Phonetic laws- the laws of functioning and development of the sound matter of the language, which govern both the stable preservation and the regular change of its sound units, their alternations and combinations.

Phonetic laws:

1. Phonetic law of the end of a word. Noisy voiced consonant at the end of a word stunned, i.e. pronounced as the corresponding double deaf. This pronunciation leads to the formation of homophones: the threshold is a vice, young is a hammer, goats is a braid, etc. In words with two consonants at the end of the word, both consonants are stunned: breast - sadness, entrance - drive up [pldjest], etc.
Stunning of the final voiced occurs under the following conditions:
1) before a pause: [pr "ishol post] (the train came); 2) before the next word (without a pause) with the initial not only deaf, but also a vowel, sonorant, as well as [j] and [c]: [praf he ], [our sat], [slap ja], [your mouth] (he is right, our garden, I am weak, your kind). Sonorant consonants are not stunned: rubbish, they say, com, he.

2. Assimilation of consonants by voiced and deafness. Combinations of consonants, of which one is deaf and the other is voiced, are not characteristic of the Russian language. Therefore, if two consonants of different voicedness are nearby in a word, the first consonant is likened to the second. This change in consonants is called regressive assimilation.

By virtue of this law, voiced consonants before the deaf turn into paired deaf, and deaf in the same position into voiced. The voicing of voiceless consonants is less common than the stunning of voiced ones; the transition of voiced to deaf creates homophones: [dushk - dushk] (shackle - darling), [in "yes" ti - in "yes" t "and] (carry - lead), [fp" yr "em" yeschka - fp " r "eem" yeschka] (interspersed - interspersed).

Before sonorants, as well as before [j] and [c], the deaf ones remain unchanged: tinder, rogue, [Ltjest] (departure), yours, yours.

Voiced and voiceless consonants are assimilated under the following conditions: 1) at the junction of morphemes: [pLhotk] (gait), [collection] (collection); 2) at the junction of prepositions with the word: [where "elu] (to business), [zd" elm] (with business); 3) at the junction of a word with a particle: [got-th] (a year), [dod`zh`by] (daughter would); 4) at the junction of significant words pronounced without a pause: [rock-klzy] (goat horn), [ras-p "at"] (five times).

3. Assimilation of consonants by softness. Hard and soft consonants are represented by 12 pairs of sounds. By education, they differ in the absence or presence of palatalization, which consists in additional articulation (the middle part of the back of the tongue rises high to the corresponding part of the palate).

Assimilation by softness has a regressive character: the consonant softens, becoming like the subsequent soft consonant. In this position, not all consonants, paired in hardness-softness, soften and not all soft consonants cause a softening of the previous sound.

All consonants, paired in hardness-softness, soften in the following weak positions: 1) before the vowel sound [e]; [b" ate], [c" eu], [m" ate], [s" ate] (white, weight, chalk, villages), etc .; 2) before [and]: [m "silt], [n" silt "and] (mil, drank).

Before unpaired [g], [w], [c], soft consonants are impossible, with the exception of [l], [l "] (compare the end - the ring).

Dental [h], [s], [n], [p], [e], [t] and labial [b], [p], [m], [c], [f] are most susceptible to softening. They do not soften before soft consonants [g], [k], [x], and also [l]: glucose, key, bread, fill, keep quiet, etc. Softening occurs within the word, but is absent before the soft consonant of the next word ([here - l "eu]; compare [L thor]) and before the particle ([grew-l" and]; compare [rLsli]) (here is the forest , otter, whether it grew, grew).

Consonants [h] and [s] soften before soft [t "], [d"], [s"], [n"], [l"]: [m "ks" t "], [v" iez " d "e], [f-ka with "b], [punishment"] (revenge, everywhere, at the box office, execution). Mitigation [s], [s] also occurs at the end of prefixes and prepositions consonant with them in front of soft lips : [rz "d" iel "it"], [r's" t "ienut"], [b" ez "-n" ievo), [b "yes" -s "il] (split, stretch, without it, no power). Before soft labial softening [h], [s], [d], [t] is possible inside the root and at the end of prefixes on -z, as well as in the prefix s- and in a preposition consonant with it: [s "m" ex] , [s "in" kr], [d" in "kr |, [t" in "kr], [s" p "kt"], [s "-n" im], [is "-pkch"] , [rLz "d" kt "] (laughter, beast, door, Tver, sing, with him, bake, undress).

The labials do not soften before soft teeth: [pt "kn" h "bk], [n" eft "], [vz" at "] (chick, oil, take).

4. Assimilation of consonants by hardness. Assimilation of consonants by hardness is carried out at the junction of root and suffix, beginning with a solid consonant: locksmith - locksmith, secretary - secretarial, etc. Before the labial [b], assimilation in hardness does not occur: [prLs "it"] - [proz "b", [mllt "it"] - [mlLd" ba] (ask - request, threshing - threshing), etc. [l "] is not subjected to assimilation: [floor" b] - [zLpol "nyj] (field, outdoor).

5. Assimilation of teeth before sizzling. This type of assimilation extends to dental[h], [s] in position in front of the hissing(anteropalatine) [w], [g], [h], [w] and consists in the complete assimilation of dental [h], [s] to the subsequent hissing.

Complete assimilation [h], [s] occurs:

1) at the junction of morphemes: [zh at "], [pL zh at"] (compress, unclench); [sh yt "], [rL sh yt"] (sew, embroider); [w "from], [rL w" from] (account, calculation); [rLzno sh "ik], [out of sh" ik] (peddler, cab driver);

2) at the junction of a preposition and a word: [s-zh arm], [s-sh arm] (with heat, with a ball); [bies-zh ar], [bies-sh ar] (no heat, no ball).

The combination of zzh inside the root, as well as the combination of zhzh (always inside the root) turn into a long soft [zh "]: [by zh"] (later), (I drive); [in w "and], [trembling" and] (reins, yeast). Optionally, in these cases, a long hard [g] can be pronounced.

A variation of this assimilation is the assimilation of dental [d], [t] following them [h], [c], resulting in long [h], [c]: [L h "from] (report), (fkra q ] (briefly).

6. Simplifying consonant combinations. Consonants [d], [t]in combinations of several consonants between vowels are not pronounced. Such a simplification of consonant groups is consistently observed in combinations: stn, zdn, stl, ntsk, stsk, vstv, rdts, lnts: [usny], [posn], [w" and iflivy], [g "igansk" and], [h " ustv], [heart], [sun] (oral, late, happy, gigantic, feeling, heart, sun).

7. Reduction of groups of identical consonants. When three identical consonants converge at the junction of a preposition or prefix with the next word, as well as at the junction of a root and a suffix, the consonants are reduced to two: [pa sor "it"] (time + quarrel), [with ylk] (with a link), [kLlo n s] (column + n + th); [Lde with ki] (Odessa + sk + y).

8. Vowel reduction. Change (weakening) of vowel sounds in an unstressed position is called reduction, and unstressed vowels - reduced vowels. Distinguish between the position of unstressed vowels in the first prestressed syllable (weak position of the first degree) and the position of unstressed vowels in other unstressed syllables (weak position of the second degree). Vowels in weak position of the second degree undergo more reduction than vowels in weak position of the first degree.

Vowels in a weak position of the first degree: [vLly] (shafts); [shafts] (oxen); [bieda] (trouble), etc.

Vowels in a weak position of the second degree: [par? Vos] (locomotive); [kyargLnda] (Karaganda); [kulkLla] (bells); [p "l" ie on] (shroud); [voice] (voice), [exclamation] (exclamation), etc.

The main phonetic processes occurring in a word include: 1) reduction; 2) stunning; 3) voicing; 4) softening; 5) assimilation; 6) simplification.

Reduction- This weakening of the pronunciation of vowels in an unstressed position: [house] - [d ^ ma] - [d ^ voi].

Stun- a process in which voiced consonants before deaf and at the end of the word are pronounced as deaf; book - book [w] ka; oak - du [n].

voicing- a process in which deaf pregnant before voiced are pronounced as voiced: do - [z "] do; selection - o [d] boron.

Mitigation- a process in which hard consonants are soft under the influence of subsequent soft: depend [s "] t, ka [s"] n, le [s"] t.

assimilation is a process in which the combination several dissimilar consonants are pronounced as one long(for example, combinations of sch, zch, shch, zdch, stch are pronounced with a long sound [w "], and combinations of ts (i), ts (i) are pronounced as one long sound [c]): volume [sh] ik, spring [ sh]aty, mu[sh"]ina, [t"]astye, ichi[c]a.

Simplification consonant clusters - a process in which in combinations of consonants stn, zdn, eats, dts, persons and others, sound drops out, although the letter uses a letter denoting this sound: heart - [s "e" rts], sun - [sonts].

Orthoepy(from the Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech) - a department of linguistics that studies the rules of exemplary pronunciation ( Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language D.N. Ushakov). Orthoepy- these are the historically established norms of Russian literary pronunciation of individual sounds and sound combinations in the flow of oral speech.

1 . Pronunciation of vowels is determined by position in prestressed syllables and is based on a phonetic law called reduction. Due to reduction, unstressed vowels are preserved in duration (quantity) and lose their distinct sound (quality). All vowels undergo reduction, but the degree of this reduction is not the same. So, the vowels [y], [s], [and] in an unstressed position retain their main sound, while [a], [o], [e] qualitatively change. The degree of reduction [a], [o], [e] depends mainly on the place of the syllable in the word, as well as on the nature of the preceding consonant.

a) In the first prestressed syllable the sound [Ù] is pronounced: [vÙdy / sÙdy / nÙzhy]. After hissing, [Ù] is pronounced: [zhÙra / shÙry].

In place of [e] after the hissing [w], [w], [c], the sound [s e] is pronounced: [tsy e pnoį], [zhy e ltok].

After soft consonants in place [a], [e], the sound [and e] is pronounced:

[ch٬ e sy / sn٬ e la].

b ) In other unstressed syllables in place of sounds [o], [a], [e], after solid consonants, the sound [b] is pronounced:

par٨vos] After soft consonants in place of sounds [a], [e], it is pronounced [b]: [n" tÙch" ok / h" umÙdan].

2. Pronunciation of consonants:

a) the norms of literary pronunciation require a positional exchange of paired deaf and voiced in a position in front of the deaf (only deaf) - voiced (only voiced) and at the end of the word (only deaf): [chl "epʹ] / trʹpkʹ / proʹ b]];

b) assimilative softening is not necessary, there is a tendency to lose it: [s"t"inaʹ] and [st"inaʹ], [z"d"es"] and [zd"es"].

3. Pronunciation of some combinations of consonants:

a) in pronominal formations what, to– thu pronounced like [pcs]; in pronominal formations like something, mail, almost the pronunciation [h "t] is preserved;

b) in a number of words of predominantly colloquial origin, [shn] is pronounced in place ch: [kÙn "eshn / nÙroshn].

In words of book origin, the pronunciation [h "n] has been preserved: [ml "ech" nyį / vÙstoch "nyį];

c) in the pronunciation of combinations sun, zdn, stn(hello, holiday, private trader) usually there is a reduction or loss of one of the consonants: [holiday "ik], [h "asn" ik], [hello]

4. Pronunciation of sounds in some grammatical forms:

a) pronunciation of the form I.p. unit adjectives without stress: [red / with "in" and į] - under the influence of spelling arose - uh, - uh; after back-lingual g, k, x ® uy: [t "iх" iį], [m "ahk" iį];

b) pronunciation - sya, - sya. Under the influence of spelling, soft pronunciation became the norm: [n'ch "and e las" / n'ch "and e ls" a];

c) pronunciation of verbs in - ive after g, k, x, the pronunciation [g "], [k"], [x"] became the norm (under the influence of spelling): [vyt "ag" ivt "].

Lecture 4 Orthoepic norms

The lecture discusses the features of Russian literary pronunciation

Orthoepic norms

The lecture discusses the features of Russian literary pronunciation.

Lecture plan

4.1. Features of Russian stress.

4.2. Stress standards.

4.3. pronunciation rules.

4.1. Features of Russian stress

A word may consist of one, two or more syllables. If there are several syllables, then one of them must be pronounced differently than the rest. Such a selection of one of the syllables serves as a condition for the phonetic design of the word and is called verbal stress. The syllable that is stressed is called the stressed or stressed syllable. Stress is indicated by the sign "?" above the letter corresponding to the vowel sound.

Phonetic type of stress determined by the ways of highlighting the stressed syllable. Stress in Russian is power and quantitative at the same time. The stressed syllable differs from the unstressed ones both in its duration and in its strength (loudness).

word stress endowed with an organizing function. A group of syllables connected by a common stress forms a special phonetic unit. It is called a phonetic word, for example: [glavá] head, [ná (glva] on the head. Within the framework of a phonetic word, the stressed syllable is the starting point, in relation to which the nature of the pronunciation of the remaining syllables is determined.

Unstressed words can behave differently. Some of them obey the usual rules for pronunciation of sounds: [da_sád] to the garden (cf.: [dasád] annoyance); [l’ e´j_kъ] watering can (cf.: [l’ e´jkъ] watering can). Others, despite being unstressed, retain some phonetic signs of an independent word. For example, they may contain vowels that are uncharacteristic of unstressed syllables: [what (nám] what to us (cf.: [pants] pants); [t'e (l'isá] - those forests (cf.: [t'l'isá] body).

There are words in which, in addition to the main one, there is a secondary stress. It is weaker, most often falls on the initial syllables and is fixed in words with a complex word-formation structure: building materials, waterproof, aerial photography.

When characterizing stress, it is important to take into account its position in the word. If the stress is assigned to a syllable determined by the score, it is fixed. So, in Czech, the stress can only fall on the first syllable, in Polish - on the penultimate one, in French - on the last one. The Russian language does not know such a pattern. Being heterogeneous (or non-fixed), Russian stress can fall on any syllable and on any morpheme in a word: gold, water, milk, gilding, extraordinary. This makes possible the existence of words, as well as separate forms of words, the distinction of which is associated with the place of stress: castle - castle, burden - burden, legs - legs, etc.

Russian stress has another feature - mobility. The mobility of stress in the formation of grammatical forms of a word is determined by the possibility of transition of stress:

1) from stem to ending and vice versa: countries-á - countries-s, heads-á - heads-y;

2) from one syllable to another within the same morpheme: tree-o - tree-I, lake-o - lake-a.

The mobility of stress during word formation is determined by the possibility of moving the stress to another morpheme in the derived word compared to the generating one: red-th / red-from-á. Fixed derivational stress falls on the same morpheme: birch-a / birch-ow.

Thus, the following main features of Russian stress can be distinguished:

1) power and quantitative by phonetic type;

2) heterogeneous in terms of the nature of the location in the word;

3) mobile according to the criterion of attachment to a certain morpheme (in the formation of grammatical forms and in word formation).

4.2. Stress norms

Within the framework of one lecture, it is impossible to consider all the norms of Russian stress. we will limit ourselves to the main ones.

1) Many monosyllabic masculine nouns have an accent in the indirect cases of the singular at the end, For example:

- bandage - bandage, pancake - pancake, bob - bob, screw - screw, hump - hump, tourniquet - harness, umbrella - umbrella, whale - whale, shred - clok, fang - fang, ladle - ladle, hook - hook, sack - kulya ?, tench - tench ?, fruit - fruit, sickle - sickle, stack - stack, polecat - polecat ?, flail - chain, pole - pole, stroke - stroke.

2) In the accusative singular, feminine nouns are stressed now at the end, then at the root. Wed:

- tops - tops, spring - spring, gums - gums, ash - ash, kirk - kirký, burrow - burrow, sheep - sheep, rosa - rosy, sokhá - sokhy, stop - stop;

- mountain - mountain, board - board, winter - earth, wall - wall, side - side, price - price, cheek - cheek.

3) With an accent at the end some feminine nouns are pronounced when used with prepositions in and on the in circumstance: in a handful, on the chest, on the door, in the blood, at night, on the stove, in connection, in the net, in the steppe, in the shade, on the chain, in honor.

4) In the genitive plural, the following is pronounced:

with an accent based: places, honors, profits;

with an accent at the end: statements, fortresses, news, stories, tributes, tablecloths, sterlets, quarters.

Pronunciation is different steps(in the stairs) and steps(stage of development of something).

5) Sometimes prepositions take on stress, and then the noun (or numeral) following it turns out to be unstressed. Most often, the stress is pulled over by prepositions on, for, under, by, from, without. For example:

- ON THE: on the water, on the mountain, on the hand, on the back, on the winter, on the soul, on the wall, on the head, on the side, on the shore, on the year, on the house, on the nose, on the floor, tooth on tooth, on the day, on night, in the ear, two, three, five, six, seven, one hundred;

- BEHIND: for the leg, for the head, for the hair, for the arm, for the back, for the winter, for the soul, for the nose, for the year, for the city, for the gate, for the ear, for the ears;

- UNDER: under the feet, under the hands, under the mountain, under the nose, under the evening;

- ON: along the forest, along the floor, along the nose, along the sea, along the field, along the ear;

- FROM: from the forest, from the house, from the nose, from the sight;

- WITHOUT: no news, no year a week, no use;

- FROM: hour by hour, from birth.

6) In many verbs in the past tense in the feminine form, the stress is at the end, less often based on. Wed:

- I took, was heard, removed, slept, etc.;

- bla, brula, dula, sting, lay, stole, wings, we?la, my?la, fell, gave birth, walked.

7) Many passive past participles have an accent based, except for the feminine singular form in which it is carried at the end, For example:

- taken - taken - taken? then - taken? you; started - started - started - started; prúdan - pridaná - prúdano - prúdana; adopted - accepted - adopted - adopted; sold - soldá - sold - sold; lived - lived - lived - lived etc.

But from the sacraments - swearing, - tattered, - called the feminine form is accented based. Wed:

- selected, selected, selected, created, selected, selected, selected, selected etc.;

- ripped, ripped, ripped, ripped, ripped, ripped, ripped, ripped etc.;

- called, called, called, called etc.

4.3. Pronunciation norms

Orthoepy is a set of rules that determine the pronunciation norms of oral (sounding) speech and provide a uniform and obligatory for all literate native speakers of the sound of all language units in accordance with the characteristics of the language phonetic system, as well as a uniform (or in the form of strictly regulated variants) pronunciation of those or other linguistic units in accordance with the norms of pronunciation for the literary language that have historically developed and entrenched in public language practice.

The rules (norms) of pronunciation in the Russian literary language may refer to the pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions, as part of certain combinations of sounds, in different grammatical forms, to the phonetic word and rhythmic structure (correct stress). Thus, the main orthoepic rules of the Russian language can be divided into those that determine:

Pronunciation of vowels (in different positions in a word, as well as when determining the place of stress);

Pronunciation of consonants (also in different positions in a word, in combinations of consonants, in combinations with some vowels, in different grammatical forms).

Vowel pronunciation

In the field of vowels, modern pronunciation is associated with acan and hiccup.

When akanye, unstressed vowels alternating with stressed [ó] and [á] coincide in the first pre-stressed syllable after paired hard ones in the sound [a]: embankment).

When hiccupping, unstressed vowels alternating with stressed [and?], [eh?], [ó], [á], coincide in the first pre-stressed syllable after soft ones in the sound [and]: h[i] tát = h[i] r i´k = h[i]rnet = h[i]s s´ (cf. test read, worm, black, hour).

Another way of pronouncing unstressed vowels, characterized by the opposition of i-shaped and e-shaped sounds, is called ekan: h [i] tát / h [ie] rv y´k \u003d h [ie] rnet \u003d h [ie] with s ´ (in transcription used the icon "and, prone to e"). This norm is obsolete and is not currently used.

In the position of the first pre-stressed syllable, after the letter a, solid hissing in place, the vowel [a] is pronounced: w [a] rá heat, sh [a] gát to walk, sh [a] mpanskoe champagne. However, there are a few exception words that sound [s]: losh[s] dey of horses, well [s] to regret, unfortunately, twenty [s] twenty. The words jacket and jasmine allow for a double pronunciation.

In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to some more pronunciation norms in the field of vowels:

• In some words of both Russian and foreign origin, there are fluctuations in the choice of [e] or [o] after soft consonants and hissing: maneuvers - maneuvers, bile - bile, faded, but faded.
• Some words allow the variance of the sound design of the root: zero - zero, plan - plan, tunnel - tunnel, condition - condition.
• In some cases, in words of foreign origin, the corresponding laws of the phonetic implementation of vowels may be violated, while in unstressed syllables, sounds [o], [e], [a] may appear: b[o]á (boa), b[o]leró (bolero), r[o]k[o]ko (rococo).
• In some cases, in the first stems of complex and compound words, the laws of vowel behavior may be violated, while sounds may appear in unstressed positions. [o], [e], [a]: g[o] szakaz (government order), [o] rgtékhnika (office equipment).
• In some unstressed prefixes of both foreign and Russian origin, the corresponding laws of the phonetic implementation of vowels may be violated, while in an unstressed position, sounds [o], [e], [a] can be pronounced: p[o]stmodernism (postmodernism), pre[o]Islamic (pro-Islamic).
• In some unstressed prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions and particles adjacent to the stressed word, the corresponding phonetic laws for the implementation of vowels may be violated: n[o] i (but i), n[a] w site (our site).

Pronunciation of consonants

It is necessary to distinguish between orthoepic norms in the sphere of consonants regarding their voiced/deafness and hardness/softness.

1. By loudness / deafness.

1) In Russian literary pronunciation, voiced consonants at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants are stunned, and voiceless consonants are voiced before voiced ones. There is no positional change of consonants in terms of deafness-voicing before vowels, sonorant consonants and [v], [v']: [zu?p], [p'yr'ievo?sk], , [vo?dy], [sl' o?t], [sva?t].

2) Before vowels, sonorant consonants and [v], [v '], a voiced explosive consonant [g] is pronounced. When stunned at the end of a word and before deaf consonants, in place of the voiced [r], a deaf [k] is pronounced: [p'irLga?], [gra?t], [gro's't'], [p'iro?k] . Only in the interjection God, in the word god, the fricatives [γ] and [x] are preserved:

2. By hardness / softness.

1) In the modern language, before [e], the appearance of both hard and soft consonants is possible: mo [d] el, ti [r] e, an [t] enna, but [d '] espot, [r '] els, [tenor. In a number of words, variable pronunciation is allowed, for example: prog [r] ess / prog [r '] ess, k [r] edo / k [r '] edo, etc.

2) The combination of letters ch in some cases corresponds to the sequence [shn], in others - [ch'n]. So, for example, of course, boring, scrambled eggs are pronounced with [shn], and exact, excellent student, eternal - with [h’n]. In some words, both options are correct: decent, bakery, milkman. There are also examples in which the choice between [shn] and [ch'n] depends on the meaning: a friend is heart[shn], but a heart attack; shapo [shn] th acquaintance, but shapo [ch'n] th workshop.

3) The consonant [w: '] is a very rare sound. It is pronounced in place of the letters zhzh, zzh in such words as yeast, reins, ride, splashes, rattles, later and some others. However, even in these words, the soft [zh: '] is gradually lost, being replaced by a hard [zh:]. In the case of rain, the rain consonant [zh: '] is displaced by the sound combination [zhd '].

4) In the modern language, the rules for positional softening of consonants before soft ones are characterized by particular variability and instability. Consistently, only the replacement of [n] with [n '] before [h '] and [sh¯ '] takes place: diva [n'h '] ik sofa, deception [n 'w: '] ik deceiver. In other groups of consonants, softening either does not occur at all (la [fk '] and benches, rubbing [pk '] and rags), or it is associated with the choice of positions, with the representation in speech of not all native speakers. So, most people soften the teeth before the teeth not only in the middle of the word (ko[s’t’] bone, ne[s’n’] I song), but also at the beginning of the word and at the junction of the prefix with the root, i.e. in “unstable” positions: [s’t’]ena wall, ra[z’n’] to smash. Softening the consonant in other combinations is more an exception than a rule: [dv '] er door (less often [d'v '] er), [cj] eat (less often [c 'j] eat), e [sl '] and if (less often e [s'l'] and).

5) Adjectives in -ky, -gy, -hy are pronounced with soft back-lingual consonants: Russian [k '] y Russian, strict [g '] y strict, ti [x '] y quiet.

6) In the overwhelming majority of cases, the consonant turns out to be soft in the postfixes -sya / -s of verbs: I’m learning, I’ve raised [s ’] I rose.

Date: 2010-05-18 00:49:35

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Orthoepic norms regulate the pronunciation of individual sounds in different phonetic positions, in combination with other sounds, as well as their pronunciation in certain grammatical forms, groups of words or in individual words.

It is important to maintain uniformity in pronunciation. Spelling errors affect the listener's perception of speech: they distract his attention from the essence of the presentation, can cause misunderstanding, indignation and irritation. Pronunciation, which corresponds to orthoepic standards, greatly facilitates and speeds up the process of communication.

Orthoepic norms are determined by the phonetic system of the Russian language. Each language has its own phonetic laws that regulate the pronunciation of words.

The basis of the Russian literary language, and hence the literary pronunciation, is the Moscow dialect.

In Russian orthoepy, it is customary to distinguish between "senior" and "junior" norms. "older" norm preserves the features of the old Moscow pronunciation of individual sounds, sound combinations, words and their forms. "Junior" norm reflects the features of modern literary pronunciation.

Let us turn to the basic rules of literary pronunciation that must be observed.

Pronunciation of vowels.

In Russian speech, only vowels that are under stress are pronounced clearly: s [a] d, v [o] lk, d [o] m. Vowels that are in an unstressed position lose clarity and clarity. It's called the law of reduction (from Latin reducire to reduce).

Vowels [a] and [o] at the beginning of the word without stress and in the first pre-stressed syllable, they are pronounced as [a]: deer - [a] laziness, being late - [a] p [a] to build, forty - from [a] rock.

In an unstressed position (in all unstressed syllables, except for the first pre-stressed one) after hard consonants in place of the letter o pronounced short (reduced) obscure sound, the pronunciation of which in different positions ranges from [s] to [a]. Conventionally, this sound is denoted by the letter [b]. For example: side - side [b] rona, head - g [b] fishing, dear - d [b] horn, gunpowder - por [b] x, gold - gold [b] t [b].

After soft consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable in place of letters a, e, i pronounce sound, middle between [e] and [and]. Conventionally, this sound is indicated by the sign [and e]: language - [and e] language, pen - p [and e] ro, hours - h [and e] sy.

Vowel [and] after a solid consonant, preposition, or when the word is fused with the previous one, it is pronounced as [s]: pedagogical institute - pedagogical [s] institute, to Ivan - to [s] van, laughter and tears - laughter [s] tears. In the presence of a pause, [and] does not turn into [s]: laughter and tears.

Pronunciation of consonants.

The main laws of pronunciation of consonants in Russian - stun and likeness.

voiced consonants, standing before the deaf and at the end of words, are stunned- this is one of the characteristic features of Russian literary speech. We pronounce table [p] - pillar, snow [k] - snow, hand [f] - sleeve, etc. It should be noted that the consonant [g] at the end of the word always turns into a deaf sound paired with it [k ]: smo[k] - could, dr[k] - friend, etc. The pronunciation in this case of the sound [x] is considered as a dialect. The exception is the word god - bo[x].

[G] pronounced like [X] in combinations gk and gch: le [hk "] y - easy, le [hk] o - easy.

Deaf consonants before voiced ones are pronounced as their corresponding voiced ones: [z] give - hand over, pro [z "] ba - request.

In the pronunciation of words with a combination of ch, there is a fluctuation, which is associated with a change in the rules of the old Moscow pronunciation. According to the norms of the modern Russian literary language, the combination ch that's how it's usually pronounced [h], this is especially true for words of book origin (endless, careless), as well as for relatively new words (camouflage, landing). Chn is pronounced like [sn] in female patronymics on -ichna: Kuzmini[shn]a, Lukini[shn]a, Ilini[shn]a, and is also preserved in separate words: horse[shn]o, sku[shn]no, re[shn]itsa, yai[shn]itsa, square[shn]ik, etc.

Some words with the combination ch in accordance with the norm have a double pronunciation: order [shn] o and order [ch] o, etc.

In some words, instead of h be pronounced [w]: [w] something, [w] something, etc.

The letter g in the endings -whoa-, -his- reads like [in]: niko [in] o - no one, mine [in] o - mine.

Final -tsya and -tsya verbs are pronounced like [tssa]: smile [tsa] - smiles.

Pronunciation of borrowed words.

As a rule, borrowed words obey modern orthoepic norms and only in some cases differ in features in pronunciation. For example, the pronunciation of the sound [o] is sometimes preserved in unstressed syllables (m[o] del, [o] asis) and solid consonants before the vowel [e]: an [te] nna, co [de] ks, ge [ne] tika ). In most borrowed words, before [e], the consonants are softened: k[r"]em, aka[d"]emia, faculty[t"]et, mu[z"]ee, shi[n"]spruce. Consonants g, k, x is always softened before [e]: ma [k "] em, [g "] eyzer, [k "] egli, s [x"] ema.

Variant pronunciation is allowed in the words: dean, therapy, claim, terror, track.

You should pay attention and for setting the accent. The stress in Russian is not fixed, it is mobile: in different grammatical forms of the same word, the stress can be different: ruká - ruku, accepted - accepted, end - final - finish.

In most cases, you need to contact orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language, in which the pronunciation of words is given. This will help to better master the pronunciation norms: before using in practice any word that causes difficulties, look into the spelling dictionary and find out how it (the word) is pronounced.

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Competent oral speech is the key to successful communication. The ability to correctly express your thoughts will help not only when applying for a job or in business negotiations, but also in everyday life. But in order to perfectly master oral speech, it is necessary to know and observe the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. This is what our article will be devoted to.

What is orthoepy?

The word "orthoepy" consists of two Greek roots - "orthos" and "epos", which are translated as "correct" and "speech". That is, the science of correct speech - that's what orthoepy is.

Graphic abbreviations

Graphic abbreviations include initials next to the surname, volume or distance designations, for example, liters (l), meters (m), also pages (s) and other similar abbreviations that serve to save space in printed text. All these truncated words when reading must be deciphered, that is, you need to pronounce the word in full.

The use of graphic abbreviations in a conversation can be assessed as a speech error or irony, which may be appropriate only in certain circumstances.

Names and patronymics

Orthoepic norms of the Russian language also regulate the pronunciation of names and patronymics. Note that the use of patronymics is typical only for our language. In Europe, such a concept does not exist at all.

The use of the full name and patronymic of a person is necessary under different circumstances, both verbally and in writing. Especially often such appeals are used in a working environment and official documents. Such an appeal to a person can also serve as a marker of the degree of respect, especially when talking with older and older people.

Most of the Russian-speaking names and patronymics have several pronunciations, which may vary, among other things, from the degree of closeness with the person. For example, when meeting for the first time, it is desirable to pronounce the name and patronymic of the interlocutor clearly, as close as possible to writing.

However, in other cases, the orthoepic norms of the Russian language (pronunciation norms) provide for a method of use that has historically developed in oral speech.

• Patronymics ending in "-evna", "-ievich". In female versions, it is necessary to observe the written form, for example, Anatolyevna. In men's - let's say a short version: Anatolyevich / Anatolievich.
• On "-aevich" / "-aevna", "-eevich" / "-eevna". For both male and female options, a short version is allowed: Alekseevna / Alekseevna, Sergeevich / Sergeich.
• On "-ovich" and "-ovna". In the male version, the contraction of the form is permissible: Alexandrovich / Alexandrich. In women's - necessarily full pronunciation.
• In female patronymics formed from names ending in "n", "m", "v", [s] is not pronounced. For example, instead of Efimovna - Efimna, Stanislavovna - Stanislavna.

How to pronounce borrowed words

The orthoepic norms of the Russian language also regulate the rules for the pronunciation of foreign words. This is due to the fact that in a number of cases the laws of the use of Russian words are violated in borrowed ones. For example, the letter "o" in unstressed syllables is pronounced the same as if it were in a strong position: oasis, model.

Also, in some foreign words, the consonants before the softening vowel "e" remain hard. For example: code, antenna. There are also words with a variable pronunciation, where you can pronounce "e" both firmly and softly: therapy, terror, dean.

In addition, for borrowed words, the stress is fixed, that is, it remains unchanged in all word forms. Therefore, if you encounter difficulties with pronunciation, it is better to refer to the orthoepic dictionary.

Accentological norm

Now let's take a closer look at the orthoepic and accentological norms of the Russian language. To begin with, let's figure out what an accentological norm is. This is the name of the rules for placing stress in a word.

In Russian, the stress is not fixed, as in most European ones, which not only enriches speech and increases the possibilities of language play, but also provides great opportunities for violating the accepted norm.

Let's consider the function that unfixed stress performs. So it is:

• makes it possible for the stylistic coloring of words (silver - silver) and the emergence of professionalisms (compass - compAs);
• provides for a change in the etymology (meaning) of the word (meli - meli, Atlas - atlas);
• allows you to change the morphological features of the word (pines - pines).

Also, the placement of stress can change the style of your speech. So, for example, the word "girl" will refer to the literary, and "girl" - to the neutral.

There is also a class of such words, the variability of stress in which does not carry any semantic load. For example, Butt - butt, barge - barge. The emergence of these exceptions is due to the lack of a single norm and equal existence of the dialect and the literary language.

Also, the stress in some words may just be an obsolete form. For example, music - music, employee - employee. In fact, you are only changing the accent, but in fact you are starting to speak with an outdated syllable.

Most often, the placement of stress in a word has to be remembered, since the existing rules do not regulate all cases. In addition, sometimes a violation of the literary norm can become an individual author's technique. This is often used by poets to make a line of poetry sound more even.

However, one should not assume that accentology is included in the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. Stress and its correct formulation is too extensive and complex a topic, so it is usually taken out in a special section and studied separately. Those who wish to get acquainted with the topic in more detail and exclude violations of the norm of setting stresses from their speech are advised to acquire an orthoepic dictionary.

Conclusion

It would seem that it can be difficult to speak your native language? In fact, most of us have no idea how many norms of the Russian language are violated daily.

Studying pronunciation norms orthoepy. Orthoepy means correct pronunciation. Russian orthoepy is a branch of the science of the Russian language that studies the norms of literary pronunciation. In Russian orthoepy, "senior" and "junior" norms are distinguished in the pronunciation of individual sounds, sound combinations, words and their forms. The "older" norm retains the features of the old Moscow pronunciation. The "younger" norm reflects the features of modern literary pronunciation. The listener tries to perceive the meaning of what was said. Mistakes in the pronunciation of certain words “cut the ear”, distract from the essence of the presentation, and can cause misunderstanding and indignation.

By the way a person speaks, how he puts stresses, one can determine, for example, the place of his birth, residence. There are such dialectal features as "akanye" or "okanye", etc. In any case, the correct pronunciation of words is an indicator of the level of education of the speaker.

Among the norms of pronunciation, two of the strongest can also be distinguished. First norm- this is a quantitative and qualitative reduction of vowel sounds in an unstressed position. This rule excludes the so-called okanie, i.e. the pronunciation of the sound [ about] in the unstressed position. You can’t say [milk?, expensive? th, gold], etc. You need to say: [malak?

Attention should be paid to the difficult cases of reduction.

After soft consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable in place of letters a, e, i to pronounce the sound [ ie]: clock. This is called "hiccup". It is found in neutral and conversational styles. "Ekanye" (pronouncing in a given phonetic position of the sound [ ee]) characterizes stage speech: in[ ee]net, t[ ee]new. Pronunciation h[ and]sy- obsolete h[ a]sy- dialect.

In a few words of foreign origin, not completely assimilated by the Russian language, in place of the letter about, unlike the Russian orthoepic norm, in an unstressed position, a weakened [ about], i.e. without reduction: for the sake of[ about]. too clear [ about] is perceived as mannered, on the other hand - a distinct pronunciation [ about] in "Russified" book words ( sonata, novella) is also undesirable, as it gives the pronunciation a colloquial connotation.

Causes difficulty and functioning in speech sound [ about], indicated on the letter by the letter e. letter yo proposed to use the Russian historian N. M. Karamzin, simplifying the complex drawing of a letter that existed earlier in the alphabet. However, the letter yo now we can only meet in primers and textbooks for foreigners studying Russian. The absence of this letter in books and periodicals leads to incorrect pronunciation of words. Pay attention to words in which the vowel [ about], denoted by the letter yo, sometimes erroneously replaced with a percussion [ uh], whitish, maneuvers pronounced like whitish, maneuvers. Sometimes, on the contrary, percussion [ uh] is erroneously replaced by [ about] yo: grenadier, scam pronounced like grenadier, scam. This pronunciation is not standard.

The second strongest pronunciation norm- This is a softening of hard consonants before soft ones and before front vowels.

After the hissing [ well] and [ sh] and sound [ c] unstressed vowel [ a] is pronounced like a short [ a]: jargon, kings, but before soft consonants - like the sound [ ye]: sorry, thirty. On rare occasions [ ye] is also pronounced before hard consonants: rye, jasmine.

Consonants c, w, w- solid sounds, after them in place of the letter and pronounced [ s]: revolution[ s]I, w[ s]zn, sh[ s]p.

There are also a number of rules that regulate the correct use (application), i.e., the pronunciation of consonants (most often combinations of consonants). Let's list some of them.

In masculine nouns – ism consonant [ h] is pronounced firmly in all cases, including when softening the final consonant in D.p. and P.p.: under capitalism.

Voiced consonants at the absolute end of a word and before voiceless consonants are stunned: shares[ with], pre[ t] acceptance.

Consonant [ G] can be pronounced as [ G] – year, [ to] – enemy, [ ? ] – God(r-fricative), [ X] – God, [ in] – whom.

Sound [ ? ] within the modern literary norm is pronounced in a limited number of words, but the pronunciation of [ G]God, but[ G]a, o[ G]o can be considered a variant of the norm.

In the Russian language, there is a tendency for the adaptability of the sound image of borrowed words with e after a hard consonant, many such words have "Russified" and are now pronounced with a soft consonant before e: museum, cream, academy, overcoat, plywood, Odessa. But a number of words retain a solid consonant: antenna, business, genetics, detective, test. Possible variant pronunciation: dean, claim, therapy, terror, track. The hard or soft pronunciation of a consonant is determined in dictionary order.

According to old Moscow norms, the spelling combination ch pronounced like [ sh]. Currently [ sh] is stored in words: of course, boring, scrambled eggs, on purpose, birdhouse, fiddling and in female patronymics on - ichna: Fominichna, Kuzminichna. In a number of words, a double pronunciation is allowed: bulo[ ch]naya and bulo[ sh]naya, although the latter is becoming obsolete.

According to the "older" norm, the combination thu pronounced like [ PCS] in the word what and words derived from it: nothing, something etc. Currently, this rule is kept for all the specified words except something[ thu]. In all other words, spelling thu always pronounced like [ thu]: mail, dream.

Combination railway in the word rain and its derivatives were pronounced according to the "higher" norm as [ zh'zh'] (at the end of the word - [ sh'sh']). Modern pronunciation [ zhd'] (at the end of the word - [ PCS']) is evaluated as a variant of the literary norm.

According to the "older" norm, spelling combinations zzh and LJ(yeast, later) worn out like [ zh'zh'] - long and soft hissing. Currently in place zzh and LJ pronounced hard hissing [ LJ]. And this pronunciation is evaluated as a variant of the literary norm.

According to the rate of speech, full and incomplete styles of pronunciation are distinguished. The full style is characterized by slow tempo, correct articulation. Sounds are pronounced clearly and clearly, for example: "Hello!" The incomplete style is characterized by a fast pace, fuzzy pronunciation of sounds is allowed, for example: Hello! Incomplete style is appropriate for everyday, interpersonal communication.

According to another classification of styles, there are high, neutral and colloquial styles. The choice of pronunciation style depends on the appropriateness of its use in a particular situation. In colloquial speech, you can pronounce words "only" like [toko], words "what"[che], etc. It is obvious that such liberties are unacceptable in a public speech or official communication.

You should also pay attention to the placement of the accent. Stress in Russian is not fixed, it is mobile: in different grammatical forms of the same word, the stress can be different: end - final - finish.

In most cases, it is necessary to refer to the "Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language" ed. R. I. Avanesov, which gives the pronunciation of the word. This is the best way to learn the above norms: before using in practice any word that causes difficulties, look into the spelling dictionary and find out how it (the word) is pronounced.