Circumstance - a secondary member that answers adverbial questions in a sentence and is expressed by a gerund, participle, prepositional constructions. Circumstances characterize an action, a sign, a way of performing an action. (How? How?), place ( Where? Where? Where?), reason ( Why?), condition ( Against what? Under what condition?), goal ( What for?). On these issues, the category of the circumstance, its significance is determined. Circumstances can be expressed by prepositional-case groups, phraseological units, infinitive.

An isolated circumstance is a circumstance that can have different meanings and is distinguished by intonation (in pronunciation) and punctuation (in writing).

(stumbling She nearly fell to her knees. Rodion, bouncing with impatience, tried to keep pace with his father. From the impact, he began to slide on the ice, like a puck. Despite the tears and excitement, the day was good.)

1. An isolated circumstance can be expressed by a single gerund or a gerund with dependent words. This type of circumstance is separated by commas, regardless of its place in the sentence. ( Lying on a shelf, he stared blankly at the ceiling of the car. He was sitting on the windowsill lazily swinging your legs. He, humming under my breath, slowly walked towards the side street).

2. Separation of circumstances, which are expressed by prepositional-case forms of a noun, is optional. Their isolation depends on the semantic load (connection of two or more adverbial meanings), weak syntactic connection with the predicate, expressed verb, or on the stylistic tasks set by the author.

If the circumstance has a comparative meaning and is expressed by a noun with prepositions (like, as if, as if, as if, exactly), then this is a separate circumstance. (He bounced on the trampoline, like a ball. Like a storm annoyed Victor rushed across the room. Natalia, as if sleepy narrowed her eyes in disbelief.)

3. A circumstance that has the meaning of a concession is considered isolated if it begins with a union in spite of. (Despite the morning surge Now she felt a little dizzy).

Note

An isolated circumstance can sometimes be expressed by a group of words preceding the predicate and beginning with prepositions ( due to, in the presence of, in the absence of, due to, in view of, in spite of, in spite of, due to). (Examples. Due to his strong character, Elena overcame sudden difficulties. But: Elena overcame sudden difficulties due to its strong character. Contrary to the Charter and the requirements of the authorities, Sergei came to the training camp in a blue shirt. But: Sergey came to the training camp in a blue shirt contrary to the requirements of the Charter.)

4. If there is a homogeneous isolated circumstance in the proposal, then it is put in the same way, with ordinary homogeneous members. ( Waving arms, bouncing clumsily, shouting loudly for joy he ran down the road. He ran down the road waving your arms, bouncing high. Waving your arms and shouting loudly he ran down the road . )

Sentences with isolated circumstances are similar in structure to other syntactic constructions that do not require punctuation marks.

Remember! Commas are not put if the circumstances

• Expressed (He approached the drafting slipshod).
• Expressed by uncommon single gerunds. It is believed that these words (sitting, lying, reluctantly, without looking, etc.) are substantivized, i.e. formed by the transition of one part of speech (adverbs in this case) to another (gerund participle). (We were talking sitting. But: We talked sitting in chairs.

*Note. If the circumstance is expressed by the usual gerund, formed from the verb, it is necessarily isolated. ( turning away she wiped her tears).

Lesson Objectives:

• development of skills to distinguish derivative prepositions from synonymous parts of speech;
• correctly punctuate when separating circumstances expressed by gerunds, participles and nouns with prepositions;
• use adverbial phrases correctly in speech.

I. Presentation of the topic of the lesson

The topic of our today's lesson is isolated circumstances expressed by gerunds and nouns with prepositions.

II. Repetition of the spelling of prepositions

1. Work with the table.

But first look at the blackboard and say what parts of speech are written on the blackboard?

Can you answer this question out of context? (Not)

Board:

Table #1

Of course, you cannot answer this question out of context. Then choose the words so that it is clear that these are prepositions.

Write these words in table number 1.

What are these suggestions called? (Derivatives)

Why? (Because they are derived from independent parts of speech).

Write in your table from which parts of speech these derived prepositions are formed.

What is the peculiarity of writing prepositions in the first column? (at the end is written e , in contrast to synonymous nouns, in which in the form of gen., dat., preposition. cases are written at the end and )

What is the peculiarity of writing prepositions in the second column? (Written together, as well as prepositions in spite of and regardless of )

How to distinguish derivative prepositions from independent parts of speech? (Derived prepositions can be replaced by another preposition, an adjective can be inserted between the preposition and a noun or a question can be posed, for example:

Go out to meet guests
go out to a (friendly) meeting with friends
Go out (towards whom?) towards the guests
go out (where?) towards
Go out to meet (long-awaited) guests
Go out to meet (to) guests

Derivative prepositions formed from
nouns with prepositions		gerunds
separately
Throughout the year (when?)	Due to error = due to	In spite of privileges (= though) in spite of what?
During the month (when?	Because of the rain = because of	Despite the downpour (= though) in spite of what?
At the end of the article = at the end, in the end	Like a raft (like)	Thanks to labor (= because of) what?
Unlike others	About the excursion (= about)
	Towards a friend (= to)

II. Analysis of proposals using table No. 2

Carefully study table number 2

Find the circumstances in the sentences and explain the punctuation with them using the table. Highlight the grammatical foundations of sentences, make sentence schemes

Separation of the circumstances expressed
gerunds		Nouns with prepositions
Isolate themselves	Not isolated	Isolate themselves	Not isolated
1. Participles with dependent words, as well as two or more gerunds, related to the same verb. From the Urals to the Danube, to the big river, swaying and sparkling, regiments are moving.	3. Participles in dependent words, turned into stable turns of speech, which have become integral expressions (usually they come after the verb to which they refer: sleeveless, rolled up sleeves, headlong, breathless, etc.): We will work rolling up our sleeves (together, hard) But : Father, rolling up his sleeves, thoroughly washed his hands.	10. Nouns with pretext despite : The next morning, despite the begging of the owners, Darya Alexandrovna got ready to go.	14.Separation of other circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions is not mandatory.
2. Single gerunds, if they adverbs do not matter (usually they come before the verb): Having made a noise, the river calmed down, again lay down on the banks.	4. Single gerunds that have the meaning of a simple adverb, acting as a circumstance of the mode of action (usually come after the verb: Jacob walked not in a hurry. (slowly)	11. More often the whole circumstance reasons with suggestions due to, according to, in view of, due to, due to, or with prepositional combinations due to, on occasion, due to lack of, due to, etc.
	5. Participles in dependent words, closely related in meaning to the verb: The old man sat with his head down.	12.Circumstances conditions with prepositional combinations in the presence, in the absence, under the condition, etc.
	6. Groups of homogeneous members, consisting of an adverb and a participle: The boy answered questions frankly and not at all embarrassed.	13.Circumstances concessions with a pretext contrary to
	7.If the gerund has an allied word as a dependent word which the as part of a subordinate attributive clause: To the right was a door, through which one could get into the corridor leading to the stage.
	8. Turnover with words based on (meaning based on), looking at ( meaning "according to something"): We will act according to the circumstances.
	9.If before the adverbial turnover there is an intensifying particle and: You can leave without waiting for an answer.

1. One of the monks left the boy in the monastery and, having cured, began to prepare for monasticism.
Comment: a single gerund is isolated, because. has the meaning of an additional action and comes before the verb.

2. He began to bring books and tried to read them unnoticed, and after reading, he hid them somewhere.
Comment: the adverbial construction cannot be torn off from the union, removed from the sentence, or rearranged from another place without destroying the structure of the sentence.

3. One gets the impression that in describing the genre of the short epic in the article, Gogol largely analyzed the main work of his life.
Comment: the adverbial phrase after the subordinating conjunction is separated from it by a comma.

4. The hero, without hesitation, decides to get a job not building a dam, because of which the island will be flooded.
Comment: a single gerund participle closely merges in meaning with the verb, we can replace it with the adverb “quickly”

5. The soldiers listened to Vasily Terkin with bated breath. [-=]
Comment: the adverbial turnover has turned into a stable phrase.

6. Oblomov, due to his upbringing with mothers and nannies, turned into a weak-willed, incapable of work person.

Isolate themselves	Not isolated
1. Germs with dependent words, as well as two or more gerunds related to one verb: 1) Holding the jug above her head, the Georgian woman went down a narrow path to the shore. Sometimes she glided between the stones, laughing awkwardly his. (L.); 2) The sun, hiding behind a narrow bluish cloud, gilds its edges. (New-Rev.); 3) From the Urals to the Danube, to the big river, swaying and sparkling, regiments are moving. (L.)	1. Participles with dependent words, which have turned into stable turns of speech, which have become practical expressions (usually they come after the verb to which they refer: sleeveless, rolled up sleeves, headlong, breathless, etc.): 1) The boy was running headlong (very quickly); 2) We will work rolling up our sleeves (together, stubbornly). But: My father rolled up his sleeves and washed his hands thoroughly.
2. Single gerunds, if they do not have the meaning of an adverb (usually they come before the verb): 1) Having made a noise, the river calmed down, again lay down on the banks. (Floor.); 2) The roar, without ceasing, rolls on. (CM.); 3) The steppe turned brown and smoked, drying up. (V. Sh.)	2. Single gerunds that have the meaning of a simple adverb, acting as a circumstance of the mode of action (usually they come after the verb): 1) Jacob walked slowly (slowly). (M. G.); 2) He talked about the walk laughing (gaily).
	3. Participles with dependent words, closely merging with the verb in meaning: The old man sat with his head down. The important thing here is not that the old man was sitting, but that he was sitting with his head bowed.
	4. Groups of homogeneous members, consisting of adverbs and participles: The boy answered questions frankly and not at all embarrassed.
Participles and participles connected by a union and, like other homogeneous members, a comma is not separated from each other: I looked back. At the edge of the forest. putting one ear and raising the other, the hare jumped over. (L. T.) In all other cases, participles and participles are separated by a comma from the union preceding or following them and: 1) Batteries jump and rattle in copper formation, and. smoking, as before a fight, the wicks are burning. (L.) 2) " Eagle* finally went, developing a move, and, having caught up with the squadron, took his place in the ranks. (New-Rev.)

Separation of circumstances expressed by nouns

1. Circumstances of concession expressed by nouns with a preposition in spite of, are isolated: 1) Despite the difference in characters and the apparent severity of Artyom The brothers loved each other deeply. (BUT.); 2) The next morning, despite the begging of the owners, Darya Alexandrovna got ready to go. (L. T.); 3) The day was hot, bright, radiant day, despite the falling rains. (T.)

2. Separation of other circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions is not mandatory. Separation depends on the intentions and goals of the author, as well as the prevalence or non-proliferation of circumstances and their place in the sentence. More common circumstances are isolated more often than less common ones; circumstances at the beginning or middle of a sentence (before the predicate) are isolated more often than those at the end of a sentence: For lack of a room for visitors at the station, we were given an overnight stay in a smoky hut. (L.) But: He did not go to the cinema for lack of time. Circumstances isolated in this way are close in meaning to subordinate clauses.

Most often, the following circumstances are isolated: 1) circumstances of the cause with prepositions thanks to, according to, in view of, due to or with prepositional combinations due to, on occasion, for lack of, due to and others: I went to the post office, and he, due to heavy load couldn't follow me. (L.); 2) circumstances of the condition with prepositional combinations in the presence, in the absence, under the condition, etc.: Racing on yachts, if the weather is favorable, will take place next Sunday; 3) the circumstances of the concession with a pretext contrary to: Our parking lot in Kamrang Bay, contrary to the expectations of many, dragged on. (New-Rev.)

Separation of circumstances is determined, first of all, by general conditions. However, particular and additional conditions are of considerable importance. Depending on the different conditions, three groups of isolated circumstances can be distinguished:

1) gerunds;

2) common circumstances;

3) clarifying circumstances.

1. The circumstantial function is the main one for gerunds . Various relationships of gerunds with the verb-predicate create shades of time, conditions, concessions, reasons, goals. The participle, performing the function of a circumstance, as a rule, does not lose the meaning of the process, which is the basis of an additional statement, an elementary message. This feature of the gerund as a specific verbal form is in itself a condition for isolation, regardless of the presence of explanatory words and the position in the text.

For example:

The mother stopped panting put her hands on her chest(M.G.);

Back at the hotelLopatin went to bed, didn't eat that day (Sim.);

hares, escaping skiers confused complex loops(paust.)

The only reason for the non-separation of the participle is the loss of the verbal meaning of the action. It is observed, firstly, in phraseological units that have a frozen form of adverbial turnover, but denoting a sign of action.

For example:

He was doing his job through the sleeves because the hospital was still under construction(M.-S);

We headlong rushed over deep potholes and potholes(A.S)

Secondly, single adverbs with the meaning of a qualitative characteristic of an action, which are similar in semantics to qualitative adverbs or prepositional-case forms of a noun, are not isolated.

Exercise:

Compare:

Yakov Artamonov walked not in a hurry hands in pockets(M. G.) - walked slowly;

mother fled without looking back and sobbed on the run(Ch.) - fled without looking back;

birch leaves hanging without moving (Paust.) - hangs motionless, without movement

Here there is a partial contextual transition of gerunds into adverbs.

2. Common Circumstances at an unusual location relative to the word being defined (as a rule, a verb-predicate) are isolated. This is observed in the position before the predicate, at the absolute beginning or at the end of the sentence, and also in the case of a distant (disconnected in other words) location relative to the main member of the sentence. Circumstances are isolated with the meanings of cause, condition, concession, time.

For example:

So we turned left and somehow, after a lot of trouble, got to a meager shelter, which consisted of two huts(L.);

The ship began to move more carefully, for fear of running aground (Cupr.);

Olga Nikolaevna, with all your mind, sincerely believed that after the explanation they would become friends(Sh.)

The isolated circumstances of this group are characterized by the use of abstract nouns, which serve as the core of an additional message (see: troubles, fear, mind). Indicators of the corresponding adverbial meanings are prepositions (causal from, from, for, because of, in view of, thanks to; conditional at, in case; concessions in spite of, in spite of, in spite of; temporary by, after, before, during and etc.).

3. Separation of clarifying circumstances is caused by completely different conditions than for the members of the proposal considered earlier. If there are two circumstances of the same category, explaining the same word, they are not equal in relation to each other. One of them directly explains the word being defined, and the other is connected with this word through the first circumstance and clarifies its meaning.

For example:

Kovrin came to Pesotsky in the evening, at ten o'clock (Ch.) - circumstance of time at ten o'clock explains, clarifies another circumstance - in the evening; at the same time both of them determine the verb-predicate arrived (arrived in the evening, arrived at ten o'clock)

The relation of refinement forms the basis of an additional statement contained in a separate circumstance. It should be emphasized that the presence of two circumstances of the same category does not in itself predetermine the isolation of one of them. Only the meaning of the clarification, realized by the speaker intentionally, causes isolation.

For example:

On another day hour at first, Litvinov went to the Osinins(T.) - in this context, two circumstances could constitute a single adverbial group without clarifying relations (the next day at one o'clock)

Clarification usually consists in the fact that a separate circumstance narrows, limits the scope of the concept indicated by the member being refined.

For example:

There, in the sky the summer sun was already shining(Paust.);

Right, right from under the wheels of the cart, ran down the cliff(AT.);

Not very long ago last spring, a friend of mine showed me a rather outlandish little thing(Cupr.)

As a rule, isolated clarifying circumstances have a spatial or temporal meaning.

1.3.2.2.7.4 "Standalone add-ons"

The complement in its essence is a secondary member of the sentence, very closely related semantically to the verb being explained, that is, it does not have the first of the general conditions of isolation (the possibility of semantic separation). Those constructions that in grammar are usually called separate additions are restrictive-excretory phrases with different meanings - object, subject, or even adverbial.

For example:

I bought everything except for the notebook;

All returned except Petya;

I'm always here except Saturday;

Haven't been anywhere except Moscow

With the addition, these constructions are similar only in form - a noun in the form of an indirect case.

The condition for isolation is the restrictive-distinguishing meaning of the turnover, which is the basis of the additional statement.

Exercise:

Compare:

Everyone came running including neighbor. - Everyone came running including a neighbor came running

The indicated meaning is expressed using prepositions except for, in addition to, instead of, including, excluding, along with and etc.

For example:

Russian writers-nobles, except for the omniscient Alexander Pushkin, did not pay attention to folklore, extremely rich in dramatic material(M. G.);

Except rivers, there are many channels in the Meshchora Territory(paust.)

Comparative turns

The specificity of this type of isolated structures is manifested both in meaning and in design; the conditions for separating them are also special.

Comparison, assimilation as a specific meaning of turnover is so strong and bright that it overlaps, obscures the meanings inherent in one or another member of the sentence (sign, circumstance). This makes it difficult to attribute the comparative turnover to a certain type of secondary members of the sentence. It is more expedient to see in it, first of all, a comparative turnover as a special syntactic phenomenon - a turnover with the meaning of an attribute of an object, an attribute of an action, etc.

For example:

black, like resin, the shadows lay on the grass(BUT. T.);

Even in big cities it becomes quiet at this time, like in the field (paust.)

The value of an attribute of an object or action is expressed by likening them (an object, action, state, etc.) to others in quality, quantity, etc. The value of a comparative turnover depends on which word it is associated with. But it must be borne in mind that the comparative turnover, as a rule, is correlated not with one member, but with two or with the predicative basis of the sentence as a whole (cf .: black like resin - shadows like resin; quiet like in the field - in big cities like in the field).

The most striking formal indicators of comparative turnover are special function words comparative conjunctions (like, like, like, like, exactly and etc.).

For example:

Behind, like a gigantic fire, burned forest, warehouse(Cupr.);

Blades of grass creep along the bottom and constantly move, how alive(Sol.);

But suddenly the icy trees flashed yellow fire, and often, like a hammer on an iron deck, began to hit anti-aircraft guns(paust.)

In the forms of the comparative degree of qualitative adjectives and adverbs, a turnover with the union is used how; such a turnover expresses a comparison.

For example:

Gotta understand- studying people is more difficult, than studying books written about people(M. G.)

In addition to unions, comparative turnover can be formed using prepositions that have a comparatively similar meaning. (like, like, like and etc.).

1. Participle turns, as a rule, are isolated, regardless of the location in relation to the verb-predicate.

For example: Reaching for the beams, shaking their heads, horse shoals(Ser.); Not wearing caps, went out on the porch(Shol.); Getting pissed off at night, the forest sank and fell silent, drooping with wet branches of pines(Sparrow); Leaning back on the comfortable, soft back of the seat in the trolleybus, Margarita Nikolaevna was driving along the Arbat(Bulg.); Lisa, looking at Nikolai Vsevolodovich quickly raised her hand(Dost.); Then[Anna] pushed off with sticks and ran through the thickets, leaving swirls of snow behind (Paust.).

The circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles have an additional meaning of predicativity, which is characteristic of the gerund as a verb form. Therefore, often gerunds and participles are perceived as additional predicates.

For example: My friend and I returned to our compartment. old lady, putting down the book and trying to ask something, did not ask and began to look out the window(Spread) (compare: The old woman put down the book and tried to ask something, but she didn’t ask..).

However, gerunds and participles are not always able to be replaced by conjugated forms of the verb. They denote different signs of action and can be replaced by separate participial phrases with additional adverbial meaning.

For example: Doctor, unable to talk to crying women, sighed and walked quietly around the living room. unable to speak to crying women, sighed and quietly walked around the living room(Ch.).

It is the presence of a circumstantial shade of meaning that functionally brings together adverbial and participial phrases.

Many participles and adverbial phrases that have adverbial significance can be compared with the subordinate clauses of complex sentences.

For example: Judging by his hesitant movements, by the expression of his sullen face, which was dark from the evening twilight, he wanted to say something(Ch.) (compare: Judging by his hesitant movements...)

2. The adverbial turnover, which is after a coordinating union, subordinating union or allied word, is separated from it by a comma, despite the absence of excretory intonation(intonational union is included in the turnover).

For example: And Korney turned slightly on the irradiation and, following with a thoughtful glance the flashing horseshoes starts talking(Boon.); The prince told me that he would also work and that, having earned money, we would go by sea to Batum(M. G.); In the pocket of his riding breeches Sergey felt crumbs of shag and, gently flicking its contents into your hand, wrapped a thick clumsy cigarette(Sparrow.).

Depending on the context, the union a can either be included in the participial construction or link the members of the main sentence.

For example: It is necessary to understand the essence of perestroika-consciousness, and having understood this, join the active struggle for it. - It is necessary to understand the essence of the restructuring of consciousness, and, having understood this, not be content with just verbal calls for it.

3. When combining adverbial constructions, punctuation marks are placed in the same way as with homogeneous members of the sentence.

For example: He went, staggering and still supporting his head with the palm of his left hand, and with his right hand quietly tugging at his brown mustache (M. G.).

If adjacent adverbial phrases refer to different predicate verbs and conjunction and are not included in their composition, then they are distinguished as independent constructions.

For example: He stood, leaning against a pile of cibics of tea, and, looking around aimlessly drummed his fingers on his cane like a flute(M. G.) ( he stood and drummed).

Participle phrases located in different parts of the sentence are drawn up independently.

For example: Sergey, standing for another minute, slowly walked towards the pile of coal and, neatly laying the floor of the overcoat, sat down on a large piece of anthracite(Sparrow) ( Sergey went ... and sat down); Chest pushing the door, Sergei jumped out of the house and, ignoring the dry bush that tore at the body and the pine branches whipping across the face, ran, panting, forward, into the very thicket of the forest(Sparrow) ( Sergei jumped and ran);wagons, tapping on railroad junctions, lazily moved behind the locomotive and, clanging buffers, quiet again(Sparrow) ( The carriages moved and fell silent);Scattering, like a flying witch, smoky braids, scarletly illuminated from below, rushed away, crossing the highway, the southeast express(Boon.) ( The southeast express was rushing).

4. Restrictive particles only, only those standing in front of adverbial constructions, are included in their composition.

For example: So she lived without love, just hoping for it.

The same is true in the presence of comparative conjunctions that begin a participle construction. For example: Two people walked along the dark stairs, then three... procrastinating and lingering everywhere, as if afraid to get down to business (Fed.).

5. Single gerunds are isolated while maintaining the verbal meaning. The conditions for their isolation are the same as for adverbial phrases.

For example: Waves played, and Shakro, who was sitting on the stern, then disappeared from my eyes, sinking with the stern, then rose high above me and, screaming, almost fell on me(M. G.); Charmingly lying face up, watching the stars flare up(M. G.); Whispering as if dancing, grandfather appeared(M. G.); At first, they moved by car at the speed of a pedestrian, now and then they scratched with a trim and, backing away, went around the stones(Hall.); With a creak, the doors closed. Darkness filled the car. Only the moon, curious, looked out the window(Sparrow); Accustomed, eyes distinguished a pile of bodies on a cement floor(Sparrow.).

6. Single gerunds and participles are not separated:

1) if gerund has lost its verbal meaning.

For example: Horses run slowly among the green hilly fields(Boon.); Sergey lay for a long time without moving.(Sparrow);

2) if d her participle is included in a stable turnover: work tirelessly; run with tongue out run headlong; listen with bated breath; listen with open ears.

For example: In difficult days, he worked tirelessly with us(Nick.);

3) if the gerund or adverbial turnover is among the homogeneous members of the sentence along with other parts of speech.

For example: He said in a whisper and not looking at anyone; Klim Samghin walked down the street cheerfully and without giving way to oncoming people (M. G.);

4) if the participle construction acts as a circumstance of the mode of action and closely adjoins the verb-predicate(in function it approaches the adverb).

For example: This exercise do sitting on a chair; This exercise is done while standing. Compare, however, with the strengthening of the verb: Engineer, lying down, read his mining art(Fad.) ( the engineer lay and read).

7. Single gerunds may or may not be isolated depending on the context.

For example, when acquiring the meaning of a clarification, the gerund is isolated: The children were constantly making noise(compare: the children were making noise).

The isolation or non-isolation of the gerund may depend on the meaning of the verb-predicate (the non-isolated gerund may be replaced by an adverb).

For example: Shel do not stop (walked non-stop); asked do not stop (the gerund denotes the second action - he asked, but did not stop for this).

The isolation or non-isolation of the participle is also affected by its location; compare: He walked along the garden path without looking back. Without looking back, he walked along the garden path.

8. Separation or non-isolation of a gerund may depend on its type. So, gerunds ending in -а, -я, more often express the meaning of the circumstance of the mode of action and therefore do not stand apart.

For example: She entered smiling(compare: Smiling she entered the room; She came in smiling at your secret thoughts ).

The adverbs ending in -v, -lice convey other shades of adverbial meanings (reasons, time, concessions), which contribute to isolation.

For example: She screamed, frightened; Frightened, she screamed.

9. Turnovers with words in spite of, in spite of, looking at, on the basis of, starting with, thanks to, after, performing the function of derivative prepositions and prepositional combinations, are isolated or not isolated according to the conditions of the context.

Turnovers with words despite, despite are isolated.

For example: Despite the bad weather we're on our way; Criticized at the meeting regardless of faces; Sleepy, like a branch drowned in a pond of sleep, Ney carried in her arms a splendidly sleeping son, who scattered, despite its small size, heroic legs and arms(Color); Despite doctors' orders, I wrote the story "Colchis" in Maleevka(Paust.); Science must be done with clean hands.

The turnover with words despite is not isolated only in the case of a close semantic connection with the verb, moreover, in postposition.

For example: He is did despite the doctors ban (compare: Despite doctors' orders he did it).

Turnovers with words starting with, looking at, later, acting in the meaning of prepositions, are not isolated.

For example: Let's act depending on circumstances (compare: act according to circumstances);Starting Tuesday the weather changed drastically(compare: The weather has changed dramatically since Tuesday.); Some time later came the weighers(M.G.).

If these turnovers have the meaning of clarification or addition, then they are isolated.

For example: We will act skillfully and quickly, depending on circumstances; Last week, starting from tuesday the weather has changed dramatically.

The turnover with words based on can have two meanings: when the verbality is strengthened, when the action denoted by it is correlated with the subject, it is isolated; in the absence of such a connection, it is not isolated.

For example: It turns out that not only we, who suddenly discovered the need for a new science - bionics, strive to learn, understand and use the properties of living nature in the most beneficial way; our ancestors did it long before us, based on your knowledge and needs (Chiv.). Compare: He designed the project of the house,. – Project developed based on planned cost.

The turnover with the word thanks is isolated or not isolated depending on the degree of prevalence and location.

For example: Thanks to the rains the earth was soaked with moisture. - Earth, thanks to the rains, soaked in moisture.

Circumstances expressed by nouns and adverbs

1. Circumstances expressed by nouns in the forms of indirect cases can be isolated for incidental explanation or semantic emphasis.

For example: And Natasha with painful surprise, looked at the discharged people(Boon.); I walked, walked on the cold and damp sand, trilling with my teeth in honor of hunger and cold, and suddenly, in a vain search for something to eat, going behind one of the chests, - I saw behind him a figure crouched on the ground in a miserable dress(M. G.); One of the spots, in the center of the pattern, looked very much like the head of the owner of the chair.(M. G.); A small, verdant city, when viewed from above, made a strange impression...(M. G.); The rafts sailed on in the midst of darkness and silence (M. G.); When evening came, I from evil to their failures and to the whole world, decided on a somewhat risky thing ...(M. G.); At night, against the rising wind, the detachment went to the port for landing(Plat.); For eleven years during daily driving must have had a lot of interesting adventures(Ch.).

Such circumstances usually carry an additional semantic load and are synonymous with verb constructions (compare examples: ... because he was angry at his failures and at the whole world; ...because I traveled every day).

2. Most often, explanatory adverbial members of a sentence include derivative prepositions and prepositional combinations (despite, in view of, in order to avoid, due to, on occasion, due to, if available, according to, in contrast to, in contrast, due to, in the absence, regardless of etc.), showing their specific circumstantial meaning and giving them the form of turns.

For example: Decayed, gray-blue from time to time balcony, from which, due to lack of stairs, it was necessary to jump off, drowned in nettles, elderberries, euonymus (Bun.); Lonely and useless because of this peace, the peaceful sound of chewing horses, in view of the desert, imprinted in the dark and already again silence(Ser.); Snowstorm silently, mockingly stared at him, holding his gaze, slightly moving his satin black eyebrows and showing with his whole appearance that, regardless of what questions will be put to him and how they will force him to answer them, he will not say anything that could satisfy the questioners(Fad.); But, contrary to the possible, the sun came out bright red, and everything in the world turned pink, reddened(Sol.).

With a low prevalence of such members of the sentence, there may be options in their punctuation, dictated by a different word order.

Turnovers with derivative prepositions and prepositional combinations must be separated,if they are located between the subject and the predicate : a break in their direct connection and contributes to the allocation of revolutions. The same is true when the natural connection between the controlling and controlled words is broken. In other positions, especially in less common sentences, such turns do not complicate the sentence with special accentuating intonations and may not be isolated (without a special task for that).

For example: To avoid gas leakage faucet off. - Disabled to avoid gas leakage, tap; He did it out of habit. - He, out of habit, did it; According to the order the group has been disbanded. - Group, according to the order, disbanded; In the absence of corpus delicti the case has been terminated. - A business, for lack of corpus delicti, discontinued.

3. Circumstances expressed by nouns may be distinguished by a dash if there is a need for special emphasis on such circumstances.

For example: At our last meeting, Oleg asked to bring a common notebook with hard "crusts" - for taking notes lying down (gas.); It[creative imagination] created science and literature. AND - at great depth- in many ways, the creative imagination of at least Herschel, who discovered the majestic laws of the starry sky, and the creative imagination of Goethe, who created Faust, coincide with each other(Paust.); The poor poets in lightning, in storms and thunders– sang inspirational songs about the beauty of friendship, noble impulses, freedom and courage(Paust.); Immediately after the birth of the boy, Dyakonov ordered Schwalbe to adopt him and give him the surname Koporsky at baptism - at the place of birth of the boy in the city of Koporye, near Oranienbaum (Paust.).

4. In special cases, for semantic emphasis, some circumstances expressed by adverbs can be isolated (with or without dependent words) . The conditions for their selection are the same as the circumstances expressed by nouns in oblique cases.

For example: He stood before me, listened, and suddenly, silently, baring his teeth and narrowing his eyes, like a cat rushed at me(M. G.); Misha put down the book and, not immediately, quietly answered(M. G.); And so, surprise for everyone, I brilliantly passed the exam(Kupr.).

Usually, when separating circumstances expressed by adverbs, commas are used, however, as in other cases, dashes are possible to emphasize circumstances more strongly.

For example: The boy sniffed his nose in embarrassment, incredulity, but, realizing that there was nothing terrible, but, on the contrary, everything turned out to be terribly cheerful, he frowned so that his nose turned up, and also - quite childish- burst mischievously and thinly(Fad.).