Manifesto of Catherine II On December 4, 1762 and July 22, 1763, Catherine II signed two famous manifestos, according to which foreigners were allowed to settle on the territory of the Russian Empire. From the book "History of the Germans in Russia" "... Victorious wars with Turkey in

Manifesto of Alexander I dated July 6, 1812 BY THE MERCY OF GOD, ALEXANDER THE FIRST, EMPEROR AND AUTOCRACER OF ALL-RUSSIAN, and so on, and so on, and so on

Manifesto to commemorate the beginning of the reign of Emperor Alexander II on March 27, 1855. By the grace of God, WE, ALEXANDER II, EMPEROR AND AUTOCURATOR OF ALL-RUSSIAN, TSAR OF POLISH, AND OTHER, AND OTHER, AND OTHER. We declare to all OUR faithful subjects: Having paid the last debt

Manifesto to end the war March 19, 1856 By the grace of God, WE, ALEXANDER II, EMPEROR AND AUTOCURATOR OF ALL-RUSSIAN, TSAR OF POLISH, AND OTHER, AND OTHER, AND OTHER. We declare to all our loyal subjects: A stubborn, bloody struggle that revolted Europe for three

Manifesto on the most merciful granting to serfs of the rights of the status of free rural inhabitants February 19, 1861 By the grace of God, WE, ALEXANDER II, EMPEROR AND AUTOCURATOR OF ALL RUSSIAN, TSAR OF POLISH, GRAND DUKE OF FINLAND, AND OTHER, AND OTHER, AND OTHER.

The Crimean War revealed the flagrant shortcomings of the Nikolaev army and the entire military organization of Russia. The army was replenished with recruitment sets, which fell with all their weight on the lower classes of the population, for the nobility was free from compulsory military service (since 1762), and rich people could pay off recruitment. The soldier's service lasted 25 years and was associated, in addition to military dangers, with such hardships, hardships and hardships that the population, handing over their youth as recruits, said goodbye to them, in most cases, forever. The return to military service was considered as a severe punishment: the landowners sought to recruit the most vicious (or recalcitrant) element from their villages, and in the criminal law, return to the soldiers was directly provided for among the punishments, along with exile to Siberia or imprisonment in prison companies.

The replenishment of the army with officers was also in a very unsatisfactory position. Military schools were far from sufficient to replenish the army with the necessary officer cadres; most of the officers (from the noble "undergrowth" or from the non-commissioned officers who had served themselves) were of a very low level. The mobilization of the army in wartime was difficult due to the lack of trained reserves, both officers and soldiers.

At the very beginning of the reign of Alexander II, the most egregious hardships and injustices of the previous era were eliminated: the cane schools of the "cantonists" - soldiers' children - were closed and the cantonists were dismissed from the military class.

(1805 -1856 - Cantonists ("Canton" - with German) were called underage soldiers' sons, who were registered with the military department from birth, as well as children of schismatics, Polish rebels, gypsies and Jews (children of Jews taken from 1827 - under Nicholas I, before that there was a cash tax). - ldn-knigi)

Military settlements were abolished. In 1859, the period of compulsory military service for newly entering lower ranks was established in the army - 15 years, in the navy - 14.

With the entry into the management of the War Department

D. A. Milyutin, in 1861, energetic and systematic work began in order to radically and comprehensively {244} reforms of the army and the entire military department. In the 60s, Milyutin transformed the central military administration. In 1864, the “Regulations” on the military district administration introduced local bodies of the military administrative administration. All of Russia was divided into several military districts (in 1871 there were 14 of them: 10 in European Russia, three in the Asian and Caucasian districts) with "commanders" at the head, and thus the central military administration in St. Petersburg was unloaded from many small affairs and On the other hand, conditions were created for a faster and more organized mobilization in certain parts of the state.

In his concern for the training of army officers, Milyutin completely reorganized the system of military education. The former few cadet corps (consisting of general education and special classes) were transformed into "military gymnasiums" with the general education course of real gymnasiums, and their senior classes were separated for special military training of future officers and formed special "military schools". In view of the insufficient number of existing military schools, “military progymnasiums” (with a 4-year general education course) and “junker schools” (with a 2-year course) were created. In 1880 in Russia there were 9 military schools (including special ones), 16 cadet schools; 23 military gymnasiums, 8 progymnasiums. For higher military education there were academies: the general staff, engineering, artillery and military medical; The Military Law Academy was re-established.

But Milyutin's main reform and his main merit is the introduction of universal military service in Russia. The project worked out by Milyutin met with strong opposition in the State Council and in the "special presence on military service." Hard-nosed conservatives and supporters of noble privileges objected to the reform and frightened the tsar of the future "democratization" of the army, but with the support of the sovereign, they led. Prince Konstantin Nikolaevich {245} presiding over the State Council, Milyutin managed to carry out his project.

(On December 3, 1873, the sovereign said to Milyutin: “There is strong opposition to the new law ... and the women cry the most” (Milyutin’s Diary). Of course, these were not village women, but the countesses and princesses who surrounded the tsar, who did not they did not want to come to terms with the idea that their Zhorzhiks would have to become soldiers along with the village Mishkas and Grishkas.In his diary for 1873, Milyutin remarks about the progress of the project: "it is going tight, there are many disputes," or: "a hot meeting," or : "Count D. A. Tolstoy appears again on the stage, and again irritable, bilious, stubborn bickering." Minister of Public Education Count Tolstoy most of all argued against those benefits for education, insisted on war minister Milyutin.) .

On January 1, 1874, the Manifesto was issued on the introduction of universal military service. On the same day, the Charter on military service was published, the first article of which read: “Protection of the throne and fatherland is the sacred duty of every Russian subject. The male population, without distinction of status, is subject to military service. According to the new law, every year (in November) a call for military service is made.

All young people who are 20 years old by January 1st of this year must be called up; then, from those who are deemed fit for military service, such a number of "recruits" are selected by lot as is required in the current year to replenish the personnel of the army and navy; the rest are enrolled in the "militia" (which is called up for service only in case of war). The term of active service in the army was set at 6 years; those who served this term were credited for 9 years to the army reserve (in the fleet, respectively, the terms were 7 years and 3 years).

Thus, the Milyutin law for the first time created trained reserves for the Russian army in case of mobilization. - When serving military service, a number of benefits were provided for marital status and education. Young people who were the sole breadwinners of their families were exempted from conscription for active service {246} (the only son had a privilege of the 1st category), and for those who received an education, the term of active service was significantly reduced, to varying degrees depending on the level of education. Persons who had a well-known educational qualification could (upon reaching the age of 17) serve military service as "volunteers", and the term of active service for them was even more reduced, and at the end of the service and after passing the established exam, they were made in the first officer rank and formed a cadre of reserve officers.

Influenced by the "zeitgeist" and thanks to the cares and efforts

YES. Milyutin in the 60s and 70s, the whole structure and character of the life of the Russian army completely changed. Severe drill and cane discipline with cruel corporal punishment was banished from it.

(Corporal punishment was preserved only for those who were fined, that is, those who were seriously delinquent and transferred to the lower ranks in the "disciplinary battalions".). Their place was taken by a reasonable and humane education and training of soldiers; on the one hand, combat training increased: instead of "ceremonial marches", they were trained in target shooting, fencing and gymnastics; the armament of the army was improved; at the same time, the soldiers were taught to read and write, so that the Milyutin army, to some extent, compensated for the lack of school education in the Russian countryside.

The male population, without distinction of status, is subject to military service.

4. Monetary redemption from military service and replacement by a hunter is not allowed.

5. The armed forces of the state consist of permanent troops and militia. This latter is convened only in emergency circumstances of wartime.

10. Admission to the service by conscription is decided by lot, which is taken out once for a lifetime. Persons who, according to the number of the lot drawn by him, are not subject to permanent troops, are enlisted in the militia.

11. Only the age of the population is called to draw every year, namely, young people who have passed 21 years of age since October 1 of the year when the recruitment is made.

12. Persons who meet certain conditions of education are allowed to serve military service without drawing lots, as volunteers, on the basis of the rules set forth in Chapter XII of this statute.

17. The total term of service in the ground forces for those entering by lot is determined at 15 years, of which 6 years of active service and 9 years in the reserve.

18. The total service life in the fleet is determined at 10 years, of which 7 years of active service and 3 years in the reserve.

20. The terms of service indicated in the past 17 and 18 articles are established for peacetime itself: during the war, those in the ground forces and the navy are obliged to remain in the service for as long as the state need requires.

36. The state militia is made up of all the male population, not included in the permanent troops, but capable of carrying weapons, from the draft (Article 11) to the age of 43, inclusive. Persons discharged from the reserve of the army and navy are not exempted from conscription before this age.

(PSZ. 2nd collection. St. Petersburg, 1874. T. 49. Section 1. No. 52983).

Regulation on measures

TO THE PRESERVATION OF STATE ORDER

AND PUBLIC PEACE

(Extract)

II. Rules on the position of enhanced security

14. In areas declared in a state of enhanced protection, the rights and obligations to maintain state order and public security are assigned to the Governors General, ... and in provinces that are not under their jurisdiction, to the Governors and Mayors.

15. Within these localities, the above-mentioned authorities may:

a) issue binding regulations on subjects relating to the prevention of breaches of public order and national security...

b) establish penalties for violation of such mandatory regulations, not exceeding a three-month arrest or a fine of 500 rubles.

16. The governors-general, and in areas not subordinate to them, the governors and mayors are also provided with:

a) resolve administratively cases of violations of issued or mandatory regulations ...

b) to prohibit all popular, public and even private gatherings;

c) make orders to close all commercial and industrial establishments in general, both urgently and for the entire time of the declared state of enhanced security; and

d) prohibit certain individuals from staying in areas declared in a state of enhanced security.

17. It depends on the Governors-General, and in the provinces not subordinate to them, on the Minister of the Interior: a) to refer to the Military Court individual cases of crimes provided for by general criminal laws, when they recognize it as necessary in the types of fencing public order and peace of mind, for their judgment according to the laws of wartime and b) to demand the consideration behind closed doors of all those court cases, the public consideration of which can serve as a pretext for excitation of minds and violation of order.

19. The approval of all sentences of the Military Court, in cases of this kind, belongs to the Governor-Generals, and in areas not subordinate to them, to the Commander of the Troops located in the military district ...

(PSZ. St. Petersburg, 1881. 3rd collection. Vol. 1. No. 350).

Characteristic

Military reforms began after the Crimean War in the late 1850s and were carried out in several stages. From 1862 military districts were introduced. The central element of the reform was the Manifesto on universal military service and the Charter on military service on January 1, 1874, which marked the transition from the principle of recruitment in the army to all-class military service.

The aim of the military reforms was to reduce the army in peacetime and at the same time ensure the possibility of its deployment in time of war.

As a result of military reforms happened:

• reduction in the size of the army by 40%;
• the creation of a network of military and cadet schools, where representatives of all classes were admitted;
• improvement of the military administration system, the introduction of military districts (1864), the creation of the General Staff;
• creation of transparent and adversarial military courts, military prosecutor's office;
• the abolition of corporal punishment (with the exception of rods for special "penalized") in the army;
• rearmament of the army and navy (adoption of rifled steel guns, new rifles, etc.), reconstruction of state-owned military factories;
• the introduction of universal conscription in 1874 instead of recruitment and a reduction in the terms of service. Under the new law, all young people who have reached the age of 21 are called up, but the government determines the required number of recruits every year, and draws only this number from the recruits, although usually no more than 20-25% of recruits were called up for service. The call was not subject to the only son of the parents, the only breadwinner in the family, and also if the elder brother of the recruit is serving or has served. Those enlisted in the service are listed in it: in the ground forces 15 years - 6 years in the ranks and 9 years in the reserve, in the navy - 7 years of active service and 3 years in the reserve. For those who have received primary education, the term of active service is reduced to 4 years, those who have graduated from a city school - up to 3 years, a gymnasium - up to one and a half years, and those who have higher education - up to six months.
• development and introduction of new military regulations to the troops.

The statute of military service

From the statute:

1. Protection of the throne and fatherland is the sacred duty of every Russian subject. The male population, without distinction of condition, is subject to military service.
2. Monetary redemption from military service and replacement by a hunter is not allowed. …
3. …
10. Admission to the service by conscription is decided by lot, which is taken out once for a lifetime. Persons who, according to the number of the lot drawn by them, are not subject to admission to the permanent troops, are enrolled in the militia.
11. Every year, only the age of the population is called to the lot, namely, young people who have passed 21 years since October 1 of the year when the selection is made.
12. …
17. The total term of service in the ground forces for those entering by lot is determined at 15 years, of which 6 years of active service and 9 years in the reserve ...
18. The total service life in the fleet is defined as 10 years, of which 7 years of active service and 3 years in reserve.
19. …
36. The state militia is made up of all the male population, not included in the permanent troops, but capable of carrying weapons, from the age of conscription to 43 years of age inclusive. Persons under this age and persons dismissed from the reserve of the army and navy are not exempted from conscription.

The renewal of the army began with changes in military uniforms. Only in the first year of the reign of Alexander II, 62 orders were issued regarding changes in uniforms. Such activity caused bewilderment in society:

The only transformations for which the new sovereign immediately set about consisted in changing uniforms. Everyone who valued the fate of the fatherland looked at this with sorrow. They asked themselves in amazement: is there really nothing more important than uniforms in those difficult circumstances in which we find ourselves? Is this really all that has matured in the thoughts of the new king during his long tenure as heir? They recalled verses written, it seems, at the beginning of the reign of Alexander I, and applying them to the present, they repeated:

"And a renewed Russia
She put on red pants.

The uninitiated did not suspect that samples of new uniforms were already ready in the last days of the reign of Nikolai Pavlovich, and the young sovereign, issuing orders to change the form, carried out only what he considered the last will of his father.

- B.N. Chicherin "Literary movement at the beginning of a new reign"

Notes

Literature

• Dmitriev S. S. Reader on the history of the USSR. Volume III.
• *Military clothes of the Russian army. - M .: Military publishing house, 1994. - 382 p. - ISBN 5-203-01560-0

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1) The defense of the throne and the fatherland is the sacred duty of every Russian subject. The male population, without distinction of status, is subject to military service.

2) Monetary redemption from military service and replacement by a hunter Not allowed10

3) Male persons who are more than fifteen years of age may be dismissed from Russian citizenship only upon completion of their military service or upon drawing a lot that exempts them from service in the permanent troops.

5) The armed forces of the state consist of permanent troops and militia. This latter is convened only in emergency circumstances of wartime...

9) The number of people required to replenish the army and navy is determined annually by legislative procedure.

11) Admission to the service by conscription is decided by lot, which is taken out once for a lifetime. Persons who, according to the number of the lot drawn by them, are not subject to admission to the permanent troops, are enrolled in the militia.

12) Only the age of the population is called to the lot every year, namely young people who, by January 1 of the year when the selection is made, have passed twenty years of age.

13) Persons who meet certain conditions of education are presented to serve their military service without casting lots as volunteers.

17) The total term of service in the ground forces for those entering by lot is determined at fifteen years, of which six years of active service and nine years in reserve ...

18) The total term of service in the fleet is determined at ten years, of which seven years of active service and three years in reserve. ...

20) The specified ... terms of service are established for peacetime itself; during the war, those who are in the ground forces and in the navy are obliged to remain in the service as long as the state needs require it.

23) The ranks of the reserve are called up for active service if it is necessary to bring the troops to full strength ... During the state in the reserve, the ranks thereof can be called up by the Military or Naval Ministry, according to their affiliation, to training camps, but not more than twice during the entire period in reserve and each time no longer than six weeks.

24) Persons holding positions in the state civil or public service are exempted from conscription from the reserve.

26) Persons belonging to the taxable estates are exempted during their state in active service from all state, zemstvo and public dues collected per capita; they are likewise exempted from natural duties. In relation to the property belonging to them, the said persons are obliged to pay taxes and other fees and to serve the following duties from that property on a general basis.

31) Those in the reserve enjoy ... benefits from taxes collected per capita and other fees and from duties in kind, to which they would be subject personally, during the year.

36) The state militia is made up of all the male population from the draft age up to the age of forty, inclusive, who are not listed in the permanent troops, but are able to carry weapons. Persons discharged from the reserve of the army and navy are not exempted from conscription before this age.

45) According to marital status 12, three categories of benefits are established.

First Category: a) for the only son able to work with a father who is incapable of work, or with a widowed mother;

b) For the only brother able to work with one or more orphans brothers or sisters;

c) for the only able-bodied grandson with a grandfather or grandmother who does not have a son capable of working, and

d) for the only son in the family, at least with a father capable of work.

Second category: for the only son able to work with a father who is also capable of working, and brothers up to eighteen years old.

Third rank: for a person immediately following in age a brother who is called up to active service or who died in it.

52) In order to organize property and economic affairs, it is allowed to delay, but not more than for two years, the entry into the service of persons who personally manage their own real estate.

56) For persons who have reached the following degrees of education 13, when they are serving their military service, reduced terms of service are established by lot on the following basis:

1) those who have completed a course at universities and other educational institutions of the first category or have passed the appropriate test are: in active service for six months and in the army reserve for fourteen years and six months;

2) those who have completed the course of six classes of gymnasiums or real schools. or the second class of theological seminaries, or the course of other educational institutions of the second category, as well as those who have passed the corresponding test, are: in active service for a year and six months and in the army reserve for thirteen years and six months;

3) those who completed the course or passed the test in knowledge of the course of educational institutions of the third category14 are: in active service for three years and in the army reserve for twelve years, and

4) those who have a certificate of knowledge of the course of primary public schools ... or the course of other educational institutions of the fourth category15 are: in active service for four years and in the army reserve for eleven years.

62) Exempt from military service:

1) clergy of all Christian denominations, and

2) persons Orthodox psalmists who have completed a course in religious schools ..

63) The following persons, if they draw a lot, ^ determining their entry into the permanent troops, are released from the apiD (existential service in peacetime and are credited to the army reserve for fifteen years:

1) having the degree of doctor of medicine or physician, master of veterinary science or formation, or veterinarian ...

2) pensioners of the Imperial Academy of Arts, sent abroad at public expense for improvement in art education, and

3) teaching in educational institutions ... as well as their full-time assistants.

173) Volunteers are divided into three categories according to their education and are required to serve in the active troops:

1) those who passed the test from the course of educational institutions of the 1st category - three months;

2) those who passed the test from the course of institutions of the 2nd category ... - six months, and

3) who have passed the test under a special program established by agreement of the ministers of military and public education - two years.

180) Freely determined by passing the established tests, in case of awarding the nearest superiors, are made:

1) to non-commissioned officers - by seniority to privates: volunteers, belonging under Art. 173 to the first category - two months, belonging to the second category - four months and belonging to the third category - one year;

2) to officers, by length of service in the lower rank: volunteer of the first category - three months, the second category - six months and the third category - three years ...

Collection of government orders for the introduction

general military service.-SPb.,