The nature of the relief, the level of occurrence of groundwater are taken into account when designing a mining system. They also affect the environmental consequences of mining: the placement of dumps, the spread of dust and gases, the formation of depression funnels, karst, the behavior of dump waters, and much more. The methods and extent of extraction of ores change over time.
Industrial mining, starting from the 18th century, was carried out with the help of vertical mine workings: deep pits (up to 10 m), mines. From the vertical working, if necessary, several horizontal workings were passed, the depth of which was determined by the level of groundwater occurrence. If they began to fill the mine, the pit, the extraction was stopped due to the lack of drainage equipment. Traces of old mine workings can be observed today in the vicinity of Plast, Kusa, Miass and many other cities and towns of the mining zone of the region. Some of them remain unclosed, not fenced off until now, which poses a certain danger. Thus, the vertical amplitude of changes in the natural environment associated with the extraction of mineral raw materials hardly exceeded 100 m until the 20th century.
With the advent of powerful pumps that carry out drainage from workings, excavators, heavy vehicles, the development of mineral resources is increasingly carried out in an open way - open pit.
In the Southern Urals, where most of the deposits lie at depths of up to 300 m, open pit mining prevails. Quarries produce up to 80% (by volume) of all minerals. The deepest mine working in the region is the Korkinsky coal mine. Its depth at the end of 2002 was 600 m. There are large quarries in Bakal (brown iron ore), Satka (magnesite), Mezhozerny (copper ore), Upper Ufaley (nickel), Magnitogorsk and Maly Kuibas (iron).
Very often, quarries are located in the city, on the outskirts of villages, which seriously affects their ecology. Many small quarries (several hundred) are located in the countryside. Almost every large agricultural enterprise has its own quarry with an area of ​​1-10 hectares, where crushed stone, sand, clay, and limestone are mined for local needs. Typically, mining is carried out without observing any environmental standards.
Underground mine workings - mines (mine fields) are also widespread in the region. In most of them, mining is no longer being carried out today, they have been worked out. Some of the mines are flooded with water, some are filled with waste rock lowered into them. The area of ​​worked-out mine fields in the Chelyabinsk lignite basin alone is hundreds of square kilometers.
The depth of modern mines (Kopeysk, Plast, Mezhevoi Log) reaches 700-800 m. Individual mines of Karabash have a depth of 1.4 km. Thus, the vertical amplitude of changes in the natural environment in our time, taking into account the height of dumps, waste heaps in the territory of the Southern Urals, reaches 1100–1600 m.
Alluvial gold deposits in river sands have been developed in recent decades with the help of dredges - large washing machines capable of taking loose rock from depths of up to 50 m. Mining at shallow placers is carried out hydraulically. Rocks containing gold are washed away by powerful jets of water. The result of such mining is a "man-made desert" with a washed away soil layer and a complete absence of vegetation. You will find such landscapes in the Miass Valley, south of Plast. The scale of extraction of mineral raw materials is increasing every year.
This is due not only to an increase in the consumption of certain minerals, rocks, but also to a decrease in the content of useful components in them. If earlier in the Urals, in the Chelyabinsk region, polymetallic ores with a content of useful elements of 4-12% were mined, now poor ores are being developed, where the content of valuable elements barely reaches 1%. In order to get a ton of copper, zinc, iron from ore, it is necessary to extract much more rock from the depths than in the past. In the middle of the 18th century, the total production of mineral raw materials per year in the region was 5-10 thousand tons. At the end of the 20th century, the mining enterprises of the region processed 75-80 million tons of rock mass annually.
Any method of mining has a significant impact on the natural environment. The upper part of the lithosphere is especially affected. With any mining method, there is a significant excavation of rocks and their movement. The primary relief is replaced by man-made. In mountainous areas, this leads to a redistribution of surface air flows. The integrity of a certain volume of rocks is violated, their fracturing increases, large cavities and voids appear. A large mass of rocks is moved to dumps, the height of which reaches 100 m or more. Often dumps are located on fertile lands. The creation of dumps is due to the fact that the volumes of ore minerals in relation to their host rocks are small. For iron and aluminum it is 15-30%, for polymetals it is about 1-3%, for rare metals it is less than 1%.
Pumping water from quarries and mines creates extensive depression funnels, zones of lowering the level of aquifers. During quarrying, the diameters of these funnels reach 10–15 km, and their area is 200–300 sq. km.
The sinking of mine shafts also leads to the connection and redistribution of water between previously separated aquifers, breakthroughs of powerful water flows into tunnels, mine faces, which greatly complicates mining.
The depletion of groundwater in the area of ​​mine workings and the drying of surface horizons strongly affect the condition of soils, vegetation cover, and the amount of surface runoff, and cause a general change in the landscape.
The creation of large quarries and mine fields is accompanied by the activation of various engineering-geological and physico-chemical processes:
- there are deformations of the sides of the quarry, landslides, mudslides;
- there is a subsidence of the earth's surface over the worked-out mine fields. In rocks it can reach tens of millimeters, in weak sedimentary rocks - tens of centimeters and even meters;
- in the areas adjacent to the mine workings, the processes of soil erosion and gully formation are intensifying;
- in workings and dumps, weathering processes are activated many times over, there is an intensive oxidation of ore minerals and their leaching, many times faster than in nature, there is a migration of chemical elements;
- within a radius of several hundred meters, and sometimes even kilometers, soils are contaminated with heavy metals during transportation, wind and water spread, soils are also contaminated with oil products, construction and industrial waste. Ultimately, a wasteland is created around large mine workings, on which vegetation does not survive. For example, the development of magnesites in Satka led to the death of pine forests within a radius of up to 40 km. Dust containing magnesium entered the soil and changed the alkaline-acid balance. Soils have changed from acidic to slightly alkaline. In addition, quarry dust, as it were, cemented the needles, leaves of plants, which caused their impoverishment, an increase in dead cover spaces. Ultimately, the forests perished.

"Test Minerals" - Geologists Archaeologists Biologists. Coal Granite Peat. 4. What is the name of an open pit in which minerals are mined? 6. From what mineral is gasoline obtained? Mine Quarry Deposit. Hard coal Oil Peat. From coal From oil From gas. What is the name of the place where minerals are found?

Minerals and Minerals - Extraction and transportation of oil. Extraction of clay and sand. Minerals mined in the native land. The game "Malachite Box". Physical map of Russia. We are researchers. Satisfied not quite satisfied dissatisfied, because... Open pit coal mining. Summary of the lesson. What do we call minerals?

"Combustible minerals" - Combustible minerals. Coal quarry. Peat. Oils. First well. Fuel. Coal. Oil. Fertilizer. Plastic. Litter for animals. Describe one mineral of your choice; Compose a crossword puzzle on the topic "Mineral Resources". Condition color smell flammability. Paints, rubber, plastics, drugs.

"Mineral Resources of Kazakhstan" - 1. In 2006, NGOs conducted an analysis of the compliance of the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan with the principles of transparency, as a result of which recommendations were made to the government. (see http://sustdevelopment.narod.ru/analit/Rec_laws_EITI.doc). The cost of exported minerals during 2001-2006 according to the data of the Customs Committee of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

"Minerals of Russia" - (Dedicated to shields). Gold. What are minerals? Plan for studying the topic. Combustible (Sedimentary). Malachite. Minerals platforms. Gas Oil coal. Iron ore Copper ore Nickel ore Gold silver. Creation of anthropogenic landforms: quarries, waste heaps, voids in the earth's crust. The groundwater.

"Production of oil" - Pilot production 1 year 12 vibrators. It is promising to create an enterprise in Iran to serve the Arab market. Financial results for the 5th year (RF, CIS, China, Venezuela). The main basis of commercial success -. Financial results 1-3 years (RF and CIS). LLC Center for Ultrasonic Technologies.

The extraction of minerals and fuel sometimes leads to serious consequences not only for humans, but also for the environment as a whole. The confrontation between people and nature has long been one of the most difficult issues discussed by scientists. Ecologists say that the planet tolerates our presence and allows the "two-legged" inhabitants of the Earth a lot for a decent existence and earning money at their own expense. Note that the facts say otherwise. None of the types of human activity passes without a trace, and everything has its return.

War or rivalry?

The extraction of minerals and fuels, their transportation, processing and use bring undoubted benefits to people. At the same time, they have serious environmental consequences. Moreover, according to experts, it all starts from the moment the site is prepared for mining operations.

“There are many problems. During the exploration of deposits, forests are cut down, animals and birds leave their habitats, periodic pollution of hitherto untouched nature by exhaust gases occurs, gasoline is spilled when refueling equipment, and so on. During the operation of fields, problems increase as more sophisticated equipment becomes available, as well as the possibility of an oil blowout, a breakthrough of a slurry pit, and other emergencies. Especially dangerous is the release of oil during offshore production, since in this case the oil spreads over the sea. Such pollution is very difficult to eliminate, and many marine life suffers. During the construction of oil and gas pipelines, leaks or pipe breaks are also likely, which leads to fires and soil pollution. And of course, all pipelines can also block the usual ways of animal migration,” says ecologist Vadim Rukovitsyn.

Over the past 50 years, excesses have become more frequent. In April 2010, an explosion occurred on the Deepwater Horizon oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico due to technical malfunctions. It entailed irreparable consequences - for 152 days, rescuers from all over the world were unable to stop the oil leak. The platform itself sank. To this day, experts cannot determine the volume of fuel that spilled into the waters of the bay.

It was calculated that as a result of a monstrous catastrophe, 75,000 square kilometers of the water surface were covered with a dense oil film. The most severe environmental damage was felt by the American states that are adjacent to the Gulf of Mexico - Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Florida. The coast was literally littered with the corpses of marine animals and birds. In total, at least 400 species of rare animals, birds and amphibians turned out to be on the verge of extinction. Specialists recorded outbreaks of mass mortality of marine mammals within the bay, in particular, cetaceans.

In the same year, an accident on an Exxon Valdez tanker released a huge amount of oil into the ocean in the Alaska region, which led to the pollution of 2,092.15 kilometers of coastline. The ecosystem has been irreparably damaged. And today she still has not recovered from that tragedy. Representatives of 32 species of wildlife died, of which only 13 were saved. Could not restore one of the subspecies of killer whales and Pacific herring. It should be noted that such major tragedies occur not only abroad. The Russian industry also has something to “boast about”.

According to Rostekhnadzor, only in 2015, the following officially recorded accidents occurred at the oil industry facilities, accompanied by oil spills.

On January 11, 2015, at RN-Krasnodarneftegaz LLC, an interfield pipeline was depressurized 5 km from the Troitskaya UPPNiV towards the city of Krymsk on the right side of the Slavyansk-on-Kuban-Krymsk highway. As a result of the release of oil in the amount of 2.3 m 3, the total area of ​​pollution was 0.04 ha.

On January 17, 2015, a spot 3 m in diameter with a characteristic smell of a condensate-containing liquid was discovered at Gazprom dobycha Krasnodar LLC during scheduled work to clear the route of the Western Soplesk-Vuktyl condensate pipeline. As a result of the release of oil products in the amount of 10 m 3, the total area of ​​pollution was 0.07 ha.

On June 23, 2015, at OOO RN-Yugansk-neftegaz, as a result of depressurization of the pipeline UP No. 8 - TsPPN-1, an oil-containing liquid leaked onto the water surface of the floodplain of the Cheuskin duct. The volume of spilled oil was 204.6 m 3 .

On December 29, 2015 at JSC RITEK, on ​​the oil pipeline SPN Miroshniki - TsPPN, about 7 kilometers from the village of Miroshnikov, Kotovsky District, Volgograd Region, a water-and-gas mixture with a volume of 282.35 m 3 was released with a total area of ​​pollution of 0.068 ha.

On December 25, 2015, at JSC RITEK, on ​​the oil pipeline SPN Ovrazhny - SPN-1, 7 kilometers from the village of Miroshnikov, Volgograd Region, a water and gas liquid with a volume of 270 m 3 came out with a total area of ​​pollution of 0.072 ha.

Experts also already have information about recent tragedies.

“A major accident occurred at the LUKOIL field named after Alabushin (Severo-Ipatskoye) in the Komi Republic in the spring of 2017, when the fire was extinguished only a month later. The amount of damage to the forest fund has approached 8 million rubles, the field needs repair of three nearby wells. In July 2017, there was a gas release at the Talakanskoye field in Yakutia. The reason was the destruction of wellhead equipment. There was no fire and the accident was eliminated in a fairly short time. The flaring of associated petroleum gas (APG) has a great impact on the environment. And, if in the country as a whole the level of APG utilization increased from 75% in 2011 to 86% in 2015, then in Eastern Siberia the problem of APG flaring is very acute. At the end of 2015, the total volume of gas production in the ESPO zone exceeded 13 bcm, most of which was flared. As a result, not only are millions of tons of combustion products emitted into the atmosphere, but also a strategic gas - helium - is lost, up to 10 million m 3 evaporates. This corresponds to 8% of the global market for helium consumption,” recalls Alexander Klimentyev, scientific director of the Industrial Innovations project.

Where does the Motherland begin?

To put it bluntly, the miners are not to blame, they are just doing their job. The question is different: how skillfully all operations are carried out and how closely the quality of work is monitored. Most environmental and man-made disasters occur precisely through the fault of human negligence. Laziness is the engine of progress, but when damage can be done not only to nature, but also to the workers of the enterprise, the question arises of its legitimacy.

In our time, automation and modern security systems, of course, partially save, but even if the largest companies with a stable financial income have problems, we need to think about it. In order to reduce the adverse impact of oil production on the environment, the industry adheres to high environmental requirements. To prevent accidents, companies are introducing new performance standards that take into account past negative experience, and promote a culture of safe work. Develop technical and technological means to prevent the risk of emergencies.

“The main method of combating emergencies is their prevention. Therefore, periodic environmental monitoring is carried out at the deposits: samples of soil, water, air, plants are taken, noise is measured, and the species composition of animals is controlled. There is also an environmental supervisor at the facilities who monitors all processes at the site and makes sure that everything goes within the framework of environmental standards. During the exploitation of deposits, a team of the Ministry of Emergency Situations is always on duty, equipped with means for eliminating straits. When mining on the shelf, they also use the analysis of photographs of the sea from satellites for the prompt fixation of oil slicks and, accordingly, the timely elimination of an accident. When monitoring, helicopters, all-terrain vehicles, satellites are used to obtain photographs and ships are used to monitor the sea. At the moment, exploration is carried out at the Khataganskoye field using extremely sparing methods, since the Arctic ecosystems are the most sensitive to environmental impacts. The field is located under the bay, but the well is on land and is drilled at a certain angle. Thus, the alienation of space is minimal and possible straits will be easier to eliminate. It provides technologies for the absence of wastewater due to their maximum treatment and reuse, as well as waste minimization. If the extraction is carried out correctly and the fields are properly reclaimed after they have been worked out, then the consequences for nature are the release of a large amount of harmful substances into the atmosphere during operation and the injection of a large amount of liquid into the lithosphere instead of oil. If we consider the real situation, then mining leads to a change in the habitats of animals, pollution of the natural environment with construction waste, periodic oil spills that spoil water, soil and air,” Vadim Rukovitsyn assures.

Exact numbers

According to the latest data from the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation, even with the best technologies in the world, only 2-3% of the rock mass extracted from the bowels is used, and the rest of it turns either into industrial emissions, which is about 20%, or into waste. - about 78%. Waste tailings formed during the production of commercial iron ores, copper, zinc and pyrite concentrates contain a significant amount of copper, zinc, sulfur, and rare elements. They themselves not only occupy vast areas, but are also a source of pollution that poisons water, soil, and air. Over the years of development of deposits in the adjacent territories, a huge amount of solid mining waste has been accumulated, such as dumps, oxidized and off-balance ores, silt in the mine neutralization ponds in the water. About five, according to the Ministry, the mining industry in Russia has accumulated tens of billions of tons of waste, including the dumps of processing enterprises.

For example, in the Urals, the total amount of waste reaches 10 billion tons. The share of the Sverdlovsk region accounts for up to 30% of waste from all of Russia. About 5 billion tons of waste is generated in our country every year, of which about 4.8 billion tons are obtained during the extraction of minerals. No more than 46% is recycled. For comparison: in Russia, only about 25-30% of man-made waste is recycled, while in the world this figure reaches 85-90%.

Also, at the enterprises of the coal industry, the volume of recorded accumulated dumps exceeds 10 billion m 3, and half of them are subject to combustion. Dumps of washed sands, formed as a result of the development of alluvial deposits in the Magadan region, amount to 1.5 billion m 3 and, according to estimates, contain about 500 tons of gold. More than 150 million tons of waste are stored annually in the Murmansk region, the total volume of which has reached 8 billion tons by now. Realizing the danger of these substances for nature, since 1989 Tatneft specialists have processed 1.4 million tons of oil sludge, liquidated about 100 barns containing them and returned about 30 hectares of land for agricultural production. Tatneft, together with the Russian Academy of Sciences, has begun construction of a pilot plant for processing bituminous oil with a capacity of 50 thousand tons per year, based on the use of the hydroconversion method and domestic catalysts for processing heavy residues, such as tar, into light fractions.

Currently, preparations are underway for the development of man-made copper and nickel deposits accumulated over many years in the dumps of the Allarechenskoye deposit in the Murmansk region, the man-made deposit of Lake Barriernoye in the Norilsk mining region, and the slag dump of the Sredneuralsk copper smelter. In Russia, according to experts, more than 8 million tons of copper, 9 million tons of zinc and other useful components are concentrated in the waste of the copper, lead-zinc, nickel-cobalt, tungsten-molybdenum, tin, and aluminum industries. At the same time, the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources estimates the explored reserves of copper at 67 million tons with an annual production of 0.8 million tons, zinc - 42 million tons with an annual production of 0.4 million tons.

If useful components of technogenic raw materials are fully involved in the economic circulation, an increase in the volume of industrial products produced in Russia could amount to about 10 trillion rubles. This can give the budget for the entire period of development of this category of technogenic reserves in the form of taxes about 300 billion rubles, or about 20 billion rubles a year. Moreover, the indicated annual amount of taxes is comparable to the amount of taxes received from the entire non-ferrous metal mining sector. Technogenic deposits can make up for the country's deficit in strategic metals: nickel, copper and cobalt, gold, molybdenum, silver. However, today there are objective reasons for the lack of interest among potential investors. This affects the development of man-made deposits in Russia. The key reasons are the lower quality of ecological raw materials compared to natural deposits, which decreases even more over time, the complexity and high cost of extracting solid components due to the physical and chemical properties of raw materials, the lack of demand for certain types of raw materials in the presence of significant volumes and, of course, environmental risks. To create motivations for the development of technogenic raw materials, state coordination of all Russian participants in the process of developing technogenic deposits is necessary.

There are also acute issues related to the release of firedamps in dangerous concentrations for humans on the earth's surface in the residential sector. Despite the fact that most of the liquidated mines are flooded, and flooding levels have settled at a static level, gas release processes continue in a number of mining allotments of mines. On dangerous and threatening nature objects, regular sampling of air, soil and water is carried out. They also conduct preventive conversations with the local population. In 2015 alone, in 5 coal mining regions, more than 90,000 measurements and over 4,000 laboratory analyzes of the air environment were performed in 2,613 facilities, including 1,866 residential facilities. As practice shows, timely identified problems can not only prevent the occurrence of emergencies, but also stabilize the environmental situation in the mining areas. In some cases, even save significant budgetary funds.

Letter of the law

Scientists come up with new methods to combat pollution. But when will there be a stable result? Savings on service maintenance of industrial equipment and rigid selection of personnel does not give a positive result. “Perhaps it will do!” won't work in this situation. There are large companies and corporations that are steadily working not only to improve the efficiency of their enterprises, but also to develop automation in them. But, as practice shows, this is still not enough. Most environmentalists and civic activists demand the introduction of harsh penalties for neglect of nature during industrial work. Fine and close pest enterprises. However, this will not solve the main problem of our country - human laziness and, to some extent, the lack of self-preservation instinct in some employees. After all, if we do not think about ourselves and our future, why waste our time on a developing area and help the state get out of a difficult situation?

“There are many normative acts, starting with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, then codes, individual laws, for example, “On Environmental Protection”, government decrees, regulations, orders of ministries, instructions. Also the legislation of the regions. Separately, this branch of legislation is not codified. There is administrative liability for environmental pollution, concealment, deliberate distortion or untimely communication of complete and reliable information about the state of the environment and natural resources, about sources of pollution of the environment and natural resources or other harmful effects on the environment and natural resources. Last year, the Ministry of Natural Resources proposed amendments to the Code of Administrative Offenses establishing administrative liability for failure to fulfill obligations to prevent and eliminate oil and oil product spills. As far as I know, they have not yet been adopted,” comments Vadim Krasnopolsky, project coordinator for the oil and gas sector of the Barents branch of the World Wildlife Fund.

It is outrageous that there is no obligation to save animals during environmental disasters. The maximum that threatens the culprit is a fine. In early August, the World Wildlife Fund, together with environmental organizations and PJSC Lukoil, held specialized trainings in Naryan-Mar. The purpose of the event was to prevent the death of animals in the event of accidental oil spills.

“The training took place in two stages. The first, theoretical, was devoted to planning operations to respond to an oil spill. The participants got acquainted with the best practices in animal rescue, studied the features of work in the Arctic, simulated the actions of rescue services in the event of an accident. During the practical course, which took place on the shore of the reservoir, the participants mastered the search for and collection of oil-polluted birds, got acquainted with the basics of veterinary care for affected animals, and, thanks to the special robot “Roboduck”, trained to catch birds at the oil spill site. The experience gained by the company's employees can be used in the future - to develop corporate documentation, conduct internal trainings and prepare emergency rescue teams, as well as to create best practices for the oil and gas industry in Russia," the WWF press service reports.

In 2015, the Gazprom Group commissioned 71 wastewater treatment plants and 15 water recycling systems. Many environmental measures have been taken to protect and reproduce fish stocks, clean up and beautify territories, including coastal areas. Financial support is provided to specialized organizations. In recent years, the enterprises of the Gazprom Group have released several million fry into the sea. At sea, in the places where the company operates, for example, around the Prirazlomnaya platform, fish protection devices have been installed.

The Board of Directors of Rosneft also approved a number of environmental protection targets for all aspects of environmental protection until 2025 inclusive. The main areas of work are the elimination of waste and pollution accumulated from the activities of third parties at the company's facilities, the timely fulfillment of environmental obligations arising from the current activities of the company. It also monitors the reduction of pollutant discharges into water bodies and the atmosphere, the conservation of biodiversity, energy and resource saving. All of the company's activities can be seen in Rosneft's regular sustainability report.

Note that now experts are massively working to reduce the number of possible disasters. For example, the use of special dispersant reagents makes it possible to speed up the collection of spilled oil from the surface of the water. Artificially bred destructor bacteria sprayed onto an oil slick are able to process oil in a short time, turning it into safer products. To prevent the spreading of oil slicks, so-called booms are widely used. It is also practiced to burn oil from the surface of the water. To combat atmospheric pollution with greenhouse gases, various technologies are being developed to capture and utilize carbon dioxide. State bodies introduce new environmental standards.

Text: Kira Generalskaya

1

More than 200 OPI deposits in the Belgorod Region have been surveyed and analyzed. The development of OPI deposits is carried out mainly by an open pit method, which is cost-effective and promising. A significant disadvantage of field development is the negative impact on the environment, expressed in the impact on the air as a result of dust and gas generation, on surface and ground waters, on land resources in the form of soil degradation, removing disturbed lands from circulation after the completion of mining, etc. This study made it possible to assess the degree of impact of the development of fields for the production of OPI on the environment. It is substantiated that the estimated SPZ, according to SNiPa, is sufficient for all deposits. With proper operation and timely reclamation, the impact of quarries does not have a significant impact on the adjacent territory outside the SPZ.

Key words: common minerals (OPI)

field

sanitary protection zone (SPZ)

maximum permissible concentration (MAC)

1. Kornilov A.G. [et al.] Influence of flotation technologies on the state of land resources // Subsoil use - XXI century. - 2012. - No. 4.

2. Nazarenko N.V. Patterns of the spatial distribution of open-pit mines in the Belgorod region and their impact on the environment // Problems of nature management and the ecological situation in European Russia and neighboring countries: materials of the IV Intern. scientific conf. October 11-14, 2010 - M.; Belgorod: Constant, 2010.

3. Nazarenko N.V. Features of the development of exogenous geomorphological processes in the development of deposits of common minerals in the Belgorod region / Nazarenko N.V., Furmanova T.N. // Anthropogenic geomorphology: science and practice: materials of the XXXII Plenum of the Geomorphological Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Belgorod, September 25-29, 2012). - M.; Belgorod: ID "Belgorod", 2012.

4. Nazarenko N.V. Problems of reclamation of disturbed lands in quarries of common minerals in the Belgorod region and ways to solve them / N.V. Nazarenko [et al.] // Problems of regional ecology. - 2011. - No. 2.

5. Noise protection: SNiP 23-03-2003. - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, 2004.

6. On the protection of atmospheric air: Federal Law of the Russian Federation of May 4, 1999 No. 96-FZ (as amended on December 31, 2005).

7. On Environmental Protection: Federal Law of the Russian Federation of January 10, 2002 No. 7-FZ (as amended on December 31, 2005).

Common minerals (OPI) are the most important component of the resource potential of the Belgorod region. OPI is a raw material basis for road construction, production of building materials, etc. At present, the development process and prospects for the use of natural resources are characterized by the lack of modern predictive and prospecting studies, including geological and economic assessments of the identified objects of common minerals, as well as socially and economically sound programs for the development and use of mineral resources. Due to the ever-growing needs of the construction industry for raw materials in the old-developed regions, uncontrolled depletion of minerals occurs, the irrational extraction of which leads to a negative impact not only on the environment, but also on living conditions and public health in areas of intensive OPI mining.

In the Belgorod region, over 300 open-pit mines are currently being developed. The predicted reserves of chalk, clay and sand are practically unlimited and distributed evenly throughout the region. More than 50% of the quarries were initially located on the slopes of gullies and ravines, and then, deepening and expanding, they began to capture arable land. Approximately 25% of quarries are located in floodplains and about 20% - in ravines and gullies. Due to the insignificant depth of occurrence of these minerals, their extraction is mainly carried out by an economically efficient open method, but underground mining is also found, in particular, with associated chalk mining, the construction of underground vegetable stores is carried out.

A significant drawback of the development of OPI deposits is the negative impact on the environment, expressed in the impact on the atmospheric air, surface and ground waters, land resources, etc.

In connection with belonging to different geographical landscape zones, differentiation in terms of physical and mechanical properties and conditions of occurrence of common minerals, there are certain features of the impact of open mining on the environment and the health of people employed in production.

Currently, one of the main tasks is to identify the dependences of the extraction of mineral raw materials on engineering-geological, hydrological and environmental features of various landscape areas, geo-ecological assessment of the depth and scale of environmental impact, development of effective proposals to reduce the negative impact and rational use of natural resources, and also suggestions for minimizing these environmental impacts.

The main types of environmental impact during quarrying are:

Withdrawal of natural resources (land, water);

Pollution of the air basin with emissions of gaseous and suspended substances;

Noise impact;

Change in the relief of the territory, hydrogeological conditions of the construction site and the adjacent territory;

Pollution of the land allotment area with generated waste and sewage;

Changes in the social conditions of the population.

The principles for assessing the negative impact on the state of the ecosystem consist in choosing the maximum load of the technological process on each of the components of the environment, taking into account the consumption of energy resources under normal and adverse weather conditions, comparing with the established standards of maximum permissible concentrations of impact on human health, wildlife and vegetation, as well as recreational areas. When analyzing these impacts, optimal schemes, models and methods for reducing the negative anthropogenic impact on ecosystems are developed.

The development of a mineral deposit in an open way has a negative impact on the atmospheric air as a result of dust and gas generation. The main sources of impact are excavation and loading and stripping, stockpiling, internal and external dumps, re-excavation of rock heaps, road, crushing of raw materials. Dust, depending on the extracted raw materials, is inorganic dust with a silicon dioxide content below 20% - when mining loams, 20-70% - when mining clays and sand, more than 70% - when mining flasks. The concentration of dust during excavation and loading operations depends on the strength and natural moisture content of the rock, the volume of rock being simultaneously unloaded, the height of unloading, and the angle of rotation of the excavator. An overestimation of the unloading height often leads to the collapse of the upper part of the ledge and an increase in dust content by 1.5-5 times.

When transporting raw materials along intra-quarry roads, dust emission is carried out from the surface of the material loaded into the body of a dump truck and from the interaction of automobile wheels with the road surface. The intensity and volume of dust formation depend on the speed of movement, the carrying capacity of vehicles, as well as on the type of road surface.

Common to all dumping methods is the formation of large loose surfaces (flat sources), which, under unfavorable conditions, lead to intense dust formation, depending on the type of material, particle size distribution, and meteorological conditions.

During the operation of road transport and special equipment, atmospheric pollution in the zone of influence of the quarry and in the quarry itself occurs when the engines of road construction equipment and vehicles emit nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxide, gasoline, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxide and soot.

To simulate a hypothetical situation of an average quarry for the production of OPI, we have chosen a conditionally maximum quarry, with the largest area of ​​development for all types of extracted raw materials (chalk, sand, clay). The maximum load of service vehicles with an 8-hour working day, seven days a week, was also taken into account.

The assessment of the degree of polluting impact on the atmospheric air is carried out according to the most intense stage of work in a quarry, which is characterized by the largest emissions of pollutants. The impact assessment methodology consists in comparing the maximum surface concentrations during the dispersion of pollutants at the boundaries of the sanitary protection zone of a quarry, the nearest residential development, the water area of ​​water bodies, specially protected natural areas and forest belts with the established MPC standards for the impact on human health, wildlife and vegetation, recreational areas.

These results indicate that during the development of a quarry of any type of extracted raw material, the level of negative impact is within acceptable standards, and specialized vehicles are the main air pollutant. During the operation of vehicles, the main pollutant is nitrogen dioxide, but at the border of the SPZ its concentration does not exceed 1 MAC, and inorganic dust (clay, sand, chalk) at the border of the SPZ is below 0.1 MAC (Table 1).

Table 1 - Dynamics of dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere during the extraction of OPI

Pollutants released in atmosphere when developing a quarry	In the clay quarries (shares of MPC)		On chalk quarries (shares of MPC)		In the sand pits (shares of MPC)
0301 - Nitrogen dioxide
0328 - Carbon
0330 - Sulfur dioxide
0337 - Carbon oxide
0703 - Benz[a]pyrene
2704 - Gasoline
2908 - Inorganic dust: 70-20% silica
2908 - Inorganic dust, below 20% silica

Analysis of the data showed that the main source of air pollution in all quarries is vehicles serving the quarry; dust during extraction, loading and transportation does not cause significant pollution. According to SNiP, the sanitary protection zone of quarries is 500 m for chalk, 300 m for sand, and 300 m for clay. The indicative SPZ for all open pits with similar parameters and below is sufficient.

The main sources of external noise are the engines of road construction equipment. The assessment of the noise level penetrating from the production area to the residential area consists in comparing the calculated noise level at the calculated point (nearest residential area) for simultaneously operating equipment with the permissible noise level for objects located in this area (residential buildings). Noise regulation is carried out for day and night time.

Noise characteristics are taken according to the passport data of special equipment and vehicles used in the quarry. Permissible sound levels for residential areas are 40 dBA during the day and 30 dBA at night.

The reduction of the sound level by the noise barrier varies from 38.66 to 47.21 dBA, depending on the distance of the sound source from the living area.

The calculated sound level at a distance of 225 m from the noise source without a screen will be 34.8 dBA, which corresponds to the permissible sound level in the daytime and at night in the area adjacent to the residential area. When working at a depth of 2-3 m in a quarry, the sound level will not reach the residential area (-3.86 dBA). When the living area is 1400 m away from the noise source, the sound level without a screen (working on the surface) will be 13.9 dBA.

It has been established by the calculation method that the noise of vehicles and special equipment operating according to the technological scheme (no more than two units of equipment on the site at the same time) both in the daytime and at night does not have a harmful effect on the adjacent buildings. Explosive operations are not used at all open-pit mines for the extraction of OPI in the Belgorod Region. As a result, these calculations are not appropriate.

The impact on the territory is estimated by the size of the area withdrawn for the placement of the object, the category of withdrawn land, the change in the state of the disturbed soil cover, the formation of new relief forms (pits and dumps).

The impact on the geological environment is determined by the depth of development and possible complications (flooding by groundwater, the development of exogenous processes). The mechanism of the negative impact of small open pits on the environment is similar to the impact of overburden mining operations, differing only in scale. The area occupied by each quarry and dump does not exceed 5-15 hectares and, depending on the location, sometimes has a specific impact on the environment. Mining operations lead to the activation of some relief-forming processes. To assess the natural prerequisites for the development of disturbed lands, we carried out a morphometric analysis of the relief of the studied areas with the compilation of a map "Disturbed lands in the zone of influence of quarries for the extraction of OPI" (Figure 1), made on a scale of 1: 200,000. Field observations were carried out directly in the field.

Rice. 1. Disturbed lands in the zone of influence of quarries for the extraction of OPI.

The mass development of common minerals by a large number of small quarries, although it does not lead to the appearance of a technogenic relief of a large areal distribution, however, with their long-term operation and their absence

Reclamation work on spontaneously developed excavations provokes weathering, landslides, landslides, scree, subsidence phenomena, erosional erosion, deflation, accumulation of a man-made layer of rocks, and flooding. In addition, in some cases, in the course of mining operations, violations of the surface of gentle slopes are allowed by the passages of bulldozer plows along and across the slopes with the formation of long furrows, narrow trenches or chaotic “diggings”. Subsequently, they become sources of increased gully formation processes, which can stretch for several kilometers.

The load on the territory of land use and the system of surface and groundwater during mining is expressed in the possible contamination of soils and the aeration zone with production and consumption waste and wastewater. To assess the impact, the volumes of generated wastewater and production and consumption wastes and a rational scheme for water consumption and sanitation and solid waste management are determined.

The impact on the wildlife in the territories under consideration is expressed in the exclusion of the land allotment area as a habitat, in the factor of disturbance associated with the presence of people, the operation of equipment and the movement of vehicles. For the duration of the works, the areas occupied by the quarries will be naturally excluded from the path of seasonal migration of mammals. The planned activity causes a change of biotopes and their displacement to the adjacent territory with identical characteristics, which does not affect the state of populations of animal species common in the area due to the insignificant areas of quarries.

The impact on vegetation during quarrying is expressed in the withdrawal of land, violation of the soil cover and natural grass stand. Upon completion of the work, the disturbed lands will be recultivated to the level of agricultural pastures or recreational facilities, which will lead to the restoration of the natural habitat of vegetation and animals.

In addition to the problems listed above, there are other equally acute problems associated with the use of worked-out quarries as places for storing domestic waste and using them as unauthorized dumps.

This study was carried out with the support of the federal target program "Scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel of innovative Russia" for 2009-2013, within the framework of activity 1.3.1 "Conducting scientific research by young scientists - candidates of sciences" under the state contract No. P1363.

Reviewers:

Kornilov A.G., Doctor of Geographical Sciences, Professor, Head. Department of Geography and Geoecology of the GGF NRU BelSU, Belgorod.

Sergeev S.V., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Head. Department of Applied Geology and Mining GGF, National Research University BelSU, Belgorod.

Bibliographic link

Nazarenko N.V., Petin A.N., Furmanova T.N. IMPACT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEPOSITS FOR EXTRACTION OF COMMON MINERALS ON THE ENVIRONMENT // Modern problems of science and education. - 2012. - No. 6.;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=7401 (date of access: 03/27/2019). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"

The overall economic burden on ecological systems is simplistically dependent on three factors: the size of the population, the average level of consumption and the widespread use of various technologies. The degree of damage caused to the environment by the consumer society can be reduced by changing agricultural models, transportation systems, urban planning methods, energy consumption intensity, reviewing existing industrial technologies, etc.

The extraction of minerals from the bowels of the Earth affects all its spheres . Impact of mining on the lithosphere appears in the following:

1) creation of anthropogenic landforms: quarries, dumps (up to 100-150 m high), waste heaps, etc. Terrikon- cone-shaped tailings dump. The volume of the waste heap reaches several tens of millions of m 8 , the height is 100 m and more, the development area is tens of hectares. Dump- an embankment formed as a result of the placement of overburden in specially designated areas. As a result of open mining, quarries are formed with a depth of more than 500 m;

2) activation of geological processes (karst, landslides, talus, subsidence and displacement of rocks). In underground mining, subsidence and dips are formed. In Kuzbass, a chain of sinkholes (up to 30 m deep) stretches for more than 50 km;

4) mechanical disturbance of soils and their chemical pollution.

In the world, the total area of ​​lands disturbed by mining operations exceeds 6 million hectares. To these lands should be added agricultural and forest lands, which are negatively affected by mining. Within a radius of 35-40 km from the existing quarry, crop yields are reduced by 30% compared to the average level.

The upper layers of the lithosphere within the territory of Belarus are experiencing intense impact as a result of engineering and geological research and exploration work on various types of minerals. It should be noted that only from the beginning of the 50s of the XX century. about 1,400 exploration and production wells for oil (up to 2.5-5.2 km deep), more than 900 wells for rock and potash salts (600-1,500 m deep), more than 1,000 wells for geological objects of particular aesthetic and recreational value were drilled .

Conducting seismic studies using drilling and blasting operations, the density of which is especially high within the Pripyat trough, causes a violation of the physical and chemical properties of the soil, pollution of groundwater.

Mining affects the state of the atmosphere:

1) air pollution occurs with emissions of methane, sulfur, carbon oxides from mine workings, as a result of burning dumps and waste heaps (release of oxides of nitrogen, carbon, sulfur), gas and oil fires.

More than 70% of waste heaps in Kuzbass and 85% of dumps in Donbass are on fire. At a distance of up to several kilometers from them, the concentrations of S0 2 , CO 2 , and CO are significantly increased in the air.

In the 80s. 20th century in the Ruhr and Upper Silesian basins, 2-5 kg ​​of dust fell daily for every 100 km 2 of area. Due to the dustiness of the atmosphere, the intensity of sunshine in Germany decreased by 20%, in Poland - by 50%. The soil in the fields adjacent to quarries and mines is buried under a layer of dust up to 0.5 m thick and loses its fertility for many years.

Impact of mining on the hydrosphere manifests itself in the depletion of aquifers and in the deterioration of the quality of ground and surface waters. As a result, springs, streams, and many small rivers disappear.

The extraction process itself can be improved through the use of chemical and biological methods. This is underground leaching of ores, the use of microorganisms.

The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant led to radioactive contamination a significant part of the country's mineral resources that are in the zone of its negative impact. According to research data, 132 deposits of mineral resources, including 59 being developed, turned out to be in the zone of radioactive contamination. These are mainly deposits of clay, sand and sand and gravel mixtures, cement and lime raw materials, building and facing stone. The Pripyat oil and gas basin and the Zhitkovichi deposit of brown coal and oil shale also fell into the pollution zone.

Currently, about 20 tons of raw materials are mined annually for every inhabitant of the Earth. Of these, a few percent goes into the final product, and the rest of the mass turns into waste. Most mineral deposits are complex and contain several components that are economically viable to extract. In oil fields, associated components are gas, sulfur, iodine, bromine, boron, in gas fields - sulfur, nitrogen, helium. Deposits of potash salts usually contain sylvin and halite. Currently, there is a constant and rather significant decrease in the amount of metals in mined ores. The amount of iron in mined ores is reduced by an average of 1% (absolute) per year. Therefore, to obtain the same amount of non-ferrous and ferrous metals in 20-25 years, it will be necessary to more than double the amount of mined and processed ore.

Similar information.