or adapt to global warming. Many environmental organizations advocate for action against climate change, mainly by consumers, but also at the municipal, regional and government levels. Some also advocate limiting the global production of fossil fuels, citing a direct link between fuel combustion and CO2 emissions.

To date, the main global agreement to combat global warming is the Kyoto Protocol (agreed in 1997, entered into force in 2005), an addition to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. The protocol includes more than 160 countries of the world and covers about 55% of global greenhouse gas emissions.

The European Union is to cut CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions by 8%, the US by 7% and Japan by 6%. Thus, it is assumed that the main goal - to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 5% over the next 15 years - will be achieved. But this will not stop global warming, but only slightly slow its growth. And this is at best. So, we can conclude that serious measures to prevent global warming are not being considered and are not being taken.

Figures and facts of global warming

One of the most visible processes associated with global warming is the melting of glaciers.

Over the past half century, temperatures in southwestern Antarctica, on the Antarctic Peninsula, have risen by 2.5°C. In 2002, an iceberg with an area of ​​over 2500 km broke away from the Larsen Ice Shelf with an area of ​​3250 km and a thickness of more than 200 meters, located on the Antarctic Peninsula, which actually means the destruction of the glacier. The entire destruction process took only 35 days. Prior to this, the glacier had remained stable for 10,000 years, since the end of the last ice age. Over the course of millennia, the thickness of the glacier decreased gradually, but in the second half of the 20th century, the rate of its melting increased significantly. The melting of the glacier led to the release of a large number of icebergs (over a thousand) into the Weddell Sea.

Other glaciers are also collapsing. Thus, in the summer of 2007, an iceberg 200 km long and 30 km wide broke off from the Ross Ice Shelf; somewhat earlier, in the spring of 2007, an ice field 270 km long and 40 km wide broke away from the Antarctic continent. The accumulation of icebergs prevents the exit of cold waters from the Ross Sea, which leads to a violation of the ecological balance (one of the consequences, for example, is the death of penguins, who lost the opportunity to reach their usual food sources due to the fact that the ice in the Ross Sea lasted longer than usual).

The acceleration of the degradation of permafrost has been noted.

Since the beginning of the 1970s, the temperature of permafrost soils in Western Siberia has increased by 1.0°C, in central Yakutia - by 1-1.5°C. In northern Alaska, the temperature of the top layer of frozen rocks has increased by 3°C since the mid-1980s.

What impact will global warming have on the environment?

It will greatly affect the lives of some animals. For example, polar bears, seals and penguins will be forced to change their habitats, as the current ones will simply melt away. Many species of animals and plants may simply disappear, unable to adapt to a rapidly changing environment. Will change the weather on a global scale. An increase in the number of climatic disasters is expected; longer periods of extremely hot weather; there will be more rain, but the likelihood of drought in many regions will increase; increased flooding due to hurricanes and rising sea levels. But it all depends on the specific region.

The report of the Working Group of the Intergovernmental Commission on Climate Change (Shanghai, 2001) lists seven models of climate change in the 21st century. The main conclusions made in the report are the continuation of global warming, accompanied by an increase in greenhouse gas emissions (although according to some scenarios, a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions is possible by the end of the century as a result of bans on industrial emissions); an increase in surface air temperature (by the end of the 21st century, an increase in surface temperature by 6°C is possible); sea ​​level rise (on average - by 0.5 m per century).

The most likely changes in weather factors include more intense precipitation; higher maximum temperatures, an increase in the number of hot days and a decrease in the number of frosty days in almost all regions of the Earth; with heatwaves becoming more frequent in most continental areas; reduction in temperature spread.

As a result of these changes, one can expect an increase in winds and an increase in the intensity of tropical cyclones (the general trend towards an increase in which was noted back in the 20th century), an increase in the frequency of heavy precipitation, and a noticeable expansion of drought areas.

The Intergovernmental Commission has identified a number of areas most vulnerable to expected climate change. This is the Sahara region, the Arctic, the mega-deltas of Asia, small islands.

Negative changes in Europe include increased temperatures and increased droughts in the south (resulting in reduced water resources and reduced hydropower generation, reduced agricultural production, worsened tourism conditions), reduced snow cover and retreat of mountain glaciers, increased risk of severe floods and catastrophic floods on the rivers; increased summer precipitation in Central and Eastern Europe, increased frequency of forest fires, fires in peatlands, reduced forest productivity; increasing ground instability in Northern Europe. In the Arctic, there is a catastrophic decrease in the area of ​​ice cover, a reduction in the area of ​​sea ice, and increased coastal erosion.

Some researchers (for example, P. Schwartz and D. Randell) offer a pessimistic forecast, according to which, already in the first quarter of the 21st century, a sharp jump in climate is possible in an unforeseen direction, and the onset of a new ice age lasting hundreds of years may be the result.

How will global warming affect humans?

They are afraid of a lack of drinking water, an increase in the number of infectious diseases, problems in agriculture due to droughts. But in the long run, nothing but human evolution awaits. Our ancestors faced a bigger problem when temperatures soared 10°C after the end of the ice age, but that's what led to our civilization. Otherwise, they would still probably hunt mammoths with spears.

Of course, this is not a reason to pollute the atmosphere with anything, because in the short term we will have to go bad. Global warming is a question in which you need to follow the call of common sense, logic, not fall for cheap bikes and not be led by the majority, because history knows many examples when the majority were very deeply mistaken and did a lot of trouble, up to the burning of great minds, who, in the end, turned out to be right.

Global warming is the modern theory of relativity, the law of universal gravitation, the fact of the Earth's rotation around the Sun, the sphericity of our planet at the time of their presentation to the public, when opinions were also divided. Someone is definitely right. But who is it?

P.S.

More on Global Warming.

Greenhouse gas emissions from the world's most oil-burning countries, 2000.

Forecast of the growth of arid areas caused by global warming. The simulation was carried out on a supercomputer at the Institute of Space Research. Goddard (NASA, GISS, USA).

Consequences of global warming.

The problem of climate imbalance has become acute in recent years. During the first 10 years of the 21st century, the volume of emissions of harmful gases increased by 4 times. For this reason, a persistent increase in the temperature of the environment is now observed.

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Global warming: myth or reality?

The issue of global warming is receiving more and more attention. New theories and facts appear daily, old ones are refuted or confirmed. Publications contradict one another, which often leads to confusion. Let's try to deal with this issue.

Global warming is understood as the process of increasing the temperature of the environment (averaged indicators for the year), ocean waters, the surface of the planet, caused by a change in the activity of the Sun, an increase in the emission of harmful gases in the atmosphere and other factors that arise as a side result of human activity. Let's see what threatens us with a change in temperature.

Consequences of global warming

To The consequences of global warming include:

• climatic changes, which are manifested by abnormal temperatures. Here are some examples of this process: severe frosts in winter alternate with a fairly high temperature during the period of warming, abnormally hot or cold summers;
• a decrease in the supply of water suitable for consumption;
• reduced yields of many crops;
• melting glaciers, which raises the water level in the oceans and leads to the appearance of icebergs;
• an increase in the number of natural disasters: prolonged droughts, torrential downpours in certain regions that were not typical of this; destructive hurricanes and tornadoes;
• desertification and an increase in areas unsuitable for life;
• reduction in the diversity of biological species due to the inability to adapt to new habitat conditions.

Whether it is dangerous for humanity or not, it is impossible to say unequivocally. Question in how quickly he can adapt to new conditions. There is a sharp imbalance in quality of life in different regions. Less populated but more developed countries Earth is trying with all its might to stop the process of destructive anthropogenic influence on environment, in while in densely populated, less developed countries The first is the issue of survival. Global climate change could lead to further increase this imbalance.

Scientists track signs of ongoing changes on the results of studies of the chemical composition of the atmosphere and ocean waters, meteorological observations, changes in the rate at which glaciers are melting, and a graph of changes in ice areas.

The rate of iceberg formation is also investigated. Predictions based on the data obtained provide insight into the consequences of human impact on ecosystems. Evidence from research shows that the threat lies in the fact that the pace of climate change is increasing every year, so the main challenge is the need to introduce environmentally friendly production methods and restore the natural balance.

Historical facts about climate change

An analysis of paleontological data suggests that periods of cooling and warming have accompanied the Earth at all times. Cold periods were replaced by warm periods and vice versa. In the Arctic latitudes, in summer the temperature rose to +13 o C. In contrast to them, there was a time when there were glaciers in tropical latitudes.

The theory confirms that humanity has witnessed several periods of climate change. In historical chronicles there is evidence that in the 11th-13th centuries there was no ice cover on the territory of Greenland, for this reason the Norwegian navigators called it the "green land". Then came a period of cooling, and the territory of the island was covered with ice. At the beginning of the 20th century, a period of warming began again, as a result, the areas of glaciers in the mountains and the ice of the Arctic Ocean decreased. In the 1940s, a short-term cooling was observed, and since the 1980s, an active increase in temperature has begun throughout the planet.

In the 21st century, the essence of the problem lies in the fact that the influence of anthropogenic factors has been added to the natural causes of changes in the ambient temperature. The pressure on ecosystems is constantly increasing. Its manifestation is observed in all regions of the planet.

Causes of global warming

Scientists are not ready to name exactly what is causing the change in climatic conditions. Many theories and hypotheses have the right to exist. The most common hypotheses are:

1. The oceans affect the climate. It accumulates solar energy. The change in currents has a direct impact on the climatic conditions of coastal countries. The air masses that are formed under the influence of these currents regulate the temperature and weather conditions of many countries and continents. The circulation of heat from ocean waters has been little studied. The formation of hurricanes, which then come to the continents with destructive force, is a consequence of disturbances in the circulation of heat in the oceans. Ocean water contains carbon dioxide and other harmful impurities, the concentration of which is many times greater than in the atmosphere. Under certain natural processes, these gases can be released into the atmosphere, which causes further climatic changes on the planet.
2. The smallest changes in the activity of the Sun directly affect the climate on Earth. Scientists have identified several cycles of changes in solar activity lasting 11, 22 and 80-90 years. It is likely that the increased activity at the present time will decrease, and the air temperature will drop by several degrees.
3. Volcanic activity. According to studies, during large volcanic eruptions, an initial decrease in air temperature is observed, which is due to the ingress of large volumes of soot and sulfuric acid aerosols into the air. Then there is a significant warming, which is caused by an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide resulting from a volcanic eruption.
4. Climate change is the result of anthropogenic influence. This hypothesis is the most popular. Comparing the rates of economic and technological growth, population growth and trends in climate change, scientists came to the conclusion that everything is connected with human activities. A side effect of the active pace of industrial development was the emission of harmful gases and air pollution. According to the results of research, the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere creates a so-called shell, which leads to a violation of the planet's heat exchange and a gradual increase in the temperature of the air, the Earth's surface, and the waters of the oceans.

Ways to solve the problem of global warming

According to a number of scientists, if a person takes up the solution of the problem of global warming in the coming years, the pace of climate change can be reduced. With an unchanged lifestyle of people, avoiding the fate of dinosaurs will not work.

Scientists offer different ways of how to fight and how to stop global warming. Ways to solve the problem of climate change and reduce the burden on the environment are very different: from greening areas, breeding new varieties of plants adapted to changing conditions, and ending with the development of new technological processes that will have less impact on nature. In any case, the struggle should be aimed not only at solving current problems, but also at preventing negative consequences in the future. Not the last role is given to reducing the use of non-renewable energy sources and the transition to the use of renewable ones. Many countries are already switching to geo- and wind energy.

Much attention is paid to the development of regulatory documents, the main task of which is to reduce emissions of harmful gases into the atmosphere and preserve biological diversity. This requires significant investment, but as long as people put their own well-being first, it will not be possible to get rid of the problem of climate change and prevent its consequences.

Alexander Kislov, Doctor of Geography, Professor, Head of the Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Faculty of Geography, Moscow State University, talks about the physics of global warming.
Monsoons and the ancient Caliphate
Ideas about the climate began to form among people a very long time ago. Without weather knowledge, our distant ancestors could not conduct military operations, build states, develop new lands and get a good harvest. The Sumerians, Egyptians and Hittites were well versed in climatology. The ancient Arabs in the Caliphate were well aware of the monsoons - they sailed through the Indian Ocean, using the concept of the seasonality of the winds.
Climatology has always been close to man. In the 18th century, the British, preparing an invasion of the Himalayas, carefully studied the precipitation and temperature of the mountainous regions. British agents disguised as beggars climbed the passes of the Himalayas with thermometers. So they got an idea about the temperature regime, and having boiled water for making tea - the height of the passes according to the boiling temperature.
But until the second half of the 20th century, climatology studied typical situations - temperature in March, rainfall in November ...
But after the end of World War II, scientists first raised the question of climate dynamics.
Geologists were the first
The fact that the climate is changing was first understood by geologists. Soon, climatologists themselves took up the study of temperature dynamics and found out that it is important for everything: for the state of the environment, for agriculture, for the economy ... The most important contribution to the study of climate change was made by the Soviet and Russian scientist Mikhail Ivanovich Budyko. It was he and the American Sakuro Manabe who determined the development of climatology for decades.
How did scientists come to the conclusion that we live in an era of global warming? They simply used data from weather stations.
These data clearly show that with 20–30 -X years of the last century began a strong increase in temperatures.

Average annual temperature anomaly of the planet for 1880-2010, data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Source: NOAA

P.S. Admin .

“At the end of each “great year” called by Aristotle – according to the Censorinus – the greatest, which consists of six SARs (3600x6=21600 years), a great physical revolution takes place on our planet. The polar and equatorial climates are gradually exchanging places, the first slowly moving towards the equator, and the tropical zone with its luxurious vegetation and teeming with animal life is replaced by the harsh deserts of the icy poles. This change of climates is necessarily accompanied by cataclysms, earthquakes and other cosmic convulsions. As the ocean containers shift, at the end of each ten thousand years and one neros, a semi-universal flood like the legendary Noah's flood will occur. And this year in Greek is called HELIAKAL; but no one outside the walls of the sanctuaries knew anything definite about its duration and other details. The winter of this year is called cataclysm or flood, and the summer is called ekpyrosis. Popular tradition teaches that during these alternating seasons the world will alternately be burned and flooded. This is what we learn at least from the "Astronomical Fragments" of Censorinus and Seneca. Regarding the duration of this year, all commentators express themselves very uncertainly - so uncertainly that none of them, with the exception of Herodotus and Linus, who attributed to this year a duration - the first 10800 years, the last - 13984 years - did not come close to the truth."Isis Unveiled", v.1.

In recent decades, the problem of global warming has become more and more acute, and if earlier it was some kind of phrase far from everyday life, understandable only to scientists, today many have experienced this phenomenon.

The climate, the air, the state of nature and people are changing. The temperature of the world's oceans (and the thermal forces of the entire earth are consolidated in and through it) has risen by almost one degree over the past century, and this process has been especially active in the last three decades.

What negative consequences for people and nature are fraught with global warming, at what pace, according to experts' forecasts, it will continue to occur, the reasons for this phenomenon - we'll talk about this.

“Global warming is an increase in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. Since the 1970s, at least 90% of the warming energy has been stored in the ocean. Despite the dominant role of the ocean in heat storage, the term global warming is often used to refer to an increase in the average air temperature near the surface of the land and ocean.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, the average air temperature has risen by 0.74 °C, about two-thirds since 1980. Each of the last three decades has been warmer than the last, warmer than any previous decade since 1850." (Wikipedia).

The main negative manifestations of HP: impact on climate (changes in the amount and nature of precipitation: heat waves, droughts, rainstorms, increased frequency of extreme weather events), sea level rise, expansion of deserts, in the Arctic - retreat of glaciers, permafrost, ocean acidification, extinction of biological species due to change temperatures, reduced yields in hot countries, the spread of tropical diseases outside their usual zone.

In general, there were many assumptions and versions why the GP (Global Warming) began: some shifts in the depths of the oceans, and the destruction of the natural shell of the earth, and mysterious versions.

According to scientists who studied the problem in the early 2000s, the causes of global warming are most likely associated with an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases due to human activity:

« The Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC (2007) stated that there is a 90% chance that most of the temperature change is due to increased concentrations of greenhouse gases due to human activities. In 2010, this conclusion was confirmed by the academies of sciences of the main industrialized countries. In the Fifth Report (2013), the IPCC refined this estimate:

“Human influences have been identified on rising atmospheric and ocean temperatures, changing the global hydrological cycle, decreasing snow and ice, rising global mean sea levels, and on several extreme climate events…Evidence of human influence has grown stronger since the AR4. It is highly probable that human influence has been the main cause of the warming observed since the middle of the 20th century…””.

That is, we can say with confidence that the cause of HP is in a person, moreover, some scientists directly call HP as a consequence of human life:

“Global warming is a side process of human existence on this planet, which began with the industrial revolution. Usually, global warming refers to processes that cause human actions on the planet (burning fossil fuels, forcing the greenhouse effect, melting glaciers and, as a result, an increase in temperature on planet Earth), leading to a general increase in temperature.

But do not forget that the Earth has experienced global warming from time to time in its history and without human intervention - it seems that this is a completely natural process that we cause by our unnatural actions. The fight against global warming is given special attention on the agenda of the world, and if we do not want our blue planet to turn into a lifeless Venus, it is necessary to change the course of the global party.”

Now let's discuss the problem in simple language. There are many texts where the authors consider GP from a scientific point of view, with an abundance of specific terms (terms of physics, chemistry, ecology, geophysics, etc.). Few things in these texts are clear to most ordinary people. They don't understand what they care about the "hype" about the size of the GP when they have pressing problems, such as daily traffic jams on freeways, headaches due to magnetic storms.

Well, what does a grandmother from the suburbs of a Russian metropolis care about CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels and cement production? In her garden, the crop is dying due to abnormal weather, drought, hail in the summer. But the GP is directly related to all these seemingly petty and earthly troubles ... but few of the people who are not enlightened will draw cause-and-effect relationships.

Have you noticed that summer has become strange in recent decades, especially years? The strangeness is expressed in the fact that Summer is either short, but with periods of either severe drought, or indefatigable downpours, or long, but cool, with only a couple of hot days, which are now and then interrupted by weather anomalies: hail, snow, hurricanes, strong wind.

But most importantly, it became unbearably stuffy. According to the stories of a former resident of Tajikistan, they used to experience 40 degrees “burning” in their “homeland”, but the heat is not felt, because there is a lot of greenery, the air is soft, there is oxygen. And in our country, why do you think 25 degrees began to be felt so that people faint? There is little greenery, there is a massive deforestation, high-rise buildings are being built on the site of parks.

Cities really turn into a stone jungle. Forests are being cut down outside the city ... and trees, in addition to oxygen, gave us protection from the winds, they were a connecting link in a long logical chain of natural phenomena, if one important component is removed from this chain, all harmony collapses like a house of cards and turns into chaos. Many living species, which are unique in the biological chain, have died from deforestation, which also violates the laws of the natural world.

On the territory of large Russian cities there are kilometer-long areas without green areas, all houses, offices, roads, construction sites, asphalt, paving stones. But by banishing nature from our lives, violating its laws, we upset the balance in everything. So in summer, the scorching heat begins already from 26 degrees ... This is especially noted by people of an age who have something to compare with ... I remember the beginning of the 90s, when 30 degrees was nothing, and even more so in the village - they didn’t smell at 40 degrees stuffiness: the concentration of harmful ozone and other dangerous gases has increased, and their heat simply “boils” and we breathe these fumes .. The people are already getting used to the abnormal heat and hail mixed.

What is the relationship between all described and global warming?

The fact is that very often it seems that a drop in the ocean is just a drop in the ocean, but any sea consists of countless drops, and sometimes, as they say, each drop can be the last.

In fact, the population of the Earth is increasing at a rapid pace, each in itself is just a person incomparable to the scale of the Earth, but 7 billion people are already a crowd that can turn this Earth over, and after all, more and more people are being born and will be born - unless can we expect that the problems of the GP will somehow smooth out? The problems of the GP will only become more complicated and gain momentum, no matter how optimistically they say.

For example, in 1820 there were only 1 billion people on the planet, a little more than a hundred years (1927) it took 2 billion people. In the future, the rate increases: 3 billion already 30 years after setting the mark of 2 billion. Then every 12 -13 years for billion people, today the people on the planet are over 7 billion. Over the past 90 years, the population has increased by 5 billion, although before that, in the entire history, the history of many thousands of years, there were 1-2 billion people. According to forecasts, 8 billion of us will be around 2024.

There are more of us, and not just more, but much more. And it seems that one small person can move in the masses of the world's oceans, but when there are billions of these little people, and they live, breathe, eat, use household goods, cook, etc., they drive cars along the streets, which by the evening they stuff these cars like herrings in a barrel, move the industrialization machine forward, refuel planes, pump oil, pour all sorts of rubbish from factories into rivers. Cellular towers are being installed where no human has ever set foot before, cell phones are being created and sold in millions, billions of copies, in Russian cities the number of cars will soon approach the population, but at the moment at least about 100 million Russian cars are damaged. atmosphere with exhaust gases.

There are more and more cell phones, cars, more and more people enjoy the benefits of civilization, build factories where new generations need to work and create revolutionary products that can turn the world upside down for the hundred and first time. In addition to poisoning the biosphere, the atmosphere is enhanced by the so-called greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases, according to scientists, are the main cause of HP.

“Greenhouse gases are gases that are believed to cause the global greenhouse effect. The main greenhouse gases, in order of their estimated impact on the Earth's heat balance, are water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, sulfuryl fluoride, halocarbons and nitrous oxide.

Water vapor is the main natural greenhouse gas responsible for more than 60% of the effect.

Sources of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere are volcanic emissions, the vital activity of the biosphere, and human activities. Anthropogenic sources are: combustion of fossil fuels; biomass burning, including deforestation; some industrial processes lead to a significant release of carbon dioxide (for example, the production of cement).

Until recently, it was believed that the greenhouse effect of methane is 25 times stronger than that of carbon dioxide. Now, however, the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) claims that methane's "greenhouse potential" is even more dangerous than previously estimated. As follows from a recent IPCC report cited by Die Welt, in terms of 100 years, the greenhouse activity of methane is 28 times stronger than that of carbon dioxide, and in a 20-year perspective - 84 times.

The greenhouse activity of freons is 1300-8500 times higher than that of carbon dioxide. The main source of freon are refrigeration units and aerosols.

So, according to the observations of scientists, the concentration of "bad" (tropospheric) ozone has increased in Europe by 3 times compared to the pre-industrial era. "The increase in ozone concentration near the surface has a strong negative effect on vegetation, damaging the leaves and inhibiting their photosynthetic potential."

In general, the vital activity of a person, his stormy desire to arrange his life with comfort to the maximum, technological progress have led to global natural changes.

Forecasts say: “The likely value of a possible increase in temperature over the 21st century based on climate models will be 1.1-2.9 °C for the minimum emission scenario; 2.4-6.4 °C for the maximum emission scenario. The scatter in the estimates is determined by the values ​​of climate sensitivity to changes in the concentration of greenhouse gases accepted in the models.

Climate change and its consequences will be different in different regions of the world.”

White bears suffer, they lose part of the house due to melting ice ... I guarantee that most people who are far from the problems of the GP learned that there is such a problem from a news announcer in general, like a hackneyed record repeating that white bears feel bad because of melting snow due to GP. At first, the people were not afraid that it would affect them, everyone sympathized with the bears. Well, they were also afraid that the ice would melt and flood us all .. And then, when hail the size of a chicken egg began to pour in the summer, and the wind at 30 meters per second was replaced by a downpour like a bucket, this phrase became fashionable among mere mortals.

The most “anomalous” years in the 20th and 21st centuries: 2015, 2014 (maybe 2015 will beat 2016), then 1998, 2005 and 2010, with little difference between each other.

And although the data cited by scientists tell us that earlier, in world history, there were GP phenomena, and that the Earth has excellent compensatory capabilities, the fact remains: the most abnormally hot years have been in recent decades, recent years have become the hottest in general, an increase in the number of population is inevitable, the growth of consumption and use of harmful compounds, the benefits of civilization is inevitable. There have never been such periods in the history of the Earth, at least officially registered.

Slowly but surely, the GP is drowning our land in stuffiness, rain, bad weather ... according to bold forecasts, there is not much left before the disaster. In addition to some kind of violent catastrophe, there is a deterioration in the quality of life, natural conditions, as a result of the health of the population, a reduction in life.

Nevertheless, some measures to control the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere were taken, namely, the 1997 Kyoto Agreement became such measures. For example, Russia even overfulfilled the plan. However, despite this, the situation with global warming is progressing in a negative direction. Although if it were not for the protocol, perhaps we would all be drowning on a small piece of ice floe in the world's oceans.

“The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement, an additional document to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992), adopted in Kyoto (Japan) in December 1997. It obliges developed countries and countries with economies in transition to reduce or stabilize greenhouse gas emissions.”

The countries that signed the agreement pledged to limit, reduce, from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2012, the amount of emissions of 6 types of gases (carbon dioxide, methane, fluorocarbons, fluorocarbons, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride) by 5.2% compared to the level 1990.

“The main obligations were assumed by the industrial countries:

EU must cut emissions by 8%

USA - by 7%

Japan and Canada - by 6%

The countries of Eastern Europe and the Baltics - an average of 8%

Developing countries, including China and India, made no commitments.”

In 2015, at the Global Development Summit of the UN General Assembly, Sergey Lavrov made a statement that Russia has exceeded the plan under the Kita Agreement: our country has reduced emissions from the energy sector by 37% over the past 20 years.

In 2011, the protocol was extended until the adoption of a new agreement.