Colloquial speech is a kind of system that exists in parallel with book speech within the national language. One French linguist argued (and rightly!) that "we never speak the way we write, and we rarely write the way we speak." And the famous English writer B. Shaw was sure that "there are fifty ways to say" yes "and five hundred ways to say" no "and only one way to write it." One way or another, but the opposition of two forms of language, oral and written, has sufficient grounds. We will not dwell on the features of everyday speech; but let's talk about something else - about the norms of literary stress and pronunciation, without which one cannot speak of literate speech in the full sense of the word.
Orthoepy called the doctrine of the normative pronunciation of the sounds of a given language, a set of rules of oral speech that establish the uniformity of literary pronunciation. This includes issues of stress and intonation, which are important for oral speech.
With loop or with no? aphids?The question asked in the title will be answered differently by everyone. Some will pronounce no? aphids(which is considered the norm, enshrined in most dictionaries), and others - (and most of them) - with loop.
Most often, fluctuations in stress are explained by the presence of two pronunciation options - book (traditional) and colloquial: ke?ta - keta?, curd? g - your? horn and etc.
The difficulties of Russian stress are connected, as you know, with two of its features. Firstly, it is ambiguous, not associated with a specific syllable in a word, as in some other languages. Secondly, it is mobile, i.e. can move from one syllable to another when changing (declension or conjugation) of the word. It hardly needs to be reminded that the skills to correctly place stress are an essential element of speech culture.
Coping with Russian stress is not easy, but difficulties must be overcome. If the stress in the initial form of many, many words has to be memorized (or checked by looking into reference dictionaries), then in order to determine the place of stress in the derivative forms of words of certain grammatical categories (for example, goose or goose?? re?ku or river??) have their own rules.
Thus, many monosyllabic masculine nouns have an accent on the ending in the genitive case of the singular; bandage - bandage?, pancake - pancake?, bean - bean?, beaver - beaver?, screw - screw?, harm - harm? umbrella - umbrella ?, whale - whale ?, tuft - tuft ?, fang - fang ?, ladle - bucket ?, mole - mole ?, hook - hook ?, sack - sack ?, tench - tench ?, layer - layer ?, fruit - fruit?, sickle - sickle?, whitefish - whitefish?, stack - stack?, trace - trace? and etc.
Concerning goose, then there are two options for stress - and goose?, and goose. And there are many such words: pond? and pru? yes, rogue? and a cheat, wands? and also? evil, gruzdya? and heavy and etc.
Feminine nouns in the accusative singular form are partly stressed on the ending and partly on the stem:
1) trouble?, tops?, armor?(protective lining) , widow?, spring?, count?, gum?, length?, hole?, snake?, ash?, hut?, pick?, goat?, hole?, sheep?, alder?, saw?, stove? ?, dew?, rock?, saliva?, resin?, owl?, plow?, foot?, country?, stanza?, string?, grass? and etc.;
2) beard, mountain, do? sku, earth, winter, po? ru, sleep and etc.
A number of words have two options for stress: harrow and harrow ?, river and river ?, ke?tu and ketu? and etc.
With an accent on the ending, some monosyllabic feminine nouns of the 3rd declension are pronounced when used with prepositions in and on the in circumstance: in a handful?, on the chest?, in bones?, in blood?, in the night?, on the stove?, in connection?, in the steppe?, in the shade?, on a chain?, in honor? etc. However: on the door? and two? ri, in a cage? and in the cage and etc.
Part of the nouns of the 3rd declension in the form of the genitive plural are pronounced with stress on the base, and part - with stress on the ending:
1) eminences, stupidity, insolence, localities, shepherds, honors, profits, preaching, strands, cuts, joys, pranks;
2) branch? th, handful, position, pole? th, brush? th, fortress? th, blade? th, flat? th, square, tale, role, set, tablecloth, speed, degree, sterlet, shadow slot? etc. However, it is possible: about? Industries and industries? etc. Sometimes prepositions take on stress, and then the noun (or numeral) following them turns out to be unstressed: hour about hour, year about year; before? nights before? semi etc. Most often, the stress is pulled over by prepositions:
On the: on the? leg, on mountain, on hand, on back, on winter, on soul, huh? wall, on head, on side; on the? coast, on year, on house, on nose, on corner, on ear, on day, on night, tooth on? tooth; on the? two, on three, na? six, na? ten, huh? hundred;
Behind: behind? leg, for head, for hair, for hand, for back, for winter, for soul; behind? nose, for year for? city; behind? ear, for ears, for night; behind? two, for three for? six for? ten for? forty, for hundred;
By: on? sea, by field, by forest, by semi, by nose, by ear; on? two, by three, by? one hundred, by two, by three;
Under: up the legs, up the arms, up the mountain, up the nose, down the evening;
From: and? from the nose;
Without: without news, without sense, without a year a week.
However: and? from the sight and from the sight, and? from the house and from the house, and? from the forest and from the forest, on? water and water and etc.
Many short adjectives (without stem suffixes or with suffixes -k-, -l-, -n-, -ok- in most cases, they have the stress on the first syllable of the stem in all forms except the feminine singular (where it passes to the ending). But some of these adjectives have a parallel form in the plural with an accent on the ending: pale, pale?, pale, pale?; close, close?, close, close?; striker, striker ?, striker, striker ?; merry, merry?, merry, merry?; harmful, harmful?, harmful, harmful?; stupid, stupid?, stupid? by, stupid? py?; deaf (deaf), deaf?, deaf?, deaf? hungry, hungry?, hungry, hungry; proud, proud?, proud, proud?; bitter, bitter?, bitter, bitter?; rude, rude?, rude?bo, rude?; thick, thick ?, thick? one hundred, thick? sty ?; cheap, cheap?, cheap, cheap; to? log, debt?, to? long, to? lies; to? horn, road?, to? expensive, road? friendly, friendly?, friendly, friendly?; sorry, sorry, sorry, sorry; alive, alive?, alive? in, alive? you; green, green?, green, green?; strong? pok, strong?, strong? pko, strong? pki?; short, short, short, short, short; young, young?, young, young; right, right?, right? in, right? you; empty, empty?, empty, empty, empty?; rare, rare?, rare, rare?; light, light?, light, light; satiated, satiated?, satiated? those? sen, cramped?, those? clear, those? dreams?; stupid, stupid ?, stupid? by, stupid? py ?; cold, cold?, cold, cold?.
Difficulties are caused by the placement of stress in a number of verbs in the form of the past tense. Three groups of verbs can be distinguished here:
1) with an accent on the base in all forms: beat - beat, bi?la, bi?lo, bi?li; shave - shave, br? la, br? lo, br? li; blow - blew, blew, blew, blew, blew; reap - sting, sting, la, sting, sting; put - put, put? La, put? Lo, put? Whether; steal - stole, stole, stole, stole; to cover - wings, wings? la, wing? lo, wings; wash - washed, we? la, we? lo, we? whether; knead - kneaded, mumbled, lathered, wrinkled, wrinkled; mouth - fell, pa?la, pa?lo, pa?li; neigh - neigh, neigh? La, neigh? Lo, neigh? sew - sewed, shi? la, shi? lo, shi?;
2) with stress on the basis in all forms, except for the feminine form (in which the stress passes to the ending): take - took, took ?, took? Lo, took; to be - was, was?, would? lo, would? vit - pitchfork, pitchfork ?, vi?lo, vi?li; heed - heeded, heeded?, heeded? lo, heeded? to lie - lied, lied?, lied? lo, lied; drive - drove, drove ?, drove? Lo, drove? to fight - tore, tore?, to fight, to fight; live - lived, lived ?, lived? lo, lived? call - called, called ?, called? Lo, called? pour - lil, lil?, whether? lo, whether? whether; drink - drank, drank ?, drank? Lo, drank? swim - swam, swam ?, swam? Lo, swam? to tear - tore, tore?, tore? Lo, tore? take off - took off, took off ?, took off? Lo, took off? Whether; sleep - slept, slept ?, spa? lo, spa? etc. However: take - took, took ?, took? lo ?, took; give - gave, gave ?, yes? lo ?, yes? whether, etc .;
3) with an accent on the prefix in all forms, except for the feminine form (in which the stress goes to the ending): donya?t - got it, got it?, got it?, got it; freeze? - for? measures, froze?, for? froze, froze; busy - occupied, occupied, occupied, occupied; lock? - for? lane, locked?, for? bar, locked? hired - hired, hired ?, hired, hired; start - started, started, started ?, started, started; depart(leave) - o? left, departed ?, o? left, o? left; understand - understood, understood?, understood, understood; understood; arrive - arrived, arrived, arrived?, arrived, arrived; accept - accepted, accepted?, accepted, accepted; cursed - cursed, cursed?, cursed, cursed; to wane - y? was, wane?, y? was, y? were; die? - u? died, died ?, u?.
Some of the verbs allow a parallel form with an accent on the root: live? - lived up to? lived? l, lived up?, lived up? drink up - before? drunk? l, finished drinking?, up? ask - for? yes? l, asked?, for? yes? lo, for? yes? nazhi?t - nazhi?l, nazhila? take away - o? take away? l, took away ?, o? otpi?t - o?tpi?l, drank?, o?tpi?lo, o?tpi?li; give? - yes? l, filed?, yes? raise? t - by? day? l, raised?, by? day? lo, by? day? sell? - pro? yes? l, sold?, sold? yes? lo, sold? yes? live? - lived? lived? l, lived?, lived? lived? lo, lived? shed? t - about? or? l, shed?, pro? or? lo, pro? or? and etc.
A similar phenomenon is observed in some passive participles of the past tense: in the feminine form, in some cases, the stress falls on the ending, in others - on the prefix:
1) taken - taken, taken ?, taken? that, taken? you; vi? ty - vit, vit?, vi? then, vi? you; obsolete - outlived? t, obsolete? begun? started - started? chat, started?, started, started, started? chats; accepted - accepted, accepted, accepted, accepted. However: before? given - before? given, before? given, before? given, before? given; about? given - about? given, about? given?, about? given, about? given; with? given - with? given, given? given?, given? given, given? pro? given - pro? given, sold? given?, sold? given, sold? given; born - born, born, born?, born, born, born; created - created, created, created?, created, created;
2) taken - taken, taken, taken, taken, taken; bred - bred, bred, bred, bred; taken away - taken away, taken away, taken away, taken away; tattered - tattered, torn, torn, torn, torn; for? called - for? called, for? called, for? called, for? called; and? chosen - and? chosen, and? chosen, and? chosen, and? chosen; iso-dran - iso-dran, iso-dran, iso-dran, iso-dran; recruited - recruited, recruited, recruited, recruited; called? called - called, called? called, called? called, called; selected? selected - selected? selected, selected? selected, selected? selected, selected; torn off - torn off, torn off, torn off, torn off; recalled - recalled, recalled, recalled, recalled, recalled; picked up - picked up, picked up, picked up, picked up; called? called - called, called, called, called, called; interrupted - interrupted, interrupted, interrupted, interrupted, interrupted; tidied up - tidied up, tidied up, tidied up, tidied up; called? called - called, called, called, called, called; called - called, called, called, called, called; collected - collected, collected, collected, collected, collected; convened - convened, convened, convened, convened, convened etc. However: requested? given - requested? given, requested? given?, requested? given, requested? given.
In verbs in -ing two groups are distinguished: with an emphasis on and(most of them) and with an emphasis on a:
1) ballot, balm, block, guarantee, debate, orchestrate, disqualify, discredit, debate, dispute, distill, discipline, differentiate? to plan, to plan, to illustrate, to stage, to inform, to qualify, to compromise, to compete, to state, to copy, to liquidate, to maneuver, to decoy, mini? vat, operate, parry, ratify, refine, rehabilitate, register, summarize, scalp, summarize, telegraph, third? exaggerate, exaggerate, formulate, force, photograph, quote, shock, evacuate and etc.;
2) bombard, corrugate, engrave, make up, group, drape, seal, lacquer, march, mask, furnish, seal, premium? t, form? etc. However: gaz? rov? t, normalize? rov? and etc.
Similar groups stand out among the passive past participles formed from verbs in –ing: shape on -and? corresponds to the form on -and?, form on -irova?t- form on -iro?bathroom:
1) block? block - blocked, plan? etc. Type Exceptions: distilled - distilled;
2) bombarded - bombarded, lacquered - lacquered, sealed - sealed - bathed, rewarded - rewarded, formed - formed etc. Respectively: Gazi? Rova? T - Gazi? Ro? Bathroom, Normal? Rova? and etc.
In conclusion, let us recall some words, the placement of stress in which causes difficulties.
and? vgustovsky
bus
autograph
agent
agency
agony
agronomy
alcohol
alphabet
anatomist
anoni?m
apartments and apartments
apostrophe
arbu?z, arbu?za, pl. watermelons
argument ? nt
are ? st
aristocrat ? tiya
asbe ? st
astrono ? m
a ? tlas(collection of geographical maps)
atla ? with(the cloth)
athlete
atomic
scam
pampered bathroom
pamper
barge and barge?
rampant
without y? silence
unprecedented
library
blocked
block? rove, block? ruesh
fear
fraternization
fraternize
delusional
armor(assigning something to someone)
armor?(protective lining made of steel)
bourgeoisie
being?
bureaucracy
gross
sculpture
sculptor
ve?rba
religion? giving
explosive
vision(ability to see)
vision(ghost)
magic?
thief, thief, pl. the thieves
gates
temporary? to
second?
gastronomy
hegemony
hectare
genesis
coat of arms, coat of arms?, pl. coats of arms?
hydroplane
hospital
engraver
grapefruit
grenadier
toast
caterpillar
long-standing
two? native
democracy
department
despot
hyphen
decimeter
activity
diagnosis
dialog
dispensary[se]
extraction?cha
contract, pl. contracts
agreement
call
document
dollar
don?
board?, pl. do?ski, do?juice and doso?k, do?scam and board?m
dramaturgy
nap?
Egyptian
unity
heretic
gland?, pl. same? glands, glands, iron? m
pearl, pl. pearls?
cruelly?
book(attach something to someone)
book(cover with armor)
envious bottom
forever? thai
CONSPIRACY
conspirator
headline
butt? lgo
loan
call? call, call? sh
zai?ndevet and frosty
close up
busy(Human)
busy(house)
zarzha? vet and rust
drought
call? call? sh
health resort
winterer
evil?ba
significance
jagged
hieroglyph
spoiled bathroom
spoil?
chosen one
sculpture
exile
and? for a long time
invention
occasionally
and?canopy
otherwise and otherwise
foreign
pulse
industry
tool
incident
spark
spark and spark
and?
expired
hysteria
run out and (col.) exhaust
flounder and (col.) flounder?
camphor? and camphor
camphor and camphor
catalog
catastrophe
rubber
quarter(part of the city; quarter of the year)
cedar
who? and chum?
ketovy and keto
kilometer
cinema
Cypriot and (col.) tarpaulin?
whale(mustache)
kitchi?
cemetery
pantry
skin?x
whooping cough
college
colossus(giant)
combiner and combine operator
compass
complex
compromise
more beautiful
flint
cooking and chefs? me
kitchen
lasso?
athlete
lazy
lethargy
lithography
lomo?ta
bruise
score
maneuvers
masterfully?
skill?
medications
a little and (col.) finely? m
metallurgy and (colloquial and prof.) metallurgy
meteorologist
mi?grain and (less often) miserable
the youth
monologue
monument
carrot
muscular and muscular
drill?
we?kat
cleaning
on? white
maybe
nave?rx
hex
on? naked(cut off)
naked?(hold checker)
need to take
askew
anvil
tax
intention
nao?tmash
arrears
obituary
dumbness?
hatred
nearby
unsurpassed
Necessé?r[nesese?r]
oil?nickname
newborn
normalize and (col.) normalize
madness?
security
depreciate thread
promised
ease
exchanged
encourage
exacerbate
everyday
ogu? scrap
borrow, borrow
embittered
window?, pl. o? kna, o? con
oligarchy
guardianship
lean on
wholesale
refresh
aware
otku?
partly
pa?
paralysis
parte?r[te]
libel
plowing
ashes?
translated
feathery(clouds)
the loop and (col.) the loop?
glider
mold
tale
whitewashed
induce?
cookery(salt)
immersed(per platform)
immersed(into water; into thought)
donate, donate
subtitle
swept up
poedo?m
poi?mka
porous
briefcase
handrails
pedestal? nt
in the morning?(there is)
at a funeral, at a funeral?
thing
reward
claimant
precedent
approximate(to something)
approximate(close)
sentence
dowry
prizes?
conscript? to
invocative(item, age)
invocatory(calling)
adapted
force
principle
acquisition
damn(cursed)
damn(hated)
pro?seka and (less often) pro?sec
percent
alias
developed? th (child), developed? I (industry)
developed (provisions developed in the report)
developed (curl)
crayfish and (colloquial) shell
get angry, get angry
revolver
belt
rust? vet and rust?
novel
mine
lead, lead, lead
ru?slo
lynx
soot? and sa?zhen
salute? be, salute? eat
sanitation
centimeter
beet
flog, past sek, sekla?, seklo?, sekla?(chopping)
strong
silage
symmetry and symmetry
an orphan?, pl. orphan companies
folded(from details)
folded(possessing one or another physique)
happening
swept away
sable? knowledge
perfect(perfected)
perfect(made)
modern
cosas?in
concentration
means, pl. facilities
stable
status
statute
a statue
shorthand
table?r
vessel
happy[sl]
customs
dancer
cottage cheese and (col.) cottage cheese
those?
terror
those fattels and meatballs?
brindle
tyranny
then? plivny
nausea?
trainer
litigation
coal, genus. u?look and coal?
carbonic(from coal)
carbonic(from injection)
Ukrainian
dead
simplification
aggravate and help? beat
uti?l, uti?la
thickened
discounted
facsimile
porcelain
fireworks
phenomenon and phenomenon
fetish
philanthropy
philately
forum
foundation
ha?nzhestvo
chaos(in ancient Greek mythology)
chaos and chaos(mess)
surgery
cotton(plant)
cotton(hit)
cotton
move? mystery
move? hide, move? hide
host?
sleek and sleek
ridge?t
Christian
chronograph
chronometer
cement
citrus
Gypsy
shepherd? n, shepherd?
che?rpat
chassis?
seamstress?
chauffeur
headquarters?(pl.)
sorrel
dandies? ha
smartly?
alkaline
pinch
excursion
expert
expert
export
epigraph
epilogue
Yuro? marvelous
yurt
language(pertaining to the verbal expression of thoughts)
linguistic(referring to an organ in the oral cavity)
barley
Look up to the speaker!
Of course, we will talk about the exemplary literary pronunciation of radio and television announcers, professional dramatic artists.
Normative pronunciation plays a huge role in the process of human communication. Any deviation from the norm in this area distracts the listener from the content of the statement, interferes with its correct perception, and causes a feeling of discontent. Literary pronunciation and stress are the most important components of sounding speech. Therefore, it is necessary to know the basic rules for pronunciation of unstressed vowels, voiced and voiceless consonants, individual sound combinations and grammatical forms.
An important role in our language is played by nasal consonants [m] and [n] and smooth consonants [l] and [p], with which a significant part of the words of the language begin; these consonants have great sonority and musicality. The appearance of many soft sounds in speech is explained by such a phonetic feature of the language as the softening of consonants before the front vowels [u] and [e].
In Russian words, difficult-to-pronounce combinations of sounds are almost absent, as a result of which speech acquires such valuable qualities as lightness and fluency.
Of great importance is the mobile stress of different places, due to which, in combination with intonational diversity, rhythm, musicality, and expressiveness of speech are created.
A few words about the development of Russian literary pronunciation. Its historical basis is Moscow speech, which developed in the first half of the 17th century. By this time, Moscow pronunciation had lost its dialectal features, combining the pronunciation features of both the northern and southern dialects of the Russian language. M.V. Lomonosov considered the Moscow “dialect” the basis of literary pronunciation: “The Moscow dialect is not only for the importance of the capital city, but for all its excellent beauty, it is rightly preferred by others ...”
With the development of the Russian national language, Moscow pronunciation acquired the character of nationwide pronunciation norms. The orthoepic system developed in this way, in its main features, has been preserved at the present time as stable pronunciation norms of the literary language.
However, it is impossible not to take into account the fact that over the past century there have been fundamental changes in all areas of the life of our people, that the literary language has become the property of many millions of people and, thereby, the composition of the native speakers of the literary language has significantly expanded. Significantly changed, especially in the second half of the 20th century, the national and social composition of the population of Moscow - in short, conditions were created for the "loosening" of some of the former orthoepic norms and for the emergence of new pronunciation options that coexist today with the old norms.
It should also be taken into account that the styles of the literary language differ from each other not only in terms of vocabulary and grammar: the differences between them also extend to the area of pronunciation. So, we can talk about two varieties of pronunciation style - the bookish (high) style, which finds its expression in public speeches, lectures, etc., and the colloquial style, which manifests itself in everyday speech, in everyday communication. These styles are respectively associated with vocabulary - bookish and colloquial. And between these two styles is the neutral style of pronunciation.
If we ignore the vocabulary and evaluate only the phonetic side of speech, then two styles are distinguished: full, characterized by a clear pronunciation of sounds, a slow pace of speech, and incomplete, characterized by less thoroughness in pronunciation of sounds, a faster pace of speech.
What can interest us in the field of pronunciation? First of all, those cases that obey the literary norm. Then there are such cases when pronunciation options are acceptable, of which one is still preferable and can be recommended: this means the choice between the options old and new, bookish and colloquial. In short, the same question is being solved: “What is the best way to say it?”
If we talk about the main trend in the development of Russian literary pronunciation, then this is the convergence of pronunciation with spelling. The explanation of this process should be sought primarily in such socio-cultural factors as the general literacy of the population, the widespread use of the mass media, craving for books, etc. Acquaintance with the literary language (including standard pronunciation) begins mainly at school. And before the eyes of children from the first days of training, there is always a graphic image of a word, which, with a tenacious childhood memory, is firmly remembered and leaves its mark on pronunciation.
Maybe you noticed the double pronunciation of the suffix -sya / -sya- with soft [s '] and hard [s]? The old Moscow norm recommended a firm pronunciation (it is preserved to some extent on the theater stage, in the speech of radio and television announcers): scared[sa], strive[sa], combat[with], I hope[with]. Currently, the pronunciation with soft [s '] prevails. It is not difficult to explain this change. Even at school, children learn that in letter combinations Xia and camping the vowel letter and the letter "soft sign" indicate the softness of the pronunciation of the preceding consonant (this is illustrated by examples: [s'a] d, ve[with']). How can a schoolchild know that this provision does not apply to verb forms and that in them -sya sounds like [sa], but -ss- how [with]? It is much easier to remember the general rule, and you can safely pronounce the indicated suffixes (postfixes) softly.
According to the old norm (not yet completely lost), adjectives in -hy, -hy, -hy (strict, distant, quiet) and verbs in - nod, - nod, - nod (stretch, push, push) were pronounced without softening the back-lingual consonants [g], [k], [x] and with a weakening (reduction) of the subsequent vowel (in place of the letter and a sound was pronounced between [a] and [s]). But the schoolboy knows that in the words [g'i] vigor, [k'i] vat, [x'i] three these consonants, according to the laws of Russian pronunciation, sound soft, and there is no need to inform him that in some grammatical forms this rule is not observed. Therefore, he extends the general proposition to special cases. In this case, you can also safely use the new “soft” norm.
You can point to other changes in pronunciation, explained by the same reason - the influence of spelling. Yes, spelling LJ according to the previous norm, it was pronounced as a long soft [zh ']. But the hissing [g] is by nature hard, and it is not surprising that words like reins, buzz now more and more often pronounced with a solid long [g].
Under the influence of spelling, the pronunciation of the letter combination has changed ch. Earlier in book words ( endless, eternal, exact etc.) combination ch was pronounced in accordance with the spelling, but in everyday words - like [shn] ( measles[sn] left, plum[sn] th etc.). Today's pronunciation ch as [shn] was preserved in a few words: of course, boring, laundry, fiddling, mustard plaster, birdhouse, scrambled eggs and etc.
Let us dwell on two more cases: on the pronunciation of double consonants and words of foreign origin. Matching the pronunciation of words gamma - grammar, mass - massage, we notice that double consonants between vowels are pronounced as a long sound if the accent precedes the double consonant ( ha?mma, ma?sa). If the stressed syllable is after double consonants, then they are pronounced as a simple (not long) sound ( grammar? tika, mass?). Hence the difference in the pronunciation of words with double consonants:
1) with a long consonant at the root, the words are pronounced: va? nna, g? mma, group? ppa, cape? lla, ka? ssa, massa, program? mma, then? etc.;
2) with a simple (short) consonant, the words are pronounced at the root: cancel, assistant, influenza, group, correspondent, saturday, terra? sa, terror, tunnel etc.
A long consonant is also pronounced at the beginning of a word before a vowel ( quarrel, loan) and at the junction of morphemes: prefixes and roots ( carefree, seated) or root and suffix ( deep, equestrian).
In the pronunciation of words of foreign origin, we are interested in the pronunciation of unstressed about and pronunciation of consonants before e.
According to the rules of Russian phonetics in place of the letter about in the first pre-stressed syllable [a] is pronounced (compare the literary pronunciation of the words water, leg, time etc.). But in some words of foreign origin, the literary norm recommends pronunciation in accordance with the spelling, i.e. in words boa, bordeaux, necklace, hotel, foyer, highway etc. on the spot about pronounce [o]. In separate words poet, sonnet, phonetics etc.) in place about along with the pronunciation [o] (book version) there is the pronunciation [a] (colloquial version).
As you know, in Russian words (as well as in borrowed words that have long been included in the Russian language), the consonant before e pronounced softly: [b '] white, [in'] cheat, [d'] day, [l'] UTB,[m'] ena, [n'] no, [P'] first, [with'] ery etc. However, in words of foreign origin, insufficiently mastered by the Russian language and perceived as borrowed, the consonant before e not mitigated: for example: ice[b] erg, en[t] enna, [d] elta, ka[f] e, porridge[n] e, ku[P] e, summary[m] e, ti[R] e, chimp[h] e, highway[e].
A very small conclusionOur joint journey into the world of language is over. But before each of you there are ample opportunities to continue it on your own: there are no limits to the study of your native language.
It is appropriate to recall the statement of the famous French philosopher and writer Voltaire: “Learning several languages is a matter of one or two years; and it takes half a lifetime to learn to speak your own language properly.”
Orthoepy. Modern orthoepic norms. Basic orthoepic rules of the modern Russian literary language.
In the literary language, we focus on generally accepted patterns - norms. Norms are characteristic of different levels of the language. There are lexical, morphological, spelling, phonetic norms. There are pronunciation rules.
Orthoepy - (Greek orthos- "simple, correct, epos" - "speech") is a set of rules that establish pronunciation standards.
The subject of orthoepy is oral speech. Oral speech is accompanied by a number of mandatory features: stress, diction, tempo, intonation. But orthoepic rules cover only the area of pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions or combinations of sounds, as well as the features of the pronunciation of sounds in certain grammatical forms, in groups of words or individual words.
Compliance with orthoepic rules is necessary, it helps to better understand speech.
Pronunciation norms are of a different nature and have different origins.
In some cases, the phonetic system dictates only one possibility of pronunciation. A different pronunciation will be a violation of the laws of the phonetic system.
For example, indistinguishing between hard and soft consonants
or pronunciation of only hard or only soft consonants; or distinguish between voiceless and voiced consonants in all positions without exception.
In other cases, the phonetic system allows not one, but two or more possibilities of pronunciation. In such cases, one possibility is recognized as literary correct, normative, while others are evaluated either as variants of the literary norm, or are recognized as non-literary.
Norms of literary pronunciation are both a stable and developing phenomenon. At any given moment, they contain both something that connects today's pronunciation with past eras of the literary language, and something that arises as new in pronunciation under the influence of the live oral practice of a native speaker, as a result of the internal laws of the development of the phonetic system.
Modern Russian pronunciation evolved over the centuries, from the 15th to the 17th centuries. on the basis of the so-called Moscow vernacular, formed on the basis of the interaction of northern Great Russian and southern Great Russian dialects.
By the 19th century Old Slavonic pronunciation developed in all its main features and, as an exemplary one, extended its influence to the pronunciation of the population of other major cultural centers. But there was never complete stability in pronunciation; there were always local differences in the pronunciation of the population of large centers.
So, the norms of literary pronunciation are a stable and dynamically developing phenomenon; they are based on the laws of the functioning of the phonetic system of the language and on socially developed and traditionally accepted rules, which are subject to changes in the development of oral literary speech as a result of the influence of various factors of language development on it. These changes initially have the character of fluctuating norms, but if such changes do not contradict the phonetic system and become widespread, they lead to the emergence of variants of the literary norm, and then, possibly, to the establishment of a new pronunciation norm.
There are several sources of deviation from the norms of literary pronunciation: 1) the influence of spelling, 2) the influence of dialect features, 3) the influence of the native language (accent) - for non-Russians.
The heterogeneity of pronunciation in different population groups determined the emergence of the doctrine of pronunciation styles. For the first time, L.V. Shcherba took up the issues of pronunciation style, he distinguished two styles of pronunciation:
1. Full, characterized by maximum clarity and clarity of pronunciation;
2. Incomplete style - the style of ordinary casual speech. Within these styles, various variations are possible.
In general, the current orthoepic norms of the Russian language (and their possible variants) are registered in special dictionaries.
It should be highlighted:
a) rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds (vowels and consonants);
b) rules for pronunciation of combinations of sounds;
c) rules for pronunciation of individual grammatical forms;
d) rules for pronunciation of individual borrowed words.
1. The pronunciation of vowels is determined by the position in pre-stressed syllables and is based on a phonetic law called reduction. Due to reduction, unstressed vowels are preserved in duration (quantity) and lose their distinct sound (quality). All vowels undergo reduction, but the degree of this reduction is not the same. So, the vowels [y], [s], [and] in an unstressed position retain their main sound, while [a], [o],
[e] qualitatively change. The degree of reduction [a], [o], [e] depends mainly on the place of the syllable in the word, as well as on the nature of the preceding consonant.
a) In the first pre-stressed syllable, the sound [Ù] is pronounced: [vÙdy / sÙdy / nÙzhy]. After hissing, [Ù] is pronounced: [zhÙra / shÙry].
In place of [e] after hissing [w], [w], [c], the sound [ye] is pronounced: [tsyepnoį], [zhyeltok].
After soft consonants in place [a], [e], the sound [ie] is pronounced:
[ch٬iesy / s٬iela].
b) In the rest of the unstressed syllables, in place of the sounds [o], [a], [e], after solid consonants, the sound [b] is pronounced:
par٨vos] After soft consonants in place of sounds [a], [e], it is pronounced [b]: [n" tÙch "okʹ / h" mÙdan].
2. Pronunciation of consonants:
a) the norms of literary pronunciation require a positional exchange of paired deaf and voiced in position in front of the deaf (only deaf) - voiced (only voiced) and at the end of the word (only deaf): [chl "epʹ] / trʹpkʹ / proʹ bʹ];
b) assimilation softening is not necessary, there is a tendency to lose it: [s"t"inaʹ] and [st"inaʹ], [z"d"es"] and [zd"es"].
3. Pronunciation of some combinations of vowels:
a) in pronominal formations what, to - th is pronounced like [pcs]; in pronominal formations such as something, mail, the pronunciation [h "t] is almost preserved;
b) in a number of words of predominantly colloquial origin, [shn] is pronounced in place of ch: [kÙn "eshn / nÙroshn].
In words of book origin, the pronunciation [h "n] has been preserved: [ml "ech" nyį / vÙstoch "nyį];
c) in the pronunciation of the combinations vst, zdn, stn (hello, holiday, private trader), one of the consonants is usually reduced or dropped out: [holiday "ik], [h "asn" ik], [hello]
4. Pronunciation of sounds in some grammatical forms:
a) pronunciation of the form I.p. unit adjectives without stress: [red / s "in" iį] - under the influence of spelling arose - th, - y; after back-lingual r, k, x ® uy: [t "iх" iį], [m "ahk" iį];
b) pronunciation - sya, - sya. Under the influence of spelling, soft pronunciation became the norm: [n'ch "ielas" / n'ch "iels" aʹ];
c) the pronunciation of the verbs na-ive after g, k, x, the pronunciation [g "], [k"], [x"] became the norm (under the influence of spelling): [vyt "ag" ivyt "].
5. Pronunciation of borrowed words.
In general, the pronunciation of borrowed words is subject to the phonetic system of the Russian language.
However, in some cases there are deviations:
a) pronunciation of [o] in place of [Ù]: [boaʹ / otel" / poet], although [rÙman / [rÙĵal" / prucent];
b) [e] is preserved in unstressed syllables: [Ùtel"ĵé / d"epr"es"iįb];
c) before [e], g, k, x, l are always softened: [g "etry / k" ex / bÙl "et].
The pronunciation of borrowed words should be checked in a dictionary.
Speech norms act differently in different styles of pronunciation: in colloquial, in the style of public (bookish) speech, of which the first is realized in everyday communication, and the second in reports, lectures, etc. The differences between them relate to the degree of reduction of vowels, simplification of consonant groups (in colloquial style, the reduction is more significant, the simplification is more intense), etc.
Questions:
1. What is the subject of study of orthoepy?
2. Describe the basic rules for the pronunciation of vowels.
3. Describe the basic rules for the pronunciation of consonants.
4. Indicate the main features and pronunciation variants of certain grammatical forms acceptable by the literary norm.
5. Indicate the features of the pronunciation of some combinations of sounds and doubled consonants.
6. Describe the main features of the pronunciation of vowels and consonants in foreign words.
7. What are the main reasons for the appearance of pronunciation options and violations of the norms of literary pronunciation?
Literature:
1. Avanesov R. I. Russian literary pronunciation. M., 1972.
2. Avanesov R. I. Russian literary and dialectal phonetics. M., 1974.
3. Gorbachevich K. S. Norms of the modern Russian literary language. M., 1978.
Classical ("old Moscow") Russian pronunciation is determined by the following basic rules.
In the region of vowels, it is obligatory to observe two degrees of reduction of vowels in the form described in § 19.
The pronunciation of [o] in unstressed syllables is allowed by the norm only for individual borrowed words, most often for those that contain vowel confluences unusual for the Russian language:,, [Ysao],
hissing before hissing (fs: yt Y), stunning and voicing (, but, but), as mentioned in § 24
There are also some grammatical features of Moscow speech, which, according to tradition, are usually considered together with questions of orthoepy. This is, firstly, that verbs with unstressed endings are all conjugated according to the 1st conjugation, i.e. in the 3rd person plural, numbers have an ending ~ut: , , , like t , , and with a stem into soft - /*-"/: , , , , , and , . Thirdly, the fact that in the verbal suffix of multiplicity after solid, in particular back-lingual ones, is pronounced [d]: , , . Fourthly, the fact that endings and suffixes with vowels after soft case forms in stressed syllables are aligned according to the pattern of endings with vowels after hard ones: [рѴд] - as in im.-vin. case cf. kind of unit numbers; [rdGt], - as in creative work. case cf. and husband. kind of unit numbers; [gys'dk], [klr 'ё] dk] - as in the genus. case of wives. genus pl. numbers. Fifth, the fact that the reflexive affix of verbs has a solid [s]: , . (For more on these forms, see the Morphology section.)
Such, in general terms, is the classical Russian pronunciation, as it developed by the beginning of the 19th century and as reflected in the works of A. S. Griboyedov, A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, N. A. Nekrasov.
But already during the 19th century (and not in the post-October period, as is often believed), some new features appeared and accumulated in the Russian pronunciation norm, gradually replacing the old ones, but nevertheless continuing to coexist with them. They arose partly under the influence of the St. Petersburg pronunciation! somewhat more artificial and bookish compared to Moscow I, partly under the influence of vernacular and dialects, but mainly due to the internal development of the literary language system * - These new features are as follows.
In the field of vowel pronunciation, the number is reduced
borrowed^-words from. unstressed [o] and [e]: for example, instead of the old one, [klya 7 * yt] is now pronounced, instead of
pronunciation of the type, the pronunciation of the type is spreading, [lіueG]ё]. (Ko the most important change in the field of vowels is the replacement of ekany by chikan ^ In the 19th century, hikane was considered a colloquial feature, and in the middle of the 20th century it was recognized as a completely acceptable variant of literary pronunciation: so it is wide
If the number of vowels decreases and their positional dependence increases, and, conversely, the number of consonants increases and their positional dependence weakens, it becomes clear that these changes are not accidental.
At the same time, one should not prematurely write off the old Moscow pronunciation to the archive. It was reflected in Russian classical literature, and it must retain the status of a high standard as long as all other features of the language of Krylov and Griboyedov, Pushkin and Lermontov, Nekrasov and Turgenev remain a model.
In conclusion, it should be emphasized once again that the development of the orthoepic norm is primarily and most clearly determined by the internal development of the phonetic system. Any external influences, such as the influence of spelling, are of secondary importance. It is completely unfounded that the widely held opinion is that in the era of universal literacy the leading
Even in this “we repeat” artificial text, there are more cases of discrepancy between the new pronunciation and spelling than cases of convergence (30 versus 25), while in natural texts this preponderance is apparently immeasurably greater, i.e.
K. is created mainly due to the transition from ekanya to hiccup, and cases of such a transition are found in a large number of words.
We did not say anything about the rules of Russian orthoepy in the area of stress. At first glance, it seems that the Russian language has no rules at all in this area, since the stress can be on any syllable of a word. In reality, of course, this is not the case. All words of the Russian language are distributed according to the so-called accent paradigms - lists of word forms, taking into account the place of stress. Accent paradigms are distinguished within each part of speech and are indicated by Latin letters (sometimes with a digital index). Within each paradigm, the stress behaves in the same way: either it is constantly on the same syllable (as, for example, in the words cow, road, sopoma)\u003e or moves according to a certain rule that operates within this particular paradigm.
From this it is clear that the rules for setting the stress, although they exist, do not lend themselves to any compact presentation, they are formulated very complicated and cumbersome, so that in practice, if you have difficulty in setting the stress, you have to turn to the dictionary every time. It is better to use special orthoepic dictionaries and stress dictionaries, since in dictionaries of other types usually only the “initial”, dictionary form of the word is given (nominative case for inflected words, infinitive for verbs), and difficulties can also arise in the forms of indirect cases, various persons and tenses etc. For example, in verbs with roots -yes, -nya, -rarely there are errors in the pronunciation of an indefinite form (except perhaps for the pronunciation common in southern dialects to start instead of start). But in indirect forms, errors are constant, since in this group of verbs the stress moves quite difficult: in the infinitive, real participle, gerund participle, it is on the root (sell, start, hire; sold, started, hired; having sold, started, nanya "c), in the passive participle and in the past tense of the masculine and neuter gender and plural - on the prefix (sold, started, hired; sold, started, hired; sold, started, hired; sold, started, hired), and in in the past tense of the feminine and in the future tense - at the end (sold, started, hired; they will sell, start, hire.) Orthoepic dictionaries list all forms that are difficult from the point of view of the place of stress.
The intonational features of Russian literary pronunciation are not described with sufficient clarity, so listening to exemplary speech plays an important role in mastering literary intonation, as well as orthoepy in general. The main propagandist of the Russian orthoepic norm is the Maly Theater of Moscow. Actors of other leading theaters, announcers of Moscow television and especially radio are distinguished by a high speech culture.
Overcoming dialectal and vernacular features in pronunciation requires a lot of work on oneself, and for its success, one needs, first of all, a psychological attitude, the conviction that mastering the norm of literary pronunciation is the professional duty of everyone who has to teach a language or, for other purposes, communicate with a wide audience.
Literature
Main
Matusevich M.I. Modern Russian language: Phonetics. M, 1976. S. 6-7.9-10.
Avanesov R K Russian literary pronunciation. M., 1950 and next. ed.
Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language: Pronunciation. stress. Grammatical Forms / Ed. R. if Avanesova. M., 1983 and next. ed.
Additional
Gorbachevich K S Changing the norms of the Russian literary language. L., 1971. S. 41 - 107.
These are the rules for pronunciation of vowels and consonants.
The pronunciation norms of the modern Russian literary language have evolved over the centuries, changing. So, for example, in Ancient Russia, the entire population who spoke Russian was Okalo, i.e. pronounced the sound [o] not only under stress, but also in unstressed syllables (just as it happens today in the dialect dialects of the North and Siberia: in [o] yes, dr[o] wa, p[o] go etc.). However, okanye did not become the norm of the national Russian literary language. What prevented this? Changes in the composition of the Moscow population. Moscow in the XVI-XVIII centuries. accepted many immigrants from the southern provinces and absorbed the features of the southern Russian pronunciation, in particular akanye: in [a] yes, dr[a] wa, n[a] go. And this happened just at the time when the solid foundations of a single literary language were being laid.
Since Moscow and subsequently St. Petersburg were the capitals of the Russian state, the centers of the economic, political and cultural life of Russia, it turned out that the Moscow pronunciation was taken as the basis for the literary pronunciation, on which some features of the St.
For successful mastering of orthoepic norms it is necessary:
1) learn the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation;
2) learn to listen to your speech and the speech of others;
3) listen and study the exemplary literary pronunciation, which radio and television announcers, masters of the artistic word must master;
4) consciously compare your pronunciation with the exemplary one, analyze your mistakes and shortcomings;
5) correct mistakes by constant speech training in preparation for public speaking.
The complete style is characterized by:
1) compliance with the requirements of orthoepic norms;
2) clarity and distinctness of pronunciation;
3) the correct arrangement of verbal and logical stress;
4) moderate pace;
5) correct speech pauses;
6) neutral intonation.
With an incomplete pronunciation style, there is:
1) excessive reduction of words, loss of consonants and whole syllables, for example: right now (now), thousand (thousand), kilogram tomato(kilograms of tomatoes), etc.;
2) indistinct pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations;
3) inconsistent pace of speech, unwanted pauses.
If in everyday speech these features of pronunciation are acceptable, then in public speaking they must be avoided.
Some difficult cases of pronunciation of vowels and consonants
Pronunciation of vowels
In some words of foreign origin in place unstressed spelling "o" instead of a sound close in pronunciation to [a], the sound is pronounced [o]: beau monde, trio, boa, cocoa, biostimulant, advice note, oasis, reputation. The pronunciation of the words poetry, credo, etc. with unstressed [o] is optional. Proper names of foreign origin also retain unstressed [o] as a variant of literary pronunciation: Chopin, Voltaire, etc.
In the pronunciation of a number of words such as scam, guardianship, grenadier, wool, faded etc. difficulties arise due to the indistinguishability of the letters e / e in the printed text, since only one graphic symbol is used to designate them - e. This situation leads to a distortion of the phonetic appearance of the word, causes frequent pronunciation errors.
List of words with a stressed vowel [e]:
af e ra
breve started
being
head shka
holole ditsa
bittersweet
grenada
single, different, one, tribal (but: many, different tribes)
life
expired (year); but: bleed out
Kiev-Pechersk Lavra
perplexed
guardianship
axis long
produced
List of words with a stressed vowel [o]:
bl yo kly
lie; zhe lchny (additional [zhe])
same forehead
oblivion
manyo vr; maneuverability
I'm useless
of the same name
point
named
shadow that
alkali
Pronunciation of consonants
According to old Moscow norms, the spelling combination -ch- was pronounced like [shn] in the words bulo tea, purposely, penny, trifle, creamy, apple and others. At present, the pronunciation [shn] has been preserved only in some words: horse chno, boring, scrambled eggs, eyeglass, mustard, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party. In the vast majority of other words, in place of the letter combination -ch- it is pronounced [h’n]: toy chny, creamy, apple, diner, wine glass etc. In addition, according to the norms of the Russian literary language, the combination of letters -ch- has always been pronounced and pronounced like [ch'n] in words of book origin, for example: al chny, eternity, careless, as well as in words that have recently appeared in Russian: otli black hat, camouflage and etc.
The [shn] pronunciation is preserved today in female patronymics ending in -ichna: Nikiti chn a, Ilyinich a etc.
The letter combination -th- in the word that and in its derivatives is pronounced like [pcs]: [pcs] oby, something [pcs] about, [pcs] about anything, none [pcs] about. In the word something sounds [h't].
The combinations of the letters zhzh and zzh can be pronounced as a long soft sound [zh’zh ’] in accordance with the old Moscow pronunciation: in [zh’zh ’] and, dro [zh’zh ’] and, later - after [zh’zh ’] e etc. However, at present, soft [zh’zh ’] in such words is being replaced by hard [lzh]: in [lj] and, dro [lj] and, later - after [lj] e and others. Soft long [zh’zh ’] is recommended for stage, as well as radio and television speech.
In the pronunciation of the word rain, the variant predominates [PCS'] while remaining, but obsolete to [sh’sh’]. In other forms of this word in modern Russian, the sound combination [zhd '] was fixed: before [wait '] I, until [wait '] and.
Pronunciation of loanwords
When pronouncing some foreign words, erroneous extra consonants or vowels sometimes appear. Should be pronounced:
incident (not incident[n] dent)
precedent (not precedent)
dermatin (not dermat[n] tin)
to compromise (not to compromise)
competitive (not competitive [n] able)
extraordinary (not h[e] extraordinary)
institution (non-educational)
future (not future)
thirsty (not thirsty)
In the position before the sound [e], denoted in writing by the letter e, both soft and hard consonants are pronounced in borrowed words, for example: detective - [dete] active, academy - aka [d'e] miya.
The lack of softness is more often characteristic of dental consonants d, t, z, s, n and consonant r, for example: fo [ne] tika, [re] quiem. However, in borrowed words fully mastered by the Russian language, these consonants are pronounced softly in accordance with the tradition of the Russian letter e to denote the softness of the preceding consonant sound: mu ze y, te rmin, tire l and etc.
Remember the pronunciation of the following words!
List of words with softly pronounced consonants before E (aka [d'e] miya, [b'er'e] t and etc.):
ag re ssia
academy
disinfection
de prescia
de can [d "e] and [de]
de fis
competence
congre ss
museum
Ode ssa
patent nt
press
pre ssing
progress ss
se yf
service
session [s "e] and [se]
those rmin
federal
tire
express ss
jurisprudence
List of words with strongly pronounced consonants before E (a [de] pt, [dete] rminism and etc.):
a inadequate
antise ptik
atheism
business with, business change
a sandwich
degradation
de qualification
decollete
de cor
de mping
childism
dispensary
indexing
a computer
conse nsus
manager (add. [m "ene])
nonce ns
parte p
pretentious
producer
protection
rating
requiem
str ss
those sis
those mbr
those mp
trend
thermos
extras ns
energy
P.S. In borrowed words beginning with prefixes de- before vowels, dez-, as well as in the first part of compound words beginning with neo-, with a general tendency to soften, there are fluctuations in the pronunciation of soft and hard d and n:
devaluation [d "e and de]
misinformation [d "e and de]
neo-colonialism [neo and add. n "eo]
AT foreign proper names recommended solid pronunciation consonants before e: Descartes, Flaubert, De Cameron, Rembrandt and etc.
Solid [sh] is pronounced in words parachute [shu], brochure [shu]. The word of the jury is pronounced soft sizzling [zh"]. The names Julien, Jules are also softly pronounced.
Orthoepic norms of the Russian language- this is a whole set of rules that regulate pronunciation. It is thanks to orthoepic norms that the language acquires beauty, sonority and melody. Orthoepy (Greek orthos - correct, epos - speech) is not only a section of the language that regulates and classifies everything orthoepic norms, these are also the norms of the language themselves, which have developed over many centuries.
The Russian language that we first heard in childhood became so relatively recently, as modern language norms formed by the middle of the 17th century, and they were based on the norms of the Moscow urban spoken language. Since that time, despite the constant development of the Russian language, orthoepic norms have undergone relatively minor changes.
Orthoepy is a section that is mandatory for study, since knowing orthoepic norms not only future poets and writers need it - it is necessary in everyday life. The person who allows spelling errors, can cause misunderstanding of others, or, worse, indignation and irritation. On the other hand, the correct pronunciation indicates the level of education of the speaker. So, consider the basic rules of ideal literary pronunciation.
Pronunciation of vowels.
Clearly and clearly in Russian only those vowels that are under stress. The pronunciation of other sounds in the word is regulated reduction law (lat.reducere - reduce). This law explains the less clear and less clear pronunciation of unstressed vowels in a word. Consider the manifestation of the law of reduction.
Sounds [about] and [a] are pronounced like [a] if they are at the beginning of a word, but in an unstressed position: d[a]horns, [a]laziness, [a]drive. In other cases, when the letter "about" is in an unstressed position and follows a solid consonant, it is read as a short obscure reduced sound, something in between [s] and [a](depending on position): g [b] lova, st [b] ron, t [b] lokno. It's the sound [b] in transcription, this reduced sound is conditionally indicated. If there is a soft consonant at the beginning of the word , then the following letters "a" , "e" and "i" read as a cross between [e] and [and](the lips at the same time stretch, as if to pronounce [and] but pronounced [e]): p [and e] ro - pen, s [and e] ro - gray, [and e] language - language.
After a solid consonant, preposition, or in a continuous phrase, the letter "and" pronounced sound [s]: laughter [s] tears - laughter and tears, pedagogical [s] institute - pedagogical institute, to [s] vanu - to Ivan. In the case of the phrase "laughter and tears" "and" can also be pronounced like [and], if the phrase is not pronounced together, but an intonational pause is made at the place of the union.
Orthoepic norms for the pronunciation of consonants.
When pronouncing consonants, other laws apply as orthoepic norms: assimilation and stuns. So, if a voiced consonant is at the end of a word or before a deaf , then he is stunned: dru [k] - friend, hand [f] - sleeve, smo [x] - could. As you can already understand, as a result of stunning [G] pronounced like [to], [b] as [P], [in] as [f], [h] as [with]. In combinations "gk" and "gch" [g] is read as [X]: le [hk] o, le [hh] e. If the situation is radically opposite, that is, there is a deaf consonant before the voiced consonant, then, on the contrary, it is likened to the voiced vowel corresponding to it: pro[s"]ba, [h]give.
Separately, it must be said about the combination "ch". This combination in the old Moscow pronunciation always sounded like [sn]. Today, in most cases, it is still pronounced as [h], but there are a few exceptions:
- In female patronymics: Lukini[shn]a, Kuzmini[shn]a.
- In single words: Skvore[shn]ik, bore[shn]o, yai[shn]itsa and etc.
Consonant pronunciation [h] in the words "what" and "something" is usually considered a sign of some dialect, because normally "h" stunned and replaced by [w]. Also changing "G" on the [in] in the words “who”, “what”, “some”, etc. To the sound [ tss] the ending of the verbs “-tsya” and “-tsya” changes: dare[cc]a, return[cc]a.
Words of foreign origin.
Orthoepic norms of the literary language in case the word is of foreign origin, for the most part remain the same as in the case of native Russian words. But still there are some features of the pronunciation of borrowed words:
- Lack of sound reduction [about]: m[o]del, [o]asis.
- Despite the softening of most consonants before "e", softening does not occur in some words: ant[e]nna, gene[e]tika.
- In some words of foreign origin, both options are allowed - both consonant softening and no softening: therapist, terror, claim, etc..
stress in Russian is not static and can change due to a change in the form of a word, case, and much more. In order to find out the correct pronunciation of a particular word, as well as to find out which syllable will be stressed correctly, you can look at orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Such dictionaries can become real helpers for those who want to learn how to speak correctly and beautifully.
