In linguistic literature the question of the legitimate allocation of artistic style remains debatable. A number of scientists do not single out artistic styles among functional styles, arguing that the language of fiction incorporates other functional styles, does not have specific linguistic signs, and performs a special aesthetic function.
Other functional styles include and artistic style. Their arguments are that artistic speech, occupying a special position in the system of styles, turns out to be one of them. Artistic speech uses only individual features and elements of other styles that are used for aesthetic purposes. The dominant artistic style is the imagery and aesthetic significance of each element.
Lexical Features artistic style knows no limits: neologisms, individual images, vernacular, jargon, dialectisms, speech irregularities (to characterize the character). Vocabulary is mostly specific, small details are important, details in the description.
how morphological feature one can note the activity of verb forms, which contributes to the activation of the reader's imagination, which visually and figuratively presents a picture of events.
A variety of linguistic means are widely used; the language of fiction is not stylistically closed.
Colloquial speech- a specific kind of literary language used in conditions of easy communication and opposed within the limits of the literary language of codified book speech (E. "Russian language", p. 249).
should be distinguished colloquial style and colloquial speech. Conversational style is a special functional system with a lesser degree of normalization (does not include rough vernacular).
Extralinguistic factors:
Spontaneity, unpreparedness,
unofficial,
personality,
situationality,
Emotionally expressive coloring,
Spoken language is carried out predominantly in oral form, involves direct contact between communicants. The addresser and the addressee often change roles, the relationship between them is established in the very act of speech, speech cannot be preliminarily considered.
Communication is carried out in a specific situation, so the speakers have a certain general stock of knowledge, which is called background. They allow you to build such reduced (abbreviated) statements that are incomprehensible outside of background knowledge.
Colloquial speech is referred to as a style, which in various manuals is called colloquial, colloquial-everyday, colloquial-everyday.
Dominant language function- exchange of opinions, the main form of speech is oral, a typical type of speech is dialogue, polylogue, the way of communication is personal, contact, the tone of speech is situationally conditioned.
The colloquial style serves the sphere of everyday everyday communication, characterized by the absence of official relations between the speakers.
Spoken language has its own rules. The norm is that which is constantly used in speech and "does not hurt the ear." They are established by custom (custom) and are not consciously supported by anyone.
Phonetic norms. Colloquial pronunciation is understood as one that is characterized by less tension of the organs of speech, less clarity of pronunciation, which leads to a change in the quality of sounds up to their loss. For example, an airplane, a university, degrees, in general, a trip, a student, today.
In everyday colloquial speech, intonation plays an exceptional role. Speech is accompanied by a sharp rise and fall in tone, "stretching" of vowels, lengthening of consonants, chanting (pronounce clearly) syllables, pauses, changes in the tempo of speech, rhythm.
Lexical Features. A characteristic feature is its lexical heterogeneity; there are common book vocabulary, terms, foreign words, words of high stylistic coloring, vernacular, dialects, jargons.
Lexical norm - the use of neutral vocabulary. However, its use reveals the specificity of colloquial speech.
Specific vocabulary is widely used (person, work, home, yes). Household (schi, potatoes, train, be greedy), vocabulary of family relationships (mother, father, son, daughter), proper names, nicknames of animals.
It is possible to use words with colloquial coloring (animal, parasite, warm).
The development of ambiguity and synonymy, incl. situational (remove - dismiss from office, pay - salary, catch a cold - catch a cold).
It is rich in emotionally expressive coloring (careless, seedy, hard worker, worker, mediocrity, rubbish). Compatibility of words is wider than normative general language ones.
The use of abstract is limited. rich phraseological units(grab your head, catch your eye, beat the buckets). They are often rethought, change form, can be used as an independent one, retaining the meaning of the whole phraseological unit (don't stick your head out, don't stick your head out, sticking your nose out is not your business).
word formation.
Researchers note two types of word-formation models:
1) what is constantly used in colloquial speech and is neutral in it (newspaperman, condensed milk),
2) what is distinguished in colloquial speech as reduced or expressive (canteen, boredom). Word-formation possibilities are associated with its expressiveness and evaluativeness.
Productive suffixes with the meaning of petting, diminutiveness, magnification, disapproval (granddaughter, house, hefty, thin). Suf active. -ak (yak), -un, -an (yan), -ysh, -sh (a), -l (a), -ag (a), -uh (a), -ul (ya), -ovk (a), -their (a), -n (I), -ozh (hedgehog), -nichat, -nut: wimp, kid, cashier, rude, bigwig, goner, slut, fashion, shake. Colloquial speech is characterized by: sentence (prefix-suf.), darkness-darkness (repeat of the same root), abbreviation of names and replacement with one word: diploma, record book, reader, offset; mass worker, core, seasonal worker, correspondence student; let go (about goods in the store), arrive, mark, meet (on time).
Morphological features. The morphological norm consists in the ratio of parts of speech specific to it.
Verbs prevail over nouns, activity of personal forms of the verb. Rarely used adverbs, adverbs. in their direct functions, only as adj. and adverbs (trembling voice, spoke without hesitation).
Short adjectives are rare, they are active only in amplifying constructions (well, smart, things are bad).
Their predominance is typical. pad. (there is a traffic light, a house, a pharmacy ...), the presence of a special vocative form (Tan, Kol!). Rarely - genus. fall, no creative pad.
In plural them. pad form on -a, instead of -s: instructor, vacation; in genus and before. pad. M.r. on-y: in the shop, on vacation; in the genus pad. plural in place of -ov - zero inflection: one hundred grams, five kilograms.
Two milk, three borscht - substances. noun in counting form.
Pronouns are widely used: the way it is, such beauty.
There is an active tendency towards the inclination of the first part of compound names (to Mary Petrovna) and compound numbers. (five hundred sixty rubles).
Relatives- words used as a response to the situation or the interlocutor's statement: Well, well!, Of course ... still.
Syntactic features. Immediacy and unpreparedness determine the syntactic originality.
Incomplete sentences are characteristic: it's scary to leave. But you have to. Don't know…
They - to the station (non-replacement of the verb-predicate); every day - English, music (to study), we already - and to the teacher (applied), let's be shorter, otherwise it's the same thing (speech), we have an exam tomorrow.
Short simple sentences: somehow they came to school / it was just frost / they studied in the second grade / well, physical education / skiing / canceled ...
However there may be repeated questions from the interlocutor, sometimes the addresser himself makes an addition to the speech (it is necessary to think about the vacation in advance / it was written after all / the announcement hung. It is possible to use plug-in constructions, introductory words.
Characteristic is the restructuring of the phrase on the go (the phone is his), a broken structure with interruptions in intonation.
Observed activity of interjection phrases (oh, is it?), predicate phrases (that's what he said!), the presence of sentence words (Yes. No. Why?).
Word order is free. More often, noun comes to the fore. in them. pad., prepositive position can take adj. (Do you have a fresh Kyiv cake?).
The use of constructions with a relative pronoun or adverb in the function of noun. (buy something to wash, put where the closet).
Words-actualizers (pronouns, negative or affirmative particles) are characteristic: Did they write that? Yes?
Actual components can be repeated (Such a goal was scored. A beautiful goal).
In NGN, the statement of the union before the subordinate clause and at the end: I apologized, I was wrong because.
Short non-union sentences are used: if you come - call, if you see ours - say hello.
general characteristics
Characteristics of conversational style
Conversational style (RS) is opposed to all other styles (bookish) for the following reasons:
1. The main function of the RS is communicative (the function of communication), while the functions of book styles are informative and influencing.
2. The main form of existence of the RS is oral (for book styles it is written).
3. The main type of communication in the RS is interpersonal (personality - personality), in the book - group (oratory, lecture, scientific report) and mass (press, radio, television).
4. The main type of speech in RS is a dialogue or polylogue, in books it is a monologue.
5. RS is implemented in a situation of informal communication, while it is assumed that the participants in the dialogue know each other and are usually socially equal (youth, ordinary people, etc.). Hence - the ease of communication, greater freedom in behavior, in the expression of thoughts and feelings. Most often, RS is implemented in everyday communication, these are dialogues of family members, friends, acquaintances, colleagues, study mates, etc. At the same time, topics of a domestic and non-professional, non-official nature are discussed mainly. Book styles, on the other hand, are implemented in official conditions and serve verbal communication on almost any topic.
The main characteristics of the conversational style:
1) spontaneity, i.e. unpreparedness of speech, lack of preliminary selection of language means;
2) automatism of speech, i.e. the use of established verbal formulas characteristic of certain situations ( Good afternoon! How are you doing? Are you coming out?);
3) expressiveness (special expressiveness) of speech, which is achieved by using reduced words ( to go crazy, snooze), emotionally expressive vocabulary ( tall, kikimora, loafer), suffix formations ( daughter, grandmother, sweetheart);
4) routine content;
5) basically a dialogic form.
Non-linguistic factors also influence the formation of speech in a colloquial style: the emotional state of the speakers, their age (compare the speech of adults among themselves and their conversation with young children), the relationship of the participants in the dialogue, their family and other ties, etc.
The colloquial style forms its own system and has features that distinguish it from book styles at all levels of the language.
On the phonetic level for RS is characterized by an incomplete pronunciation style (fast pace, reduction of vowels up to the disappearance of syllables: San Sanych, Glebych etc.), colloquial accents are acceptable ( cottage cheese, cooking, gave away etc.), freer intonation, incompleteness of the statement, pauses for reflection, etc.
Vocabulary RS is heterogeneous and differs in the degree of literature and emotional and expressive characteristics:
1. Neutral vocabulary from everyday speech: arm, leg, father, mother, brother, run, look, hear and under.
2. Colloquial vocabulary (the main stylistic means) - words that give speech an informal character, but at the same time are devoid of rudeness: spinner, skygazer, warrior, know-it-all, go home, fool, antediluvian, evade.
3. Evaluative vocabulary as part of colloquial words, which expresses a playful, playfully ironic, ironic, affectionate, dismissive emotional assessment: grandmother, daughter, kids, baby, little boy; poems, writings, hack, inveterate.
In dictionaries, colloquial words are given with the mark "colloquial." and additional litters "joking", "ironic", "neglect", "caress".
4. The emotionality of a large number of colloquial words is associated with their figurative meaning : kennel(about a cramped, dark, dirty room), tower(of a tall man) stick(persistently pester with something) and under.
5. Due to the fact that the boundaries between colloquial and colloquial vocabulary often turn out to be unsteady, as evidenced by the double mark “colloquial-simple.” in dictionaries, the RS includes and rough expressive colloquial words, the expressiveness of which allows you to "close your eyes" to their rudeness: belly, tall, snarl, hag, kikimora, freckled, loafer, shabby, hang around, mumble and under. They briefly and accurately express the attitude towards a person, object, phenomenon, and often contain an additional semantic connotation that is not in a neutral word, cf.: “he is sleeping” and “he is sleeping”. The word “sleep” expresses the condemnation of the person: someone is sleeping, while he should have been going somewhere or doing something.
Similar vocabulary can be found in explanatory dictionaries with the main litter "simple." additional litters "fam.", "swearing", "with a touch of disdain", "joking", for example: clunker - simple. joke. (Dictionary of D.N. Ushakov).
On the phraseological The level of conversational style is characterized by the use of proverbs and sayings from folk speech: even stand, even fall; sit in a puddle; break into a cake; turn up the nose; hunting more than bondage and under.
derivational the level of conversational style is characterized by:
1) colloquial suffixes
For nouns: -un, -un (ya): talker, talker; talker, talker;
W(a): cashier, doctor, elevator attendant;
Yag(s): poor man, handsome man, mongrel, hard worker;
Their(s): janitor, doctor, cook;
K(a): buckwheat, semolina, overnight stay, candle,
including abbreviated words with -k(a): soda, reading room, dryer, locker room, gradebook;ride, "Literature";
N(i), -rel(i): running around, fussing, squabbling, cooking, jostling;
Yatin(a): bullshit, bullshit, vulgarity;
For verbs: -icha(t), -nicha(t): to be greedy, to be greedy, to be greedy;
Well (th): say, spin, grab;
2) prefixed-suffixal verbal formations of the colloquial type:
to run, to chat, to sit;
talk, shout, look;
get sick, dream, play out;
3) suffixes of subjective assessment:
Magnifiers: house, beards, hands;
Diminutives: house, beard, cunning, quietly, quietly;
Diminutives: daughter, daughter, son, son; sun, sweetie;
Disparaging: little thing, little house, old man, farce, redneck, beard;
4) half names ( Vanka, Lenka), petting ( Masha, Sasha) and babbling names ( Nicky - Nikolai, Zizi - Suzanne).
5) doubling words to enhance expression: big-very big, black-black;
6) the formation of adjectives with an estimated value: big-eyed, skinny.
AT morphology:
1) the predominance of verbs over nouns (the verbal nature of speech), the predominant activity of verbs of motion ( jump, jump), actions ( take, give, go) and states ( hurt, cry); cf. in NS and ODS, the most common verbs of obligation ( must, must) and linking verbs ( is, is);
2) a high percentage of the use of personal ( I, you, he, we, you, they) and index ( that one, this one etc.) pronouns;
3) the presence of interjections ( ah, ooh, ooh, ooh etc.) and particles ( here, well, she is- that, is he de he said they say saw);
4) the presence of verbal interjections ( jump, lope, bang, grab);
5) widespread use of possessive adjectives ( Petya's sister, Fedorov's wife);
6) colloquial case forms of nouns: singular genitive in -y ( from the forest, from home), prepositional singular in -y ( at the airport, on vacation), nominative plural ending in -a ( bunker, year, inspector, anchor, huntsman);
7) participles and short forms of adjectives are rare, gerunds are not used.
On the syntactic level:
1) simple sentences, participial and participial constructions are not used, complex sentences are not used, except for attributive clauses with an allied word which;
2) free word order in a sentence: I was at the market yesterday;
3) omission of words (ellipsis), especially in dialogue:
- Have you been to the store? - I'm at the institute. Are you home?
- Was.
4) lexical repetitions: I tell him, I tell him, but he does not listen;
5) syntactic repetitions (sentences constructed in the same way): I went to him, I told him ...;
6) speech turns of the type “Well, well done!”, “Well, you’re a scoundrel!”, “What kind of blockhead is that!”, “Well, you!”;
7) constructions like " Do you have something to write? (i.e. pencil, pen); " Give me something to hide!" (i.e. blanket, blanket, sheet);
8) "non-smooth" phrases, i.e. sentences without clear boundaries, which are obtained as a result of the interpenetration of two sentences: In autumn, such storms begin, there, on the sea ...;
9) frequent restructuring of structures in the course of the dialogue, amendments, repetitions, clarifications;
10) rhetorical questions: Will he listen to me?
11) interrogative, exclamatory and incentive sentences;
12) in “non-smooth” phrases, nominative topics are used, when the first part of the sentence contains a noun in the nominative case, and the second part contains information about it, while both parts are grammatically independent: Grandma - she will talk to everyone. Flowers, they are never superfluous.
An important role in the implementation of RS is played by non-verbal means of communication - gesture and facial expressions, which can accompany the speaker's words, indicating the shape, size and other characteristics of the subject of speech: I bought a round(gesture) hat, but they can also act at the place of a pause, as an independent means of communication, in the function of individual replicas of a dialogue, as an answer to a question, a request: nod your head with the meaning “yes”, shrug your shoulders - express bewilderment.
Stylistics
Stylistic features of the conversational style of speech
A high culture of speaking and writing, a good knowledge and development of a sense of the native language, the ability to use its expressive means, its stylistic diversity is the best support, the surest help and the most reliable recommendation for every person in his social life and creative activity.
V.A. Vinogradov
Introduction
My work is devoted to the study of colloquial speech style.
The main goal is to identify the stylistic features of this style of speech, to figure out how colloquial differs from other styles. My task is to define the conversational style of speech, divide it into types, determine the specifics and intra-style features of the conversational style.
Language is a means of communication between people, a tool for the formation and expression of thoughts and feelings, a means of assimilating new information, new knowledge. But in order to effectively influence the mind and feelings, the native speaker of a given language must have a good command of it, i.e., have a speech culture.
M. Gorky wrote that language is the primary element, the main material of literature, that is, that vocabulary, syntax, the entire structure of speech is the primary element, the key to understanding the ideas and images of the work. But language is also an instrument of literature: “The struggle for purity, for semantic accuracy, for the sharpness of language is a struggle for an instrument of culture. The sharper this weapon, the more accurately directed - the more victorious it is.
Stylistics (the word "style" comes from the name of the needle, or stylet with which the ancient Greeks wrote on waxed tablets) is a branch of the science of language that studies the styles of the literary language (functional styles of speech), the patterns of the functioning of the language in different areas of use, the features of the use of language means depending on the situation, content and goals of the statement, the scope and condition of communication. Stylistics introduces the stylistic system of the literary language at all its levels and the stylistic organization of correct (in compliance with the norms of the literary language), accurate, logical and expressive speech. Stylistics teaches the conscious and expedient use of the laws of language and the use of linguistic means in speech.
There are two directions in linguistic stylistics: language stylistics and speech stylistics (functional stylistics). Language stylistics explores the stylistic structure of the language, describes the stylistic means of vocabulary, phraseology and grammar. Functional stylistics studies, first of all, different types of speech, their conditionality by different goals of the utterance. M. N. Kozhina gives the following definition: “Functional stylistics is a linguistic science that studies the features and patterns of the functioning of the language in various types of speech corresponding to certain areas of human activity and communication, as well as the speech structure of the resulting functional styles and “norms "selection and combination of language means in them" 1 . At its core, style should be consistently functional. It should reveal the connection of different types of speech with the subject, the purpose of the statement, with the conditions of communication, the addressee of the speech, the attitude of the author to the subject of the speech. The most important category of stylistics is functional styles - varieties of literary speech (literary language), serving various aspects of social life. Styles are different ways of using language when communicating. Each style of speech is characterized both by the originality of the selection of language means, and by their unique combination with each other.
The classification of styles is based on extralinguistic factors: the scope of the language, the topics determined by it and the goals of communication. The spheres of application of the language correlate with the types of human activity corresponding to the forms of social consciousness (science, law, politics, art). Traditional and socially significant areas of activity are: scientific, business (administrative-legal), socio-political, artistic. Accordingly, they also distinguish styles of official speech (bookish): scientific, official business, journalistic, literary and artistic (artistic).
Functional style ¾ is a historically established and socially conscious variety of the literary language (its subsystem), functioning in a certain area of human activity and communication, created by the peculiarities of the use of language means in this area and their specific organization.
Chapter 1
Conversational style is a functional style of speech that serves for informal communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.
The usual form of implementation of conversational style is dialogue, this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no pre-selection of language material in it. In this style of speech, extralinguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, and the environment.
Conversational style is characterized by emotionality, figurativeness, concreteness, and simplicity of speech. For example, in a bakery, the phrase: “Please, with bran, one” does not seem strange.
The relaxed atmosphere of communication provides greater freedom in the choice of emotional words and expressions: colloquial words are more widely used ( to be stupid), colloquial ( neigh, deadhead, awful, disheveled), slang ( parents - ancestors, iron, world).
In the colloquial style of speech, especially at its fast pace, a smaller reduction of vowels is possible, up to their complete loss and simplification of consonant groups. Word-building features: subjective evaluation suffixes are widely used. To enhance expressiveness, doubling words is used.
Oral speech is a form of speech activity, including the understanding of sounding speech and the implementation of speech statements in sound form (speaking). Oral speech can be carried out with direct contact between interlocutors or can be mediated by technical means (telephone, etc.), if communication takes place at a considerable distance. Oral speech, unlike written, is characterized by:
- redundancy (the presence of repetitions, clarifications, explanations);
- use of non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions),
- economy of speech statements, ellipses (the speaker may not name, skip what is easy to guess).
Oral speech is always conditioned by the speech situation. Distinguish:
- unprepared oral speech (conversation, interview, presentation in the discussion) and prepared oral speech (lecture, report, speech, report);
- dialogic speech (a direct exchange of statements between two or more persons) and monologue speech (a type of speech addressed to one or a group of listeners, sometimes to oneself).
· Literary colloquial style
Literary language can be divided into two functional varieties - bookish and colloquial.
Calling this division of the literary language "the most general and most indisputable", D.N. Shmelev wrote about this: "At all stages of the development of the literary language, even when overcoming one way or another the alienation of the written language, when the halo of just literacy and mastery of a special bookish language is dimmed, the speakers in general never lose the feeling of difference between "how one can say" and "how to write".
The next step in the division of the literary language is the division of each of its varieties - book and spoken languages - into functional styles. The colloquial variety of the literary language is an independent and self-sufficient system within the general system of the literary language, with its own set of units and rules for their combination with each other, used by native speakers of the literary language in conditions of direct, unprepared communication in informal relations between speakers.
The spoken literary language is not codified: certain norms certainly apply in it (due to which, for example, it is easy to distinguish the oral speech of a native speaker from the oral speech of a native speaker of a dialect or vernacular), but these norms have developed historically and are not consciously regulated by anyone and are not fixed in the form of any rules and recommendations.
Thus, codification - non-codification - is another, and, moreover, a very significant feature that distinguishes the bookish and colloquial varieties of the literary language. Conversational style is a special kind of language that is used by a person in everyday, everyday communication.
The main difference between the colloquial style and the book styles of the Russian language lies in the different manner of presenting information. So, in book styles, this manner is subject to the rules of the language recorded in dictionaries. Conversational style is subject to its own norms, and what is not justified in bookish speech is quite appropriate in natural communication.
· Conversational style
Colloquial-everyday style functions in the sphere of everyday communication. This style is realized in the form of a relaxed speech (monologue or dialogue) on everyday topics, as well as in the form of private, informal correspondence. The ease of communication is understood as the absence of an attitude towards a message that is of an official nature (lecture, speech, answer to an exam, etc.), informal relations between speakers and the absence of facts that violate the informality of communication, for example, strangers. Conversational speech functions only in the private sphere of communication, in everyday life, friendly, family, etc. In the field of mass communication, colloquial speech is not applicable. However, this does not mean that the colloquial style is limited to everyday topics. Colloquial speech can also touch on other topics - a conversation in the family circle or a conversation of people who are in informal relationships: about art, spider, politics, sports, etc .; conversation of friends at work related to the profession of speakers, conversations in public institutions, such as clinics, schools, etc.
The colloquial-everyday style is opposed to book styles, as they function in the same spheres of social activity. Spoken speech includes not only specific language means, but also neutral ones, which are the basis of the literary language. Therefore, this style is associated with other styles that also use neutral language means.
The colloquial and everyday style is opposed to book styles, as they function in various areas of social activity. However, colloquial speech includes not only specific language means, but also neutral ones, which are the basis of the literary language. 3
Within the literary language, colloquial speech is opposed to codified language. (The language is called codified, because in relation to it, work is being done to preserve its norms, its purity). But the codified literary language and colloquial speech are two subsystems within the literary language. As a rule, every native speaker of the literary language knows these two varieties of speech. with
The main features of the everyday conversational style are the already indicated relaxed and informal nature of communication, as well as the emotionally expressive coloring of speech. Therefore, in colloquial speech, all the wealth of intonation, facial expressions, and gestures are used. One of its most important features is the reliance on an extralinguistic situation, i.e. the immediate environment of speech in which communication takes place. For example: (Woman before leaving home) What should I wear? (about the coat) Is that it? Or that? (about the jacket) Won't I freeze? Listening to these statements and not knowing the specific situation, it is impossible to guess what they are talking about. Thus, in colloquial speech, the extralinguistic situation becomes an integral part of the act of communication.
3 - Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook (edited by Prof. V. I. Maksimov. - M .: Gardariki, 2002. - 89 - 93 p.
Everyday colloquial style of speech has its own lexical and grammatical features. A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is its lexical heterogeneity. The most diverse groups of vocabulary, both thematically and stylistically, are found here: common book vocabulary, terms, foreign borrowings, words of high stylistic coloring, as well as facts of vernacular, dialects, and jargons. This is explained, firstly, by the thematic diversity of colloquial speech, which is not limited to everyday topics, everyday remarks; secondly, the implementation of colloquial speech in two keys - serious and playful, and in the latter case, it is possible to use various elements.
Syntactic constructions also have their own characteristics. For colloquial speech, constructions with particles, with interjections, constructions of a phraseological nature are typical: "They tell you, they say, but everything is useless!", "But where are you going? There is dirt!" and so on.
· vernacular
Colloquial words are typical for colloquial speech. They serve as characteristics of the phenomenon in the circle of domestic relations; do not go beyond the norms of literary word usage, but impart ease to speech. Vernacular is characteristic of non-literary urban colloquial speech, which contains many recent dialect words, words of colloquial origin, new formations that arise to characterize various everyday phenomena, and word-forming variants of neutral vocabulary. The colloquial word is used in the literary language as a stylistic means to give speech a tone of playful, dismissive, ironic, rude, etc. Often these words are expressive, expressive synonyms for words of neutral vocabulary. Vernacular is one of the forms of the national language, along with dialectal, slang speech and literary language: together with folk dialects and jargons, it constitutes an oral non-codified sphere of nationwide speech communication - the vernacular language; has a supra-dialectal character. Vernacular, unlike dialects and jargons, is a speech that is generally understandable for native speakers of the national language.
This is a variety of the Russian national language, the bearer of which is the uneducated and poorly educated urban population. This is the most peculiar subsystem of the Russian language, which has no direct analogues in other national languages. Vernacular differs from territorial dialects in that it is not localized within certain geographic boundaries, and from the literary language (including colloquial speech, which is its variety) - not by its codification, but by its normativity, the mixed nature of the language means used. In terms of its functional role, in relation to the literary language, vernacular is an original speech sphere within each national language. Functionally opposed to the literary language, vernacular, like the literary language, is communicatively significant for all native speakers of the national language. Being a universal category for national languages, vernacular in each of them has specific features and its own special relationship with the literary language. In vernacular, units of all language levels are represented; Against the background of the literary language, vernacular is revealed in the area of stress, pronunciation, morphology, vocabulary, phraseology, word usage (“lay” instead of “put”, “back” in the sense of “again”). The originality of vernacular is especially clearly manifested in the use of elements of the literary language (cf. “they show on TV”), in the grammatical and phonetic design of the words of the general vocabulary (“slippers”, “after”, “here” instead of “slipper”, “after”, "here"). Common speech is characterized by expressively “reduced” evaluative words with a range of shades from familiarity to rudeness, which in the literary language have neutral synonyms (cf. "). In Russian, vernacular is a historically established speech system, the formation and development of which is closely connected with the formation of the Russian national language (the word "vernacular" itself was formed from the phrase "simple speech" used in the 16-17th centuries). When colloquial speech was formed and began to function within the framework of the Russian literary language, the boundaries of colloquial speech stabilized. Forms of correlation and interaction of vernacular with the literary language have developed, as a result of which literary vernacular has formed, serving as the boundary of the literary language with the colloquial language - a special stylistic layer of words, phraseological units, forms, turns of speech, united by a bright expressive coloring of "decrease", rudeness, familiarity. The norm of their use is that they are allowed into the literary language with limited stylistic tasks: as a means of socially speech characterization of characters, for the “reduced” characterization of persons, objects, events in the expressive plan. Literary vernacular includes only those speech elements that have become entrenched in the literary language due to their long-term use in literary texts, after a long selection, semantic and stylistic processing. Along with vernacular words, dialectisms and jargons, which have lost their local and socially limited attachment, are included in literary vernacular. Literary vernacular should also include words denoting realities that have no nominations in the literary language, for example, “greenery”. Litters in explanatory dictionaries "simple." and "reg." mean that the corresponding word or phraseological unit refers to literary vernacular. The composition of literary vernacular is mobile and constantly updated; many words and expressions have acquired the status of “colloquial” and even “bookish”, for example, “everything will work out”, “study”, “bow”, “day off”, “whiner”, “comb”. Separate phenomena appear in the composition of winged words, literary quotations (“They want to show their education”, “Casino once in this place”). In general literary speech, the term "vernacular" is often used as a designation for a single word or turnover of a "reduced" rough or rudely familiar coloring.
· Extralinguistic factors that determine the specifics of the conversational style of speech
facial expressions(Greek μιμιχοζ - imitator) - expressive facial muscle movements, which are one of the forms of manifestation of certain human feelings - joy, sadness, disappointment, satisfaction, etc. Also, animals in biocommunication, for example, primates, often use facial expressions to express some feelings. Facial expressions are one of the auxiliary ways of communication between people. Accompanying speech, it contributes to its expressiveness. Since ancient times, mankind has been familiar with physiognomy. The art of face reading was especially developed in Japan and China during the Middle Ages. In these countries huge treatises on physiognomy were written, schools were created where it was patiently and carefully studied. In schools where physiognomy was studied, the human face was studied literally millimeter by millimeter, attaching importance to every bump, every redness or blanching of the skin. Based on the accumulated material, physiognomists tried to determine the character and interpret his fate. The first correct explanation of the relationship between a stable facial expression and repeated movements of mimic muscles was made by Leonardo da Vinci. For his research in the field of physiognomy, he chose old people, as their wrinkles and changes in facial features spoke of the suffering and feelings they experienced. Distinguish:
Rice. 1 Children's facial expressions - involuntary
- arbitrary (conscious) facial expressions as an element of acting art, consisting of conveying the state of mind of the character with expressive movements of the muscles of the face. It helps the actor in creating a stage image, in determining the psychological characteristics, physical and mental state of the character.
Facial expressions, as well as speech, can be used by a person to convey false information (that is, in order to show the wrong emotions that a person really feels at one time or another). The face is the most important characteristic of the physical appearance of a person. “Thanks to cortical control, a person can control every single muscle of his face. Cortical control of the external components of emotions has developed especially intensively in relation to facial expressions. This is determined, as P. K. Anokhin notes, by its adaptive features and role in human communication. Social imitation, as one of the conditions for the development of facial expressions, is possible precisely due to its arbitrary regulation. In general, the socialization of facial expressions is carried out as the use of organic manifestations to influence a partner and as a transformation of emotional reactions adequately to the situation. Society can encourage the expression of some emotions and condemn others, can create a "language" of facial expressions that enriches spontaneous expressive movements. In this regard, we are talking about universal or specific mimic signs, conventional or spontaneous facial expressions. Usually facial expressions are analyzed:
- along the line of its arbitrary and involuntary components;
- on the basis of its physiological parameters (tone, strength, combination of muscle contractions, symmetry - asymmetry, dynamics, amplitude);
- in social and socio-psychological terms (intercultural types of expressions, expressions belonging to a certain culture, expressions accepted in a social group, individual style of expression);
- in phenomenological terms ("topography of the mimic field"): fragmentary, differential and holistic analysis of facial expressions;
- in terms of those mental phenomena to which the given mimic signs correspond.
You can also analyze facial expressions based on those impressions-standards that are formed in the process of human perception of facial expressions surrounding people. Actual standard images include features that not only characterize the model, but are sufficient for its identification.
Gesture(from lat. gestus- movement of the body) - some action or movement of the human body or part of it, which has a certain meaning or meaning, that is, it is a sign or symbol. Body language is rich in ways people express a wide variety of emotions and meanings, such as insults, hostility, friendliness, or approval towards others. Most people use gestures and body language in addition to words when speaking. Many gestures are used by people subconsciously.
It is believed that some ethnic groups use gestures more than others, and the culturally acceptable amount of gestures varies from one place to another. For example, the same gesture in Germany or the Scandinavian countries can be expressed with just a slight movement of the hand, while in Italy or Spain the same gesture can be expressed with a sweeping movement of the whole hand. Commonly used gestures include the action of pointing at something or someone (one of the few gestures whose meaning varies little between countries) and the use of the hands and body in sync with speech rhythms to emphasize certain words or phrases. Many outwardly similar gestures have different meanings in different countries. The same gesture may be harmless in one country and vulgar in another. In addition, even the same or similar gestures may differ slightly from country to country. For example, when a Russian counts something on his fingers, he usually bends his fingers inside his palm, while a typical American, on the contrary, unbends his fingers when counting. In the West, fingers splayed in the form of the Latin letter V mean victory (victory). But before the Second World War, fingers spread out in the form of a Latin V, thrown up over the interlocutor, meant a call to silence. In Italy, this is an offensive allusion to adultery. And in our country it is a “goat”, that is, an expression of a threat in a marginal environment. Gestures by nature and function can be divided into:
1) index;
2) pictorial;
3) symbolic;
4) emotional;
5) rhythmic;
6) mechanical. Demonstrative gestures specify the demonstrative pronouns that, that, that. Pictorial gestures are used when there are not enough words, when you want to “visually” demonstrate the shape of an object, its size, etc.
Symbolic gestures are conditional, they are associated with abstraction (for example, the bow of the artists before the audience after the performance). Emotional gestures serve as an expression of emotions and feelings. Rhythmic gestures reflect the rhythm of speech. These gestures emphasize slowing down, speeding up speech, and also highlight logical stress.
Chapter 2 Intra-style features of colloquial speech
Speech, as a means of organizing the communication of a small number of people who are nearby and well known to each other, has a number of distinctive features. This is colloquial speech, which is characterized by:
1) the personality of addressing, i.e., the individual address of the interlocutors to each other, taking into account mutual interests and possibilities for understanding the topic of the message; closer attention to the organization of feedback with partners, since the addressee of colloquial speech is always present, has the same degree of reality as the speaker, actively influences the nature of speech communication, the partner's position is continuously reflected, rethought, reacted to, anticipated and evaluate;
2) spontaneity and ease: the conditions of direct communication do not allow planning a conversation in advance, the interlocutors interfere in each other's speech, clarifying or changing the topic of conversation; the speaker can interrupt himself, remembering something, returning to what has already been said;
3) the situational nature of speech behavior - the direct contact of the speakers, the fact that the objects in question are most often visible or known to the interlocutors, allows them to use facial expressions and gestures as a way to make up for the inaccuracy of expressions, inevitable in informal speech;
4) emotionality: situational, spontaneity and ease of speech in direct communication inevitably enhance its emotional coloring, highlight the emotional-individual perception by the speakers of both the topic of conversation and the interlocutor, which is achieved with the help of words, the structural organization of sentences, intonations; the desire to be understood encourages interlocutors to privately express personal assessments, emotional preferences, opinions.
5) Uncertainty arouses INTEREST in a person. At the moment when a person is interested, he actively considers this understatement, tries to choose its continuation himself, drawing for himself a huge number of options. In his head, there are many questions and many answers. In other words, the intrigue of a person makes the other person think and ask himself.
6) Incomplete. The vocabulary of the Russian language is a single, complex system. In this case, a lexical system is an internally organized set of linguistic elements that are naturally interconnected by relatively stable relationships and constantly interacting. This definition combines two interdependent aspects of the systemic nature of the vocabulary: the lexical system as a set of nominative means, and the lexical system as a form of organization and interaction of these elements. Therefore, the concept of incomplete statements must be considered from the point of view of both vocabulary and semantics, the syntax of the language structure. Lexical incompleteness of statements is manifested mainly in colloquial speech (in incomplete and elliptical sentences). And, by definition Fomina M.I. "the abbreviation of the syntactic construction, justified by the semantic background that arose due to the integral lexical system of the dialogue." In a dialogue, as a rule, already named words are not repeated, the preceding and subsequent remarks are closely interconnected, therefore, most often in colloquial speech, the lexical incompleteness of statements is justified. But the underdevelopment of the speech apparatus in a person cannot be taken for lexical incompleteness of statements. For this case, A.V. Prudnikova introduces a new concept - the lexical inferiority of the statement, which implies the distortion of the semantic, lexical, syntactic construction of the sentence.These features define the most important functions of speech in interpersonal communication. These include emotive and conative. emotive function connected with the subjective world of the addresser (speaker), with the expression of his experiences, his attitude to what is being said, it reflects the self-esteem of the speaker, his need to be heard, understood. conative function associated with the installation on the addressee (listener), with the desire to influence him, to form a certain nature of relationships, it reflects the needs of a person to achieve their goals, to influence other people; this function manifests itself in the structural organization of the conversation, the target orientation of speech.
As an illustration, let's cite a short excerpt from V. Shukshin's story "Boots", namely the scene of a discussion in a men's company about Sergey's purchase of women's boots.
«.. - To whom is it?
- Wife.
It was just that everyone was silent.
- To whom ? - asked Rasp
- Klavka.
-Well?
The boot went from hand to hand; everyone also kneaded the bootleg, clicked on the sole ...
- How many are there?
- Sixty five.
Everyone looked at Sergei with bewilderment. Sergei was a little taken aback.
- What are you, offhand?
Sergei took the boot from the Rasp.
- In! exclaimed Rasp. - Earring... gave! Why is she like that?
- Wear.
Sergey wanted to be calm and confident, but inside he shuddered ...
- She ordered to buy such boots?
- What did you say here? Bought and everything.
Where will she put them on? - cheerfully tortured Sergei. - Mud up to the knee, and he boots for sixty-five rubles.
- It's winter!
- And where are they in winter? ?
- Then it's on the city leg. Klavkina won’t fit in forever ... She has some size ? This OK it - on nose only.
- What is she wearing? ?
- Send you!. - got pissed off at the end. Sergey. - What are you worried about?
- Laughed
- Yes, it's a pity, Seryozha! You didn't find them, sixty-five rubles.
- I earned, and I spent where I wanted. Why bazaar something in vain?
- She probably told you to buy rubber ones?
- Rubber .. Sergey was angry with might and main ...
- How do these ... sit, whore, counting other people's money. Sergei got up. - There's nothing more to do, isn't there?
- Why are you in a bottle? Did a stupid thing, you were told. And you don't have to be so nervous...
- I'm not nervous. Why are you worried about me?! In, the survivor was found! If only he borrowed something or something..
- I'm worried because I can't calmly look at fools. I feel sorry for them.
- It's a pity - a bee in the ass. Pity him!
- A little bit more chiseling and went home ... "
The above passage not only vividly reproduces the features and techniques inherent in colloquial speech (among them - the constant change of positions speaker - listener; personal interest and activity of the speakers; the use of incomplete sentences, short phrases, a large number of pronouns, everyday vocabulary, the absence of participles and gerunds, and etc.), but the functions of speech in interpersonal communication are excellently manifested: in the process of its deployment, the conversation becomes more and more emotionally loaded, which forces the interlocutors to clarify their own attitude to the subject of the conversation, to check the stability of their own position and the positions occupied by others, thereby speech turns out to be a factor of personal self-determination of participants in conversational communication.
Conclusion
So, we learned that the colloquial style, as one of the varieties of the literary language, serves the sphere of easy communication of people in everyday life, in the family, as well as the sphere of informal relations in production, in institutions, etc. We also found out that the main form of implementation of the colloquial style is oral speech, although it can also be manifested in writing (informal friendly letters, notes on everyday topics, diary entries, replicas of characters in plays, in certain genres of fiction and journalistic literature). In such cases, the features of the oral form of speech are fixed.
The main extra-linguistic features that determine the formation of a conversational style are: ease (which is possible only in informal relations between speakers and in the absence of an attitude towards a message that has an official character), understatement, emotionality, spontaneity and unpreparedness of communication. Both the sender of speech and its recipient are directly involved in the conversation, often changing roles, the relationship between them is established in the act of speech itself. Such speech cannot be preliminarily considered, the direct participation of the addresser and the addressee determines its predominantly dialogic character, although a monologue is also possible.
A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is emotionality, expressiveness, evaluative reaction. An important role in colloquial speech is played by the atmosphere of speech communication, the situation, as well as non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions, the nature of the relationship of the interlocutors, etc.).
The extralinguistic features of the conversational style are associated with its most common linguistic features, such as standardization, stereotypical use of language means, their incomplete structure at the syntactic, phonetic and morphological levels, discontinuity and inconsistency of speech from a logical point of view, weakening of syntactic links between parts of the statement or their lack of formality. , sentence breaks with various insertions, repetitions of words and sentences, the widespread use of linguistic means with a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring, the activity of language units of a specific meaning and the passivity of units with an abstract generalized meaning.
Literature
1) Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language / Russian Cultural Fund. - M.: Az Ltd., 1992. - 960s.
2) Radugin A.A. Russian language and culture of speech. M.: INFRA - M., 2004. - 250s.
3) Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook for universities / Ed. IN AND. Maksimov. - M.: Gardariki, 2002. - 411 p.
4) Modern Russian literary language. Textbook / Ed. Lekant P.A. M.: UNITI - DANA, 2004. - 250s.
5) Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook for universities / Ed. IN AND. Maksimov. – M.: Gardariki, 2002. S. 246
6) Culture of oral speech. Intonation, pausing, tempo, rhythm.: Uch.pos-e/G. N. Ivanova - Ulyanova. - M.: FLINTA: Nauka-1998.-150s-193s.
7) Kazartseva O.M. Culture of speech communication: Theory and practice of teaching: textbook pos-e-2nd ed.-M.: Flint: Science-1999-496s.
8) Rhetoric. Reader practical. Muranov A.A.M.: Ross. teacher. Agency, - 1997 - 158s.
9) Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook / edited by prof. V. I. Maksimova. - M.: Gardariki, 2002-490s.
10) L. A. Vvedenskaya, L. G. Pavlova, E. Yu. Kashaeva. Russian language and culture of speech: Proc. allowance for universities. Posts N/A. From "PHOENIX" 2001-160s.
The definition of style is given in the works: Vinogradov V.V. The results of the discussion of stylistics // VYa. 1955. No. 1. S. 73; Golovin B.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. M., 1988. S. 261; Sirotinina O.B. Stylistics as a science of the functioning of the language // Basic concepts and categories of linguistic stylistics. Perm, 1982, p. 12; Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. M., 1983. S. 49; and etc.
Under colloquial style Speech is usually understood by the features and color of the spoken language of native speakers of the literary language. The spoken language has developed in the urban environment, it is devoid of dialect features, it has fundamental differences from the literary language.
Conversational style presented both orally and in writing - notes, private letters.
The sphere of colloquial style of speech is the sphere of domestic relations, professional (oral form).
Common features: informality, ease of communication; unprepared speech, its automatism; the predominant oral form of communication (usually dialogic), a monologue is possible.
Emotionality, gestures, facial expressions, the situation, the nature of interlocutor relationships - all this affects the characteristics of speech, allows you to save the actual language means, reduce the language volume of the statement, simplify its form.
The most characteristic linguistic means that create style features are:
| In vocabulary and phraseology | words that have a colloquial coloring, including everyday content; specific vocabulary; a lot of words and phraseological units with expressive and emotional coloring (familiar, affectionate, disapproving, ironic). Limited: abstract, foreign origin, terminological vocabulary; book words. However, the vast majority of words are commonly used, neutral. |
Synonymy | more often (situational). |
Word-building features | colloquial style are associated with its expressiveness and appraisal. Formation of adjectives of estimated value ( big-eyed, thin, healthy), verbs ( play pranks, talk, get healthy, lose weight). To enhance expression, word doubling is used ( big-very big, big-eyed-big-eyed, black-black). |
| In morphology: | there is no predominance of the noun over the verb. Verbs are more common here. More often (than in the artistic style of speech) personal pronouns and particles are used (including colloquial: well, here it is). Very common possessive adjectives ( Petya's sister, Fedorov's wife). Participles are rare, participles are almost never found. Short adjectives are rarely used. Among the case formations, variants of the forms of the genitive and prepositional cases in -y (from home, on vacation, no sugar). Trend: do not decline the first part of your own name (to Ivan Ivanovich), do not decline compound numbers (out of two hundred and thirty-five), decline abbreviations (in RAI). The tense meanings of the verb are varied (past and future in the meaning of the present). Verbal interjections (jump, lope, bang) are widely used. |
Characteristic features of the syntax | incomplete sentences, interrogative and imperative sentences. |
Order of words in a sentence | free |
Simple verbal predicates expressed by the infinitive ( she's crying again); interjection ( and he bangs on the ground); repeating the predicate ( and do not do).
Impersonal sentences are widespread in colloquial speech. In oral speech, pauses, the emphasis of certain words in the voice, the acceleration and deceleration of the tempo of speech, the strengthening and weakening of the power of the voice are of great importance.
In oral colloquial speech, there are many peculiar turns that are not characteristic of book speech.
For example:
People are like people; And the boat swam and swam; The rain keeps pouring; Run and buy some bread; Oh, smart one! So I will listen to you! And he called me a friend! What a man! Found someone to be friends with! Good helper!
Emotional and expressive assessments of a subjective nature are also characteristic of colloquial speech, since the speaker acts as a private person and expresses his personal opinion and attitude. Very often this or that situation is evaluated exaggeratedly: “Wow the price! Go crazy!”, “Flowers in the garden - the sea!” , "I am thirsty! I'll die! The use of words in a figurative sense is typical, for example: "You've got porridge in your head!"
The colloquial style of speech is characterized by rich pictorial and expressive possibilities of the language. Poets, writers, publicists often turn to the means of speech expressiveness.
Word order in spoken language is different from that used in writing. Here the main information is concretized at the beginning of the statement. The speaker begins his speech with the main, essential element of the message. To focus the attention of the listeners on the main information, they use intonational emphasis. In general, word order in colloquial speech is highly variable.
So, the dominant of colloquial style, especially colloquial speech that exists in the oral form of informal personal communication, is the minimization of concern for the form of expression of thoughts, hence phonetic fuzziness, lexical inaccuracy, syntactic carelessness, the widespread use of pronouns, etc.
Sample Conversational Style Text
- What time is it? Something is hunting. A seagull.
- The people from idleness got into the habit of cracking, as Gogol said. I'll put the kettle on now.
- Well, you and I have earned a lot today, but do you know what idleness is?
- I guess.
- and what would you do then when idleness comes?
- I can not even imagine. After all, it is necessary to study, idleness!
Conversational style is appropriate in the sphere of domestic, everyday and professional informal relations. The predominant form of speech is oral (conversation, conversation), but it is possible to use a colloquial style in some genres of written speech - personal diaries, notes, private letters.
In the texts of the colloquial style, to a greater extent than in the texts of other styles, the function of communication, or communicative, is realized.
The main properties of conversational style texts include informality, ease, unpreparedness of communication, lack of preliminary selection of language means, participation of gestures, facial expressions, dependence on the situation, characteristics and relationships of the speakers, a lower degree of regulation compared to book styles.
Since colloquial texts are predominantly oral, the means of the phonetic level play a special role - intonation, pauses, rhythm, tempo of speech, logical stress. Unlike other genres that exist in oral form - a scientific report, a political speech, a lecture - colloquial style texts are characterized by incomplete, sometimes indistinct pronunciation of sounds, syllables, words, and a fast pace of speech. The orthoepic, or pronunciation, norm of colloquial speech allows options: Hello, Lexey Mikhalych (Hello, Alexei Mikhailovich), an “agreement” with an emphasis on the first syllable (in a scientific report, lecture, speech, such an emphasis is undesirable).
The vocabulary of colloquial style texts is characterized by the predominance of specific words over abstract ones (table, chair, sleep, eat), the widespread use of words with emotional and evaluative (eagle, dog - about a person) and colloquial colloquial (sleep, get into) coloring, as well as metaphors (vinaigrette, porridge, okroshka - about confusion; jelly, noodles, slurry - about a sluggish spineless person) against the background of neutral vocabulary. Bookish, foreign language and terminological vocabulary is not widely used. A feature of the texts of the colloquial style are the so-called empty words that can replace any other words (case, thing, thing): "I drink without sugar, but with this thing (pie)." In everyday communication, it is possible to name objects in a special way: “Give me something to hide (a blanket, a blanket, a sheet). Speech occasionalisms are often used - words created in the process of speaking, and their meaning is clear without additional explanations (opener - can opener, stalks - high-heeled shoes). Synonyms are often used, including occasional ones, it is permissible to expand the compatibility of words.
At the word-formation level, the emotionality and evaluativeness of conversational style texts is realized with the help of subjective evaluation suffixes with the meaning of petting, disapproval, magnification (cold, hot, belly, thin), repetitions of words (barely, big-very big). The tendency to save language resources in conversational style texts is manifested in the fact that the phrase can be replaced by one word (condensed milk - condensed milk, stew - stew, minibus - taxi) and in the formation of new words by truncation (magician - tape recorder, teacher - teacher , video - VCR, cash - cash, strained - voltage).
At the level of morphology, the conversational style is characterized by the predominance of verbs over nouns, the frequent use of personal pronouns (I, we, you, etc.), particles (well, well, here, after all), the use of interjections as predicates (He jumped into the water), the use the present tense in the meaning of the past (this is what happened: I go, I look, and he stands and hides), the presence of special vocative forms (Sash! Zhen!), As well as invariable forms (the mood is so-so), the absence of participles, gerunds and short forms of adjectives . Only in colloquial texts is it possible to simplify the declension of phrases (I don’t have one hundred and twenty-five rubles, ask Yegor Petrovich), the use of case endings in -u (leave the house, be on vacation; cf .: leave the house, be on vacation) , on –a in them. n. pl. hours (contracts, sectors; cf .: contracts, sectors) and in the genus. n. pl. the number of zero endings in some words (orange, tomato, kilogram; cf .: oranges, tomatoes, kilograms), the use of comparative forms on –e and with the prefix po- (stronger, faster, better, simpler; cf .: stronger, faster , better, easier).
In the syntax of colloquial texts, as well as at the phonetic, word-formation, lexical and morphological levels, common properties are realized - expressiveness, evaluativeness, the desire to save language resources, unpreparedness. This is manifested in the private use of incomplete (I'm going to the store; Do you want coffee or tea?), impersonal 9It's hot today), interrogative (When will you be back?), incentive sentences (Come on quickly!), free word order (How to get to the Central Market?), in special predicates (And she is dancing again; he is sitting reading; he doesn’t know), omission in the main part of a complex sentence of a correlative word (Put where you got it; cf .: Put it where you got it from), in the use of introductory, plug-in constructions (I , I probably won’t come; Zoya will come (she’s my cousin)), interjections (Wow!). According to scientists, non-union and compound sentences prevail in colloquial texts over complex ones (complex sentences in colloquial texts make up 10%, in texts of other styles - 30%). But the most common are simple sentences, the length of which on average ranges from 5 to 9 words.
Example of conversational style text:
My dear Anechka, I received your sweet letter, and I was very sad to read how the kids cried when I left. Dear doves! Tell them right now that dad remembers them, kisses them and invites them to Petersburg. Hugs and kisses continuously and bless. I, Anya, everything is unwell, the nerves are very irritated, and in my head like a fog, everything seems to be spinning. Never before, even after the strongest seizures, had such a state happened to me. Very hard. Like a dream and drowsiness, and everything can't wake me up. It would be necessary to rest at least two weeks from work and uninterrupted care - that's what. (Dostoevsky F.M. Complete collection of works: In 30 volumes. T.29. Book 1.M., 1986, S.2-9).
The text of the colloquial style is presented in this case in written form, although the oral form is the most common. The general properties of the text include informality, ease (the author and addressee of the letter are close people), the lack of a careful selection of language means.
The text of the letter mainly uses neutral vocabulary, although there are also colloquial words (dad, though, it is necessary). The emotional character of the text is given by words with evaluative suffixes (darling, darlings, Anechka, a week); verbs conveying the state of the author (remembers, kisses, blesses); figurative means of language, for example, comparisons (in the head like a fog, like a dream and a nap); expressive appeals (my dear little darling Anechka, dear darlings); personal pronouns (I, them, with me, me), particles (even, even, though, would). The syntax of the text is characterized by various types of sentences, free word order (it would be necessary to rest for at least two weeks), frequent use of homogeneous members. There are extremely short sentences (Very difficult); there are even unfinished ones (... that's what). The composition of the text is free, factual information, description and narration, thematic means of communication, emotional means of influencing the addressee prevail. The type of the recipient's reaction to the text is an emotion, an action (for example, a response letter).
